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Compressed Air Energy Storage
Jihong Wang
Power and Control Systems Research Laboratory
School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
Email: [email protected]
8th Oxford Energy Day 1st October 2019
University of Oxford
Outline of the Presentation
1. Background
2. Current development
3. Compressed air energy storage
4. Summary
In 1881，Edison showed a DC
generator weighing 27 T and a DC
electricity supply system.
In 1886, Tesla used an AC
generator to power lighting
systems.
Load demand Power generation
Frequency Control
From Power 2.0, by Richard Howard and Zoe Bengherbi
Issues – High cost in balance service
7
UK Power Generation Energy Sources
1/3 Electrical Energy is from renewable energy in 2018.
Keeping grid balance – cost increase greatly
16/06/2019 – £952000
15/06/2019 – £539000 14/06/2019 – £729000
Keeping grid balance – cost increase greatly
Flexible Load
Balance
User side
Time of use
tariff
Demand side
management
Smart
Appliances
Energy
Storage
Generation
Fast responses
Demand
engagement
Embedded
generation
Energy
Storage
Value created by avoiding the
need to immediate invest in
system infrastructure
Value created by using
less energy or accessing
cheaper prices
Energy
Storage
Re
sp
on
se
to
rea
ltim
e p
rice
chan
ges
Outline of the Presentation
1. Background
2. Current development
3. Compressed air energy storage
4. Summary
Energy storage global installation
陈永翀，中英Workshop Presentation, June 2019.中国科学院，电工所
陈永翀，中英Workshop Presentation, June 2019.中国科学院，电工所
Energy storage installation in China
陈永翀，中英Workshop Presentation, June 2019.中国科学院，电工所
Energy storage installation in the UK
Look at all the new installations - it is noticed that
battery is dominated.
Battery is the winner of the current grid energy storage
market.
If renewable energy increases to 50%， 60%， 70%，80% 100%
of power generation?
Outline of the Presentation
1. Background
2. Current development
3. Compressed air energy storage
4. Summary
Compressed Air Energy Storage
M
Co
mp
ressor Heat Exchange /
Thermal Storage
Heat Exchange / Thermal Storage
Exp
and
er
G
Air Reservoir (tank or
underground cavern)
Off peak time: Electricity Compression Compressed air for
storage
Peak time:Stored compressed air Expansion Electricity
First generation CAES system
PACSRLab
Schematic layout of the CAES plant at Huntorf, Germany.
The first CAES plant, Huntorf, Germany, established in 1978
Charging power： 60 MWe (8 hrs), Discharge power：321 MWe (2 hrs)
Second generation CAES system
PACSRLab
The second CAES plant, in McIntosh,
USA, established in 1991.
Charging power： 60 MWe (45 hrs),
Discharging power：110 MWe (26 hrs)
Third
generation
CAES system
PACSRLabCourtesy to Conven Energy Storage & Power LLC, http://www.enstpo.com/
Integrated Market-fit Affordable Grid scale Energy Storage
（IMAGES）
J Wang, M Waterson, R MacKay, M Giullietti
P Mawby, R Critoph
S Garvey
D Evans, J Busby, A Milodowski
P Eames, M Thomson
Total Funding (FEC)3.7m
PACSRLab
Project Objectives:
- Improve Energy Efficiency
- Explore UK CAES potential
Off peak
electricity
Peak time
generation
UK Underground CAES Potential
> 6
TWh
Total capacity:（1%of total
salt deposit volume）
Mapping wind energy with storage locations
Estimate the volume of craven
formation
Estimate the exergy of compressed
air stored under assumptions
zP
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arg
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Storage volume and energy
capacity calculation
Energy storage modelling and simulation toolbox
, , ,carvern ,carvern
,
1ˆ[ ] (
) ( )
cavern air cavern cavern p air mol cavern in in
cavern
cavern wall
out cavern cavern cavern wall
cavern
P X h n C T m hV
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cavern, in,cavern ,cavern
cavern wall
eff out
cavern
Aa b m m
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1( )cavern air cavern cavern cavern cavern
cavern
T M P V m RTm R
0 /dorifice d ori u u
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Pm C C A P f T
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Standardised
component block
construction
M
Co
mp
resso
r
Heat Exchange / Thermal Storage
Heat Exchange / Thermal Storage
Exp
an
de
r
G
Air Reservoir (tank or
underground cavern)
Off peak time: Electricity Compression Compressed air for
storage
Peak time:Stored compressed air Expansion Electricity
Analytic physical
component models
Real world physical system
Step 1 – Identify the system components – standardise the component model
Math
ematical
mo
del Lib
rary
Energy storage modelling and simulation toolbox
Structure of the software tool
Energy storage modelling and simulation toolbox
Example of a
model block
Energy storage modelling and simulation toolbox
Example of a MWs CAES plant simulation using the tool
Synchronous
generator
Air storage reservoir
(Salt cavern)
After heat
exchanger
Atmospheric air inlet
Intermediate Heat exchangers
Pre-heat
exchanger
Heat
exchangers
GearsThree-stage air expansion
Exhaust
Three-stage air compression
Elec. load
Air pipeline with direction
TES water flow direction
Shafts of compressors/turbines
Electricity wire connection
Gears
Power supply
Pressure
regulatorNon-return valve
Asynchronous
motor
Energy storage modelling and simulation toolbox
Energy storage modelling and simulation toolbox
http://estoolbox.org
Energy storage modelling and simulation toolbox
Energy storage modelling and simulation toolbox
Show how to use the software
Energy storage modelling and simulation toolbox
Data driven modelling and mixed model simulation
Min
ute
s <
Seconds
Problems:• When more components are connected to the system
simulation, the simulation speed is getting slower and slower
• The simulation program does crash!
