COMPARISON MODULE OVERVIEW€¦ · Lesson Question: How did economic models, ideologies, and political structures differ between South and North Korea after 1950? AP CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK

COMPARISONMODULE//Day21

COMPARISONMODULEOVERVIEW

SKILL:COMPARISON CONTENT:APWORLDC.F. KEYCONCEPT6.3

ThismodulefocusesoncomparisonthroughanexaminationofSouthandNorthKorea.Thetwoactivitiesleadtowardadocument-basedquestion(DBQ)thataddressestheeconomicimpactofdifferingideologies.

AftertheKoreanWar(1950-1953),theroleofthestateinthedomesticeconomyvaried,andnewinstitutionsofglobalassociationsemergedandcontinuedtodevelopthroughoutthetwentiethcentury.

DAY1

Whatisthestate’sroleindevelopingtheeconomy?

CLASSACTIVITY:ComparingNorthandSouthKoreathroughSourcesStudentswork collaboratively to compare the roles that the state, ideology, andhistoricaldevelopmentsplayedinthedevelopmentofNorthandSouthKorea’seconomiesafterWorldWarIIuntilthe1980s.Duringtheactivity,studentsconstructevidence-basedinterpretationsusing North and South Korean sources, culminating in a thesis statement andcontextualization.

APALIGNEDASSESSMENT:LongEssayQuestion(LEQ)Long Essay Question—Thesis and Contextualization Focus: “Develop an argument thatevaluates the extent to which the governments of North and South Korea differed indevelopingtheireconomies.”

DAY2 CLASSACTIVITY:EscapeRoom!!!!!ComparingNorthandSouthKorea

Studentsworkingroupstoapplycontentknowledgefrompre-assignedhomeworkreadingsaboutNorthandSouthKorea toa sequenceofpuzzles inan “escape room” scenario. Theactivity involves some advance teacher and student preparation, but the puzzlework andgroupinteractionreinforcematerialthatissometimeschallenging.

APALIGNEDASSESSMENT:LongEssayQuestion(LEQ)Long Essay Question—ThesisWriting: “Evaluate the extent to which ideologies influencedtheoutcomeofeconomicorpoliticalplanninginNorthorSouthKoreaafter1951.”

DAY3

CLASSACTIVITY:TeachingtheDocument-BasedQuestion(DBQ)Students can practice three targeted document-based question skills: thesis writing,contextualization, and sourcing. Students do not need extensive knowledge of Koreanhistory.TeacherscouldalternativelyassignstudentstowritethefullAP-alignedDBQ.

APALIGNEDASSESSMENT:Document-BasedQuestionDocument-BasedQuestion:Evaluate the extent towhich political ideologies affected theeconomiesofKoreaafter1945.


COMPARISONMODULESOURCES

DAY1

AUTHOR SOURCE DATE

1. MaoZedong TelegramtoFilippov(JosefStalin) 19522. KimIl-sung SpeechtotheKoreanWorkers'PartyCentralCommittee 19563. KimIl-sung Speechtothe5thCongressofKoreanWorkers'Party 19704. NorthKorea Propagandapostertargetedat“YoungHeroes” 19855. SyngmanRhee LetteronU.S.economicdevelopmentofSouthKorea 19546. ParkChung-hee Semi-autobiographicalaccountofSouthKorea'sprogress 19717. KimDae-jung SpeechaddressingSouthKorea'seconomy 19858. KwanS.Kim Workingpaperaddressing“TheKoreanMiracle” 1991

DAY2

AUTHOR SOURCE DATE1. C.Wolf,Jr.

andN.Levin ReportonattemptstomodernizeNorthKorea 20082. BruceCumings Influencesondevelopment 20053. JongwooHan Political,economic,andideologicalfeatures 20134.CIA Memorandumoneconomicdevelopment 19725.JongwooHan ArticleonKoreaneconomicdevelopment 2018

DAY3

AUTHOR SOURCE DATE

1. SyngmanRheePresidentialInauguralAddress 19482. KimIl-sung Speech,“OnEliminatingDogmatism…” 19553. YiSujong“DeclarationoftheSeoulNationalUn.Students’Assoc.” 19604. ParkChung-hee ToBuildaNation 19715. Anonymous Studentfliersandslogans 1980s6. KimDae-jung PresidentialInauguralAddress 19987. NorthKorea Publicityposter,50thanniversary 1998


DAY 2 BASEDONA60-MINUTECLASS

LessonQuestion:Howdideconomicmodels,ideologies,andpoliticalstructuresdifferbetweenSouthandNorthKoreaafter1950?

APCURRICULUMFRAMEWORKREFERENCE KeyConcept6.3—AftertheKoreanWar(1950-1953),theroleofthestateinthedomesticeconomyvaried,andnewinstitutionsofglobalassociationsemergedandcontinuedtodevelopthroughoutthetwentiethcentury.

I. Statesrespondedinavarietyofwaystotheeconomicchallengesofthetwentiethcentury.

A. Incommuniststates,suchastheSovietUnionandChina,governmentscontrolledtheirnationaleconomies,oftenthroughrepressivepolicieswithnegativerepercussionsfortheirpopulations.[NorthKorea]

D. InatrendacceleratedbytheendoftheColdWar,manygovernmentsencouragedfree-marketeconomicpoliciesandpromotedeconomicliberalizationinthelatetwentiethcentury.[SouthKorea]

E. Inthelate20thcentury,revolutionsininformationandcommunicationstechnologyledtothegrowthofknowledgeeconomiesinsomeregions,whileindustrialproductionandmanufacturingwereincreasinglysituatedindevelopingeconomiesincludingthePacificRimandLatinAmerica.

HistoricalReasoningSkill: COMPARISON

OVERVIEW

Thisactivityisdesignedtoengagestudentsinproblem-solvingactivitiestoapplycontentknowledgefrompre-assignedhomeworkreadingsaboutNorthandSouthKorea.Theactivityiscenteredaroundtheconceptofanescaperoomscenario,applyingcontentaboutNorthandSouthKoreatoasequenceofthreepuzzles.StudentsshouldhavehadsomeintroductiontoEastAsianeconomicandpoliticaldevelopmentaspartoftheoverallcourse.Theactivityinvolvessomeadvanceteacherpreparation,butthestudentactivities,interaction,andchecksforunderstandinghelpreinforcematerialthatissometimeschallengingtoteach.

SUPPLIESNEEDEDFORIN-CLASSACTIVITES(PUZZLES) ● Combination,letter,and/ordirectionallocks(orcardswithstampstoreplacesuchhardware)● Boxes,lockers,books,andclassroomitemsinwhichtohideclues(tryBreakout.Edu’sescaperoomtoolbox

(https://store.breakoutedu.com/)● Envelopes(standardlettersizeisfine)● 3x5notecardsforfollow-upquestions● Blacklightandpen

MATERIALSPROVIDED● Puzzles● Readingsandanalysispages● Warm-upactivity● Bookspineimages(tocoverbooksinclassroombookshelf)● Follow-upquestions● EscapeRoomcertificate

TEACHERSET-UPBEFORECLASSBEGINS

• PuzzleSetupInstructions(p.8)

MATERIALSNEEDEDFOR:Homework

● HomeworkHandout(p.25)● HomeworkSourcesHandout(p.19-24)—containsthefiveexcerptedsourcesonwhichthehomeworkisbased

In-ClassActivity—Homeworkdiscussion(usingbothhomeworkhandouts)● StudentActivityHandouts(p.26-36)—thePuzzleHandoutsfortheIn-ClassActivityAssessment

• ExitTicket(p.36)—theassessmentmaterials

https://store.breakoutedu.com/

https://store.breakoutedu.com/


SEQUENCEOFINSTRUCTION

HOMEWORKASSIGNEDPRIORTOCLASS

HOMEWORK(60MINUTES): HomeworkHandout(p.25)withHomeworkSourcesHandout(p.19-24)

Studentswillread,ashomework,fivereadingsaboutNorthKoreanandSouthKoreaneconomic,political,andideologicalcomponents.Studentswilldiscussthemainideasofthereadingswiththeirgroupsforreinforcementastheybegintheescaperoomactivity.Studentswillanalyzeeconomic,political,andideologicalcomponentsofthedocumentsusingtheHomeworkHandout.

Teaching Tip Dependingonanumberoffactors,teachersmightchoosenottoassignallfive

readingstobecompletedbyeachstudent.Teachersmightconsiderassigningonlythreetoeachmemberofthegroup,forexample,butshouldbesurethatallfive

readingsareassignedwithineachgroup.

Thepurposeofthehomeworkisto:

a. providebackgroundonNorthandSouthKoreainordertocollaborateinanescaperoomactivity.

b. provideaframeworkforcomparisonbetweenNorthandSouthKoreanpolitical,economic,andideologicaldevelopments.

c. establishcausalandcomparativeconnectionsinthedevelopmentofthetwoKoreasafter1951.

Teacher Notes ThepuzzlesthatfollowduringtheClassActivityarebasedonthesehomeworkreadings.Ifteachersarenotabletoassignthehomework,itshouldbecompletedasstudentworkduringthefirstdayofclass.

CLASSACTIVITY1OF5:WARM-UP

WARM-UP(5-10MINUTES):Warm-UpDocument(p.26)

1.Studentswillbreakintogroupsofthreetofivefortheescaperoomactivity.Intheirgroups,theywilldiscusstheirhomeworkreadingnotesandrespondtooneofthesethreeopeningquestions:

● TowhatextentwereideologiessimilarbetweenNorthandSouthKoreaafter1950?

