Comparison of Scientific Studies Related to Biomass Conversion in Europe & Turkey Hasan MERDUN, PhD Professor Akdeniz University Faculty of Engineering

Comparison of Scientific Studies Related to Biomass Conversion

in Europe & Turkey

Hasan MERDUN, PhDProfessor

Akdeniz University Faculty of Engineering Dept. of Environmental Engineering Antalya 07058, TURKEY

E-mail : [email protected]

26.08.2015 2/32Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain

Outline

Energy & Biomass / Bioenergy

Objectives of this review study

Biomass conversion technologies

Biochemical conversion studies in Europe (Germany)

Biochemical conversion studies in Turkey

Thermochemical conversion studies in Europe (Holland)

Thermochemical conversion studies in Turkey

Comparison of conversion studies in Europe & Turkey

Conclusions


Energy sources

Fosil energy sources

► Coal

► Petroleum

► Natural gas

Renewable energy sources

► Solar

► Wind

► Hydro

► Geothermal

► Biomass / Biofuels / Bioenergy


Energy in the world

2011

Petroleum

Coal

Natural gas

Nuclear

Hydraulic

Other renewables


Energy in Turkey

Wood2%

Plant & Animal Wastes

1%

Geothermal (electricity)1%

Petroleum27%

Natural gas 33%

Hydraulic 4%

Geothermal (heat)1%

Solar1%

Petrocoke2%

Anthracite15%

Lignite14%


Biomass & Bioenergy

Biomass, all organic materials produced by living organisms

► Main components: Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, extractives (lipids, proteins, starches, sugars, etc.), ash (inorganics)

► Elementel composition (dry wt. %) :

C (53), O (40), H (5), N (0.9), Cl (0.01-2)

Bioenergy, energy obtained from biomass

► Bioenergy is in the 4th place as energy resource and provides 18% of the world’s energy needs.


Biomass types/sources – 1/3 Plants: Agricultural residues, forest products, energy crops, aquatic

plants

Miscanthus

Corn Wood

Algae


Biomass types/sources – 2/3 Animal wastes


Biomass types/sources – 3/3 Urban & industrial wastes


Objectives are to:

define & introduce parameters of biomas (biochemical &

thermochemical) conversion technologies

present the scientific studies conducted in Europe (EU) & Turkey (TR) related to biomass conversion technologies

compare these studies conducted in EU & TR in terms of the used parameters & technologies


Biomass conversion technologies Biomass conversion processes, products, and applications

TechnologyProducts /Biofuels

Applications

Biochemical ConversionAnaerobic digestion biogas electricity

Fermentation ethanol, biodiesel fuels, chemicals

Composting compost fertilizer/soil conditioner

Thermochemical ConversionCombustion heat electricity

Pyrolysis bio-oil, fuel gas fuel, elect., heat, chem.

Gasification fuel gas electricity, heat, chemic.

Liquefaction bio-oil fuel, elect., heat, chem.


Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic Digestion (AD), prodution of biogas (CH4 + CO2) by

decomposition of organic matter through microorganisms under anaerobic condition

Parameters of AD:► Temperature► pH► Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT)► Organic Loading Rate (OLR)► C/N ratio► Toxic Materials - TM (ammonia, sulfur)► Alkalinity► Nutrients► Volatile acids


Fermantation

Fermantation, prodution of alcohols (ethanol/methanol) by decomposition of organic matter through microorganisms under anaerobic condition

Parameters of fermantation:

► Temperature

► pH

► Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT)

► Organic Loading Rate (OLR)

► Composition of organic matter

► Reactor type


Composting

Composting, prodution of compost materials by stabilizing org. matter through microorganisms under aerobic condition

Parameters of composting:

► Temperature

► pH

► Particle size

► Water content

► Aeration

► C/N ratio

► Microbial properties


Combustion

Combustion, is a process converting biomass energy to heat, mechanic power, or electricity under aerobic condition

Parameters of combustion:

► Type & composition of organic matter (OM)

► Carbon content of OM

► Ash content of OM

► Moisture content of OM


Pyrolysis Pyrolysis, thermochemical decomposition of biomass at

temperatures between 400 & 650°C in the absence of O2 to produce the products (bio-oil, biochar, gas mixture)

Parameters of pyrolysis:► Temperature► Heating rate► Residence time► Purging / sweeping / carrier gas type & flow rate► Catalyst type & amount► Biomass particle size► Biomass water content► Pressure► Reactor type


Gasification Gasification, thermal decomposition of biomass into gases

under atm. pressure & 700-1000°C with limited oxidizing agent (air, O2 , CO2, steam or mixture of these) to produce solid (biochar & ash) and gas mixture (H2, CO, CO2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6,

C3H6, C3H8, etc.)

