BAIF Development Research Foundation, Pune

Compiled Proceedings of the

Brainstorming Workshop for

Crafting Potential Strategies

and Measures

11-12 November 2011, Dehradun

Printed by Ashish Advertising in 2012

BAIF Development Research Foundation

BAIF is a voluntary organisation established

by Late Dr. Manibhai Desai at Urulikanchan

near Pune in 1967 to create sustainable

livelihood opportunities for the rural poor.

Through rural development projects on dairy

husbandry, water resources management,

improved agriculture and tree-based

farming, BAIF has touched the lives of 4.0

million families in 60,000 villages in 16

states of India. This has been achieved

through the introduction of new

technologies for crop and livestock

production, improved management of

natural resources such as land and water and

building up the capacities of people through

training and community organisation. The

extensive field network of BAIF enables the

successful implementation of projects.

BAIF Mission

BAIF's Mission is to create

opportunities of gainful self-

employment for rural families,

especially disadvantaged

sections, ensuring sustainable

livelihood, enriched

environment, improved quality

of life and good human values.

This is being achieved through

development research, effective

use of local resources,

extension of appropriate

technologies and up gradation

of skills and capabilities with

community participation. BAIF

is a non-political, secular and

professionally managed

organisation.

Compiled and edited by J. N. Daniel, G. G. Sohani, R. V. Sharma and S. S. Roy

Sustainable Rural Livelihood Creationand Natural Resource Managementin Central and Western Himalayas

Proceedings of the Brainstorming Workshop forCrafting Potential Strategies and Measures

Sponsored byDepartment of Biotechnology, Government of India

With the active participation ofDepartment of Science and Technology, Government of India

In collaboration withSir Dorabji Tata Trust and Himmotthan Society

Organised byBAIF Development Research Foundation

PREFACE

The Indian Himalayan Region, sparsely populated and relatively less developed, is one of the

most fragile and vulnerable ecosystems in the world. It includes the states of Jammu and

Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand which have their unique agro-ecological features

and socio-economic conditions. The positive attributes of this region are the niche advantages

in the form of temperate climate for livestock and crop production as well as the nature-based

farming tradition which still prevails. Notwithstanding the many hardships and the difficult

terrain, local communities have created livelihood opportunities with great determination.

In their quest for progress and to be in the mainstream of development, select

communities of the Himalayan region have benefitted by receiving knowledge and material

support from agencies engaged in technology development, rural advancement and

information dissemination. Besides these interventions, there are local innovations that have

resulted in success stories. There is a need to explore solutions beyond the limitations of

already known physical, financial and technological contexts. The situation warrants the

urgent attention of all the stakeholders in the Himalayan region to evolve a sustainable

livelihood development approach within an appropriate technology framework.

It is with this background, BAIF Development Research Foundation, Pune organised a

brainstorming workshop for Crafting Potential Strategies and Measures for Sustainable

Livelihood Development and Natural Resource Management in Central and Western

Himalayas in Dehradun during 11-12 November 2011. The overall objective of the workshop

was to evolve an integrated development strategy by blending already proven development

interventions with potential options highlighted by workshop participants. The deliberations

covered a wide range of important issues concerning the livelihood and ecology of hills with an

emphasis on livestock, agriculture, water resource management and environment.

BAIF gratefully acknowledges the contribution of the following towards the success of

the workshop: sponsorship of the Department of Biotechnology; active support of the

Department of Science and Technology; collaboration of Sir Dorabji Tata Trust and

Himmotthan Society; hosting by Forest Research Institute; representation of government

agencies, research institutions and non-government organisations. BAIF is thankful to Dr. A. K.

Srivastva for his valuable guidance and all the delegates for their enthusiastic participation.

We hope this publication, documenting the information shared in the workshop, will serve as

an useful reference material for all stakeholders of the Himalayan region.

G. G. SohaniPresident, BAIFPune

Contents

1. Introduction 1

2. Crop Production in the Himalayan Agro-ecosystem

2.1 Major Issues of Hill Agriculture ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2

2.2 Development Approaches and Focus Areas ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5

3. Livestock and Fodder Production in the Himalayan Region

3.1 Major Issues of Livestock Production and Allied Enterprises ... ... ... ... 9

3.2 Development Approaches and Focus Areas ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 10

4. Natural Resource Management in Hill Areas

4.1 Issues of Natural Resource Management ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 13

4.2 Development Approaches and Focus Areas ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 14

5. Proven Interventions and Promising Approaches ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 17

6. Other Factors of Importance

6.1 Women-related Issues ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 19

6.2 Development Support ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 20

7. Actionable Points ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 21

Annexure

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

1. Introduction

The Himalayan region, home to a human population of more than 50 million and a sizeable animal population, is one of the most fragile and complex ecosystems in the world. Although the Indian Himalayan region is only 18% of the total geographical area of the country, it has 50% of the forest cover and biodiversity. In spite of inhabiting this resource-rich area, the socio-economic progress of its people is unimpressive. Creation of economic opportunities is limited, often forcing the rural population to migrate to urban centres or construction sites in search of livelihood.

The natural and social environment of the Himalayas is so unique that a comprehensive understanding of the constraining issues as well as potentials associated with the development of the region is a pre-requisite to evolve clearly defined strategies and programmes. This would help design and implement development projects that can result in natural resource based sustainable livelihoods. Project interventions for the fragile environments of the Himalayas must be capable of withstanding potentially damaging events, besides resilient enough to recover within a short span of time.

Hill area development may be a formidable challenge, but it is heartening to note that there are many organisations and individuals actively engaged in research and development efforts to make a positive contribution. The region has several research institutions of repute engaged in technology development in agriculture, forestry, natural resource management and allied disciplines. A large number of non-government organisations are working at grassroots level and making a change in the lives of rural communities. Development initiatives of the hill region figure high among the priorities of the Department of Biotechnology and the Department of Science and Technology, premier agencies of Government of India for promoting scientific development initiatives.

Recognising the importance of collective wisdom and experience in evolving strategies for development planning in the Himalayan region, a brainstorming workshop entitled “Crafting Potential Strategies and Measures for Sustainable Livelihood Development and Natural Resource Management in Central and Western Himalayas” was held at the Forest Research Institute in Dehradun during 11-12

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November 2011. Sponsored by the Department of Biotechnology and organised by BAIF Development Research Foundation in collaboration with Sir Dorabji Tata Trust and Himmotthan Society, the workshop was attended by representatives of government and non-government agencies, research institutions and eminent development workers.