● Whathistoricaldevelopmentspriorto1950influencedthepoliticalandeconomicsystemsofKoreaafter1950?

● HowdidNorthandSouthKoreaachieveeconomicgrowthafter1950?

2.Eachgrouptakesonequestionandbrainstormspossibleanswers.Teachersshouldconsiderassigningeachquestiontotwodifferentgroupsforaricherexchangeofresponseideas.Studentswritetheanswersontheescaperoomhandoutwithinstructionstoaddtothemastheypursuetheescaperoompuzzles.


Teacher Notes

ThepuzzlesthatfollowaredesignedtoelicitcomparisonsandconnectionsbetweenthetworegionsofKoreaanddevelopmentsinthelargerworldinthesecondhalfofthetwentiethcentury.

Teaching Tip

Eitherassignonequestiontoeachgroup,orallowstudentchoiceofwhichfocusquestionthegroupwantstoanswer.

CLASSACTIVITY2OF5:ESCAPEROOMPUZZLE1

CLASSACTIVITY(10-12MINUTES):1.InPuzzle1,studentswillbeworkingingroupsofthreetofivetocompletethePuzzle1Handout(pp.27-28).Thispuzzleisbasedonthereadingsfromthehomework.Studentsmustcorrectlyfillinalltheanswersbeforesubmittingthepasswordtotheteacher.

Teaching Tip

Teachersmightprefertoviewallthreestudentpuzzles(pp.27-28,29-31,33-35)andallthreepuzzlekeys(pp.9-10,11-13,16-17)inonedocument.

Teaching Tip

Atimerisuseful.Whenthepuzzleactivityisfullyunderway,teachersmightsetanonlinetimeranddisplaythecountdownforthestudentsinordertoprovideasenseofurgencyforcompletingthepuzzles.Thetimercanbesetforindividualpuzzlesor

forthetimeteachersallotforthefullescaperoomactivity:https://www.online-stopwatch.com/countdown/.

2.Teacherscheckallanswersforaccuracybeforeprovidingfollow-upquestions.AllanswersandfurtherexplanationsareprovidedintheEscapeRoomPuzzleKeys(pp.9-18).

3.Follow-UpQuestionsEachstudentinthegroupchoosesfromasetofnotecards.Cardsarefacedown,onecontainsaquestionandtheothercardsareblank.Thestudentwhochoosesthecardwiththequestionmustanswerit.Iftheanswerthestudentgivesisincorrect,thegroupreturnstoitsworkareaoraspacedesignatedbytheteachertodiscussthereadingsandtheiranswerstoPuzzle1beforereturningtoattemptagain.TeachersmayallowthestudenttoanswertheoriginalFollow-Up1questionorofferanotherroundwithFollow-Up2.

Follow-Up1:ExplainoneideologythatcontributedtopoliticaldevelopmentsinKoreainthetwentiethcentury.

Alternate:

Follow-Up2:ExplainoneeconomicdevelopmentassociatedwithNorthKoreainthetwentiethcentury.

Oncethestudentshaveprovidedacorrectresponsetothequestion,teachersreleasethemtolocatethebookwiththetitlethatmatchestheirpassword(seePuzzleSetupInstructions[p.8]).

https://www.online-stopwatch.com/countdown/

https://www.online-stopwatch.com/countdown/



CLASSACTIVITY(10-12MINUTES):1.InPuzzle2,studentswillworkintheirgroupsusingthePuzzle2Handout(p.29)tomakecomparisonsbetweenthetworegionsofKoreaandlinkthemtothelargerglobalnetworksthatdevelopedinthesecondhalfofthetwentiethcentury.Thispuzzleisalsobasedonthehomeworkreadings.CopiesofthispuzzlearefoundinsidethebookwiththetitlematchingthePuzzle1solution.ThefivedifferentpartsofPuzzle2canbecutintoindividualpiecesandplacedinanenvelope,orstudentscanreadthefullsetfromasinglecopysotheycanmoreeasilydiscusscontentandcollaborateonanswers.

• Ifstudentsarecompletelystuckonananswer,teachersmaywanttoprovidecluestonudgethemalong.Eachresponseprovidesacluetothepassword.Oncestudentshavefilledinalltheanswerstoeachofthefiveparts(notjustthepasswordletters),theywillobtainverificationfromtheteacher.ThepasswordwillbeUNIFICATION.

• Teacherswillcheckallanswersforaccuracybeforeprovidingfollow-upquestions.AllanswersareprovidedintheEscapeRoomPuzzleKeys(pp.9-18).

2.Follow-UpMultipleChoice:StudentssolvePuzzle2andgivethepasswordtotheteacher,whoasksFollow-UpMultipleChoiceQuestionsforPuzzle2(pp.32-33)associatedwithoneoftheexcerptsusedinthepuzzle.Onegroupmemberchoosesanotecardfromtheteacher.Thememberwhochoosesthecardwillanswerthequestion.Iftheanswerisincorrect,thegroupgoesbacktoreviewcontentfromthereadingbeforereturningtorespondtotheoriginalquestionoranalternate.

Teaching Tip

Teachersmightalsoconsultsomeofthesequestionstoprovideadditionalfocuspointsfordebriefingordiscussiontimewithstudents.

3.Oncethequestionisansweredcorrectly,thestudentsreceiveablacklighttoreadthecombinationonthenotecard.Thecombinationcanbeanysetofthreeorfournumbersavailableonalock.PuzzleSetupInstructions(p.8)laythisstepoutmorefully.



CLASSACTIVITY(10-12MINUTES):1.UsingthePuzzle3Handout,studentswillchoosetheregion(s)representedineachexcerpt.Thecorrectanswersequencewillprovideacombinationtoalockedboxcontainingtheexitticket.(Thecorrectcodeis8472inthecurrentversionofthepuzzle,butteacherscanchangethenumberstomatchadifferentlockcode,ifnecessary.)

Teacher Notes

Thispuzzlerequiresstudentstomakeconnectionsbeyondtheirreadingstoidentifywhichregionappliestoeachquote.Teachersmaywanttohelpstudentschoosebyaskingquestionsabouteachregion’sleaders,economicfeatures,etc.

2.Studentswilltaketheanswerpagetotheteacherforverificationofthecombinationanddirectionstothelastlockbox.

• Teacherscheckallanswersforaccuracybeforeprovidingfollow-upquestions.AllanswersandfurtherexplanationsareprovidedintheEscapeRoomPuzzleKeys(pp.9-18).

3.Thelockboxcontainstheexitticket(p.36)tobecompletedforthefinalescape.

CLASSACTIVITY5OF5:ASSESSMENT/CHECKFORUNDERSTANDING

OPTIONALDEBRIEF(ASTIMEPERMITS):Studentswillreturntothewholegroupanddebriefwiththefollowingpossiblequestions:

1.Weretheclueseasilyidentifiedbyregion(clearlyeitherNorthKoreaorSouthKorea)?Wereanyofthecluessurprising?

2.Howwereideologies,economicplanning,andstate-buildingeffortsrelated?

3.Basedonthesources,whichregionbeganwiththegreatesteconomicadvantagesafter1950?Whichregionhasexperiencedthestrongesteconomicgrowth?Howdothemodelsidentifiedinthecluesaffectsocialandpoliticalcomponentsofastate?

4.Whoweretheimportantpeopleorgroupsinthetworegions,andwhatstrategieswerepursuedtoachieveeconomicdevelopment?

FORMATIVEASSESSMENT(10MINUTES):

EXITTICKET:

(Remember:thiswasfoundinthelastlockbox.)

Studentswillwriteathesisstatementrespondingtoapromptmodeledfromoneoftheoriginalwarm-upquestions.1.EvaluatetheextenttowhichNorthandSouthKoreanleaderspursueddifferentpoliticalstrategiesafter1951.2.EvaluatetheextenttowhicheconomicgrowthdifferedbetweenNorthandSouthKoreaafter1951.3.EvaluatetheextenttowhichideologiesinfluencedtheoutcomeofeconomicorpoliticalplanninginNorthandSouthKoreaafter1951.


TEACHERMATERIALSPuzzle Setup Instructions

INITIALSETUP:

Thisactivitycanbecompletedusingthesourcesummaries.Teacherswillneedtoprovidecopiesforeachgrouptocomplete.Theescaperoomshouldbesetupinadvancesoallpartsoftheactivityareinplace.Teachersshouldreadthroughallthestepsaheadoftimetoensurethecorrectplacementofallpiecesofthepuzzles.

Copiesneededincludesourcesummaries,homeworkhandout,sourcesummarieshandout,warm-updocument,puzzledocuments,bookspinecopiesforthenumberofbooksneededtosupplyPuzzle2documents,follow-upquestions,exitticket,andescaperoomcertificates.

PUZZLE1:

AbookfromaclassroombookshelfshouldbecoveredwithacopyofthebookspinethatmatchesthepasswordforPuzzle1(whichisColdWarSpy).Further,multiplecopiesofPuzzle2shouldbeplacedinsidethatbook(onecopyforeachgroup).Follow-upquestionsshouldbepreparedon3x5notecards.