Parameters of gasification:► Temperature► Heating rate► Biomass type

► Type of gasification agent (air, air+O2, steam, CO2, etc.)

► Flow rates of biomass & gasification agents► Type & design of gasifier► Type & amount of catalysts


Liquefaction

Liquefaction, biomass conversion process with H2O & catalyst at 200-400oC & 10-25 MPa to mainly produce bio-oil

Parameters of liquefaction:

► Temperature

► Pressure

► Residence time

► Biomass type & particle size

► Ratios of biomass, solvent, and catalyst


Biochemical conversion studies in EU (Germany) – 1/2

Study Topic Biomass Reactor (oC) pH HRT OLR

Zankel et al. 2012 suitable zeolite zeolite bioreactor 35-45 7.2 6 week2

kg/m3.day

Alvarez et al. 2012 ADpig manure & raw glycerol

anaerobic reactor

85-120 4.3-5.7 20 day 3 g/L.day

Gallert et al. 2009AD of leakage

watersolid wastes

batch reactor

37 4.3 7 day10.7

kg/m3.day

Mumme et al. 2013 AD of wheat straw wheat strawanaerobic

reactor60 9.1 21 day 8 g/L.day

Winter et al. 2013biohydrogen

production potent.industrial

wastewateranaerobic

reactor37 7 5 day 179 L/kg

Herrmann 2012biogas production

from corncorn no reactor 38 7 5 day 2.5 g/kg

Jungbluth et al. 2008biogas production from horse manur

horse manurebatch

reactor35 6 74 day 170 L/kg

Scherer et al. 2009methanation of energy crops

crop bioreactor 42 3.3 9.5 day 6.35 g/L

Gallert et al. 2010biogas production from food wastes

food wastesbatch

reactor4 5.5-6.5 20 day

12.3 kg/m3


Biochemical conversion studies in EU (Germany) – 2/2


Chen vet al 2012microbial growth

kineticssoil wastes

specific rector

19 11 21 day110

mg/kg

Kowalczyk et al. 2013different mixing

modescrop bioreactor 40 7 1 week 3.5 kg/m3

Herrmann vet al. 2011 CH4 storage biogas crops bioreactor 35 8.2 1 year 2.5 g/kg

Zielonka et al. 2010energy balance

of digestion process

energy cropsanaerobic

reactor35-40 7-7.5 25 day

1000 mg/L

Neumann et al. 2011performance of

ADenergy crops bioreactor 37 7 15 day 5 g/L

Freitag et al. 2009investig. of

factors affecting biogas production

bioreactor 55 7.226

month8 g/L

Zankel et al. 2011active zeolite on

CH4 production zeolite bioreactor 35 7.4 80 day 3 kg/m3

Griehl et al. 2009biogas prod. from

kitchen wasteskitchen wastes

bioreactor 37-40 8 40 day 16 g/L

Linke et al. 2013cow manure & biogas crops

cow manure bioreactor 22-37 7 60 day270-420

L/kg


Biochemical conversion studies in Turkey – 1/2


İşci et al. 2006biogas production

potentialcotton wastes

stack reactor 37 - 23 day30-60

g/L

Altınbaş et al. 2003 silt contentgranular seeds

anaerobic reactor

35 -continuous

mixing-

Demiral et al. 2008biogas production

potentialpistachio

anaerobic reactor

45 - - -

Koçar 2008anaerobic digesters

energy cropshydraulic

mixing37 - 4 month -

Altınbaş et al. 2003 silt contentdistilled grains

anaerobic reactor

35 6.32 1.5 month -

Demirer et al. 2000biogas production

potentialcheese

waste waterfluidized

hybrid reactor35

3.92-4.32

14 day1.18

kg/day

Gökçay et al. 2010 AD sludgeanaerobic

reactor35 4 23 day

1.7 kg/day


Biochemical conversion studies in Turkey – 2/2


Tekin et al. 2000biogas production

potentialpirina batch reactor 37 6 20 day

