COMPARISON OF VOLATILE COMPOUND COMPOSITION OFCINNAMON (CINNAMOMUM CASSIA PRESL) BARK PREPARED

BY HYDRODISTILLATION AND HEADSPACE SOLIDPHASE MICROEXTRACTIONjfpe_347 175..185

RUI WANG, RUIJIANG WANG1 and BAO YANG

South China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of Sciences

Guangzhou 510650, China

Accepted for Publication September 19, 2008

ABSTRACT

Cinnamon is an important herbal medicine with good effects of healthpromotion and disease prevention. In this work, the volatile compounds ofcinnamon bark were extracted by hydrodistillation and solid phase micro-extraction techniques. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used toidentify and quantify the volatile compound composition. The results indicatedthat trans-cinnamaldehyde was the major component with the highest areapercentage of 68.67% in the volatile oils extracted by hydrodistillation. Thenext were glycerol 1-methyl ether and o-methoxycinnamaldehyde with areapercentages of 23.29 and 1.44%, respectively. The number of alkenes, alkanes,alcohols, aldehydes, amines, carboxylic acids, ethers, esters and ketones were17, 1, 12, 8, 2, 2, 6, 3 and 6, respectively. The volatile compounds extracted byheadspace solid phase microextraction were apparently different from those byhydrodistillation. Three major volatile compounds were 1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydro-7-methyl-4-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl)-naphthalene, 1,2,3,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-4,7-methyl-1-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl)-naphthalene andcopaene with area percentages of 20.18%, 17.21% and 16.51%, respectively.Alkenes (31), alcohols (10), aldehydes (4), carboxylic acids (2) and ethers (3)were found in this assay.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Cinnamon bark has been taken as an important traditional herbal medi-cine due to its disease prevention effect. The volatile compounds of cinnamon

1 Corresponding author. TEL: +86-20-37252662; FAX: +86-20-37252662; EMAIL: wangrj@scbg.ac.cn

Journal of Food Process Engineering 34 (2011) 175–185. All Rights Reserved.© Copyright the AuthorsJournal Compilation © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4530.2008.00347.x

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bark contribute much to its bioactivities. In this work, the volatile oils wereextracted by hydrodistillation technique. Head space solid phase micro-extraction technique was also used to detect the volatile compounds.Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis showed the significantdifference of volatile compound composition between two extractions. trans-Cinnamaldehyde was confirmed to be the major component of volatile oilsthat has good pharmacological properties. This work is helpful for extensivedevelopment of this medicinal herb.

INTRODUCTION

Cinnamon belongs to the family Lauraceae. It is one of the oldest herbalmedicines, which has been recorded in Chinese publications 4,000 yearsbefore (Qin et al. 2003). The cinnamon bark is frequently used as a flavoringspice in food preparation in many Asian countries, such as India and China(Sharma et al. 2001). Its potential properties of health promotion and diseaseprevention have attracted increasing attention in recent years. Cinnamon hasbeen used to treat dyspepsia, gastritis, blood circulation disturbance andinflammatory diseases in many countries since ancient age (Yu et al. 2007).The significant anti-allergic, anti-ulcerogenic, antipyretic, anaesthetic andanalgesic activities have been confirmed previously (Kurokawa et al. 1998;Lee and Ahn 1998). The in vitro investigation of cinnamon has revealed that itsextract mimics the function of insulin, which potentiates insulin action inisolated adipocytes (Broadhurst et al. 2000). Moreover, cinnamon extract canalso improve the insulin receptor function (Jarvill-Taylor et al. 2001).