PUZZLE2:

CopiesofthispuzzleareinsidethebookwiththetitlematchingthePuzzle1solution(ColdWarSpy).ThefivedifferentpartsofPuzzle2canbecutintopiecesandplacedinanenvelope,orstudentscanreadthefullsetfromasinglecopysotheycanmoreeasilydiscusscontentandcollaborateonanswers.

Follow-upquestionsshouldbecopiedandpasted,taped,orwrittenontonotecards.(Teacherswillcreateasetofnotecardsforeachmemberofthegroup.Onlyonecardpergroupwillhaveaquestiononit.)Onthebackofthecardwiththequestion,teacherswillwritethecombinationcodetoalockboxinblacklightpensothatstudentswhoanswerthefollow-upquestionscorrectlycanbegivenablacklighttoreadthecodetoaccessPuzzle3.SeeStudentPuzzleDocforquestionsmodifiedtocutandpasteontonotecards.

Teachersetupoptions:Thecombinationcanbeanysetofthreeorfournumbersavailableonalock.Alockerorsuitcasewithacombinationlockcanbesubstitutedforalockbox.Ifyourlockuseslettersinsteadofnumbers,BOLDanyofthelettersfromthepasswordandletthestudentsopenthelockusingthatsequenceofletters.ThecombinationwillopenthecontainerthattakesstudentstoPuzzle3.

TeacherswillplacecopiesofPuzzle3inalockbox.Morethanoneboxisuseful,asitgivesgroupsachancetospreadoutratherthancrowdaroundasinglebox.Insuchacase,blacklightaccesscodescanbedifferent,withcluesonhowtofindthebox.

PUZZLE3:

TeacherswillarrangeafinallockboxandprogramitscombinationtoopenusingthecodeinthePuzzle2key.Thecorrectanswersequencewillprovideacombinationtoalockedboxcontainingtheexitticket.(Inthecurrentkey,thecorrectcodeis8472inthecurrentversionofthepuzzle,butteacherscanchangethecodetomatchadifferentlockifnecessary.)

EXITTICKET:

PlacethisinsidethelockedboxassociatedwithPuzzle3.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/17v17-u095YkJjYVmczjvNrF9qVTfGmKIWkNTUAS41zg/edit?usp=sharing


ESCAPEROOMPUZZLEKEYS

Puzzle1KeyDirections

UseyourHomeworkReadingNotespagestofillintheblanksbelow.Matchthenumberedlettersineachresponsetothenumberedblanksbelowthefirstanswerstoformthepassword.Takethepasswordtotheteacherforverificationofthecorrectresponsesandinstructionsto“escape”tothenextstation.

1. Increasinganation’scapacityforproducinggoodsisreferredtoasbuilding_____.Whenitiscontrolledbyforeignentities,anationrisksexploitationbyforeignentities.(capital)Han2

2. AmajorpoliticalfocusofNorthKoreais_____control,whileSouthKoreaisademocraticrepublic.(totalitarian)Modernizing

3. SouthKoreaandNorthKoreabothadvocateforpoliticalindependencebytappingintopatrioticfeelingsandsharedidentities,whichisknownas_____.(nationalism)Cumings

4. TheuseofinformationtechnologyinKoreabyyoungpeopleaffordedthemmoreparticipationinthe_____process.(democratic)Han1

5. AkeygoalofbothNorthandSouthKoreaintheRedCrosstalksof1971wasnotjusthumanitarianaid;bothcountrieswerealsointerestedineconomicexchangeand_____.(growth)CIAReport

6. MuchofNorthKorea’sproductivecapacityisgearedtoward_____buildup.(military)Modernizing

7. Aneconomicstrategythatattemptstoachieverapidrecoveryanddevelopmentinaspecifiedamountoftimeisa_____.(Five-YearPlan)Cumings

8. In2001,SouthKoreansbegantolinktheireconomytoavastEurasianmarketstretchingfromEnglandtothesoutherntipoftheKoreanpeninsula,whichhasbeenreferredtoasan“Iron__________”linkingPusantoLondon.(silkroad)Han2

9. AnimportantfactorinthedevelopmentofoilrefineriesinbothNorthandSouthKoreahasbeenthatbothregionslack_____rawmaterials.(petroleum)CIAReport

10. Thestateorconditionofbeingundertheinfluenceordomination(inamoral,spiritual,orsimilarsense)ofanotherperson,entity,force,etc.isknownas_____.TheideologythatmostinfluencedtheforcesofchangeassociatedwiththisconditioninKoreaoverthecenturiesisConfucianism.(heteronomy)Han1


FINAL STEP FOR PUZZLE 1 1. (_C_)_A__P__I__T__A__L_2. _T_(_O_)_T__A__L__I__T__A__R__I__A__N_3. _N__A__T__I__O__N__A_(_L_)_I__S__M_4. (_D_)_E__M__O__C__R__A__T__I__C_5. _G__R__O_(_W_)_T__H_6. _M__I__L__I__T_(_A_)_R__Y_7. _F__I__V__E__Y__E__A_(_R_)_P__L__A__N_8. (_S_)_I__L__K__R__O__A__D_9. (_P_)_E__T__R__O__L__E__U__M_10. _H__E__T__E__R__O__N__O__M_(_Y_)

__C____O____L____D____W____A____R____S____P____Y__

COLDWARSPY–Bookspineisbelow.Resizedigitallyandprintitouttouseasacoverforabookalreadyinthebookshelf.

Follow-upQuestion:ExplainoneideologythatcontributedtopoliticaldevelopmentsinKoreainthetwentiethcentury.Possibleanswer:CommunismfrombothChinaandtheUSSRcontributedtopoliticaldevelopmentsinKoreainthetwentiethcentury.NorthKoreaformedanalliancewiththeUSSRandChina,acceptingbothpoliticaladviceandmonetaryaidfromthosecountriesduringtheColdWarandbeyond.NorthKorea’sfocusonmilitaryindustrialproductionwasalsoaidedbyCommunistnations.Alternate:ExplainoneeconomicdevelopmentassociatedwithNorthKoreainthetwentiethcentury.Possibleanswer:NorthKoreadevelopedacommandeconomywithaheavyindustryfocustiedtomilitaryproduction.NorthKoreafocusesonself-sufficiencyandproducesfewerconsumergoodsthanmanycapitalistnations.



Puzzle2KeyDirections

Usethequotesfoundinthereadingstoanswerthequestions.Eachresponseprovidesacluetothepassword.Onceyouhavefilledinalltheanswers(notjustthepasswordletters)foreachofthereadings,usethenumberedletterstocompletethepassword.Taketheindividualanswersandthepasswordtoyourteacher.Yourteacherwillgiveyouafollow-upquestiontoanswercorrectlyinreturnforacombinationthatwillhelpyoumoveontoPuzzle3.

TheultimatepasswordisUNIFICATION.

“Industrialoutputasashareoftotaloutputhasbeenincreasinginbothcountries.Inaddition,theproductmixesoftheindustrialsectorshavebeengrowingmorealike.Nevertheless,significantdifferencesintheindustrialstructureofthetwocountriesstillremain.Themoststrikingdifferenceisinmachinebuilding,whichaccountsforamuchgreatershareoftotalindustrialoutputinNorththaninSouthKorea.Trucks,tractors,freightcars,machinetools,andelectricalequipmentareproductsofNorthKorea;theseproductsaregenerallymadefromdomesticrawmaterialsandaregenerallydestinedforinternalconsumption.SouthKorea’soutputinmachinebuildingconsistsofaboutone-fourtheachofautomobilesandelectricalappliancesorequipmentand8%-10%eachofindustrialmachinery,electronics,andshipbuilding.Rawmaterialsandsemi-finishedproductsaretypicallyimportedforassembly,andmuchofthefinalproductisexported.”(CIAReport)

Althoughtheybothdeveloped(3)________________________(7)______sectors,SouthKorea’seconomyismoreexport-based,whileNorthKorea’seconomycreatesmachineryforinternalconsumption.INDUSTRIAL

“Accompanyingthesystem’sinsularityintheeconomic,military,andpoliticalsphereshasbeentheDPRK’sviewofsocioculturalinfluencesfromoutsidethecountryasthreats.Toprotectitsinsularity,thesystemconsiderssuchoutsideinfluencespotentialagentsofideologicalandcultural‘contamination,’whichbringstomind,inperhapsexaggeratedform,similarstancesoftotalitariansystemsinothertimesandplaces.ShieldingNorthKoreancitizensfrominformationaboutandinteractionswiththeoutsideworldandensuringabsoluteideologicalconformitytogetherconstituteoneoftheleadership’stoppriorities.Thispriority,andthepervasivefearunderlyingit,impedesadoptionofmajoreconomicreforms.Italsohindersbroadersocialpolicyinnovationandmakesinteractionwithforeignersapotentiallyseditiousoffense.”(ModernizingtheNorthKoreanSystem)

NorthKorea’sinsularityandfocuson

_________(4)___—___(1)______________________________prohibitsthemfromparticipatinginthelatetwentieth-centuryeconomicexchangeknownasglobalization.