18 kg/day

Taşkın et al. 2010exzopoliysacchari

d productionMorchella Esculenta

- 25 7 - -

İşci et al. 2006biogas production

potentialcotton wastes

stack reactor 37 - 23 day30, 60

g/L

Demirbaş 2005biodiesel

productionvegetable

oilsbatch reactor - - - -

Hancıoğlu et al. 1996lactic acid

fermantationwheat & rice - 30

6.1-3.5

1 day -

Özdamar 2009biotechnology in

Turkeybioreactor - 2 - -

Hayaloğlu et al. 2006microbial quality &

cheese fermantatio

moldy food - 356.29 ± 0.28

10 day -


Comparison of biochemical conv. in EU & TR

Temperature of 35-40oC was used in both EU & TR, but pH is lower in TR than EU.

The mean HRT values in Turkey is ~ half of the values in EU

In EU, the mean OLR is ~ 35 g/L, but the use of OLR in TR is limited.

As a result, biochemical conversion studies conducted in EU & TR are different, maybe because of the use of a variety of reactors.


Thermochemical conversion studies in EU (Holland) – 1/2

Study Biomass Reactor Process Parameter Investigated

Westerhof et al. 2011

pine tree fluidized-bedfast

pyrolysis330-4800C, pH, ethanol

product yield & quality

Kersten et al. 2006 pine treequvartz capillary

hydrolysis600oC, 250 bar, CO,

CO2 COproduct yield &

quality

Hoekstra et al. 2011

minerals fluidized-bedfast

pyrolysis400oC, water, C, H, O,

N, solid matterbio-oil yield

Knezevic et al. 2007

hot water fluidized-bed pyrolysis 350°C, 200 barproduct yield &

quality

Mercader et al. 2011

oil fluidized-bedfast

pyrolysis

220, 270, 310oC, water,

HCO, CO, CO2


Vlieger et al. 2011 water,ethylen

e glycollfluidized-bed pyrolysis

Pt–Ni, Al2O3, NiO, CO2,

temp.bio-oil yield

Knezevic et al. 2009

hot water fluidized-bed pyrolysisglucose, fructose, CO2,

300 & 350°C, pressureproduct yield

Knezevic et al. 2010 wood &

pyrolysis oilfluidized-bed

fast pyrolysis

Na2SO4, NiSO4,

Ru/Al2O3, glucose,

350°C, pressure

product yield

Zabeti et al. 2012 lignocellulose fluidized-bedfast

pyrolysis

450oC, 0.05, 0.25 bar, alumina, Na/ASA,

Mg/ASAproduct yield


Thermochemical conversion studies in EU (Holland) – 2/2


Nanou et al. 2013 wood ash fixed-bed pyrolysis 600-800oC, 0.4-1.0 bar product yield

Garcia et al. 2013micro

nutrientsfluidized-bed pyrolysis fast pyrolysis product yield


pyrolysis oil 5L

fluidized-bedfast

pyrolysis

230-340oC, 290 bar,

CO2, CO, N2

bio-oil yield

Vlieger 2012

petroleum ----fast

pyrolysis

solid matters, H2O, C,

H, pH, N

product development


pyrolysis oil fluidized-bedfast

pyrolysis

300-340oC, 200 bar,

H2O

product development &

quality

Bennekom et al. 2011

methanol fluidized-bed pyrolysis450, 650oC, 255–270 bar, K, C, H, CO, pH


Kersten et al. 2013

oil fluidized-bedfast

pyrolysis

temp., cations, H2O,

NaCl

product development

Ross vet al.1996

natural gas catalyticcombined process

800oC, 10 bar, H2O, pHproduct

development


Thermochemical conversion studies in Turkey – 1/4Study Biomass Reactor Process Parameter Investigated

Şensöz et al. 2006 olive wastes fixed-bed pyrolysis

350, 400, 450, 500, 550oC;10, 50oC min-1;

PS 0.425<dp<0.6 mm;

50, 100, 150, 200 cm3 min-1

product yield

Pütün et al. 2006cotton seed

cakefixed-bed pyrolysis

400, 500, 550, 700oC;

