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Engineer Fahad Hasan Associate Yousuf Hasan Associates, Consulting engineers District cooling

Engineer Fahad Hasan Associate Yousuf Hasan Associates, Consulting engineers

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Engineer Fahad Hasan Associate Yousuf Hasan Associates, Consulting engineers. District cooling . Introduction . District Cooling Components Central Plant Distribution Network Consumer System. Pros&Cons of District Cooling . - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Engineer Fahad Hasan Associate Yousuf Hasan Associates,  Consulting engineers

Engineer Fahad HasanAssociate

Yousuf Hasan Associates, Consulting engineers

District cooling

Page 2: Engineer Fahad Hasan Associate Yousuf Hasan Associates,  Consulting engineers

“Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt

Introduction District Cooling Components Central Plant Distribution Network Consumer System

Page 3: Engineer Fahad Hasan Associate Yousuf Hasan Associates,  Consulting engineers

“Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt

Pros&Cons of District Cooling More efficient due to

simultaneous production of cooling and electricity

Long term commitment More beneficial for area with

high population density

Page 4: Engineer Fahad Hasan Associate Yousuf Hasan Associates,  Consulting engineers

“Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt

The Central Plant Selection Criteria

Environmental Impact Efficiency, COP, IPLV Useful life Initial cost Running cost Availability Maintainability

Page 5: Engineer Fahad Hasan Associate Yousuf Hasan Associates,  Consulting engineers

“Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt

Chiller efficiency rating Coefficient of performance

kW/TR for Peak Ratings

Integrated Part Load Value

Nonstandard Part Load value

Multiple Chillers

Page 6: Engineer Fahad Hasan Associate Yousuf Hasan Associates,  Consulting engineers

“Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt

RefrigerantsMontreal Protocol

The 1987 Montreal Protocol, and subsequent revisions, established the following timeline for the phase-out of chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFC) and hydrochlorinated fluorocarbons (HCFC)Refrigerant Year Restrictions

CFC-11 1996 Ban on Production

CFC-12 1996 Ban on Production

HCFC-22 2010 Production Freeze and ban on use in new equipment

2020 Ban on Production

HCFC-123 2015 Production Freeze

2020 Ban on use in new equipment

2030 Ban on Production

HFC 134a - No restrictions

Page 7: Engineer Fahad Hasan Associate Yousuf Hasan Associates,  Consulting engineers

“Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt

Refrigerants

Page 8: Engineer Fahad Hasan Associate Yousuf Hasan Associates,  Consulting engineers

“Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt

Water Chiller ComparisonChiller Type Capacity

Range (tons)FirstCost

Range$/ton

COP Range

IPLV Range

COP

Reciprocating 50-230 200-250 4.2-5.5 4.6-5.8

Screw 70-400 225-275 4.9-5.8 5.4-6.1

Centrifugal 200-2000 180-300 5.8-7.1 6.5-7.9

Single effect Absorption

100-1700 300-450 0.6-0.7 0.63-0.77

Double effect Absorption

100-1700 300-550 0.92-1.2 1.04-1.30

Engine Driven 100-3000 450-600 1.5-1.9 1.8-2.3

Page 9: Engineer Fahad Hasan Associate Yousuf Hasan Associates,  Consulting engineers

“Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt

Reciprocating Chiller Typically uses R22 but also

available with R134a and R717

Larger machine with multiple compressors

Lower first cost but higher initial cost

Control is achieved by stepping unload and cycling compressor on/off

Page 10: Engineer Fahad Hasan Associate Yousuf Hasan Associates,  Consulting engineers

“Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt

Screw Chiller Positive displacement

machines

Typically uses R22, R134a, R410a & R717

Available with single screw and twin screw compressor

Having fewer moving parts

Page 11: Engineer Fahad Hasan Associate Yousuf Hasan Associates,  Consulting engineers

“Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt

Centrifugal Chiller Centrifugal chillers have

highest full load efficiency rating of all the chillers discussed

Uses high pressure refrigerant R22 and R134a & low pressure refrigerant R123

Air cooled & water cooled are available but due to very low COP and very high initial cost air cooled centrifugal chillers are very seldom used.

Page 12: Engineer Fahad Hasan Associate Yousuf Hasan Associates,  Consulting engineers

“Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt

Absorption Chiller Absorption chiller can be

single effect or double effect.

Double effect absorption chillers are more efficient than Single effect absorption chiller while Single effect is beneficial where low quality steam or hot water available

Page 13: Engineer Fahad Hasan Associate Yousuf Hasan Associates,  Consulting engineers

“Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt

Engine Driven Chiller Uses same vapor

compression cycle as electric chillers except it uses reciprocating engine or gas or –steam driven turbine as prime mover.

Range of refrigerants may be used including R22, R123, R134a and R717

Page 14: Engineer Fahad Hasan Associate Yousuf Hasan Associates,  Consulting engineers

“Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt

Combined heat & power (CHP) CHP is simultaneous production of

electricity and heat from single source fuel i.e. natural gas, biogas, biomass, coal, waste heat or oil.

Typically waste heat of gas turbine or engine via waste heat recovery boiler and heat exchangers and utilized to operate absorption chiller

Multi-energy chillers directly fed by flue exhaust of the engines

Page 15: Engineer Fahad Hasan Associate Yousuf Hasan Associates,  Consulting engineers

“Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt

Benefits of CHP

STANDARD RANGES OF ACHIEVABLE EFFIENCY

CHP PRIME MOVER

OVERALL EFFIENCY

Steam turbines 80 percent

Diesel Engine 70-80 percent

Natural Gas Engine

70-80 percent

Gas Turbine 70-75 percent

Micro Turbine 65-75 percent

Fuel Cell 65-75 percent

Efficiency Benefit

Page 16: Engineer Fahad Hasan Associate Yousuf Hasan Associates,  Consulting engineers

“Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt

Benefits of CHP Reliability Benefit

Combined heat and power (CHP) systems, when properly designed, provide critical power reliability for a variety of businesses and organizations while providing electric and thermal energy to the sites on a continuous basis, resulting in daily operating cost saving.

Page 17: Engineer Fahad Hasan Associate Yousuf Hasan Associates,  Consulting engineers

“Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt

Benefits of CHP Environmental Benefit

Combined heat and power (CHP) system offer considerable environmental benefits when compared with purchased electricity and onsite generated heat. By capturing and utilizing heat that would otherwise be wasted from the production of electricity, CHP systems requires less fuel than equivalent separate heat and power systems to produce the same amount of energy.

Page 18: Engineer Fahad Hasan Associate Yousuf Hasan Associates,  Consulting engineers

“Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt

Benefits of CHP Economic Benefit

Reduced Energy Costs

Protection of Revenue streams

Hedge against volatile energy prices

Page 19: Engineer Fahad Hasan Associate Yousuf Hasan Associates,  Consulting engineers

“Road to Climate Friendly Chillers - Moving Beyond CFCS and HCFCS” September 30 – October 1, 2010 – Cairo, Egypt

Conclusion Long tern commitment Requires careful design Advance flue gas cleaning Attention must be given to;

environmental impact, COP & IPLV Initial cost & Running cost Useful life & Maintainability

The benefits of CHP and/or thermal storage with district cooling system becomes more prominent as compare to decentralized small cogeneration and/or thermal energy storage plants due too larger size of plant