SELF-SUFFICIENCY


“ThereisanotherimportantreasonwhythisbookreflectsontheroleofConfucianisminKorea’sdemocratizationprocess.SomeextendthisConfucianizationofmodernizationtodemocratization.Advocatesofan‘Asian-style’democracycitetheMandateofHeavenasanarbiterofgoodgovernance,claimingthatthepeoplehavearighttorebelifthestateviolatestheirtrust,asclearlyexpressedinMencius’notionofYeokseonghyeokmyeong.AdvocatesalsorefertoclassicaltextsliketheMinbenZhengchi,whichteachesofficialstorespectthewillofthepeople‘asheavenitself.’Indeed…ConfucianismoffersthepotentialfordevelopingdemocracyevenbeyondtheleveloftheWest.[…]

“Theexistence,development,andexpansionofheteronomicalforceswithinandoutsidetheConfuciangoverningstructureduringthethreeerasofKoreanhistoryingeneral,aswellasthedemocratizationprocessinmodernKoreainparticular,couldbeunderstoodthroughConfucianism’suniqueflexibilityofrecognizingthemasses’righttorevoltagainstunrighteousrulers.”(Han)

TheconceptofrevoltingagainstunrighteousrulersissharedbytheWesterntraditionpromotedbyJohnLockeandJean-JacquesRousseauknownasthe_______________________________andtheConfuciantraditionoftheMandateofHeaven.

______(6)___(5)__________________(8)_______________

SOCIALCONTRACT

“TheUnitedStateswaswillingtoindulgecertaincountries—especiallyplaceslikeKorea,whichsatonthefaultlinesoftheColdWar—sotheycouldbecomeself-supportingandcompeteinworldmarkets.Ifthatmeanthothouseprotectionfortheircementindustry,sobeit.TheJointChiefsofStaffhadstillotherideas:postinghugearmieslikethatinSouthKoreaalongthesesamefaultlines,inordertocontaincommunism[…].The600,000-manarmiesinKoreaandTaiwanwereexpensive,tobesure,buttheywerethesandbagsholdingbacktheonrushingwatersforadisarmedJapanandastretchedUnitedStates.

Thusyouhardlygotfree-marketeconomicsinthe1950s,inspiteofaRepublicanadministration.Rheefollowedwhatspecialistscall‘importsubstitutionindustrialization,’orISI,withnearlyfullAmericansupport.Ifhecouldn’tgettheStateDepartmenttogoalong,GeneralJamesVanFleetwouldinterveneandgetitdone:afterall,theROKwasalsoourcourageousFreeWorldally.”(Cumings)

SyngmanRhee’slip-servicetocapitalismmaskedwhatwasreallya

state-______(11)________________________economy.

CONTROLLED.

“TraditionalKoreaneconomicthoughtfocusedonlandinvestment,asmostofKorea’sproductionwas


basedonriceproduction.Infrastructureandindustrybegantogrowthroughtheearly1900s.Since1951,botheconomicandpoliticalstructuresinSouthKoreaandNorthKoreahavechangeddrastically,especiallyasweconsiderthenation’scapital,itscapacitytoproduceallgoods.ThedespoticrulesofSyngmanRheeandParkChung-heeshiftedSouthKoreafromanagriculturallybasedeconomy(eightypercentoftheKoreanpopulationengagedinagriculturein1910)intoindustrialproduction,althoughdemocracydidnotthriveuntildecadeslater.Theeconomyhasbeenacontinuedfocus,butpoliticalstabilitywasthreatenedbymilitarycoupsandevenforeigninfluence,particularlybytheUnitedStatesinitseffortstomaintainapresenceonthegeographicfringesofcommunist-controllednationsinAsia.”(Han)

The______(10)___(2)_________(9)______structureofKoreashiftedfromagriculturewithaheavyfocusonriceproductionpriorto1900toheavyindustryandinformationtechnologyproductioninthelate20thandearly21stcenturies.

ECONOMIC

FINAL STEP FOR PUZZLE 2

TheSix-PartyTalksinAugustof2003involvingChina,Japan,NorthKorea,SouthKorea,Russia,andtheUnitedStatessoughttoreduceNorthKorea’snuclearprogramandachieveeventualre-________________________ofthetworegionsofKorea.

PASSWORD:1._u__2._n__3._i__4.__f_5._i__6._c__7._a__8._t__9._i__10._o__11._n__

PASSWORD:UNIFICATION

Studentstakethepasswordtotheteacher,whoasksmultiplechoicequestionsfromachosennotecard.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1vHiT-jpjUeErD4dCFVL6Tj69wOT3LWtvkDlj8Eu8kXo/edit?usp=sharing


FOLLOW-UPMULTIPLECHOICEQUESTIONSFORPUZZLE2

AnexampleofculturaldiffusionthroughoutAsiathatmostaffectedKorea’ssocialhierarchyandpoliticalstructurewas

a) Daoism.

b) Confucianism.

c) Hinduism.

d) Legalism.

ThefocusoncapitalismandeconomicgrowthinSyngmanRhee’sadministrationresultedin

a) ashifttocommunisminthe1980s.

b) anexporteconomythatwassubsidizedbytheUnitedStates.

c) atradealliancewithChinaandRussia.

d) tradebarriersthatpreventedeconomicrelationswithJapan.

ThebestdescriptionoftheeconomyinSouthKoreaunderSyngmanRheewas

a) capitalistindustrializationwithheavygovernmentcontrols.

b) commandwithproductionquotastoredistributewealthtopeasants.

c) purelyagrarianwithnoattemptstoindustrialize.

d) afocusonheavyindustrywithnoattentiontoproductionofconsumergoods.

OneexampleofgovernmentcontrolsontheeconomyinSouthKoreawastheperksprovidedto

a) CommunistswhosupportedSyngmanRhee.

b) U.S.soldierswhomoonlightedinthefactoriesproducingcars.

c) family-ownedconglomeratecompaniescalledchaebols.

d) smallfarmerswhoneededtosendtheirchildrentouniversityinEurope.

NorthKorea’seconomycanbestbecategorizedas

a) acapitalistConfucianeconomy.

b) anindustrialcapitalisteconomy.

c) ademocraticfree-marketeconomy.

d) aclosedcommandeconomy.


Oneofthemostimportantinfluencesonyoungpeople’sparticipationinpoliticsandrights-baseddiscoursesmaybe

a) theInternationalCourtofAppeals.

b) theworldwideeliminationofthedraftintothearmedservices.

c) theinternetandsocialmediaoutlets.

d) theeliminationofcommunisminthePacificRim.

OtherthanSouthKorea,anationthatengagedinimportsubstitutionindustrializationwas

a) Russiaafterthe1911Revolution.

b) HaitiaftertheGreatDepression.

c) BrazilaftertheGreatDepression.

d) ChinaaftertheTaipingRebellion.

Thebiggestbeneficiariesofthenegativeinterestrateswere

a) smallfarmersinruralareas.

b) CommunistlandownerswhowantedtodefecttoNorthKorea.

c) studentswhowantedtopayforgraduateschoolinthearts.

d) thechaebolswhoexploitedlabortogenerateexportrevenue.

Oneexampleofrulerslegitimizingrulethroughtheartswouldbe

a) NorthKoreanaminganorchidKimilsungia.

b) SouthKoreanamingitsfive-yearplanafterDwightEisenhower.

c) NorthKoreautilizingachemicalplantfoundedbytheJapanesein1924.

d) SouthKoreaembracingthesongGangnamStylein1950.



Puzzle3KeyDirections Asagroup,discusseachexcerptandchoosetheregionitrepresents.Writedownthenumberrepresentingthecorrectanswerontheanswerdocument.Pleasedonotwriteonthepuzzlepieces.Whenyouhavechosentheanswersandwrittendownthecodenumbers,takeyourcodetotheteacher,whowilldirectyoutothelockboxcontainingyourexitticket.Onceyouhavecorrectlycompletedyourexitticket,youhaveescapedtheroom!

ANSWERSforPUZZLE3:

1. ___8__

2. ___4__

3. ___7__

4. ___2__

1.“Thentherewasso-called‘negativeinterest’:thatwastherate[he]wouldgiveyouonafewmilliondollars,ifyouwouldthrowitintoelectronicsorsteel.InKorea,thestatedeployedmoneyinthemagicalwaythatJosephSchumpeterimagined,asamysteriouspoofofenergyfortheincessantinnovationthathewayasthemotiveforceofgrowth.”(Cumings)

8:SouthKorea

4:NorthKorea

2:Both


2.“TheregimeannouncedthattheorchidKimilsungiawasblossomingaroundthecountry.InutterlypredictableDPRKfashion,therewasalsoKimjongilia,anewbegoniabroughtforthbystate-controlledflorists.”(Cumings)

Suchnamingconventionsrepresentjuché,thenationalistadorationofabelovedleader.

3:SouthKorea

4:NorthKorea

5:Both

3.“TherevolutionarygovernmentannouncedthefirstFiveYearEconomicDevelopmentPlan.Thefive-yearplangaveprioritytothefollowingthings:

• Developmentofenergyindustriessuchascoalproductionandelectricpower• Expansionofagriculturalproductionaimedatincreasingfarmincomeandcorrectingthestructural

imbalanceofthenationaleconomy• Developmentofbasicindustriesandtheeconomicinfrastructure• Maximumutilizationofidleresources;increasedemployment;conservationandutilizationofland• Promotionofscienceandtechnology”

(ParkChung-hee,1971)

Whichregionadvancedeconomicdevelopmentthroughfive-year(orlonger)plans?