50, 100, 200, 400 cm3 min-1

zeolit katalizörü (%1, %5, %10, %20)

bio-oil, gas, and char distribution

Pütün et al. 2006cotton seed

cake fixed-bed pyrolysis

400, 500, 550, 700oC;zeolit katalizörü,

H2O vap.: 0.6:1.3:2.7 cm s-1

bio-oil yield

Uzun et al. 2006soy bean

cakefixed-bed

fast pyrolysis

400, 500, 550, 700oC;5, 100, 700oC min-1; 50, 100, 200, 400 cm3 min-1;

PS 0.224<dp<0.425,

0.425<dp<0.85,

0.85<dp<1.25, 1.25<dp<1.8

mm

product yield


Thermochemical conversion studies in Turkey – 2/4


Uzun et al. 2007olive oil waste

fixed-bedfast

pyrolysis400, 500, 550, 700oC;300 oC min-1

bio-oil, gas & char quality

Onay 2007pistachio

seedfixed-bed

fast pyrolysis

400, 500, 550, 600, 700oC;300 oC min-1;50, 100, 200, 400 cm3 min-1;Catalysts: BP 3189 & Criterion-424 (%1, %3, %5, %10, %20)

bio-oil yield & quality

Şensöz & Angın 2008

safflower seed cake

fixed-bed pyrolysis400, 450, 500, 550, 600oC;10, 30, 50 oC min-1; 50, 100, 150, 200 cm3 min-1

bio-oil, gas & char yields

Demiral & Şensöz 2008

olive & nut wastes

fixed-bed pyrolysis

catalysts: activated aluminum & sodium feldspar (%10, %20, %30, %40 w/w)

bio-oil yield




Önal et al. 2012

high dense polyethylene (HDPE) & potato skin

fixed-bed pyrolysis

400, 420, 450, 470, 500, 550°C;5 oC min-1;100, 200, 400, 800cm3min-1;PS 0.81 mm


Çepelioğullar & Pütün 2014

plastics (PET, PVC) & hazelnut

shell

fixed-bed pyrolysis

room temperat. up to 800oC;10 oC min-1;

PS 0.425<dp<1.25 mm


Önal et al. 2014

high dense polyethylene (HDPE) &

almond shell

fixed-bed pyrolysis

500°C;5 oC min-1;gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 0.015 h-1;PS 1.67 mm


Kılıç et al. 2014oil shale & Euphorbia

rigidafixed-bed pyrolysis

450, 500, 550oC;10 oC min-1;100 mL/min;

PS 0.425<dp<1.25 mm





Kılıç et al. 2014Euphorbia

rigidafixed-bed

fast pyrolysis

300, 400, 500, 600, 700°C;100, 200, 300, 400, 500 oC min-1;50, 100, 150, 200, 250 mL/min;

PS 0.425<dp<1.25 mm


Alper et al. 2015

cornelian cherry

stones & grape seeds

fixed-bed pyrolysis

300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800oC;7 oC min-1;30 mL/min;PS < 0.5 mm


Morali & Şensöz 2015

hornbeam shell

fixed-bed pyrolysis

400, 450, 500, 550, 600°C;7, 15, 30, 50 oC min-1;50, 100, 150 cm3 min-1;PS 0.5-1 mm


Özbay et al. 2015

wood sawdust

fixed-bed pyrolysis

350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600oC;15 oC min-1



Comparison of thermochemical conv. in EU & TR

In EU studies, fixed-bed & fluidized-bed reactors are commonly used.

In TR studies, fixed-bed reactors are used much more than fluidized-bed reactors.

In both regions EU & TR, pyrolysis & fast pyrolysis are commonly studied; while fast pyrolysis are mostly studied in EU, conventional pyrolysis are mostly studied in TR.

In both regions EU & TR, temperature of 400-500oC is used, but pressure values are indicated in only EU studies.

In both regions EU & TR, parameters are effective on product yield & quality (investigated parameters) similarly.


Conclusions

In general, biomass conversion processes are similar in EU & TR (mostly pyrolysis & fast pyrolysis)

However, EU studies are more advanced than TR studies in terms of process parameter variability & used technology

Because of the expensiveness of the technology, studies in TR should be financially supported to be able to conduct more detailed & effective studies.

Since important part (~75%) of the energy need is imported, Turkey should focus on the conversion of biomass to biofuels by using modern techniques.


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Comparison of Scientific Studies Related to Biomass Conversion in Europe & Turkey Hasan MERDUN, PhD Professor Akdeniz University Faculty of Engineering