Solutions:
• Refined model structure, careful choice of numerical solvers
• Quasi-dynamic modelling approach
• Data driven model – learn from physical models
Input OutputData driven
modelEquivalent
physical models
Data driven modelling and mixed model simulation
Data driven modelling and mixed model simulation
User friendly interface
Data driven modelling and mixed model simulation
The Builder tool’s main
process
NO!
Yes!
Participated the National 973 project led by
Chinese Academy of Sciences
10 MW demonstration plant has shown 63.6% round trip efficiency
ALACAES
Outline of the Presentation
1. Background
2. Current development
3. Compressed air energy storage
4. Summary
IEA Energy Storage Development Roadmap (April 2014)
Comparison of energy storage technologies
Compressed air energy storage - large scale,
clean, low cost, safe, long life time, low
maintenance cost, almost no leakage
World
underground
CAES resources
Assessment of geological resource
potential for compressed air energy
storage in global electricity supply，Arman Aghahosseini⁎, Christian
Breyer， Applied Energy, 2018
PACSRLab
ADELE – Adiabatic compressed-air energy storage
for electricity supply (RWE) in envelopment
Third generation of CAES
Northern Ireland, Third generation CAES plant
It is difficult to attract investment on CAES. Why?
Personal opinion:
• CAES - energy type of storage technology, battery -
power type with high market value
• CAES has lower efficiency than battery
• Dramatically drop of battery price
• Battery can be small scale, low risk in investment
• CAES needs to be large scale, large investment and high
risk
Currently installed capacity 50 kW / 35 kWh
IoT (internet of things) data
collection and management
platform
built and installed in Power and
Control System Research
Laboratory
School of Engineering
Inverter
Battery
Control centre
Load
Thermal Storage
Load Load
Communication
Primary
Substation
Supply
Authority
Units
Load
CHP
HIL
a 1
1
a 223
a 34
a 4
b 1b 2
b 3b 4
5
678
V cc1
0a11
a2
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a34a4
b 1
b 2b 3b 4
567
8V cc1
0
a1
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a223
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b 4
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L
o
g
g
e
r
ATS
A test platform for assessing the value of energy storage
IoT structure
Distributed power generation and
distribution
Control strategy development and data analysis
Hardware-in-the-loop modelling and simulation
A L
ivin
g L
ab
ora
tory
50kW/35kWh
UoW BESS Financial Analysis
import capacity（kW） 35 charging efficiency: 0.97
export capacity（kW） 35 discharging efficiency: 0.95
Overview 18/19 19/20 20/21 21/22 22/23
FFR £5,202.46 £5,202.46 £5,202.46 £5,202.46 £5,202.46
CM £525.00 £535.50 £546.00 £875.00 £875.00
DUoS (Arbitrage) £1,571.81 £1,571.81 £1,571.81 £1,571.81 £1,571.81
CM saving £215.27 £219.49 £223.71 £227.93 £232.16
Triads £1,907.15 £2,144.45 £2,341.50 £2,558.85 £2,450.00
Total £3,478.96 £3,716.26 £3,913.31 £4,130.66 £4,021.81
Thanks！