1:SouthKorea

3:NorthKorea

7:Both

4.“Farfromcarryingoutagrarianreform,thelandformerlyownedbytheJapaneseisbeingconcentratedinthehandsoftheAmericansandthereactionaryprofiteers.Thepeasantsarestillgroaningundertheyokeofthefeudalsystemofhigh-rentstenancy.”(KimIl-sung,1946)

6:SouthKoreaaboutNorthKorea

2:NorthKoreaaboutSouthKorea

5:UnitedNationsaboutbothregions



ExitTicketKeyWriteathesisstatementrespondingtoapromptmodeledfromONEoftheoriginalwarm-upquestions.

Name:

a. EvaluatetheextenttowhichNorthKoreanorSouthKoreanleaderspursueddifferentpoliticalstrategiesafter1951.Possibleanswer:WhileNorthKorea’sKimIl-SungandhissuccessorspromotedacommunistdictatorshipmodeledaftercommunistChinaandtheUSSR,SouthKoreanleaderssuchasSyngmanRheeandParkChungHeeestablishedademocratic-stylegovernment.However,bothutilizedauthoritariancontroltacticstocontrolopposition.

b. EvaluatetheextenttowhicheconomicgrowthdifferedbetweenNorthKoreaorSouthKoreaafter1951.

Possibleanswer:After1951,NorthKoreaestablishedacommandeconomybasedonmilitaryproduction,whileSouthKoreaembarkedonaconsumer-goodsexportproductioneconomy.Botheconomieswereheavilycontrolledbythegovernment.

c. EvaluatetheextenttowhichideologiesinfluencedtheoutcomeofeconomicorpoliticalplanninginNorthKoreaorSouthKoreaafter1951.Possibleanswer:BothNorthKoreaandSouthKoreareliedonConfuciantraditionssuchasfilialpietyanddutytosocietyandeconomicgrowthastheyestablishedpoliticalpolicies.

ThesisStatement:


HOMEWORKMATERIALS

STUDENTHANDOUT:READINGSUMMARIES

Question:Howdideconomicmodels,ideologies,andpoliticalstructuresdifferbetweenSouthandNorthKoreaafter1950?

Document1 CharlesWolf,Jr.andNormanLevin,BackgroundandForeground,chapterinModernizingtheNorthKoreanSystem,2008.

Annotation WolfandLevinapproachtheSixPartyTalksdesignedtopromotedenuclearizationinNorthKorea.

WolfandLevinoutlinetheapproachestoreducingNorthKoreannuclearproliferation,explainingthatmodernizationispreferabletototalitarianregimechangebecausemodernizationprovidesastrongerchanceforeventualreunificationofthetworegionsandtheabilitytodeveloplastingandproductiverelationswiththeoutsideworld.

Accordingtotheauthors,NorthKoreaspendsanenormousamountofresourcesandmoneyonmilitarybuildup,noting“NorthKorea’shugeandnearlyunprecedentedallocationofresourcesforitsarmedforces—whichabsorbsintheneighborhoodof30percentofNorthKorea’sgrossdomesticproduct(GDP).”

Further,isolationpreventsthepeopleofNorthKoreafromengaginginsignificantinteractionswithothersincludingSouthKorea’sdemocraticrepublic.Thenationalistnear-worshipofKimIlSung(juché)isolatesthepeoplefromoutsideinfluencesandunderstandingofmodernmarketsandglobalexchanges.Indeed,theDPRKseesoutsideinformationasdangeroustoNorthKoreanautonomy.“Toprotectitsinsularity,thesystemconsiderssuchoutsideinfluencespotentialagentsofideologicalandcultural‘contamination,’whichbringstomind,inperhapsexaggeratedform,similarstancesoftotalitariansystemsinothertimesandplaces.[…]Thispriority,andthepervasivefearunderlyingit,impedesadoptionofmajoreconomicreforms.Italsohindersbroadersocialpolicyinnovationandmakesinteractionwithforeignersapotentiallyseditiousoffense.”



Document2 BruceCumings,Korea’sPlaceintheSun,W.W.Norton,2005.

Annotation BruceCumingsprovidesanuancedanalysisofinfluencesonpoliticalandeconomicdevelopmentinKoreathroughthetwentiethcentury.

CumingstiestheConfuciantraditiontobothNorthandSouthKoreansocietyandpolitics.AftertheKoreanWar,theUnitedStatessupporteddevelopmentinSouthKoreathroughloansandmilitarysupportinanattempttoshoreupdefensesagainstColdWarenemies,“postinghugearmieslikethatinSouthKoreaalongthesesamefaultlines,inordertocontaincommunism.”ThesupportmeantthatcharismaticSouthKoreanPresidentSyngmanRheeobtainedU.S.grantsandpursuedeconomicpoliciesthathardlyresembledafree-marketeconomy.Buildingsupportforhimselfandhiseconomicpolicies,“heissuedtheso-called‘negativeinterest’rate:thatwastherate[they]wouldgiveyouonafewmilliondollars,ifyouwouldthrowitintoelectronicsorsteel.In[South]Koreathestatedeployedmoneyasthemotiveforceofgrowth.IntheAmericansystem,itistypicallytheprivatebankandtheentrepreneurwhosesymbiosiscreatesthisenergy,butinKorea,chaebol[largecorporations,oftenfamilyowned]couplingwiththefinanceministryisn’tquiteasromanticastheentrepreneurlookingforthemainchance.Itisn’ttoohardtoimaginetheincentive,however,ifthebankrateis20percentperannumonloans,andthestategivesyouonefor10percent,oreven5.Peoplecomerunningformoneylikethat,buttheyhadtoperformtokeepitcoming.”Thentherewerethefive-yearplans,designedtodevelopheavyandchemicalindustryfeaturingsteel,automobiles,ships,andheavymachinery.“Thetargetwas$10billioninexportsand$1,000percapitaincomewithinadecade.ParkcentralizedtheThirdFive-YearPlanteamintheBlueHouse(theofficialresidenceoftheSouthKoreanheadofstate).”

____

Cumingsalsoconsidersself-sufficiencypoliciesinNorthKorea.“NorthKoreaoffersthebestexampleinthepost-colonialdevelopingworldofconsciouswithdrawalfromthecapitalistworldsystemandaseriousattempttoconstructanindependent,self-containedeconomy;asaresult,itisthemostautarkic[self-sufficient]industrialeconomyintheworld.”NorthKoreaalsoembarkedondevelopmentplans.“Thethree-yearplanthatbeganattheendoftheKoreanWarandthefive-yearplanthatsucceededit(1957-61)bothstressedthereconstructionanddevelopmentofmajorindustriesdevastatedbythewar,withconsumergoodsleftatthebottomoftheregime’spriorities.Thisbiastowardmajorindustries,combinedwithunprecedentedlylargeamountsofaidfromtheSovietbloc,however,pushedtheeconomyforwardatworld-beatinggrowthratesinthe1950sand1960s.”

WhileRheesuppressedoppositioninadecidedlyun-democraticwayinSouthKorea,NorthKoreapromotedjuché,theloyaldevotiontoleaderKimIlSong[KimIl-sung].Imagesofthebelovedleaderwerepostedonbillboardsandinsubways.Innationalisticfervor,“theregimeannouncedthattheorchidKimilsungiawasblossomingaroundthecountry.InutterlypredictableDPRKfashion,therewasalsoKimjongilia,anewbegoniabroughtforthbystate-controlledflorists.”



Document3 JongwooHan,Power,Place,andState-SocietyRelationsinKorea:Neo-ConfucianandGeomanticReconstructionofDevelopmentalStateandDemocratization,LexingtonBooks,2013.

JongwooHan,NetworkedInformationTechnologies,Elections,andPolitics:KoreaandtheUnitedStates,LexingtonBooks,2017.

Annotation JongwooHandiscussesthehistoryofpolitical,economic,andideologicalinteractionsinKorea,focusingparticularlyontheimportanceoftechnologyinpoliticalactivismandparticipation.Healsofocusesonstate-societyrelationsasafocalpointforexplainingsimultaneouseconomicdevelopmentanddemocratization.

InNetworkedInformationTechnologies,Elections,andPolitics,HanexplainstheobsessionofFrenchhistorianandphilosopherAlexisdeTocquevillewiththepoliticalcommunityoftheUnitedStatesinthe1800s,admiringtheir“localgrassrootsdemocracy.”AnalyzingthedemocratizationalongthelinesofWesterntraditions,Hanexploresthesocialcapitalof“multiplehumanresourcenetworks,whetheractualorpotential,withcertaincharacteristicsofsharednorms,values,attitudes,andtrustbuiltthroughpriorcollectiveactionsthatcanbeutilizedforfuturesocialandpoliticalmobilization,”tyingtheuseoftheinternettoanetworkedpublicsphere(NPS)andnewnetworkedinformationtechnologies(NNITs)toincreasedpoliticalactivisminyoungpeoplein2002.

InPower,Place,andState-SocietyRelationsinKorea,HanfurtherexploresWesterndemocratictraditions,explainingthatGermansociologistMaxWeber“famouslyarguedthatmoderndemocratizationcanonlyoccurasaresultofcapitalistindustrialization,meaningthateconomicdevelopmentmustprecededemocratization.Heandhiscolleague,L.H.M.Ling,havecriticizedtheWest’sunderstandingofnon-WesternAsianpoliticalculture,claimingthatWesternerscontrast“ConfucianauthoritarianismwiththenormsofWesternliberalcapitalism.WheretheWestprizes‘autonomy’and‘individualidentity,’Asiansdesire‘personalsecurity’intheformofchildlikedependency.WheretheWestdefinespoweras‘participation,’Asiansviewpowerastheepitomeofnon-decision-making.”HanclaimsthatConfuciusandMenciusbothviewedtheMandateofHeavenasaleader’srespectforthewillofthepeopleandthat“ConfucianismoffersthepotentialfordevelopingdemocracybeyondtheEnlightenmentthinkers’viewsasexpressedintheconceptoftheSocialContract.