Volatile oils, also named as essential oils, occur in many medicinalplants, which are responsible for the fragrance of plants. They are commonlyextracted by hydrodistillation or solvent extraction (Benchaar et al. 2008). Thevolatile compound composition of essential oils of one material will be dif-ferent depending on the species, location and extraction method. Essential oilsare important components of cinnamon bark, which are natural harmlesspreservatives applied in food products (Matan et al. 2006). Cinnamaldehydeis an important component in cinnamon oils. It has been identified as aneffective fungitoxic substance, and also confirmed to be a good immunomo-dulator and anticancer agent (Koh et al. 1998; Lee et al. 1999). The Foodand Drug Administration of U.S.A. has approved cinnamaldehyde as a safefood additive due to its special flavor. Moreover, essential oils are well knowninhibitors of microorganisms. The cinnamon essential oils have been proved toinhibit the growth of molds, yeasts and bacteria (Soliman and Badeaa 2002).Up to now, publications on the chemical composition of volatile compoundsin cinnamon bark are few. Identification of volatile compounds in cinnamon

176 R. WANG, R. WANG and B. YANG

bark will be helpful to understand this medicinal herb. Therefore, in this work,volatile compounds were extracted by hydrodistillation and identified byGC/MS. Headspace solid phase microextraction was also used to compare thedifference of two extraction methods.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Plant Material

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia Presl) barks were collected fromFangcheng, Guangxi province of China. They were air dried in an oven(DGG-9240A, Shanghai Linpin Experiment Instrument Co., Shanghai, China)at 50C for 24 h. Then they were subjected to pulverization by a cutting mill(DFT-50, Lingda Mechanics Co, Zhejiang, China) and sieved through a60-mesh sieve.

Preparation of Volatile Compounds by Hydrodistillation

The volatile oils of cinnamon bark were obtained by hydrodistillationin a Clevenger-type apparatus, according to the method of Demirci et al.(2008) with slight modification. Fifty grams of cinnamon bark powder wereprecisely weighed and mixed with 200 mL of distilled water. They were heatedat 100C for 5 h. Ethyl ether (200 mL) was used to extract volatile compoundsfrom the water phase for three times. The ethyl ether fraction was dehydratedover anhydrous sodium sulphate and filtered through a mid-speed filter paper.After concentration by rotary evaporation at room temperature (25C), theresulting volatile extract was kept at 4C for further analysis.

Preparation of Volatile Compounds by Headspace SolidPhase Microextraction

The preparation of volatile compounds by headspace solid phasemicroextraction was done following the method of Wu et al. (2008). Tengrams of cinnamon bark was precisely weighed and mixed with 150 mL ofdistilled water in a conical flask, which was sealed by a teflon/silicone septum.A headspace solid phase microextraction fiber (Supelco, Bellefonte, PA) with50/30 mm of divinylbenzene/carboxen on polydimethylsiloxane coating wasinserted through the septum and exposed to the headspace of the flask. Thevolatile compounds were absorbed by the fiber when heating at 50C for 2 h bya magnetic stirrer (JB-3, Rongguan Instrument Company, Changzhou, China).Then, the fiber with target compounds was subjected to gas chromatography/

VOLATILE COMPOUNDS OF CINNAMON (CINNAMOMUM CASSIA PRESL) BARK 177

mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis directly. The fiber needed to be condi-tioned before use according to the manufacturer’s prescription.

GC/MS Analysis

GC/MS analysis was performed on a GC-2010 gas chromatograph(Shimadzu, Japan) equipped with a GCMS-QP2010 Plus mass spectrometer(Shimadzu, Japan). A Rxi-5MS capillary column (30 m ¥ 0.25 mm i.d., filmthickness 0.25 mm, Shimadzu, Japan) was used for separation. A split/splitlessinjector was used. Oven temperature was kept at 40C for 3 min, increasing to120C at 5C/min and holding for 3 min, then to 180C at 2C/min and holding for3 min, and finally to 230C at 5C/min and holding for 3 min. Injector tempera-ture was 250C, while the detector temperature was 250C. The ion sourcetemperature was 250C. Helium was used as the carrier gas with a flow rateof 30 mL/min. Identification of compounds was based on comparison of theirmass spectra with those recorded in the National Institute of Standardsand Technology database. Quantitative analysis of each essential oil compo-nent (expressed as area percentage) was carried out by peak area normalizationmeasurement. For the volatile compounds prepared by hydrodistillation,sample (0.2 mL) was injected into the injector with a split ratio of 1:50. Foridentification of volatile compounds prepared by headspace solid phasemicroextraction, the fiber was injected into the injector directly and a split ratioof 1:5 was used.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The Volatile Compounds Obtained by Hydrodistillation

The essential oil yield was 1.3 � 0.2% (w/w) by hydrodistillation.GC/MS was used to identify the volatile compounds in the extract of hydro-distillation and those absorbed on the fiber of solid phase microextractioninstrument. The volatile compound compositions of two extracts are listed inTables 1 and 2, respectively.