The workshop went beyond knowledge sharing and deliberated critical issues that determine successful technology transfer and community empowerment for sustaining initiatives beyond project duration. In this regard, workshop delegates highlighted relevant issues based on their field experience in the Himalayan ecosystem. Within the broader canvas of environment and livelihood of hill dwellers, some of the key issues deliberated were water, sustainable farming, non-farm enterprises, fodder and fuel resources, drudgery and migration. The workshop sessions were divided into the four sub-themes of (a) farm diversification and climate change; (b) niche/novel activities and use of appropriate technology; (c) water resource development and (d) livestock and fodder development.

In order to focus on essential elements of each sub-theme, all relevant information presented and / or emerged during the deliberations of the workshop is included in this publication as the proceedings. Therefore, full papers, as presented by the speakers, are not included. Instead, the information contained in them on pertinent issues, focus areas, innovations and potential approaches is extracted and compiled under appropriate sections.

2. Crop Production in the Himalayan Agro-ecosystem

2.1 Major Issues of Hill Agriculture

The hill agro-ecosystem is characterised by a distinctly cold winter season, terraced farm plots on steep hill slopes and complex farming systems consisting of agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, poultry and fishery. Despite the presence of springs and streams, lack of irrigation water is a common constraint. Similarly, trees and shrubs are found ubiquitously, but fodder availability for livestock production is limited. The key socio-economic descriptors of these farms are their small size, often managed by women and provide only a portion of the total family income. The complex nature of the hill agro-ecosystem makes it crucial for sustainability issues to be given priority for maintaining farm productivity and ensuring food and economic security.

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a. Crop Management and Agrodiversity

The ever increasing population pressure has reduced the per capita land availability in the Himalayan hills to 0.14 ha at present and this is expected to decline further to 0.10 ha by the year 2025. Therefore, most of the future increase in food production in the region has to come through crop intensification. However, this has become a greater challenge than before because of the falling soil fertility levels. As a result of the pressure on sources of biomass, the average manure availability at present is only 3.5 tons per ha. Thus, the challenge is to produce more food with input levels and growing conditions that are becoming less and less ideal.

The benefits of crop diversification are well known. The primary benefit of diversification is the reduction in detrimental effects of growing the same crops on soil, pests and pathogens. This apart, the produce diversity helps reduce the effects of price fluctuations of any product which in turn assures stable farm incomes. Notwithstanding these benefits, the small size of hill farms and the uncertainty about forward linkages for marketing of produce make it difficult for farmers to diversify and introduce new crops.

If new pests and diseases are emerging as serious threats, there is also concern in the form of existing pests becoming polyphagous from their earlier monophagous feeding habits. Lantana and Ageratum, long found on farmland without causing serious concern, have lately attained the status of serious weeds. Wild animals are also a problem and protection against them with fencing is not easy on sloped land. Loss of biodiversity is another worrying issue that has still not received the necessary attention. In the last twenty years, paddy and wheat landraces had been reduced by 40-60% and the total number of cultivated crops has come down by 53%. At a time when genetic diversity within and across species should help withstand climatic and biotic stresses, Himalayan agriculture is faced with genetic erosion.

b. Climate Change

Climatic variations are more pronounced in the Himalayan region because of the influence of altitude and related factors. This is further aggravated in recent times by the global climate change phenomenon. Consequently, most parts of the region are experiencing the effects of climate change more than any other agro-ecological zone in

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the country. Rising maximum temperatures, reduced number of rainy days and greater frequency of drought incidence are some of the easily recognised changes. In the region as a whole, the rainfall has decreased from 1300 mm to 950 mm in the last 25 years and the number of rainy days has come down by about 30%.

Minimum temperature is more important than the maximum or average for temperate fruits and vegetables traditionally grown in the area. As the chilling requirement for flowering is not met in many of these species, their yields have declined or time of harvest is delayed. A result of climate change is the shift in areas offering ideal growing conditions for specific crops. For example, in Himachal Pradesh, the suitable areas for apple cultivation have moved away from Solan to higher elevations like Lahul. At the same time, southern areas that have become warmer now have favourable conditions for crops like mango.

c. Socio-economic Issues

The small farms of the hill region - with an average farm size of less than 2.0 ha – do not produce enough to feed the family even if a satisfactory crop is harvested. In the hill areas of Uttarakhand, about 70% of farmers possess less than 1.0 ha of land while 15-18% farmers possess 1-2 ha. Farming is often reduced to a supplementary source of income for the household as men seek employment elsewhere. As a result, cultivation activities of a large proportion of farms are carried out by women who are already burdened with other daily chores. The overall status is the use of agricultural practices that are not modern; technology options and input levels for crop production are not the optimum; and the output achieved is much less considering the favourable soil and environmental conditions.

It is essential to have proper assessment of resources and dependable data base for strategic planning. The vulnerability rating at macro and micro level covering all the different geographically distinct regions of Himalayas was considered crucial for developing a sustainable development programme. Altitude specific dependable database is required to frame certain assumptions for developing sustainable livelihood, which can further be tested at various scales of economies.

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d. Value Addition and Marketing

Post-harvest handling of farm produce is another challenging issue in hill areas. The marketable surplus available from each farm is usually small. Aggregation and subsequent transport of these small quantities from remote hilly locations to city markets where remunerative returns can be obtained is not an easy task. Many temperate fruits are suitable for processing, but facilities for value addition and market linkages are unavailable. The need to coordinate with a large number of small farmers to ensure a sizeable quantity of produce makes it a difficult and less rewarding task. Lack of minimum infrastructure, transportation, awareness about low cost value addition methods and inaccessibility to progressive markets are primary obstacles in establishing forward linkages for agricultural produce. There is no existing mechanism for loss prevention and market intelligence which are key factors in value chain management.

2.2 Development Approaches and Focus Areas for Crop Production

The actual potential of farmland and other resources cannot be realised so longas farmers look at agriculture as a secondary or subsistence occupationHill agriculture has to come out of this mind s e t a n d t a k e a d v a n t a g e o f t h e unusual environmental conditions that offer cropping prospects not found e l s e wh e re . T h e p r i m a r y fo c u s o f agricultural development in hill areas has to be on introducing crops and cropping practices that would result in increased farm output . At the same t ime, opportunities for crop diversification should not be missed out either. The development plan should be such that it has the flexibility to allow changes in proposed interventions necessitated by specific local conditions. Research institutions in the region have developed promising technologies and their dissemination can help increase farm output substantially in the hill region.

a. Selection of Crops and Systems

The approach should be to identify suitable crops, combine them spatially or temporally to design production systems and introduce management practices that ensure ecological and economic sustainability. A key determining factor in crop

selection is the altitude. Indicative lists are available for different altitudes which may be appropriately modified to suit expected climate change impacts. On the technology development front, there are continuing efforts to develop genotypes for environments beyond their native ranges. Advances in growing crops within shelters such as polyhouses are also making it possible to grow crops in new locations or during off-seasons. An indicative list of species based on altitude is given in Table 1.

Table 1 : Altitude Specific Mountain Farming Systems in NW Himalayas

An efficient resource use approach for the hill region is to make use of favourable environmental factors, especially the low temperature and short day conditions required for inducing flowering in temperate species. Many fruit and vegetable crops that fall under this category are already commercially cultivated, but there is still scope for further intensification. Associated with this is the opportunity for seed production of temperate vegetables in open fields or in low-cost enclosures such as polyhouses.

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Altitude Grouping Appropriate Farming Systems

1. High Altitude2,500-3,500 m Fruits and vegetables based farming systemsabove msl Food crops, pseudo-cereals based farming systems

Protected cultivation- vegetables and specialty Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

2. Mid-high Altitude Fruits and vegetables based farming systems1,750-2,500 m Livestock based farming systemsabove msl Food crops, pseudo-cereals based farming systems

Protected cultivation- vegetables and specialty Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Secondary agriculture

3. Middle Altitude Food crops and vegetables based farming systems1,500-1,750 m Fruits based farming systemsabove msl Livestock based farming systems

Protected cultivation- vegetables and specialty Medicinal and Aromatic PlantsSecondary agriculture

4. Mid-low Altitude Food crops, fruits, vegetables and livestock based farming 1,200-1,500 m systems

above msl Secondary agriculture

5. Low Altitude Field crops, Livestock and fruits based farming systems1,000-1,200 m Secondary agricultureabove msl

Livestock based farming systems

(Source: A. K. Srivastva)

No.

Grown as biennials for seed production in the cold hill regions, these crops can be raised as annual vegetables in most other parts of the country.

The Himalayan region has a very large number of species that are underused crops. Additionally, there are wild species traditionally consumed by local communities, but are still in the early stages of domestication. Research efforts on some of these species have yielded satisfactory results in the form of elite planting material, cultivation practices and harvesting methods. For example, G. B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development has studied potential of more than 25 wild species. Similarly, elite genotypes of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) have been identified in Badrinath and Kedarnath areas. These recent scientific advances have not been translated into field activities because technology dissemination and commercial promotion of crops highlighting their potential is inadequate.

Agroforestry is another practice that has high potential in hill areas. It is an extension of cropping systems, but with the introduction of perennials together with annual crops. Agricultural wasteland has to be brought under tree-based systems. Among the options for agroforestry are high density plantations of fruit trees. Intensive management of these plantations will require high input of labour, but the holdings being small, they can still be managed by family labour. Tree-based farming systems where annual crops are intercropped with perennials are also possible with many combinations.

Although fruit trees are the preferred perennials, there are also systems in which multipurpose trees are included. An example of this is an agroforestry model on 2.0 ha land demonstrated in the Garhwal hills where multipurpose trees were intercropped with turmeric and cardamom. Similarly, in Chamoli district, species such as Alnus nepalensis and Dalbergia sissoo have been included in different plantations. Besides the uses of the biomass for uses like fodder and fuel, carbon sequestration is another benefit that is not often recognised.

Initiatives in horticulture such as floriculture and temperate vegetable seed production are promising high value options for farmers who can intensively manage small production units. As the skills needed for managing these enterprises are relatively higher, appropriate training should be provided. Additionally, financial

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support mechanisms for initial investment in structures such as polyhouses should be made easily available. Even if production is carried out intensively in these units, the quantity produced by each farm is likely to be small, necessitating collective marketing of the produce.

b. Intensification and Diversification

The present cropping intensity in hill areas is about 146% and there is scope for further intensification. A comprehensive scientific approach, a pre-requisite to intensive crop production under any situation, is even more important in hill areas than in less fragile environments. The choice of crops is vast: ranging from cereals like wheat and paddy to vegetables, fruit crops, spices, condiments, medicinal and aromatic species. Although current familiarity with crops and market orientation are major determinants in the choice of crops, environmental factors should also be taken into account. In this regard, crop with dense canopies for reducing runoff and soil loss are preferred. Species like maize having narrow upright leaves are less suitable for growing on steep slopes as runoff under them is the highest.

Diversification opportunities are many, but this requires a systematic approach. Each farm or farms in an area diversifying into far too many crops will result in a large

number of produce, each with a small quantity of marketable surplus. This is undesirable and has to be overcome through a cluster-based approach for crop planning. Among the crops, temperate fruit and vegetable species are promising b e c a u s e o f t h e i r e n v i r o n m e n t a l adaptability. The conducive environment for growth of plants and retention of active ingredients also make the hill areas suitable for medicinal and aromatic species.

Considering the constraints of small landholdings, difficulty in transport and the time taken to reach markets, it is desirable to have farm produce of high value, long shelf life and low volume. Floriculture is already an established activity in many areas of the Himalayan region.

There are farm enterprises such as fishery, mushroom production and apiculture that hold potential for creating sustainable livelihoods in hill areas. Although not crop-based activities, they can have a positive effect on crop production indirectly in the farms where they are practised. A prime benefit, for example, is the use of recycled

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waste material of these enterprises as manure for crop fields. Increased yields, particularly those of cole crops, by the pollination of honeybees are another such benefit. Experience in the hill region shows that small farmers cannot depend on a single activity, but they should have supplementary income sources as well.

c. Post-harvest Activities

In fruit production, post-harvest activities play important role in enhancing shelflife with assured quality. In case of malta (Citrus spp.), shrink wrapping technique Is adopted to keep fruits fresh for about 5 months. Zero-energy cool chambers are other alternatives to store fruits for longer durations. Losses during transportation delays can also be minimised by using such post harvest processing and value addition techniques.

3. Livestock Production in the Himalayan Region

The Himalayan region has ideal climatic conditions for exotic cattle breeds and their crosses. Goat husbandry and backyard poultry can also be attractive choices for small farmers and landless people. There have been programmes across the hill region to promote livestock and poultry production. Nevertheless, they have not emerged as dependable farm enterprises for providing employment and income generation opportunities.

3.1 Major Issues of Livestock and Allied Enterprises in Hill Areas

a. Livestock and Poultry Production

The contribution that livestock production can make towards enhancing socio-economic status of hill farmers is well recognised. A major constraint in overcoming problems in animal production is the unsatisfactory reach of the veterinary extension services in remote hill areas. More than 90% of the animals in these areas belong to local breeds of low productivity. This low potential is further aggravated by unsatisfactory nutrition and other management

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practices. As homesteads of hills have limited space for housing, animal health can be affected, mainly during the winter season. In this regard, goat keeping and backyard poultry are ideally suited for small holdings. Unfortunately, well focussed programmes for their promotion are not much evident.

The forward linkages for marketing have concentrated on milk. Marketing channels for goat, rabbit and poultry products have remained largely traditional and are ill equipped to handle larger volumes. Even in the case of dairy, value added products like ghee are neglected. The organic nature of animal products in Uttarakhand are not emphasised enough to create a niche market for them. In the absence of organised promotion of these products, the section of the population that can benefit most, small farmers, does not have the incentives to take to these profitable ventures.

b. Fodder Production

Fodder scarcity, particularly during winter months, is a recurring problem faced by farmers. This issue often tends to get ignored in livestock development programmes, resulting in outcomes far below expectations. At times, it also leads to other problems such as overgrazing of forest. Returns from animal-based activities are generally low because of low productivity of animals and the absence of organised marketing channels. This is a reason for the lack of motivation among farmers to invest in livestock. Efforts to find local alternatives to fodder and feed that would minimise input costs and increase profit margins are only few. Even where there are successful innovations, the knowledge is not disseminated.

In the small and fragmented landholdings in hills, fodder requirements cannot be met with conventional production systems alone. Biomass for fodder has to be obtained from diverse sources to meet the requirements. Fodder trees and production through Van Panchayats are possibilities that are not fully exploited. A comprehensive programme to improve local breeds of cattle and small ruminants and introduction of suitable fodder, grass species and fodder trees have to be the focal factors in sustainable livestock development.

3.2 Development Approaches and Focus Areas

a. Livestock and Allied Enterprises

The benefits of genetic improvement of cattle of low productivity by cross breeding are well known in most of the hill region. Ideal native-exotic combinations of blood levels are established and indicative productivity levels have been assessed as well. Among

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the temperate breeds, Holstein Friesian and Jersey have been the popular choices. Experience with French Alpine breeds, though limited at present, is showing promise. Despite these initiatives, more than 95% of the livestock population in hill areas is of native breeds because artificial insemination services do not extend into remote areas. The approach should be to have an extensive system of breeding services backed by quality veterinary services. Efforts are also needed to enhance farmer awareness about the advantages of artificial insemination.

Being an area of tourism, there is tremendous market potential for milk, meat and eggs in the Himalayan region. Goat keeping is another potential intervention for small farms. Besides introducing superior breeds, suitability of native breeds should be examined. Goats native to certain hill areas have been found to be good milk producers despite their small body size. Similarly, backyard poultry has shown promise in some development initiatives. A combination of practices that included protection against cold drafts, supplementary feeding of local grass resulted in rapid weight gain of broiler breed of poultry birds in Uttarakhand.

The temperate environment at high altitudes is conducive for wool production with Angora rabbits. These rabbits produce several times more wool than sheep on per kg body weight basis and do not require vast grazing land. The wool produced by rabbits is of very fine quality compared to most other animal fibres and is preferred for making high value clothing. Garments made of rabbit wool are used for healing of arthritis because of the electrostatic properties found in them. Dual purpose broiler rabbits that can be used for both meat and wool production are also available.

b. Fodder and Feed

There are many local and introduced fodder species that can be grown successfully in the hill areas. The area within the farm that can be set aside for fodder production being small, nutritive value of grasses is an important consideration. Therefore, Setaria is preferred

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over other commonly grown grasses. Desmodium, Pongolla, Lolium and Cocksfoot grass are some of the other fodder species of promise for the hills. Inclusion of fodder trees is another approach to increase overall biomass productivity. Canopy management technologies for sustainable production are available for species like Grewia optiva, an excellent fodder tree for hills.

Continuous exploration for fodder crops, suitable for different altitudes and seasons is a crucial focus area for livestock rearing in hills. In order to meet the fodder requirement which peaks during the winter months, it is necessary to identify species of low temperature tolerance. Additionally, fodder storage practices have to be promoted among farmers. The existing opportunity to produce and supply high quality fodder to farmers through Van Panchayats in an organised manner has not been fully taken advantage of.

The stress due to extremely low temperatures and wet environment can make animals and birds susceptible to diseases. As a prophylactic measure, it is necessary to ensure their feed is balanced. Feeding of compact feed blocks, fortified with additives and molasses, is one of the options for concentrate feeding. Supplements such as mineral mixtures should be regularly added as feed additive.

c. Processing Facilities

Transportation difficulties and the high degree of perishability of milk underscore the need to process milk into dairy products of long shelf life. The concept of micro-dairies with processing facilities has to be evolved further with provision for value addition and linkages for marketing. Unique opportunities such as the processing and marketing of certified organic ghee in Uttarakhand should not be missed. Shelf life of milk and milk products can be increased substantially with low cost processing methods. Economy of scale can be attained through the formation of farmer co-operatives that can manage the value addition activities of farm produce.

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4. Natural Resource Management in Hill Areas

4.1 Issues of Natural Resource Management

The Himalayan region, blessed with abundant natural resources in the form of land, water, forest and biodiversity, is increasingly threatened by environmental degradation. This region has a wide range of soils because of diverse parent material, processes of weathering, climate and biological activity. The formation of various types of soils and the resultant diversity indicates the different challenges as well as the untapped potential of the hill areas. Irrespective of the soil type, landslides are one of the most serious and devastating problems in hills where the steep slopes and undulating topography are a major challenge for soil conservation and land development.

a. Soil and Water Resources

The region has an abundance of water resources. Water opens up opportunities ranging from generation of hydropower to small vegetable gardens. In the context of exploiting the hydropower potential of the hill region, multipurpose dam projects create issues of rehabilitation and resettlement. Additionally, water availability for farms up to a distance of about 15 km from the dam sites is affected. Unavailability of water at critical stages of crop growth leads to low crop productivity. This in turn brings about dissatisfaction and uncertainty among farmers, especially youth, who migrate in searchof assured livelihood options.

Realising the significance of water, rural communities had set in place traditional systems for the maintenance of water resources. Caught up in a vicious cycle, as illustrated in Figure 1, these systems are neglected. Judicious water management is a priority in the Himalayan region where there is scarcity of this resource despite abundant precipitation. Continuously declining and changing pattern of rainfall directly influence water availability leading to low productivity; in turn giving rise to out migration and non-maintenance of traditional systems in the area, attributing to water stress cycle as a whole.

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Figure 1. Water Stress Cycle

In general, the hill region is characterised by higher altitudes with steep slopes, shallow gravelly soil (7.5 cm depth and >40% gravel), low average temperature and high rainfall (1500 to >2500 mm). Agriculture is predominantly practised on terraced land in hilly areas. Continuous cultivation while neglecting terrace maintenance is resulting in huge runoff losses. Estimated soil erosion with 37% slope and 33% runoff is 35 t/ha/year and with 9% slope and 24% runoff is 20 t/ha/year. Continuous land degradation has resulted in poor retention of soil moisture and crop nutrients which in turn confines farmers to subsistence farming.

b. Forests

Forests and plant species diversity that make up the natural vegetation of hill areas have a great impact on other natural resources like soil and water. Deforestation is an important factor causing erratic rainfall and continually declining groundwater recharge. Spring discharge has declined by about 50% in Pauri, Champawat, Almora and Tehri. Rainwater recharge depends on the type of vegetal cover. Recharge is about 33% under dense forest cover whereas it is only 23% under oak, burans and litis; the lowest was 16% under pine canopy. The recharge of Kosi watershed is only 12%. The consequence of less water recharge and more extraction is the reduction in lean season flow, which has been reduced from 800 l/sec. to 200 l/sec.

The rich diversity of plant resources in the hill region is not managed in a way that it can sustain itself and at the same time contribute towards the income of local communities. For example, a promising option of oak-based sericulture is yet to be tapped adequately. There are some non-wood forest produce that have government support and approval, but are not regulated to ensure sustainability. The medicinal value of many forest species is known, but their harvest and utilisation are not explored yet. Farmers and those dependent on forests for their livelihood are unable to realise satisfactory prices for farm and forest produce, so there is a need to develop and standardise low cost value addition/processing techniques. The landless people in hills may find some other income generation avenues like mushroom, cultivation and, sericulture.

4.2 Development Approaches and Focus Areas

There is an urgency to conserve and sustainably use soil, water and biological resources in the hill region. The combined management of these resources should provide employment and livelihood opportunities for rural communities. Soil management is often closely related with water management and the primary goal in this regard is to minimise erosion. Water management in the hill region is primarily for

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crop production and hydro-power generation. From the perspective of farm activities, the focus of soil and water management is to maximise production per unit of water consumed as well as the yield per unit area of land. Management of degraded and neglected land, aimed at increasing production per unit area together with efficient resource use, is also crucial in the present scenario.

a. Soil and Water Management

The rapid changes in edapho-climatic conditions within relatively short distances in the hill region require introducing situation-specific diversified livelihood options. Conservation and management of soil and water resources should be addressed with

priority in the mid-hill areas which hold high potential for agricultural production. Whereas retaining runoff water in ponds is a potential option for terraces higher up the slope, those in lower slopes can be provided drip or gravity-based irrigation. Considering the resource - constrained situations, emphasis should be on maximising efficiency of resource use in terms of farm productivity per unit of land or water consumed. In this regard, the immense scope for growing high value crops and aquaculture has to be explored.

The approach for water management on terraced land should be to harvest rainwater, check surface flow and minimise runoff losses through the construction and maintenance of physical structures. Farm planning for such environments should incorporate resource-efficient production technologies, water and nutrient budgeting, inclusion of perennial vegetation and soil-water conservation measures at whole watershed level. It was evident that the development focus cannot limit itself to privately-owned arable lands only, but should also address issues pertaining to non-arable community and forest lands.

Identification of spring network of an area is possible by the technique of tracing water movement through isotope method. Using such information, spring shed development and construction of structures such as trenches can be done to enhance water availability. Revival, protection and maintenance of traditional water structures like naula (spring) should also be considered as essential components of the overall water management approach for hill areas.

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The Himalayan region has a large network of ice-fed and rain-fed rivers with natural inclines that offer immense scope for hydropower generation. The undesirable outcome of hydropower projects is the adverse effect on micro-climate and disruption of water supply to those living near dams. An alternative is to have run-of-the-rivers type of power generation where the natural flow of the river is mimicked to sustain the natural ecosystem. For instance, small scale power generation of 10 MW each at three stages is possible without dam construction.

Development of projects of public utility shifts the responsibility of water management from the community to the state. Considering the social and environmental impacts associated with hydropower projects, there is a need to reassess the mechanism of hydropower development in hill areas. Approval of project sites and assessment of projects should be governed by an independent state-level commission in which the majority of the members should be non-official. Approval of the affected Gram Sabha should be mandatory in order to get the project sanctioned through a proper and transparent procedure. The overall objective should be to achieve optimal and sustainable utilisation of resources and not maximum resource exploitation.

b. Management of Plant Resources

The rich plant density of the Himalayan region has the potential to provide food, herbal medicines and aromatic substances. The use of the native species for the benefit of local communities has to be expanded through a dedicated programme that should engage in bioprospecting, domestication, commercial cultivation, value addition and marketing. Management of the native biological resources is an essential requirement to provide the base for higher farm production and climate change management. Development activities based on native wild edible species can help develop sustainable livelihoods in Himalayas. Domestication of species yielding produce of high value can provide greater diversification opportunities to hill farmers. Diversification is necessary to bring in sustainability into farming systems that are highly vulnerable at present.

c. Non-Timber Forest Produce

Non-timber Forest Produce (NTFP) can be a major source of income and employment in states like Uttarakhand where two thirds of the land area is under forests. However,

16

harvest of produce should be regulated and proper marketing mechanism evolved to ensure satisfactory income for those engaged in collection of NTFP. There is government support available for species like Cordyceps sinensis, a species having medicinal use, but its harvest is not regulated. Similarly, the commercial potential of Rhododendron spp. and Aesandra butyracea are not explored fully. The forests of the region also have a very large number of species from which natural fibres can be extracted. A root extract from lantana, and a natural dye from Eupatorium spp. are some of the other promising NTFPs.

Further strengthening of initiatives is necessary to improve the functioning and effectiveness of Van Panchayats. The management of village forest lands should be transferred to local communities with a mandate to increase biomass production. Economically and ecologically sustainable models should be designed for these lands and the capacity of Van Panchayats to manage them has to be enhanced.

5. Proven Interventions and Promising Approaches

A large number of proven interventions and promising approaches were highlighted by workshop participants during their presentations and subsequent deliberations. Not all of them could be included in this publication, but an indicative list extracted from some of the lead presentations are given below.

5.1 Vivekanand Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora

a. A participatory community approach for diversification and intensification of hill farming with the inclusion of aspects of natural resource management andenergy has high potential for field introduction.

b. Appropriately modified farm implements for hill agriculture such as bed maker,seed-cum-fertiliser drill, millet thresher and paddy thresher have beendeveloped.

c. An approach to diversify the use of harvested rainwater that can result inmultiple benefits ranging from enhanced crop production to cold wateraquaculture has been evolved.

5.2 G. B. Pant Inst. of Himalayan Envi. and Dev., Garhwal

a. Agroforestry systems with multipurpose tree species have been developed;besides rehabilitation of degraded lands, these systems can help enhance carbonsequestration.

17

b. Technology available for water resource management which includes waterharvesting and spring sanctuary development.

c. Bioprospecting to identify wild and cultivated bio-resources for food, medicinaland aromatic purposes and their value addition through agro-basedentrepreneurship development are explored. Sustainable harvesting strategiesfor Cordyceps sinensis has been determined.

5.3 Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan

a. The effects of climate change on production of fruit crops have been investigatedand potential strategies to minimise their impact have been worked out.

b. Off-season vegetable production under protected conditions or in the open hasproven to be an attractive and sustainable livelihood option. Crop diversificationwith vegetable crops was found to be a complimentary income source.

c. Technology for fodder production with tree species like Grewia optiva andgrasses like Setaria is available.

5.4 G. B. Pant Univ. of Agri. and Tech., Hill Campus, Tehri Garhwal

a. Available technologies of promise include fruit production under High Density Planting System, cultivation of cut flowers, spices and condiments.

b. Including apiculture is a proven intervention to bring in additional incomebesides help improve yields of certain crops through pollination.

c. Post-harvest technologies for processing and value addition have beenstandardised and introduced. Similarly, zero-energy cool chambers have beendeveloped for storage of fruits.

5.5 People's Science Institute, Dehradun

a. An integrated approach to develop water resources by enhancing undergroundseepage through mechanical, vegetative and social measures has yieldedpromising results.

b. Rejuvenation of traditional water storage structures like naula has beensuccessful.

18

5.6 Himmotthan Society, Dehradun

a. Preliminary work to develop cost-effective feed for livestock with concentratefeeds and urea-molasses treatment of hay has identified suitable alternatives.

b. The approach of decentralised fodder nurseries have been well received by communities and can be replicated.

c. The shift from service delivery mode to enterprise mode is a promising approach.For example, dairy enterprise has emerged as a successful and sustainableventure.

5.7 Central Himalaya Environment Association, Nainital

a. A proven intervention is the briquetting of pine needles that reduces drudgeryof women.

b. This activity can be scaled up into a rural enterprise as the briquette is also in highdemand in urban areas because it is a smokeless fuel.

c. Community participation in afforestation, land conservation and Van Panchayatdevelopment is another successful initiative.

5.8 BAIF Development Research Foundation, Pune

a. Instead of dependence on a single crop, inclusion of additional farm enterprisessuch as sericulture, mushroom cultivation, dairying and aquaculture has thepotential to provide livelihood security to small farmers.

b. Identification of recharge zones through satellite imaging with the help ofconcerned agencies can help rejuvenate springs.

c. A combination of practices for poultry management that includes providing idealtemperature with bulbs and stoves, feeding native grass and window design ofshelter to insulate against cold drafts has been an effective intervention.

6. Other Factors of Importance

6.1 Women-related Issues

Addressing issues related to women is a priority in all development initiatives. It attains even greater significance in the context of hill area development because the level of drudgery involved in fetching water, fuel-wood and other home requirements is

19

greater than in plain areas. Moreover, nearly 50% of the rural households in the hills are headed by women as the men folk migrate to augment the farm income. Thus, women are actively involved in agricultural operations in addition to their regular household work. This leads to work pressure and decline in health.

The development approach should be to incorporate women-friendly technologies and practices for farming, natural resource development and small scale rural enterprises. There are examples of introduction of simple tools for farm operations and modifications in harness of baskets that have significantly reduced drudgery of women. Lack of transportation facilities in hill areas also adds to physical exertion of women. In spite of shouldering key responsibilities, unfortunately, women only have a marginal role in decision making with regard to farming and domestic matters. Besides making it mandatory for their inclusion in local decision making bodies, efforts are necessary to create social awareness about the benefits of women empowerment.

6.2 Development Support

There are government and non-government donors providing technology, funding support and capacity building for the development of hill areas. Their experience and learning in the region as well as elsewhere in the country can be made use of in implementing development projects. In its overall framework of development outreach for technology dissemination, the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) has focus areas such as societal development, underused crops and entrepreneurship development. Although not in the hill region, the experience of an integrated farming project sponsored by DBT has relevance in relation to productivity, profitability and resource-use efficiency.

Technology interventions for mountain ecosystems have been a focal area of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) as well. Among its interventions are food processing units, traditional water mills and chilgoza nut (Pinus gerardiana) drying. In particular, DST stresses a system management approach and small scale operations for the types of conditions prevailing in the hills. The new programme of DST, entitled Technology Application in Difficult Areas (TADA), will have opportunities for the introduction of fresh initiatives.

Programmes of non-government sponsors have identified the need to develop economically sustainable models that are appropriate for the small-scale conditions of the hills. Combining findings of applied research with the field experiences already gained in the hill region can help in rapid transfer of technology. The probability of

20

success in activities such as food processing can be higher if there is a partnership among community, non-government organisation and a commercial entity.

Reliable database is a pre-requisite to have a clear picture of the area under planning so as to design potential strategies for any development programme. A problem faced in this regard is that the process of data collection and analysis is not always accurate. Expertise for identification of indicators and parameters are often unavailable locally and those brought in from other parts of the country may miss out on certain aspects that are unique to the hill region. During data collection, the understandings of people that get voiced are not necessarily based on actual data. Therefore, an essential requirement is to ensure there is absolute accuracy in data collection, analysis and interpretation. A compendium of experiences and approaches in the hill region will be a valuable document for future planning.

7. Actionable Points

Considering the development needs and the scope of activities possible in the Himalayan region, compiling a comprehensive list of actionable points is an extremely difficult task. The list presented below is indicative of the actionable points for those desirous of taking up development projects in the hill region.

a. Preparation of a document thatcomprehensively details develop-ment experiences of variousorganisations in the region. In addition to descriptions aboutactivities carried out and outcomesachieved in each project, thisdocument should contain wellanalysed case studies based on fielddata.

b. Impact of projects implemented inhill areas is not always satisfactorilyassessed. In order to manage thenatural resources sustainably in thefragile Himalayan environment andto ensure project interventions

21

continue unimpaired in the post-project phase, impact assessment ofimplemented projects should be carried out.

c. Model projects, representing different ecological and socio-economic conditionsof the hill region, should be designed and implemented for the purpose oftechnology demonstration. Each model should incorporate specific and relevantaspects of proven and successful interventions on different thematic areas andtechnology packages. There should also be models that include altitude-specificfarming options and crop suitability indices. Additionally, models should takeinto account emerging opportunities for local produce as well as employment generation.

d. The overall objective is to arrive at a realistic road map for sustainabledevelopment in hill areas. Therefore, proposed activities should integrate all theresources available in the region. Resources such as Van Panchayat land thatusually tend to get left out of the planning process should be included in theplanning process.

e. The number of farm and forest produce that can result in attractive income torural communities of the Himalayan region is enormous. Their true potential canbe realised only if they are integrated appropriately in the value chain. Besides production or collection, other activities such as primary processing at villagelevel, further value addition activities and marketing should be systematised toensure equitable distribution of all the stakeholders in the value chain.

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List of Organisations Associated with Development of Hill Region

Annexure I

1 Dehradun, Uttarakhand

2 Himachal Pradesh

306, Waldrof Compound, Mallital, Nainital, Uttarakhand

4 Central Himalayan Rural Action Group

5 Mukteshwar, Nainital, Uttarakhand

6 218, Kaulagarh Road, Dehradun, Uttarakhand

7Vasant Vihar Phase 1, Bullawala, Dehradun, Uttarakhand

8 Palampur 176062, Himachal Pradesh

9 College of Veterinary and AnimalSciences

10 Dadhutoli Lok Vikas Sansthan

11Department of Biotechnology, Government of India

12

Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand13

Block II 7th Floor CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110003

No. AddressOrganisation

Animal Husbandry Directorate

BAIF Development Research Foundation

Central Himalayan Environment Association

Orakhan, Simayal, Po-Nathuwakhan, Nainital, Uttarakhand

Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture

Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute

Centre for Ecology Development and Research

Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalaya

Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Palampur. Himachal Pradesh

Ufrenkhal Village, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand

Department of Mechanical andIndustrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology

Technology Bhavan, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi 110016

Dept. of Science and Technology,Government of India

14

Directorate of Cold Water Fisheries Bhimtal 263136, Nainital, Uttarakhand15

Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar Universityof Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan 173230, Himachal Pradesh16

Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology

Hill Campus, Ranichauri, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand17

Himalayan Action Research Centre Alaknanda Krishi Vyavasaya Bahuddeshiya Swayatt Sehkarita

Rural Business Development Centre, Kaleshwar, Ummatta, KarnPrayag, Chamoli, Uttarakhand

18

Himalayan Consortium for Himalayan Conservation

New Bridge View Estate, The Mall, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh19

Himalayan Environmental Studies and Conservation Organisation

Village : Shuklapur, P.O.: Ambiwala, Via: Prem Nagar,Dehradun, Uttarakhand20

Himalayan Gram Vikas SamitiAwalaghat Road Dasaithal, Gangolihat, Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand21

Himalayan Institute For Environment, Ecology and Development Ranichauri, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand22

HIMMOTTHAN Society 65- Vasant Vihar, Phase-2, Dehradun, Uttarakhand

23

Institute of Himalayan Environmental Research and Education

Masi Bazar, Masi, Chaukhutia, Almora, Uttarakhand

24

Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Vivekanand Parvitiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan

Sinduri-Baskhola (Kafligair), Bageshwar 263 628, Uttarakhand25

National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

A-301 Doon Paradise, 111, Rajapur Road, Dehradun, Uttarakhnad26

Deptt. of Geography, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University

Garhwal University, Srinagar, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand

No. AddressOrganisation

Annexure I (contd.)

27

Pan Himalayan Grassroots Development Foundation

Post Bag # 3, Ranikhet, Almora, Uttarakhand

28

People's Science Institute 653, Indira Nagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand

29

Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences andTechnology of Jammu

Jammu 180009, Jammu & Kashmir30

Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences andTechnology of Kashmir

Srinagar 191121, Kashmir31

Sir Dorabji Tata TrustSir Dorabji Tata Trust, Bombay House, 24, Homi Mody Street, Mumbai 400001, Maharashtra

32

Uttarakhand Livestock Development Board

233/1 Vasant Vihar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand

33

Uttarakhand Organic Commodity Board

201, Vasant Vihar, Phase-1, Dehradun, Uttarakhand

34

Uttarakhand Regional Economic Development Programme

29, Rajpur Road, 3rd Floor, Inderlok Hotel, Dehradun, Uttarakhand35

Uttarakhand Renewable Energy Development Agency

Urja Park Campus, Industrial Area, Patel Nagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand36

Uttarakhand University of Horticulture and Forestry

Hill Campus Ranichauri, Tehri Garhwal,Uttarakhand37

Uttaranchal Bamboo Fibre Development Board

and Indira Nagar, Forest Colony, Dehradun, Uttarakhand

38

39Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan

Almora, Uttarakhand

No. AddressOrganisation

National Research Centre for Orchids P.O. Pakyong, Sikkim

Annexure I (contd.)

Adhikari, P. S.

Central Himalayan

Environment Association,

06, Waldorf Compound,

Mallital, Nainital

Agarwal, Sunil

Dept. of Science and Technology,

Technology Bhavan,

New Mehrauli Road,

New Delhi 110016

Ahmed, S.U.

Department of Biotechnology,

GoI, Block II, 7th Floor,

CGO Complex, Lodhi Road,

New Delhi 110003

Bahuguna, Rakesh

Himalaya Consortium for

Himalaya Conservation,

New-Bridge View Estate,

The Mall, Shimla 171001

Bharadwaj, S. K.

Dept. of Environmental Science,

Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture

and Forestry,

Nauni, Solan 173230

Bisht, P. S.

College of Forestry & Hill Agriculture,

G. B. Pant University of Agriculture &

Technology,

Ranichauri

Bisht, Y.

Himmotthan Society,

65- Vasant Vihar,

Phase-2,

Dehradun 248006

Chauhan, Malvika

Himmotthan Society,

65- Vasant Vihar,

Phase-2,

Dehradun 248006

Chopra, Ravi

People’s Science Institute,

653, Indira Nagar,

Dehradun 248 006

Daniel, J. N.

BAIF Development

Research Foundation,

Dr. Manibhai Desai Nagar,

Warje, Pune 411058

Dewan, M. L.

Himalayan Institute for Environment

Ecology and Development,

Ranichauri 249199,

Tehri Garhwal

Dhiman, Vimal

Uttarakhand Bamboo and

Fibre Development Board,

Watershed Management Directorate,

Indira Nagar Colony, Dehradun 248 006

ANNEXURE II

List of Participants

Gadve, Prabhakar

BAIF Development

Research Foundation,

Dr. Manibhai Desai Nagar,

Warje, Pune 411058

Gandhe, Abhay

Sir Dorabji Tata Trust, North India Office,

220, Hans Bhawan,

1, Bahadur Shah Zafer Marg,

Near ITO Square, New Delhi 110 002

Joshi, Anil

Himalayan Environmental Studies and

Conservation Organisation,

Village : Shuklapur, P.O. : Ambiwala,

Via: Prem Nagar, Dehradun

Joshi, Rajashree

BAIF Development

Research Foundation,

Dr. Manibhai Desai Nagar,

Warje, Pune 411058

Kediyal, V. K.

College of Forestry and Hill

Agriculture, Gobind Ballabh Pant

University of Agriculture and

Technology, Ranichauri

Khadilkar, S. B.

BAIF Institute for

Rural Development,

Uttarakhand

Haridwar 249 408

Maikhuri, R. K.

G. B. Pant Institute of Himalayan

Environment & Development,

Post Box: 92, Upper Bhaktiyan,

Srinagar, Garhwal 246 174

Nautiyal, B. P.

Ex. Gen. Manager, National Bank for Agri. &

Rural Development & Ex. Dir., Horticulture,

A-301 Doon Paradise, 111,

Rajapur Road, Dehradun

Nautiyal, M. C.

Ex Dean, College of

Forestry and Hill Agriculture,

Ranichauri,

Tehri

Negi, S. S.

Forest Research Institute,

P.O. New Forest,

Dehradun

Ninawe, A. S.

Department of Biotechnology,

Government of India, Block II

7th Floor CGO Complex,

Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110003

Pandit, P.

National Bank for Agriculture & Rural

Development, Uttarakhand Regn. Office,

Hotel Sunrise Building, 113/2,

Rajpur Road, Dehradun 248 001

Annexure II (contd.)

Patwardhan, Sachin M.

Sir Dorabji Tata Trust,

Bombay House,

24, Homi Mody Street,

Mumbai 400 001

Raturi, Dinesh

BAIF Institute for

Rural Development,

Uttarakhand

Haridwar 249 408

Rawal, Ramesh

BAIF Development Research Foundation,

E-1, 1st Floor, Dda Market, Mor Land,

New Rajendra Nagar,

New Delhi 110060

Rawat, D. S.

G. B. Pant Institute of Himalayan

Environment and Development,

Kosi-Katarmal,

Almora 263643

Roy, S. S.

BAIF Development

Research Foundation,

Dr. Manibhai Desai Nagar,

Warje, Pune 411058

Shah, Atul

Central Himalayan Rural Action Group,

Village Simayal

P.O. Nathuwakhan,

District Nainital 263 158

Singh, Aadya

Central Himalayan Rural Action Group,

Village Simayal

P.O. Nathuwakhan,

District Nainital 263 158

Singh, Harisharan

Uttarakhand Livestock

Development Board,

233/1 Vasant Vihar,

Dehradun 248001

Singh, Malkit

National Bank for Agriculture & Rural

Development, Uttarakhand Regional Office,

Hotel Sunrise Building, 113/2,

Rajpur Road, Dehradun 248 001

Singh, R. B. P.

Himachal Consultancy

Organisation Ltd.,

15 F, Akashdeep Colony,

Ballupur Road, Dehradun

Singh, S. K.

BAIF Institute for

Rural Development,

Uttarakhand

Haridwar 249 408

Singhal, R. M.

Retd. Dy. Director General (Research),

Indian Council of Forestry Research &

Education, Forest Research Institute, P.O.

New Forest, Dehradun

Annexure II (contd.)

Sohani, G. G

BAIF Development

Research Foundation,

Dr. Manibhai Desai Nagar,

Warje, Pune 411058

Srivastva, A.K.

Emeritus Scientist (ICAR),

Ex-Director, Vivekanand Parvatiya

Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan,

Almora

Tiwari, Ambrish Kumar

Central Soil & Water Conservation

Research & Training Institute,

218, Kaulagarh Road,

Dehradun

Tiwari, D. K.

BAIF Development

Research Foundation,

Himachal Pradesh

Trivedi, Krishna

Appropriate Technology India,

Mandir Marg, P.O. Guptkashi

Distt. Rudraprayag,

Garhwal

Vatsa, Vikas

Himachal Consultancy

Organisation Ltd.,

15 F, Akashdeep Colony,

Ballupur Road, Dehradun

Verma, K.S.

Department of Environmental Science,

Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture

and Forestry,

Nauni, Solan 173230

Annexure II (contd.)

BAIF Development Research Foundation, Pune