Hanaddressesgeomancyandalignmentwiththeheavensasawaytodevelopvirtuousleadership.Heexplainstheheteronomical*forcesassociatedwiththeConfuciangoverningstructureandhowitpertainstoKoreapastandpresent.Citing“Confucianism’suniqueflexibilityofrecognizingthemasses’righttorevoltagainstunrighteousrulers,”hefocusesonstudentprotestsasthevanguardagainstsocialinjusticeandarbitrarystatepower.ThoughsuppressedheavilybytheParkregime,universitystudentsservedasamilitantheteronomicalresponseintheConfuciantradition.“Infact,studentshavelongviewedthemselvesasthe‘onlyandlastcitadelformaintainingthejustice’inKoreanhistory.[…]Oneofthemainthemesofstudents’statementsfromthe1960stothepresentisthat‘becausewearetheincarnationofthejusticeinoursociety,wehavetostandupagainstcurrentimmoral,evil,vicious,andcorruptdespoticpower.’Thisdutyisonethatstudentshavetakenasagiven.”

*Heteronomy:thestateorconditionofbeingundertheinfluenceordomination,inamoral,spiritual,orsimilarsense,ofanotherperson,entity,orforce



Document4 “NorthandSouthKorea:SeparatePathsofEconomicDevelopment,”CIAIntelligenceMemorandum,May1972.

Annotation ThissanitizedandexcerptedcopyofaCIAintelligencereportcomparestheindustrialcapacityandeconomicdevelopmentplansofNorthandSouthKorea.

SanitizedCopyApprovedforRelease2011/01/18:CIA-RDP85T00875R00170003

1.SincethedivisionofKoreaatthe38thparallelin1945,NorthandSouthKoreahavedevelopedindependentlyandhavecompensatedformanyoftheoriginaldeficienciesintheirrespectiveeconomies.ThusNorthKoreahasgoneitsseparateroutewithintheCommunistworldandhasestablishedimportanttieswiththeUSSR,EasternEurope,andthePeople’sRepublicofChinaforthesupplyofmachineryandtechnology.Incontrast,SouthKoreahasmovedwiththemarket-orientedworldandhasdevelopedstrongeconomicandtechnologicaltieswiththeUnitedStatesandJapan.WhereasNorthKorea—whichhasalwaysbeentheheavyindustrialareaofKorea—hasmovedtoredressitsweaknessesinconsumerindustriesandagriculturetosatisfyminimumdemand,SouthKoreahasbeenparticularlyconcernedtoboostoutputfortheexportmarketswhilestrengtheningsuchbasicindustriesaschemicals,steel,andelectricpower.

4.InAugust1971thegovernmentsofNorthandSouthKoreaagreedtotalkonalimitedbasisaftertwodecadesofalmostunremittinghostility.RedCrossdelegationsofbothcountries—eachheavilyladenwithgovernmentofficials—beganpreliminarydiscussionsinSeptember1971,andplenarytalkswillbeginduringJune1972.Thetalksareostensiblytohelpseparatedfamiliesvisiteachother,butitiswidelyassumedthatthetalksmayeventuallyreachbeyondhumanitarianmattersandperhapsincludethediscussionofeconomicexchanges.Inattemptingtodeterminehowmucheconomicstimulustheremightbetowideningthesetalks,thismemorandumreviewsNorthandSouthKorea’scomparativeeconomicsituationinfourparts:(1)economicgrowth,(2)currentlevelsofeconomicoutput,(3)potentialtradebetweenthetwoKoreas,and(4)prospectsforthefuture.

7.ThecomparativegrowthoftheindustrialsectorsofthetwoeconomiesfollowingtheKoreanWarisneatlydivisibleintothreeparts.First,therewasamorerapidrateofgrowthintheNorth;then,similarratesforbothcountries;andfinally,amorerapidrateintheSouth.

17.Industrialoutputasashareoftotaloutputhasbeenincreasinginbothcountries.Inaddition,theproductmixesoftheindustrialsectorshavebeengrowingmorealike.Nevertheless,significantdifferencesintheindustrialstructureofthetwocountriesstillremain.Themoststrikingdifferenceisinmachinebuilding,whichaccountsforamuchgreatershareoftotalindustrialoutputinNorththaninSouthKorea.Trucks,tractors,freightcars,machinetools,andelectricalequipmentareproductsofNorthKorea;theseproductsaregenerallymadefromdomesticrawmaterialsandaregenerallydestinedforinternalconsumption.SouthKorea’soutputinmachinebuildingconsistsofaboutone-fourtheachofautomobilesandelectricalappliancesorequipmentand8%-10%eachofindustrialmachinery,electronics,andshipbuilding.Rawmaterialsandsemi-finishedproductsaretypicallyimportedforassembly,andmuchofthefinalproductisexported.

21.Manyofthedissimilaritiesinindustryhaveresultedfromdifferencesinresourceendowmentanddevelopmentpolicies.Ingeneral,NorthKorea’sindustrializationprogramhascenteredontheexploitationofdomesticallyavailableresources.SouthKorea,ontheotherhand,hasdevelopedatradingeconomybyimporting


rawmaterials,processingtheserawmaterials,andexportingalargepartoftheresultingoutput.Forexample,bothNorthandSouthKorealackpetroleumrawmaterials.In1964,however,SouthKoreaopeneditsfirstoilrefinery,andby1965productionofpetroleumproductsexceededconsumption.Sincethen,bothproductionandconsumptionhaveincreasedfive-fold.In1970,SouthKoreapurchased8.1milliontonsofcrudeoilforconversionintopetroleumproducts.Inthesameyear,NorthKoreaimported838,000tonsofpetroleumproducts—alargepartofwhichwasgasolineanddieselfuel—fromtheUSSR.SavinginforeignexchangepresumablyhasbeenamajorfactorinP’yongyang’sdecisiontobuilda2-million-tonoilrefinery.


Document5 JongwooHan,“EconomicDevelopment,theRiseofDemocracy,andanInterdependentWorld,”Lecture,2018.

Annotation Intheseexcerpts,HananalyzesthedevelopmentofSouthKorea’seconomyconsideringavarietyoffactorsincludingashiftinthefocusoftheeconomyaswellasitsrelationshiptoregionalandglobalpartners.

TraditionalKoreaneconomicthoughtfocusedonlandinvestment,asmostofKorea’soutputwasbasedonriceproduction.Infrastructureandindustrybegantogrowthroughtheearly1900s.Since1945,economicandpoliticalstructuresinSouthKoreahavechangeddrastically,especiallyasweconsiderthenation’scapital(itscapacitytoproduceallgoods).ThedespoticrulesofSyngmanRheeandParkChung-heeforciblyshiftedSouthKoreafromanagriculturallybasedeconomy(eightypercentoftheKoreanpopulationengagedinagriculturein1910)intoindustrialproduction,althoughdemocracydidnotthriveuntildecadeslater.Theeconomyhasbeenacontinuedfocus,butpoliticalstabilitywasoftenthreatenedbymilitarycoupsandevenforeigninfluence,particularlybytheUnitedStatesinitseffortstomaintainapresenceonthegeographicfringesofcommunist-controllednationsinAsia.Politicalleadersrecognizetheimportanceoftradeinmaintainingpeace.Specializationoftradeandinternationalcomparativeadvantageenablestradeparticipantstoincreasetheirnations’welfarethroughtrade.Interruptionstotradethreatenapoliticalleader’sabilitytoretainpowerandinfluence.Sincepoliticiansareelectedbyvotersinademocracy,theyarewaryofpoliciesthatwillbepoliticallyunpopular.SouthKorea’sfirstdirectpresidentialelectionswereheldin1987.PoliticiansinSouthKorearealizetheyneedtoreflectvoters'desiresintheirpolicymakingtostayinpower.Bothbusinessesandconsumersarekeenonprotectingtheireconomicinterests.Knowledgeisindeedpower,andakeycomponentinthemodernSouthKoreanpoliticalbalanceisthehighnumberofpeopleintheirtwentieswhoparticipateinpolitics.Theirexposuretointernationaleventsthroughtheinternetandtechnologyprovidesthemwiththeinterestincurrenttopicsandtheplatformwithwhichtocommunicatewithabroadnetworkoflike-mindedcitizensforpoliticalchange.Theyrepresenttheessenceofdemocraticaction.ThelinksbetweentheSouthKoreaneconomyandtherestoftheworldhavebeenfluidsince1945.AgoodexampleofthegrowingimpactofSouthKoreaisitsrelationshipwithChina.“ThemakeupofSouthKorea’sexportstoChinahasshiftedfromintermediategoodsforlightmanufacturingtoelectronicsandchemicals.In1996,thelargestKoreanexporttoChinawasthetextilesusedinChina’sburgeoningclothingindustry.Plastics,ironandsteel,andpetroleumproductsrankedsecond,fourth,andfifth.By2006,textileshadbeensupplantedbyelectronics,officeequipment,andtelecommunicationsequipment.SouthKoreanmanufacturerswereshipping