As shown in Table 1, the volatile oil of cinnamon bark consisted of 57kinds of volatile compounds, including alcohols, aldehydes, alkanes, alkenes,amines, carboxylic acids, ethers, esters and ketones. GC/MS analysis revealedthat trans-cinnamaldehyde was identified as the major component with thehighest area percentage of 68.67%. The area percentages of glycerol 1-methylether and o-methoxycinnamaldehyde were 23.29% and 1.44%, respectively.Other volatile compounds identified from the extract were lower than 1%.Seventeen alkenes were found in the extract, while the numbers of alkanes,alcohols, aldehydes, amines, carboxylic acids, ethers, esters and ketones were1, 12, 8, 2, 2, 6, 3 and 6, respectively.

178 R. WANG, R. WANG and B. YANG

TABLE 1.VOLATILE COMPOUNDS OF CINNAMON BARK OBTAINED BY HYDRODISTILLATION

Compound Type Retentiontime (min)

Areapercentage(%)

Glycerol 1-methyl ether Ether 5.716 23.29Cinnamene Alkene 7.510 0.12Isopropyl acetate Ester 8.154 0.062-Isopropoxyethylamine Amine 8.506 0.012,4,6-Trimethyl-trioxane Ether 9.296 0.01Ethyl isopropyl ether Ether 9.467 0.01Propylbenzene Alkene 9.556 0.01Benzaldehyde Aldehyde 9.732 0.55Ethenyl benzeneethanol Alcohol 10.807 0.012,4-Dimethyl-3-hexanone Ketone 11.122 0.01Propenyl benzene Alkene 11.900 0.23Benzeneacetaldehyde Aldehyde 12.458 0.17Acetophenone Ketone 13.182 0.02a-Methyl benzeneacetaldehyde Aldehyde 14.350 0.03Benzeneethanol Alcohol 14.662 0.022-Methyl-3-phenyloxirane Ether 14.765 0.011-Isopropylvinyl benzene Alkene 14.898 0.05Glycerin Alcohol 15.366 0.46Hydrocinnamaldehyde Aldehyde 16.162 0.27Phenyl ethyl ketone Ketone 16.235 0.04Borneol Alcohol 16.286 0.08Benecarboxylic acid Carboxylic acid 16.759 0.011,2-Naphthalenedione Ketone 16.886 0.03Terpineol Alcohol 17.034 0.016-Ethyl-2-methyl decane Alkane 17.313 0.02b-Methyl benzenepropanal Aldehyde 17.602 0.22trans-Cinnamaldehyde Aldehyde 17.880 68.67Benzenepropanol Alcohol 18.185 0.39trans-Benzalacetone Ketone 18.975 0.052-Phenylhexane Alkene 19.125 0.235-(2-Propenyl)-1,3-benzodioxole Ether 20.079 0.91Cinnamyl alcohol Alcohol 20.527 0.08b-Methyl-benzenepropanal Aldehyde 21.219 0.04Eugenol Alcohol 22.477 0.30Copaene Alkene 23.284 0.08a-Ethyl-benzenemethanol Alcohol 23.768 0.15Cinnamic acid Carboxyl acid 25.699 0.59N-Benzoyl-alanine Amine 26.391 0.01Ethyl cinnamate Ester 27.204 0.02Germacrene Alkene 27.791 0.06a-Curcumene Alkene 28.085 0.01Muurolene Alkene 28.934 0.11Myrcene Alkene 29.348 0.01Cadina-1(10),4-diene Alkene 30.041 0.31o-Methoxycinnamaldehyde Aldehyde 30.296 1.441,2,3,4,4a,7-Hexahydro-1,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-naphthalene Alkene 30.458 0.104-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ylidene)-2-butanone Ketone 32.411 0.05trans-8-Ethyl-bicyclo(4.3.0)non-3-ene Alkene 33.061 0.05Artemesia triene Alkene 35.001 0.03Cedr-9-ene Alkene 35.180 0.15Muurolol Alcohol 35.874 0.14a-Cadinol Alcohol 36.089 0.05a-Bisabolol Alcohol 38.128 0.012-Methyl-benzofuran Ether 59.712 0.121,5-Diphenyldex-3-ene Alkene 60.929 0.02Vinyl trans-cinnamate Ester 61.191 0.041-Butylheptyl-benzene Alkene 62.336 0.03

VOLATILE COMPOUNDS OF CINNAMON (CINNAMOMUM CASSIA PRESL) BARK 179

TABLE 2.VOLATILE COMPOUNDS OF CINNAMON BARK OBTAINED BY HEADSPACE

SOLID PHASE MICROEXTRACTION

Compound Type Retentiontime (min)

Areapercentage(%)

Formic acid Carboxylicacid

2.171 0.09

Acetol Alcohol 4.829 0.07b-Ocimene Alkene 12.687 0.10Hydrocinnamaldehyde Aldehyde 16.173 0.14Borneol Alcohol 16.303 0.09trans-Cinnamaldehyde Aldehyde 17.869 0.315-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde Aldehyde 18.838 0.075-Norbornene-2-carboxylic acid Carboxyl

acid19.580 1.95

5-(2-propenyl)-1,3-benzodioxole Ether 20.202 1.763-Allyl-6-methoxyphenol Alcohol 22.641 0.46Octahydro-1,7a-dimethyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-1,2,4-metheno-1H-indene Alkene 22.896 0.89Copaene Alkene 23.740 16.511-Ethenyl-1-methyl-2,4-bis(1-methylethenyl)-cyclohexane Alkene 24.107 1.55Octahydr-4-methyl-8-methylene-7-(1-methylethyl)-1,4-Methano-1H-indene Alkene 24.304 1.151-Propyl-1-nonenyl-benzene Alkene 24.620 0.17(-)-Isosativene Alkene 24.853 0.682,6-Dimethyl-6-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-2-norpinene Alkene 25.052 0.31Caryophyllene Alkene 25.277 1.70b-Humulene Alkene 25.418 0.25Octahydro-7-methyl-3-methylene-4-(1-methylethyl)-

Cyclopental(1,3)cyclopropal(1,2)benzeneAlkene 25.657 0.30

2,6-Dimethyl-6-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-bicyclo(3.1.1)hept-2-ene Alkene 25.974 1.021,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-Octahydro-1,4-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethenyl)-azulene Alkene 26.090 0.383,4,4a,5,6,8a-Hexahydro-2,5,5,8a-tetramethyl-2H-1-benzopyran Ather 26.586 0.381,5,9,9-Tetramethyl-1,4,7-cycloundecatriene Alkene 26.805 2.094,5-Dimethyl-2,6-octadiene Alkene 26.990 0.60Decahydro-1,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylene-1H-cycloprop(e)azulene Alkene 27.099 0.681,8-Dimethyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-spiro(4,5)dec-7-ene Alkene 27.260 0.15(+)-Epi-bicyclosesquiphellandrene Alkene 27.747 1.841,2,4a,5,6,8a-Hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-naphthalene Alkene 28.104 1.071-Methyl-4-(1,2,2-trimethylcyclopentyl)-benzene Alkene 28.230 0.71Eudesma-4(14),11-diene Alkene 28.356 0.782-Methylene-4,8,8-trimethyl-4-vinyl-biocyclo(5.2.0)nonane Alkene 28.460 0.221a,2,3,5,6,7,7a,7b-Octahydro-1,1,4,7-tetramethyl-1H-cycloprop(e)azulene Alkene 28.795 2.441,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-Octahydro-7-methyl-4-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl)-

naphthaleneAlkene 29.774 20.18

1,2,3,4a,5,8,8a-Hexahydro-4,7-methyl-1-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl)-naphthalene

Alkene 30.629 17.21

2,6,6,9-Tetramethyl-tricyclo(5.4.0.0[2,8])undec-9-ene Alkene 30.968 7.624-(1,5-Dimethyl-1,4-hexadienyl)-1-methyl-cyclohexene Alkene 31.277 3.461-Ethenyl-1-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-(1-methylethylidene)-cyclohexane Alkene 31.565 0.26Longifolenaldehyde Aldehyde 32.264 0.75(-)-Spathulenol Alcohol 32.740 0.251-Ethenyl-1-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-(1-methylethylidene)-cyclohexane Alkene 33.170 1.22Diepi-a-cedrene epoxide Ether 33.613 0.358-(1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-Octahydro-2,5,5,8a-tetramethylnaphth-1-yl)-6-

methyl-oct-5-en-2-olAlcohol 34.040 0.71

Carotol Alcohol 34.590 0.842,6,6,9-Tetramethyl-tricyclo(5.4.0.0[2,8])undec-9-ene Alkene 35.328 2.641,2,3,4,4a,7,8,8a-Octahydro-1,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-1-naphthalenol Alcohol 36.009 1.901,2,3,4,4a,7,8,8a-Octahydro-1,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-1-naphthalenol Alcohol 36.188 0.64a-Cadinol Alcohol 36.558 0.371-(1,5-Dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-4-methyl-3-cyclohexen-1-ol Alkene 37.388 0.32a-Bisabolol Alcohol 38.185 0.35

180 R. WANG, R. WANG and B. YANG

Hydrodistillation is known to be one of the most common methods forthe extraction of volatile compounds from different matrix (Golmakani andRezaei 2008). Though it has some disadvantages, such as loss of some volatilecompounds, low extraction efficiency, possible degradation of unsaturatedcompounds through thermal or hydrolytic effects (Bayramoglu et al. 2008),it is still widely used due to free of organic solvent during extraction, con-venience and cost-effectiveness. Singh et al. (2007) have reported the majorvolatile compounds in essential oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume barkprepared by hydrodistillation. They have indicated that trans-cinnamaldehydewas the major component accounting for 97.7%, along with cadinene (0.9%).The cinnamon cultivar and location should be responsible for the differencefrom our results. Tung et al. (2008) have measured the essential oils extractedfrom twig of cinnamon by hydrodistillation. The main components areL-bornyl acetate (15.89%), caryophyllene oxide (12.98%), g-eudesmol(8.03%), b-caryophyllene (6.60%), T-cadinol (5.49%), d-cadinene (4.79%),trans-b-elemenone (4.25%), cadalene (4.19%) and trans-cinnamaldehyde(4.07%), respectively. This indicates that the volatile compound compositionsare correlated with growth stage and different parts of cinnamon tree.

From the results obtained in this work, the volatile oils of cinnamonbark enriched in alcohols, aldehydes and alkenes. These compounds havegood potential as antioxidant. Tomaino et al. (2005) have suggested thatessential oils of cinnamon possess good 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical scavenging activity. They can also prevent a-tocopherol fromoxidative degradation. The essential oils of cinnamon bark have been found tohave significant inhibition of nitric oxide production (Lee et al. 2002), whichis closely correlated with the pathophysiology of many diseases and inflam-mations. The antimicrobial and antifungal activities of cinnamon essential oilshave also drawn much attention from some researchers (Singh et al. 1995).trans-Cinnamalhyde was detected to be the major volatile compounds in thevolatile oils. It is also a good bioactive substance, which has many pharma-cological properties. Oral administration of cinnamaldehyde can significantlydecrease the glycosylated hemoglobin, serum total cholesterol, triglyceridelevels and increase the plasma insulin, hepatic glycogen and high densitylipoprotein-cholesterol levels of diabetic rats (Babu et al. 2007).

The Volatile Compounds Obtained by HeadspaceSolid Phase Microextraction

Table 2 lists the volatile compounds obtained by headspace solidphase microextraction. Fifty volatile compounds were identified in thisassay. Alcohols, aldehydes, alkenes, carboxylic acids and ethers wereinvolved. Three major volatile compounds were shown in Table 2. They

VOLATILE COMPOUNDS OF CINNAMON (CINNAMOMUM CASSIA PRESL) BARK 181

were 1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydro-7-methyl-4-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl)-naphthalene, 1,2,3,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-4,7-methyl-1-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl)-naphthalene and copaene with area percentages of 20.18%,17.21% and 16.51%, respectively. This result was completely different fromthe major volatile compounds in the extract obtained by hydrodistillation. Thearea percentage of trans-cinnamaldehyde was only 0.31% in this analysis. Thenumber of alkenes was 31, much more than that of alcohols (10), aldehydes(4), carboxylic acids (2) and ethers (3). The number and total area percentageof alkenes indicated that they are the major volatile compounds absorbed tothe fiber.

Headspace solid phase microextraction was introduced as an effectiveextraction technique for volatile compounds decades before (Zygmunt et al.2001). This technique is mainly used for air analysis in which the exposed fiberis suspended over the sample in a sealed environment. The volume of samplehas a significant effect on the analysis due to its effect on the depletion rate ofindividual species in the headspace (Górecki 1997). Sampling time and fibercoating composition are also important for accurate determination, becausethey will affect the absorption to the fiber coating, degradation and crossreaction of analytes (López et al. 2006). In this work, the analytic conditionswere chosen basing on our previous work. The fiber with coating ofdivinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane was chosen. The volume ofsample (150 mL) and sampling time (2 h) were set.

The results obtained in this work indicated that the volatile compoundsobtained by headspace solid phase microextraction were apparently differentfrom those by hydrodistillation. The fiber coating composition should becorrelated with the results due to its affinity to analytes (Kataoka et al. 2000).Polydimethylsiloxane fiber is preferred to extraction of nonpolar analytes.Mixing with divinylbenzene/carboxen can increase the retention capacity ofpolydimethylsiloxane due to mutual effect of adsorption and distribution tothe stationary phase. This might explain that the alkenes were easier to beabsorbed to the coating than others in this work. The volatility of analytes isanother factor affecting the analysis. The very volatile analytes are moredifficult to be extracted by hydrodistillation than the semi-volatile analytes.However, they can be extracted by solid phase microextraction due to lowtemperature and sealed environment. The above reasons led to the differencein the composition of volatile compounds obtained by two extractiontechniques.

CONCLUSIONS

Through GC/MS analysis, the composition of volatile compounds ofcinnamon bark obtained by hydrodistillation was apparently different from

182 R. WANG, R. WANG and B. YANG

those by headspace solid phase microextraction. trans-Cinnamaldehyde wasthe major component with the highest area percentage of 68.67% in thevolatile oils extracted by hydrodistillation. Fifty-seven volatile compoundswere found in the volatile oils, including alkenes (17), alkanes (1), alcohols(12), aldehydes (8), amines (2), carboxylic acids (2), ethers (6), esters (3) andketones (6). While fifty volatile compounds with alkenes (31), alcohols(10), aldehydes (4), carboxylic acids (2) and ethers (3) were identified forthe extract obtained by headspace solid phase microextraction. Threemajor volatile compounds were 1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydro-7-methyl-4-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl)-naphthalene, 1,2,3,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-4,7-methyl-1-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl)-naphthalene and copaene with areapercentages of 20.18%, 17.21% and 16.51%, respectively. Hydrodistillationreflected the true composition of volatile oils in cinnamon bark, whileheadspace solid phase microextraction just gave the profile of readily volatilecompounds absorbed on the fiber coating. Further measurement of the bio-activity of cinnamon bark volatile oils will be interesting. The comparisonof volatile compounds between cultivars is also undergoing in our work.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The financial support from Guangdong Science and Technology Program(No. 2006B23004003) was appreciated.

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