componentstoChineseplantsforassemblyofhouseholdelectronics,computers,andmobilephones”(KimandMah,2006).Infact,SouthKoreahasanincreasingshareofChinesetradeandhasevenbeguntorivalandcutintotheUnitedStates’shareinAsiantrade.High-techindustriesincludingtelecommunicationsandelectronicsarebecomingthedomainofSouthKoreanbusinesses.Furthermore,SouthKoreahasbecomethelargestsourceofforeigninvestmentinChina($6.25billion)andisactivelyandaggressivelyinvestingaroundtheworld.Evenbriefanalysisandoverviewoftheeconomy,itscapital,andanexaminationofdowntownSeoulwouldleadonetoconcludethattheSouthKoreaneconomyhasrecoveredandevengrownsincetheeconomicdownturnthatwaspartoftheAsianfinancialcrisisof1997-98.ThatrecoverywasbolsteredbythestrategiesofSouthKoreanchaebolssuchasSamsung,LG,SK,andHyundai.KoreantradedevelopmentsextendedacrossEurasia,aswell.In2001,SouthKoreansbegantoenvisiontheircountryaspartofavastEurasianmarketstretchingfromEnglandtothesoutherntipoftheKoreanpeninsula.InDecember2001,PresidentKimDaejungcalledforthecompletionofan"IronSilkRoad"linkingPusantoLondonandotherdestinationsthroughoutEuropeandAsiaviaaTrans-KoreaRailroadconnectedtoChineseandRussianrailsystems.Overall,economicstability,itscapital,internationaltraderelations,andaccesstoknowledgeaboutinternationaldevelopmentshavebeenkeycomponentsofpoliticalstabilityinSouthKorea.


STUDENTHANDOUT:HOMEWORKPAGE

HomeworkReadingNotesHandoutDirections

Asyoureadyourassigneddocument,notekeyandunfamiliarterms,similaritiesanddifferences,andcausalconnections.Considerwhataboutthedocumentsisusefultodiscusswithyourgroupmates.Ifusingthelongerdocuments,itwillbeusefultonotespecificpagenumbersforreference.

DOCUMENTTITLE:

TOP5IDEAS:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

NOTEANYSIMILARITIES/DIFFERENCESCONNECTEDTOOTHERREADINGS:

POLITICAL/ECONOMIC/IDEOLOGICALCONNECTIONS:NOTEANYINTERNALOREXTERNALCOMPONENTSTHATAFFECTEDDEVELOPMENTINEITHERORBOTHREGIONS.


STUDENTHANDOUT:WARMUP

EscapetheRoom!WARMUP:

PART1.DISCUSSandSHAREREADINGSUMMARIES:Breakintoyourgroupstosharesummariesandobservationsaboutthefivereadingassignments.

PART2.APPLYYOURLEARNING:Applyyourunderstandingtothefocusquestionsbelow.Brainstormpossibleanswersandwritetheanswertothefocusquestion(s)assignedtoyourgroupinthespacebelow.

FOCUSQUESTIONA:

TowhatextentwereideologiessimilarbetweenNorthandSouthKoreaafter1951?

FOCUSQUESTIONB:

Whathistoricaldevelopmentspriorto1950influencedthepoliticalandeconomicsystemsofKoreaafter1950?

FOCUSQUESTIONC:

HowdidNorthandSouthKoreaachieveeconomicgrowthafter1951?

Response:


STUDENTHANDOUT:PUZZLE1

Puzzle1Directions

UseyourHomeworkReadingNotespagestofillintheblanksbelow.Matchthenumberedlettersineachresponsetothenumberedblanksbelowthefirstanswerstoformthepassword.Takethepasswordtotheteacherforverificationofthecorrectresponsesandinstructionsto“escape”tothenextstation.

11. Increasinganation’scapacityforproducinggoodsisreferredtoasbuilding_____.Whenitiscontrolledbyforeignentities,anationrisksexploitationbyforeignentities.

12. AmajorpoliticalfocusofNorthKoreais_____control,whileSouthKoreaisademocraticrepublic.

13. SouthKoreaandNorthKoreabothadvocateforpoliticalindependencebytappingintopatrioticfeelingsandsharedidentities,whichisknownas_____.

14. TheuseofinformationtechnologyinKoreabyyoungpeopleaffordedthemmoreparticipationinthe_____process.

15. AkeygoalofbothNorthandSouthKoreaintheRedCrosstalksof1971wasnotjusthumanitarianaid;bothcountrieswerealsointerestedineconomicexchangeand_____.

16. MuchofNorthKorea’sproductivecapacityisgearedtoward_____buildup.

17. Aneconomicstrategythatattemptstoachieverapidrecoveryanddevelopmentinaspecifiedamountoftimeisa_____.

18. In2001,SouthKoreansbegantolinktheireconomytoavastEurasianmarketstretchingfromEnglandtothesoutherntipoftheKoreanpeninsula,whichhasbeenreferredtoasan“Iron__________”linkingPusantoLondon.

19. AnimportantfactorinthedevelopmentofoilrefineriesinbothNorthandSouthKoreahasbeenthatbothregionslack_____rawmaterials.

20. Thestateorconditionofbeingundertheinfluenceordomination(inamoral,spiritual,orsimilarsense)ofanotherperson,entity,force,etc.isknownas_____.TheideologythatmostinfluencedtheforcesofchangeassociatedwiththisconditioninKoreaoverthecenturiesisConfucianism.



1. (___)__________________

2. ___(___)______________________________

3. _____________________(___)_________

4. (___)___________________________

5. _________(___)______

6. _______________(___)______

7. _____________________(___)____________

8. (___)_____________________

9. (___)________________________

10. _____________________________(___)

________________________________________

*TakethisanswertoyourteacherforaFollowUpQuestionto“escape”tothenextstation.



Puzzle2Directions

Usethequotesfoundinthereadingstoanswerthequestions.Eachresponseprovidesacluetothepassword.Onceyouhavefilledinalltheanswers(notjustthepasswordletters)foreachofthereadings,usethenumberedletterstocompletethepassword.Taketheindividualanswersandthepasswordtoyourteacher.Yourteacherwillgiveyouafollow-upquestiontoanswercorrectlyinreturnforacombinationthatwillhelpyoumoveontoPuzzle3.

“Industrialoutputasashareoftotaloutputhasbeenincreasinginbothcountries.Inaddition,theproductmixesoftheindustrialsectorshavebeengrowingmorealike.Nevertheless,significantdifferencesintheindustrialstructureofthetwocountriesstillremain.Themoststrikingdifferenceisinmachinebuilding,whichaccountsforamuchgreatershareoftotalindustrialoutputinNorththaninSouthKorea.Trucks,tractors,freightcars,machinetools,andelectricalequipmentareproductsofNorthKorea;theseproductsaregenerallymadefromdomesticrawmaterialsandaregenerallydestinedforinternalconsumption.SouthKorea’soutputinmachinebuildingconsistsofaboutone-fourtheachofautomobilesandelectricalappliancesorequipmentand8%-10%eachofindustrialmachinery,electronics,andshipbuilding.Rawmaterialsandsemi-finishedproductsaretypicallyimportedforassembly,andmuchofthefinalproductisexported.”(CIAReport)

Althoughtheybothdeveloped(3)________________________(7)______sectors,SouthKorea’seconomyismoreexport-based,whileNorthKorea’seconomycreatesmachineryforinternalconsumption.

“Accompanyingthesystem’sinsularityintheeconomic,military,andpoliticalsphereshasbeentheDPRK’sviewofsocioculturalinfluencesfromoutsidethecountryasthreats.Toprotectitsinsularity,thesystemconsiderssuchoutsideinfluencespotentialagentsofideologicalandcultural‘contamination,’whichbringstomind,inperhapsexaggeratedform,similarstancesoftotalitariansystemsinothertimesandplaces.ShieldingNorthKoreancitizensfrominformationaboutandinteractionswiththeoutsideworldandensuringabsoluteideologicalconformitytogetherconstituteoneoftheleadership’stoppriorities.Thispriority,andthepervasivefearunderlyingit,impedesadoptionofmajoreconomicreforms.Italsohindersbroadersocialpolicyinnovationandmakesinteractionwithforeignersapotentiallyseditiousoffense.”(ModernizingtheNorthKoreanSystem)

NorthKorea’sinsularityandfocuson

_________(4)___—___(1)______________________________prohibitsthemfromparticipatinginthelatetwentieth-centuryeconomicexchangeknownasglobalization.


“ThereisanotherimportantreasonwhythisbookreflectsontheroleofConfucianisminKorea’sdemocratizationprocess.SomeextendthisConfucianizationofmodernizationtodemocratization.Advocatesofan‘Asian-style’democracycitetheMandateofHeavenasanarbiterofgoodgovernance,claimingthatthepeoplehavearighttorebelifthestateviolatestheirtrust,asclearlyexpressedinMencius’notionofYeokseonghyeokmyeong.AdvocatesalsorefertoclassicaltextsliketheMinbenZhengchi,whichteachesofficialstorespectthewillofthepeople‘asheavenitself.’Indeed…ConfucianismoffersthepotentialfordevelopingdemocracyevenbeyondtheleveloftheWest.[…]

“Theexistence,development,andexpansionofheteronomicalforceswithinandoutsidetheConfuciangoverningstructureduringthethreeerasofKoreanhistoryingeneral,aswellasthedemocratizationprocessinmodernKoreainparticular,couldbeunderstoodthroughConfucianism’suniqueflexibilityofrecognizingthemasses’righttorevoltagainstunrighteousrulers.”(Han)

TheconceptofrevoltingagainstunrighteousrulersissharedbytheWesterntraditionpromotedbyJohnLockeandJean-JacquesRousseauknownasthe_______________________________andtheConfuciantraditionoftheMandateofHeaven.

______(6)___(5)__________________(8)_______________

TheUnitedStateswaswillingtoindulgecertaincountries—especiallyplaceslikeKorea,whichsatonthefaultlinesoftheColdWar—sotheycouldbecomeself-supportingandcompeteinworldmarkets.Ifthatmeanthothouseprotectionfortheircementindustry,sobeit.TheJointChiefsofStaffhadstillotherideas:postinghugearmieslikethatinSouthKoreaalongthesesamefaultlines,inordertocontaincommunism[…].The600,000-manarmiesinKoreaandTaiwanwereexpensive,tobesure,buttheywerethesandbagsholdingbacktheonrushingwatersforadisarmedJapanandastretchedUnitedStates.

Thusyouhardlygotfree-marketeconomicsinthe1950s,inspiteofaRepublicanadministration.Rheefollowedwhatspecialistscall“importsubstitutionindustrialization,”orISI,withnearlyfullAmericansupport.Ifhecouldn’tgettheStateDepartmenttogoalong,GeneralJamesVanFleetwouldinterveneandgetitdone:afterall,theROKwasalsoourcourageousFreeWorldally.(Cumings)

SyngmanRhee’slip-servicetocapitalismmaskedwhatwasreallya

state-______(11)________________________economy.

“TraditionalKoreaneconomicthoughtfocusedonlandinvestment,asmostofKorea’sproductionwas


basedonriceproduction.Infrastructureandindustrybegantogrowthroughtheearly1900s.Since1951,botheconomicandpoliticalstructuresinSouthKoreaandNorthKoreahavechangeddrastically,especiallyasweconsiderthenation’scapital,itscapacitytoproduceallgoods.ThedespoticrulesofSyngmanRheeandParkChung-heeshiftedSouthKoreafromanagriculturallybasedeconomy(eightypercentoftheKoreanpopulationengagedinagriculturein1910)intoindustrialproduction,althoughdemocracydidnotthriveuntildecadeslater.Theeconomyhasbeenacontinuedfocus,butpoliticalstabilitywasthreatenedbymilitarycoupsandevenforeigninfluence,particularlybytheUnitedStatesinitseffortstomaintainapresenceonthegeographicfringesofcommunist-controllednationsinAsia.”(Han)

The______(10)___(2)_________(9)______structureofKoreashiftedfromagriculturewithaheavyfocusonriceproductionpriorto1900toheavyindustryandinformationtechnologyproductioninthelate20thandearly21stcenturies.


TheSix-PartyTalksinAugustof2003involvingChina,Japan,NorthKorea,SouthKorea,Russia,andtheUnitedStatessoughttoreduceNorthKorea’snuclearprogramandachieveeventualre-________________________ofthetworegionsofKorea.

PASSWORD:

1.___2.___3.___4.___5.___6.___7.___8.___9.___10.___11.___


FOLLOW-UPMULTIPLECHOICEQUESTIONSFORPUZZLE2

AnexampleofculturaldiffusionthroughoutAsiathatmostaffectedKorea’ssocialhierarchyandpoliticalstructurewas

a) Daoism.

b) Confucianism.

c) Hinduism.

d) Legalism.

ThefocusoncapitalismandeconomicgrowthinSyngmanRhee’sadministrationresultedin

a) ashifttocommunisminthe1980s.

b) anexporteconomythatwassubsidizedbytheUnitedStates.

c) atradealliancewithChinaandRussia.

d) tradebarriersthatpreventedeconomicrelationswithJapan.

ThebestdescriptionoftheeconomyinSouthKoreaunderSyngmanRheewas

a) capitalistindustrializationwithheavygovernmentcontrols.

b) commandwithproductionquotastoredistributewealthtopeasants.

c) purelyagrarianwithnoattemptstoindustrialize.

d) afocusonheavyindustrywithnoattentiontoproductionofconsumergoods.

OneexampleofgovernmentcontrolsontheeconomyinSouthKoreawastheperksprovidedto

a) CommunistswhosupportedSyngmanRhee.

b) U.S.soldierswhomoonlightedinthefactoriesproducingcars.

c) family-ownedconglomeratecompaniescalledchaebols.

d) smallfarmerswhoneededtosendtheirchildrentouniversityinEurope.

NorthKorea’seconomycanbestbecategorizedas

a) acapitalistConfucianeconomy.

b) anindustrialcapitalisteconomy.

c) ademocraticfree-marketeconomy.

d) aclosedcommandeconomy.


Oneofthemostimportantinfluencesonyoungpeople’sparticipationinpoliticsandrights-baseddiscoursesmaybe

a) theInternationalCourtofAppeals.

b) theworldwideeliminationofthedraftintothearmedservices.

c) theinternetandsocialmediaoutlets.

d) theeliminationofcommunisminthePacificRim.

OtherthanSouthKorea,anationthatengagedinimportsubstitutionindustrializationwas

a) Russiaafterthe1911Revolution.

b) HaitiaftertheGreatDepression.

c) BrazilaftertheGreatDepression.

d) ChinaaftertheTaipingRebellion.

Thebiggestbeneficiariesofthenegativeinterestrateswere

a) smallfarmersinruralareas.

b) CommunistlandownerswhowantedtodefecttoNorthKorea.

c) studentswhowantedtopayforgraduateschoolinthearts.

d) thechaebolswhoexploitedlabortogenerateexportrevenue.

Oneexampleofrulerslegitimizingrulethroughtheartswouldbe

a) NorthKoreanaminganorchidKimilsungia.

b) SouthKoreanamingitsfive-yearplanafterDwightEisenhower.

c) NorthKoreautilizingachemicalplantfoundedbytheJapanesein1924.

d) SouthKoreaembracingthesongGangnamStylein1950.



Puzzle3Directions Asagroup,discusseachexcerptandchoosetheregionitrepresents.Writedownthenumberrepresentingthecorrectanswerontheanswerdocument.Pleasedonotwriteonthepuzzlepieces.Whenyouhavechosentheanswersandwrittendownthecodenumbers,takeyourcodetotheteacher,whowilldirectyoutothelockboxcontainingyourexitticket.Onceyouhavecorrectlycompletedyourexitticket,youhaveescapedtheroom!

ANSWERSforPUZZLE3:

5. ______

6. ______

7. ______

8. ______

1.“Thentherewasso-called‘negativeinterest’:thatwastherate[he]wouldgiveyouonafewmilliondollars,ifyouwouldthrowitintoelectronicsorsteel.InKorea,thestatedeployedmoneyinthemagicalwaythatJosephSchumpeterimagined,asamysteriouspoofofenergyfortheincessantinnovationthathewayasthemotiveforceofgrowth.”(Cumings)

8:SouthKorea

4:NorthKorea

2:Both


2.“TheregimeannouncedthattheorchidKimilsungiawasblossomingaroundthecountry.InutterlypredictableDPRKfashion,therewasalsoKimjongilia,anewbegoniabroughtforthbystate-controlledflorists.”(Cumings)

Suchnamingconventionsrepresentjuché,thenationalistadorationofabelovedleader.

3:SouthKorea

4:NorthKorea

5:Both

3.“TherevolutionarygovernmentannouncedthefirstFiveYearEconomicDevelopmentPlan.Thefive-yearplangaveprioritytothefollowingthings:

• Developmentofenergyindustriessuchascoalproductionandelectricpower• Expansionofagriculturalproductionaimedatincreasingfarmincomeandcorrectingthestructural

imbalanceofthenationaleconomy• Developmentofbasicindustriesandtheeconomicinfrastructure• Maximumutilizationofidleresources;increasedemployment;conservationandutilizationofland• Promotionofscienceandtechnology”

(ParkChung-hee,1971)

Whichregionadvancedeconomicdevelopmentthroughfive-year(orlonger)plans?

1:SouthKorea

3:NorthKorea

7:Both

4.“Farfromcarryingoutagrarianreform,thelandformerlyownedbytheJapaneseisbeingconcentratedinthehandsoftheAmericansandthereactionaryprofiteers.Thepeasantsarestillgroaningundertheyokeofthefeudalsystemofhigh-rentstenancy.”(KimIl-sung,1946)

6:SouthKoreaaboutNorthKorea

2:NorthKoreaaboutSouthKorea

5:UnitedNationsaboutbothregions


ASSESSMENTMATERIALS

EXITTICKET

ExitTicketWriteathesisstatementrespondingtoapromptmodeledfromONEoftheoriginalwarm-upquestions.

Name:

d. EvaluatetheextenttowhichNorthKoreanorSouthKoreanleaderspursueddifferentpoliticalstrategiesafter1951.

e. EvaluatetheextenttowhicheconomicgrowthdifferedbetweenNorthKoreaorSouthKoreaafter1951.

f. EvaluatetheextenttowhichideologiesinfluencedtheoutcomeofeconomicorpoliticalplanninginNorthKoreaorSouthKoreaafter1951.

ThesisStatement:


Documents

COMPARISON MODULE OVERVIEW€¦ · Lesson Question: How did economic models, ideologies, and political structures differ between South and North Korea after 1950? AP CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK