Comparative Politics and Governmentebooks.lpude.in/arts/ba/year_2/DPOL202_COMPARATIVE... · 3H ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ ;z;ko dhnK ftfGzB okiBhfse gqDkbhnK dh Gkosh okiBhfse gqDkbh Bkb s[bBk

$Page 1: Comparative Politics and Governmentebooks.lpude.in/arts/ba/year_2/DPOL202_COMPARATIVE... · 3H ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ ;z;ko dhnK ftfGzB okiBhfse gqDkbhnK dh Gkosh okiBhfse gqDkbh Bkb s[bBk$
Comparative�Politics�and�GovernmentDPOL202

Comparative Politics and Government

s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oekos[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oekos[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oekos[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oekos[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko

Copyright © 2012All rights reserved with publishers

Produced & Printed byUSI PUBLICATIONS

2/31, Nehru Enclave, Kalkaji Extn.,New Delhi-110019

forLovely Professional University

Phagwara

gkmeqwgkmeqwgkmeqwgkmeqwgkmeqw(((((SYLLABUS)

s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko(((((Comparative Politics and Government)

T[d/PT[d/PT[d/PT[d/PT[d/P

1H ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ s[bBkswe ;oeko ns/ okiBhsh d/ t?ukfoe nkXkoK pko/ ;wMkUDk.2H ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ ;z;ko dhnK ftfGzB okiBhfse gqDkbhnK dk s[bBkswe ftPb/PD eoB :'r pDkUDk.3H ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ ;z;ko dhnK ftfGzB okiBhfse gqDkbhnK dh Gkosh okiBhfse gqDkbh Bkb s[bBk eoB ft~u

wdd eoBk.

Objectives 1. To make the students understand the conceptual bases of the comparative government and

politics. 2. To enable the students to do a comparative analysis of the different kinds of Political system in the

world. 3. To help the students to make a comparison of Indian Political System with the different political

systems of the world.

Sr. No. Topics

1. Nature and Scope of Comparative Politics: Definitions, development of comparative

politics, comparative politics and comparative government, comparative method and

comparative politics, traditional approach to the study of comparative politics

2. Constitutions and Constitutionalism: Constitution- Meaning, Process of growth, kinds of

constitution, necessity of a good constitution; Constitutionalism- Meaning, development of

Constitutionalism, Liberal and Marxist notions.

3. Political Culture and Political Socialisation: Political Culture- meaning, mapping the three

levels of political culture; Political socialisation- meaning, agents of political socialisation,

trends in contemporary political cultures.

4. Socio - Economic bases and Salient Features of the Constitutions: Constitutions of UK,

USA, Russia, France, China and Switzerland; Amendment Process in the Constitution of USA

and Switzerland, Federal System of the USA and Switzerland.

5. Constitutional Structure - Executive: British King and Prime Minister, the President of the

USA, France, Russia, China and Plural Executive of Switzerland.

6. Constitutional Structure - Legislature: Composition and Powers of the British Parliament,

US Congress, Swiss Federal Assembly, Russian and French Parliament and National People’s

Congress of China.

7. Constitutional Structure - Judiciary: US Supreme Court and Judicial Review, Judicial system

of UK Russia, France and Federal Judiciary of Switzerland.

8. Political Parties and Party systems: Party system-Meaning of a political party, functions of

political parties, kinds of party system; Pressure groups- Meaning of a pressure group,

difference between political parties and pressure groups, role of pressure group

9. Politics of Representation and Participation: Political Parties in the USA, U.K. Russia and

France, Role of Communist Party in China, Interests Groups in the USA, UK, Russia and

France.

10. Globalization: Globalisation and Comparative Politics, Trans-national state, Responses from

developed and developing societies.

fJekJh–1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so (Nature and Scope ofComparative Politics) 1

fJekJh^2L s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ okiBhsh (Comparative Method and Politics) 37

fJekJh–3L ;zftXkB ns/ ;zftXkBtkd (Constitution and Constitutionalism) 51

fJekJh^4L okiBhfse ;z;feqsh (Political Culture) 75

fJekJh^5L okiBhfse ;wkiheoD (Political Socialisation) 95

fJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSD (Socio-Economicbases and Silent Features of the Constitution) 108

fJekJh^7L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ekoigkfbek (Constitutional Structure–Executive) 143

fJekJh–8L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ftt;Ekfgek (Constitutional Structure–Legislature) 176

fJekJh–9L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk^ fBnKgkfbek (Constitutional Structure—Judiciary) 212

fJekJh^10L dbh ftt;Ek (Party System) 238

fJekJh^11L dpkn ;w{j (Pressure Groups) 260

fJekJh^12L gqshfBfX~st dh okiBhsh ns/ ;fjGkfrsk (Politics of Representation andParticipation) 270

fJekJh^13L okiBhfse db (Political Parties) 284

fJekJh^14L G{̂ wzvbheoD (Globalization) 318

ftPk^t;s{ (Contents)

fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/sofJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/sofJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/sofJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/sofJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so

B ØN

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY 1

fJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/sofJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/sofJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/sofJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/sofJekJh^1L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk y/so(Nature and Scope of Comparative Politics)

ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ (Contents)

T[d/P (Objectives)

ikDekoh (Introduction)

1H1 s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oekoL noE, gfoGkPk, gqfeqsh ns/ ft;sko y/so (ComparativePolitics and Government : Meaning, Definition, Nature and Scope)

1H2 s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ftek; (Development of Comparative Politics)

1H3 okiBhfse ftek; dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk (The Meaning and Definition of PoliticalDevelopment)

1H4 ;ko nzP (Summary)

1H5 Ppde'P (Keywords)

1H6 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H7 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

T[d/P T[d/P T[d/P T[d/P T[d/P (Objectives)

fJ; fJekJh d/ nfXn?B sØA pknd ftfdnkoEh :Ør j ØDr/L

• s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gfoGkPk, noE, ft;sko y/so ns/ ftek; dk ftt/uB eoB ftZu.

ikDekoh ikDekoh ikDekoh ikDekoh ikDekoh (Introduction)

nkX[fBe okiBhfse Pk;sohnK (political scientists) dk fJj dktk j? fe T[BQK B/ okiBhfse gqfefonkd/ f;XKs ns/ gqsho{g (model) fBowkD d/ tZb gfjb/ edw d/ o{g ftZu okiBhfse ftPb/PD(political analysis) dh BthB ntXkoDktK (concepts) d/ ;[Mkn g/P ehs/ jB. fJBQK dk wzBDk j?fe ‘oki dh ntXkoDk’ ftPb/PD d/ T[geoD (tool of analysis) d/ o{g ftZu, T[BQK okiBhfseftt;EktK dh s[bBk ns/ T[g:'rh nfXn?B eoD ftZu ftP/P ;jkfJe BjhA, fiBK ftZu nkeko, ;zrmB,;z;EktK ns/ ;z;feqsh dh nkXkoG{s fGzBsk j't/. fJ; bJh okiBhsh^ftfrnkB ftZu PskpdhnK s'AgquZfbs oki, ;oeko, ;z;Ek, PeshnK ns/ iBws dh ntXkoDktK d/ ;EkB s/ BthA ntXkoDktK dkgquZbB ns/ gq:'r Io{oh wzfBnk ikD bZrk fi; Bkb okiBhfse fefonk dhnK rfjokJhnK ns/tk;sftesktK ftZu d/fynk ik ;e/ ns/ T[; d/ ;pzX ftZu s[bBkswe nkXko s/ e'Jh ;wkBheoD(generalization), G{fwek (roles), okiBhfse ;z;feqsh (political culture) nkfd BthA ntXkoDktKdk gq:'r ehsk ikD bZrk. fJBK BthnK ntXkoDktK ftZu th nXkoG{s ntXkoD (basic concept)‘okiBhfse ftt;Ek’ B{z wzfBnk ikD bZrk feT[Afe, nB/e ntXkoDktK fJ;/ s'A ;pzfXs fdykJhfdZshnK. fJ; ‘okiBhfse ftt;Ek’ Bkb ;pzfXs okiBhfse gqfeqshnK d/ ftfGzB ;soK s/ s[bBkswenfXn?B d/ nkXko s/, okiBhfse fttjko ;zpzXh f;XKs fBowkD d/ Nhu/ Bkb :[es Pk;so jhs[bBkswe okiBhsh fejk iKdk j?.


B ØN

2 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

1H11H11H11H11H1 s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oekoL noE, gfoGkPk, gqfeosh ns/s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oekoL noE, gfoGkPk, gqfeosh ns/s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oekoL noE, gfoGkPk, gqfeosh ns/s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oekoL noE, gfoGkPk, gqfeosh ns/s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oekoL noE, gfoGkPk, gqfeosh ns/ft;sko y/so ft;sko y/so ft;sko y/so ft;sko y/so ft;sko y/so (Comparative Politics and Government : Meaning,Definition, Nature and Scope)

s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ noE dk ft;fsqs ftPb/PD eoB s'A gfjbK fJ; dk ‘s[bBkswe ;oeko’ (comparativegovernment) s'A nzso ;wM b?Dk Io{oh j?. pokpo ns/ s[bBkswe okiBhsh B{z ‘s[bBkswe Pk;B’ iK‘s[bBkswe ;oeko’ dk d{ik BK ;wM fbnk iKdk j?. d'BK dk jh ;pzX ‘okiBhsh’ Bkb j'D d/ ekoB fJBK dkfJZe d{;o/ d/ bJh ndb^pdb eoe/ gq:'r eoBk E'Vk ;[Gkfte jh j?. gqzs{ okiBhsh ftfrnkB ftZu fJBQK dk;[fBPfus noE ehsk iKdk j?. ihHe/H okpNoIihHe/H okpNoIihHe/H okpNoIihHe/H okpNoIihHe/H okpNoI B/ s[bBkswe ;oeko ns/ s[bBkswe okiBhsh B{z nbZr^nbZrwzfBnk j?. T[BQK B/ s[bBkswe ;oeko dh gfoGkPk fJ; gqeko ehsh j?.

“s[bBkswe ;oeko, okiK, T[BQK dh ;z;EktK ns/ ;oekoK d/ ekoiK dk nfXn?B j? fi; ftZu PkfJd okifefonk d/ pj[s B/V/ dk ;pzX oZyD tkb/ g{oe ;w{jKôkiBhfse db ns/ dpkn ;w{jK, dk th nfXn?B;w{fje j?.”

ihB pb'Dv/b ihB pb'Dv/b ihB pb'Dv/b ihB pb'Dv/b ihB pb'Dv/b B/ th s[bBkswe ;oeko dk noE okpNoI d[nkok ehs/ rJ/ noE Bkb fwbdkî[bdk ehskj?. fJBQK B/ s[bBkswe ;oeko dh gfoGkPk eod/ j'J/ fbfynk j?^

“s[bBkswe ;oeko ;wekbhB ftPt ftZu okPNoh ;oekoK d/ gqshwkBK dk nfXn?B j?.”

s[bBkswe ;oeko dh T[go'es gfoGkPktK s'A ;gZPN j? fe fJ; ftZu oki Bkb ;pzfXs n"gukfoe ;z;EktKdk jh w[Zy s"o s/ s[bBkswe nfXn?B j[zdk j?. fJ; ftZu okiBhfse fttjko Bkb ;zpzfXs ;kohnKgqfefonktK ns/ j'o r?o^;oekoh ;z;EktK dk nfXn?B Pkfwb BjhA ehsk iKdk. ukj/ toswkB ftZuokiBhfse db ftZu dpkn ;w{jK dh jo oki ftZu wjZstg{oD G{fwek d/ ekoB fJBQK dk nfXn?B ths[bBkswe ;oeko ft~u Pkfwb ehsk ikD bZrk. gqzs{ w[Zy I'o ;kPB dh ;z;Ek s[bBkswe ftPb/PD s/ ofjzdkj?. fJ; s'A fBu'V fBebdk j? fe s[bBkswe PkPB ftZu ;zg{oB okiBhfse fttjko dk nfXn?B BjhA ehskiKdk. okiBhfse fttjko d/ nB/e gfjb{ ns/ nB/eK r?o^Pk;eh ;z;EktK fiBQK Bkb ;oekoK dk fttjkoYbdk ns/ pdbdk j? s[bBkswe ;oeko ftZu Pkfwb BjhA ehshnK iKdhnK jB.

s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ;pzX okiBhfse fttjko dh ;zg{oDsk (totality of political behaviour) d/nfXn?B s'A j?. fJ; ftZu ;oekoK ns/ oki;h ;z;EktK dk okiBhfse ;z;EktK Bkb s[bBkswe nfXn?BsK nkg jh Pkfwb ofjzdk j?. feT[Afe okiBhfse fttjko, okiBhfse ;z;EktK ns/ w[~y s"o s/ ;oekoh;z;EktK d/ fJoX^froX x[zwdk j?. gqzs{ fJ; s'A fJbktk s[bBkswe okiBhsh ftZu T[BQK gqGktK ns/ gqfeqshnKdk nfXn?B th Pkfwb ehsk iKdk j?. fi; ftZu ;oekoK dk fttjko fJ; iK T[; gqeko pDdk j?. ihHe/HihHe/HihHe/HihHe/HihHe/HokokokokokpNoIpNoIpNoIpNoIpNoI B/ s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk noE ;gPN eod/ j'J/ fbfynk j?^

“s[bBkswe okiBhsh fpqj~so y/so dk ;ze/se j? fi; ftZu s[bBkswe ;oekoK ns/ r?o^PkPehokiBhshêphb/, ;zgodktK (communities) ns/ r?oôkieh ;zrmBK ns/ okiBhsh dk th nfXn?B ehskiKdk j?.”

J/vtov J/H cohw?B J/vtov J/H cohw?B J/vtov J/H cohw?B J/vtov J/H cohw?B J/vtov J/H cohw?B (Edward A. Freeman) th s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ ft;fsqs y/so dh rZb eod/jB. fJ; dk wzBDk j? fe s[bBkswe okiBhsh ftZu e/tb ;oekoK d/ ftfGzB o{gK dk jh s[bBkswe nfXn?BPkfwb BjhA jz[dk pbfe ftftX okiBhfse gqfeqnktK ns/ T[BK Bkb ;pzfXs okiBhfse ns/ r?oôkieh;z;EktK dk th s[bBkswe nfXn?B Pkfwb jz[dk j?.

s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh T[go'es ftnkfynk s'A ;gPN j? fe s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ s[bBkswe Pk;B;wkBnoE BjhA jB. s[bBkswe Pk;B, okiBhsh d/ e/tb Pk;B ;pzXh ;z;Ekrs gfjb{nK d/ nfXn?B sZe;hws j?. id fe s[bBkswe okiBhsh T[; s'A fJe edw nZr/ tZX e/ T[BQK ;kohnK PeshnK (forces) ns/gqGktK dk th nfXn?B eodh j? i' okiBhfse ;z;EktK, okiBhfse gqfeqnk ns/ okiBhfse fttjko B{z gqsZyns/ ngqsZy o{g Bkb ftP/P gqeko dk pDkT[D d/ bJh T[sodkJh j?. s[bBkswe okiBhsh, s[bBkswe ftPb/PD ns/ s[bBkswe ftXh s'A th fGzB j?. s[bBkswe okiBhfse ftPb/PD (comparative politicalanalysis) w[Zy s"o s/ okiBhfse^ftfrnkB Bkb ;zpzfXs s[bBkswe ftPb/PD B{z efjzd/ jB ns/ fJ; ekoB


B ØN


fJj ;[ftnes (explicit) iK nftnes (implicit) o{g Bkb okiBhsh^ftfrnkB ftZu okiBhfse ;gPN-heoD (political explanations) eoD ftZu e/Adoh^G{s ofjzdk j?. s[bBkswe ftXh, nkw s"o s/nB[Gkfte gq;EkgBktK (propositions) dh ;EkgBk dh w"fbe ftXhnK ftZu'A gqw[Zy ftXh j?. fJj e/; ftXh(case method) dh fto'Xh j?.

fJ; gqeko s[bBkswe okiBhsh, ftfGzB Pk;B ftt;EktK, okiBhfse gqfeqnktK ns/ okiBhfse fttjkodk s[bBkswe Yzr Bkb nfXn?B ns/ ftPb/PD j?. o/bc p/qpzsho/bc p/qpzsho/bc p/qpzsho/bc p/qpzsho/bc p/qpzsh B/ s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh ftnkgegfoGkPk ehsh j?. fJBQK B/ fbfynk j?^

“s[bBkswe okiBhsh ;zg{oD ;wkfie ftt;Ek ftZu T[BK sZsK dh gfjukD ns/ ftnkfynk j? i' okiBhfseezwK ns/ T[BQK d/ ;z;Ekrs gqekPB B{z gqGkfts eod/ jB.”

s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh ;zfygs ns/ PkfJd ;G s'A ;gPN gfoGkPk n?w eofN;n?w eofN;n?w eofN;n?w eofN;n?w eofN; B/ fdsh j? . UBk d/nB[;ko^

“s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ;zpzX okiBhfse ;z;EktK dh ezw dh ftXh ns/ okiBhfse ftntjko dhwjstg{oB fBozsosktK, ;wkBsktK ns/ n;wkBsktK s'A j?.”

s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ;zpzX okiBhfse ;z;EktK ns/ okiBhfse fttjko dhnK ;wkBsktK^n;wkBsktKns/ nfXn?B Bkb ;zpzfXs j?. fJ; ftZu noEg{oD ftPb/PD d/ bJh Io{oh ftnkfynkswe gfoebgBktK(explanatory hypothesis) jz[dhnK jB. eEBK dk gohyD ns/ nB[Gkfte sZEK (empirical data) d/;ztor ns/ torheoD ehs/ iKd/ jB. ntb'eD ns/ fiZE/ ;zGt j't/ gohyD eoe/, P'X gqftXhnK dk gq:'reoe/ s[bBkswe okiBhfse nfXn?B, okiBhsh d/ pko/ ftZu frnkB tkXk eodk j?.

s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh T[go'es gfoGkPktK ns/ ftnkfynk s'A ;gPN j? fe fJj fJe ;[szso nB[Pk;Bj?. s[bBkswe okiBhsh ftZu, fJZe ;[szso nB[Pk;B d/ bJh Io{oh ;[;gPN ns/ fBPfus ftPk^y/so j?.fJ; dh th nfXn?B ;pzXh ;t?fte;s gZXshnK ns/ gqftXhnK jB. fJ; dh gqfeqsh ns/ ftPk^y/so d/ftt/uB s'A fJj j'o th ;gZPN j' ikt/rk fe s[bBkswe okiBhsh fJe ;[szso nB[Pk;B (independentdiscipline) j?.

s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeosh s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeosh s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeosh s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeosh s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeosh (The Nature of Comparative Politics)s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeosh B{z b? e/ ftdtkBK ftZu wsG/d j?. w'N/ s"o s/ fJ; dh gqfeqsh ;pzXh ftukoKB{z d' gqw[Zy XkoDktK ftZu ftGkfis ehsk iKdk j?. okiBhsh^Pk;so d/ ftdtkB ns/ s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/nroDh xZN iK tZX wksok ftZu d'jK ftZu'A fe;/ fJZe XkoDk d/ ;woEe fdykJh fdzd/ jB. fJj d' XkoDktKjB^

(e) s[bBkswe okiBhsh bzpkswe s[bBk j?. (It is vertical comparative study)(y) s[bBkswe okiBhsh nzpoKfse s[bBk j?. (It is horizontal comparative study)

s[bBkswe okiBhsh bzpkswe s[bBk j? s[bBkswe okiBhsh bzpkswe s[bBk j? s[bBkswe okiBhsh bzpkswe s[bBk j? s[bBkswe okiBhsh bzpkswe s[bBk j? s[bBkswe okiBhsh bzpkswe s[bBk j? (It is vertical comparative study)s[bBkswe okiBhsh fJZe jh d/P ftZu ;fEs ftfGzB ;soK s/ ;Ekfgs ;oekoK ns/ T[BQK B{z gqGkfts eoBtkb/ okiBhfse fttjkoK dk s[bBkswe ftPb/PD ns/ nfXn?B j?. fJ; d/ ftukoe fJj wzBd/ jB fe jofJZe oki ftZu eJh ;soK s/ ;oekoK j[zdhnK jB. w'N/ o{g ftZu T[BQK B/ fJBK ;oekoK B{z d' gqeko dh dZf;nkj?. gfjbhgfjbhgfjbhgfjbhgfjbh ;oftnkge iK ;otiBe iK okPNoh ;oeko ns/ d{;oh nzfPe, ;EkBe iK ftneshrs(private) ;oeko.

s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh ftnkfynk eod/ j'J/ cohw?B B/ fbfynk j?, “s[bBksweokiBhsh ;oekoK d/ ftftX gqekoK ns/ ftfGzB okiBhfse ;z;EktK dk s[bBksweftPb/PD j?.”

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j'


B ØN


fJBK ftukoeK d/ nB[;ko s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ;zpzX fJ; gqeko dh fJ~e jh d/P ft~u ;fEs ftfGzB;oekoK^ ;otftnkge ns/ nKfPe dh nkg; ft~u s[bBk s'A j?.fJ; XkoDk d/ ftukoe wzBd/ jB fe ukj/fJ~e jh d/P ft~u ;otftnkge iK okPNoh ;oeko sK fJ~e jh j[zdh j?, gqzs{ nKfPe ;oekoK nB/e j[zdhnKjB ns/ fJ; bJh fJBK Bkb ;zpzfXs okiBhfse gqfefonktK ns/ ;z;EktK dh s[bBk eoe/ fBPfus Bshi/e~YDk ;zGt j?. fit/A i/eo J/ekswe oki j?, sK T[; ft~u fJ~e okPNoh ;oeko j't/rh ns/ eJh ;EkfBe;oekoK iK fBrw (corporation) j'Dr/. i/eo oki ftt;Ek ;zxkswe j?,sK okPNoh, gqKse ns/ ;EkfBe;oekoK j'DrhnK. fJ; XkoDk d/ ;woEe fJj wzBd/ jB fe fJ~e jh oki ft~u ftfGzB g~XoK dhnK ftftX;oekoK dh s[bBk eoBk ‘bzpkswe s[bBk’ efjbkUAdk j?. ns/ s[bBkswe okiBhsh fJBK dh nkkg;h s[bBkeoD ;zpzfXs Pk;so j?. fJ; soK dh wkBsk o~yD tkfbnK B/ fJ; bJh jh s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gfoGkPkfJ; nkXko s/ ehsh j? ns/ fejk j? fe, “s[bBkswe okiBhsh fJ~e jh d/P dhnK ftfGzB ;oekoK dh bzpkswes[bBk j?.@ (comparative politics deals the vertical comparison of various government with-in the same cournty.)

s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh T[go'es gfoGkPk BjhA ehsh ik ;edh j?. fJ; gfoGkPk dk nkXko jh soe;zrsBjhA brdk. feUAfe okPNoh ;oeko ns/ nKfPe ;oekoK ftueko fdqPNhr'uo j'D tkbh ;wkBsk ;sjhjh j?. T[AM th fJBK ;wkBsktK dh rfjokJh ft~u ikfJnk ikt/, sK fJBK ft~u n;wkBsktK fInkdk fdykJhd/DrhnK. ns/ T[Zgo s'A e/tb wksok dk fdyD tkbk nzso n;b ft~u gqeko dk nzso th gqshs j't/rk.fJBK ;sjh ;wkBsktK dk, i' fJ~e jh d/P dhnK ftfGzB ;oekoK ft~u fdykJh fdzdhnK jB, ft;fsqs ftt/uBeo e/ jh fJBK ft~u ftnkgs n;wkBsktK Bz{ ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. ns/ fJ;/ d/ ;zdoG ft~u fJj Bshik e~YDk;zGt j't/rk fe s[bBkswe okiBhsh fJ~e jh d/P dhnK ftfGzB ;oekoK dh bzpkswe s[bBk BjhA j?.;zy/g ft~uokPNoh ns/ nKfPe iK ;EkfBe ;oekoK ft~u fBwBfbfys ;wkBsktK ;gPN fdykJh fdzdhnK jB.

(e) nkofEe ;kXBK dh ;wkBsk^ (e) nkofEe ;kXBK dh ;wkBsk^ (e) nkofEe ;kXBK dh ;wkBsk^ (e) nkofEe ;kXBK dh ;wkBsk^ (e) nkofEe ;kXBK dh ;wkBsk^ ukj/ T[Zgo s'A d/yD s/ okPNoh ns/ nKfPe ;oekoK ft~u nkofEe;kXBK dh ;wkBsk brdh j?, feUAfe nkofEe ;kXB d't/A jh gqeko dhnK ;oekoK e'b j[zd/ jB, fco thfJj nkofEe ;kXBK dh ;wkBsk nkgD/ nkg ft~u e'Jh s[bBkswe nfXn?B bJh T[g:'rh BjhA j' ;edh.fJj ;jh j? fe d'jK d/ jh nkofEe ;kXBK dk T[ZEkB ns/ gsB j[zdk ofjzdk j? ns/ UBK ft~u s[bBk dhnK;zGktBktK th fdykJh fdzdhnK jB go n;b ft~u nfijk ;zGt BjhA j?.i/eo okPNoh ;oeko d/ nkofEe;kXBK (resources) Bz{, ;o's nkeko ns/ ;zGktBktK dh fdqPNh Bkb d/yhJ/, sK fJj pj[s ftnkge fdykJhfdzd/ jB fiBK dk ;zpzX gqs~y iK ngqs~y o{g Bkb oki d/ jo ftnesh iK ;EkB Bkb j?.id'A fe nKfPe;oekoK d/ ;kXB fJzB/ ftnkge BjhA j[zd/. fJ; s'A fJbktk d'jK d/ nkofEe ;kXBK ft~u tkX/ dk gqfeqnkswenzso th ;gPN brdk j?. fJ; Bkb s[bBk ft~u i' ;wkBsk br/rh, Uj nkXkoG{s BjhA j't/rh. feUAfefJBK dh e'Jh fJ~e/^fijh ftPk^gfoXh (common frame of reference) BjhA j' ;edh. fJ; bJh id'AnfijhnK ftfGzB ;oekoK dh s[bBk ehsh ikt/, sK fJj s[bBkswe ftPb/PD fe;/ ;zs[bB dh ;zGktBk s~eBjhA b? iKdk j? ns/ d'tK dh ;wkBsk gqekokswe (qualitative) BjhA, wksokswe (quantitative) jh ofjikt/rh fi;dk s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u ftP/P T[g:'r ;zGt BjhA.

(y) fB:wK iK ftXhnK dh ;wkBsk^ (y) fB:wK iK ftXhnK dh ;wkBsk^ (y) fB:wK iK ftXhnK dh ;wkBsk^ (y) fB:wK iK ftXhnK dh ;wkBsk^ (y) fB:wK iK ftXhnK dh ;wkBsk^ jo soK dh ;oeko ft~u, ukj/ Uj okPNoh j't/ iK nKfPej't/, ;zrmB ns/ ;zukbB d/ bJh fB:wK ns/ ftXhnK dk gkfJnk ikDk Io{oh j?. fJBK fB:wK dh ;wkBskd/ nkXko s/ UBK dh s[bBk th ehsh ik ;edh j?.gqzs{ id'A okPNoh ;oekoK d/ ekBz{BK ns/ fB:wK ns/ nKfPe;oeko d/ fB:wK ns/ ftXhnK dk nfXn?B eod/ jK sK d'jK ft~u T[Zgo'A ;wkBsk fdykJh fdzd/ j'J/ thrfjokjh ft~u ikD s/ n;wkBsk fInkdk ns/ ;wkBsk x~N fdykJh d/t/rh.

okPNoh ;oeko d/ fB:w ns/ ekBz{B ;ys j[zd/ jB ns/ UBK dk gkbD th nfXe fdqVsk Bkb eotkfJnkiKdk j?. UBK dk nkeko Bk e/tb fpqj~sosk :[es j[zdk j? pbfe UBK ft~u ifNbsk th nfXe j[zdh j/. UBKd/ fg~S/ okPNoh Pesh j[zdh j?, fi; Bkb UBK dk nkw s"o s/ T[bzxD BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. d{i/ gk;/, nKfPe;oeko d/ fB:wK ft~u UBh fdqVsk ns/ ftnkgesk BjhA j[zdh.UBK d/ fg~S/ ;zgqG{ (sovereign) Pesh dkBjhA j'Dk, UBK dh ;[o~fynk ftt;Ek ft~u jh ewh BjhA fbnkUAdk pbfe UBK d/ gkbD (obedience) ft~uth fY~b/gD dk s~s ;wk fdzdk j?. fJ; bJh, d't/A jh gqeko dhnK ;oekoK ft~u fB:wK dh fJ; ;wkBsk


B ØN


iK n;wkBsk d/ nkXko s/ e'Jh noEg{oD s[bBk ;zGt BjhA.nfijh s[bBk Bkb d'jK dh gqfeqsh ;wMD ft~uukj/ e[M wdd fwb/ gqzs{ fJ; s[bBk Bkb ;oekoK d/ pko/ ft~u e'Jh nfij/ f;XKs BjhA pDkJ/ ik ;ed/, i'jo d/P ns/ ;EkB dhnK nfijh ;oekoK d/ ;zpzXK ns/ ftfPPNsktK d/ ;gPNheoD ft~u ;jkfJe j'D.

(r) Pesh dh ;wkBsk^(r) Pesh dh ;wkBsk^(r) Pesh dh ;wkBsk^(r) Pesh dh ;wkBsk^(r) Pesh dh ;wkBsk^ jo soK dh ;oeko d/ ;zrmB Bz{ pDk e/ o~yD bJh e[M Bk e[M Pesh Io{ohj[zdh j?.ns/ fJ; bJh jo ;oeko Pesh dk x~N iK nfXe wksok ft~u gqshe j[zdh j?. fJj Pesh okPNohiK ftneshrs iK nKfPe ;oekoK ft~u th ft~fdnkwkB j[zdh j?. gqzs{ fJ; dh s[bBk eod/ jK sK gsk ubdkj? fe okPNoh ;oekoK dh Pesh ft~u ntghVB (coercion) dk s~s w[~y o{g ft~u gkfJnk iKdk j? BjhA sKnfXe ;EkfJ~st ns/ fdqVsk:[es th j[zdh j?. fJj r~b ftneshrs ;oekoK d/ pko/ ft~u ;jh fdykJh BjhAfdzdh.

T[go'es ftt/uB s'A, T[Zgoh ;wkBsktK d/ pkti{d okPNoh ns/ nKfPe ;oekoK d/ ;zpzX ft~u, n;wkBsktKdk jh nfXe nkGk; j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u fJ~e jh d/P dhnK ftfGzB ;soh ;oekoKdk s[bBkswe ftPb/PD ;zGt fdykJh fdzd/ j'J/ th ;wkBheoD (generalization) dhnK ;zGtBktK BjhAo~ydk. fJ; bJh Bshik gowkfDe (valid) BjhA j'Dr/. fJ~e' fijh ftPk^gfoXh d/ nGkt d/ ekoD fJ;d/ Bshi/ gqwkfDe BjhA j'Dr/ ns/ fJ; Bkb i' f;XKs pDkJ/ ikDr/, UBK Bz{ th fe;/ tor (category) ft~uo~y e/ UBK Bkb j'o d/PK dhnK ;oekoK Bz{ ;wMDk ;zGt BjhA j't/rk. Bkb jh fJ; gqeko dhnK ;oekoKdh s[bBk e/Adoh ;z;EktK dh n"gukfoesk s~e ;hfws fdykJh fdzdh j?. okiBhfse fttjko dh tk;sftesktKBz{ ;wMD ft~u fJ; Bkb e'Jh wdd fwbdh gqshs BjhA j[zdh. fJ; bJh nzs ft~u fJjh Bshik fB~ebdkj? fe s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh fJj XkoDk j[D wzBD:'r BjhA j? ns/ fJ;/ ekoD fJ; nkXko s/ s[bBksweokiBhsh dh gfoGkPk eoBk s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ;jh fu~soD BjhA eodk.

s[bBkswe okiBhsh nzpoKfse s[bBk j? s[bBkswe okiBhsh nzpoKfse s[bBk j? s[bBkswe okiBhsh nzpoKfse s[bBk j? s[bBkswe okiBhsh nzpoKfse s[bBk j? s[bBkswe okiBhsh nzpoKfse s[bBk j? (Comparative Politics is horizontalComparative Study)s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ;zpzXh d{ih XkoDk d/ nB[;ko fJj okPNoh ;oekoK dh nzpoKfse s[bBkdk nfXn?B j?.nkX[fBe okiBhsh Pk;sohnK ft~u'A fInkdkso fJ; XkoDk Bkb ;fjws jB. feUAfes[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ T[d/PK dh g{osh fJ;/ gqeko dh s[bBk Bkb j[zdh j?. nfijh s[bBk dk wj~st thofjzdk j?. fJ; Bkb ;wkBheoD ;zGt j[zd/ jB, fi; Bkb jo ;kXkoD ns/ ft~fuso okiBhfse fttjko Bz{;wfMnk ns/ ftPb/fPs ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ; bJh s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh fJj XkoDk fJ; dh ;jhgqfeqsh dk fu~soD eodh wzBh ik ;eh j?.

i/eo s[bBkswe okiBhsh okPNoh ;oekoK dh nzpoKfse s[bBk j?,sK fJ; ft~u d' ;zGktBktK PkfwbfdykJh fdzdhnK jB. gfjbhgfjbhgfjbhgfjbhgfjbh sK fJj fe fJj s[bBk, fJ~e jh d/P dhnK ftfGzB ekbK ft~u ft~fdnwkBokPNoh ;oekoK dh nkg; ft~u j' ;edh j?, ns/ d{ih, UBK okPNoh ;oekoK ft~u, i' n~i ;zg{oD ftPtft~u ft~fdnkwkB jB, j' ;edh j?. s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh fJ; XkoDk dh fJBK d'jK ;zGktBktK dkft;fsqs ftt/uB eo e/ fJ; dh gqfeqsh dk ;gPNheoD eoBk ;ob j't/rk. ;zy/g ft~u fJj fBwB gqekojB^

(e) fJ~e d/P dhnK okPNoh ;oekoK dh fJfsjkf;e s[bBk (e) fJ~e d/P dhnK okPNoh ;oekoK dh fJfsjkf;e s[bBk (e) fJ~e d/P dhnK okPNoh ;oekoK dh fJfsjkf;e s[bBk (e) fJ~e d/P dhnK okPNoh ;oekoK dh fJfsjkf;e s[bBk (e) fJ~e d/P dhnK okPNoh ;oekoK dh fJfsjkf;e s[bBk (Historical Comparison ofNational Governments within a Cournty)^̂̂̂̂ fJ~e jh d/P ft~u ft~fdnkwkB okPNoh ;oekoK dhfJfsjkf;e s[bBk, s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u j'Dh ukjhdh j?. fJ; gqeko dhnK s[bBktK Bkb s[bBksweokiBhsh dk ftuko^fyfsi ft;fsqs j[zdk j?. jo oki dh toswkB okiBhfse ftt;Ek dh bzph fJfsjkf;eg[PmG{wh j[zdh j?. toswkB dhnK okiBhfse ;z;EktK, gqfeqnktK ns/ okiBhfse fttjkoK dk s[bBksweftPb/PD nshs d/ ;zdoG ft~u jh ftt;fEs Yzr Bkb ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ~e jh d/P ft~u i' ftfGzBokPNoh ;oekoK j'JhnK jB, UBK dk s[bBkswe nfXn?B th Io{oh j?. fJ;/ nshs d/ frnkB d/ ;zdoGft~u toswkB okiBhfse fttjko dh gqfeqsh Bz{ ;wMDk ;zGt j?. fJ; ft~u i/eo fJfsjk; Bz{ fJ~e nzpoKfsefBozso o/yk (horizontal continum) d/ o{g ft~u d/yhJ/, sK Gkos d/ ;zdoG ft~u fJj s[bBk gqkuhB Gkosdh okPNoh ;oekoK, w~Xekbh Gkos, fpqfNP ekbhB Gkos dhnK okPNoh ;oekoK ns/ nkX[fBe ;[szso GkosdhnK okPNoh ;oekoK ft~u ehsh ik ;edh j?. fJ; Bz{ fu~so 1H1 ft~u ;gPN ehsk frnk j?.


B ØN


T[go'es fu~so 1H1 s'A ;gPN j? fe ;[szso Gkos dh toswkB okPNoh ;oeko d/ fttjko dhnK ftP/PsktKBz{ nshs dhnK okPNoh ;oekoK Bkb s[bBk eoe/ nfXe ;gPN ehsk ik ;edk j?.fJj s[bBk T[go'es fu~soft~u nzfes fJ~e ns/ d', iK d' ns/ fszB, iK fszB ns/ uko dh okPNoh ;oekoK d/ ft~u ehsh ik ;edhj?. iK fJ~e dh fszB iK fJ~e dh uko iK d' dh uko s/ fdykJh rJh okPNoh ;oekoK ftueko ehsh ik ;edhj?.

fJ; gqeko dk s[bBkswe nfXn?B s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u nfXe T[g:'rh pD iKdk j?. feUAfe fJfsjk;ft~u i' xNBktK j'JhnK jB, UBK dk eqfwe ftek; ns/ gqGkt fdykJh fdzdk j?. fJ; soK d/ ftek; dh;kw~roh fJfsjk; s'A T[gbpX j[zdh j?, ns/ fe;/ dh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk nkXko pDdh j?.fJ; ;kw~rohd/ nkXko s/ fe;/ ;oeko dk ‘;wK fBozso’ (time-continum) T[Zs/ nzeD eo e/ UBK ft~u s[bBk ehshik ;edh j?. fJ; gqeko d/ s[bBkswe nfXn?B Bz{ i/eo Io{oh j't/, sK nfXe rfjok th pDkfJnk ik ;edkj?.Bhu/ fu~so 1H2 ns/ 1H3 ft~u fJ;/ soK dhnK s[bBktK Bz{ do;kfJnk frnk j?^

(1) (2) (3) (4)

fJfsjkf;e fBozso o/yk fJfsjkf;e fBozso o/yk fJfsjkf;e fBozso o/yk fJfsjkf;e fBozso o/yk fJfsjkf;e fBozso o/yk(Historical Continuum)

gqkuhB nkX[fBe

gqkuhB Gkos w~XekbhB Gkos fpqfNP Gkos ;[szso Gkos

fu~so 1H1 fJ~ed/Ph okPNoh ;oekoK dh fJfsjkf;e s[bBkfu~so 1H1 fJ~ed/Ph okPNoh ;oekoK dh fJfsjkf;e s[bBkfu~so 1H1 fJ~ed/Ph okPNoh ;oekoK dh fJfsjkf;e s[bBkfu~so 1H1 fJ~ed/Ph okPNoh ;oekoK dh fJfsjkf;e s[bBkfu~so 1H1 fJ~ed/Ph okPNoh ;oekoK dh fJfsjkf;e s[bBk

fJfsjkf;e fBozso o/yk^;[szso Gkos fJfsjkf;e fBozso o/yk^;[szso Gkos fJfsjkf;e fBozso o/yk^;[szso Gkos fJfsjkf;e fBozso o/yk^;[szso Gkos fJfsjkf;e fBozso o/yk^;[szso Gkos

(Historical Continuum - Independent India)

19471947194719471947;[szso Gkosh;[szso Gkosh;[szso Gkosh;[szso Gkosh;[szso Gkosh

1947 1964 1966 19771947 1964 1966 19771947 1964 1966 19771947 1964 1966 19771947 1964 1966 1977

Bfjo{ :[rBfjo{ :[rBfjo{ :[rBfjo{ :[rBfjo{ :[r Pk;soh :[r Pk;soh :[r Pk;soh :[r Pk;soh :[r Pk;soh :[r fJzdhok rKXh :[r fJzdhok rKXh :[r fJzdhok rKXh :[r fJzdhok rKXh :[r fJzdhok rKXh :[r ( ( ( ( (1947^19641947^19641947^19641947^19641947^1964) () () () () (1947^19661947^19661947^19661947^19661947^1966) () () () () (1966^19771966^19771966^19771966^19771966^1977)))))

fu~so 1H2 ;[szso Gkos dhnK okPNoh ;oekoK dh fJfsjkf;e s[bBkfu~so 1H2 ;[szso Gkos dhnK okPNoh ;oekoK dh fJfsjkf;e s[bBkfu~so 1H2 ;[szso Gkos dhnK okPNoh ;oekoK dh fJfsjkf;e s[bBkfu~so 1H2 ;[szso Gkos dhnK okPNoh ;oekoK dh fJfsjkf;e s[bBkfu~so 1H2 ;[szso Gkos dhnK okPNoh ;oekoK dh fJfsjkf;e s[bBk


B ØN


okPNoh ;oekoK dh fJj ;w;soh s[bBk Io{o jh fJfsjkf;e ;zdoG ft~u ehsh ik ;edh j?. gqzs{ fJ;d/bJh fJj Io{oh j? fe jo ekb dh okPNoh ;oeko d/ pko/ ft~u ;wkB ikDekoh ns/ s~E T[gbpX j'D. i/eo nfijk BjhA j't/rk, sK s[bBk ;zGt BjhA j't/rh. s[bBk d/ bJh e/tb s~E jh ekch BjhA, pbfe fJBKs~EK d/ ;[;gPN nkXko th j'D. fJ~E/ ;w~f;nk fJj T[sgzB j[zdh j? fe eh gfjbK s~EK d/ nkXko ;[fBPfusehs/ ikD iK s~E fJ~em/ eo e/ nkXko y'i/ ikD< gfjbK nkXko fBPfus eo e/ s~E fJ~em/ eoBk fttjkfoeBjhA brdk. fJ; soK sK s~EK dk ;zebB jh ;zGt BjhA j't/rk. i' nKeV/ nkXkoK dh e;"Nh s/ yo/ BjhAT[soDr/, UBK Bz{ nfijh ftt;Ek ft~u fJ~em/ jh BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJ; bJh nKeV/ gfjbK fJ~em/ eoe/ pknd ft~u nkXko d/y/ ikD. fJ; soK okPNoh ;oekoK dh fJfsjkf;e nkXko s/ s[bBk ftfGzB s~EK Bz{;[;fEo nkXko gqdkB eo e/ ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j? fi; Bkb fJ~e' fijh ftPk gfoXh (common frame

of reference) ft~u ehsh rJh s[bBk, okiBhfse fttjko d/ pko/ ft~u e[M ;wkBheoD ;zGt pDkt/.fJ; soK, s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u fJfsjkf;e ;zdoG ft~u okPNoh ;oekoK dh ;w^;soh s[bBk ehshikdh j?. fJ; soK dh s[bBk dk nkgDk nb~r wj~st j?. gqzs{ s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u fJj ekch BjhA.fJ; dh fJ; Pk;so ft~u ;hfws T[g:'frsk jh j?. fJ; Bkb e/tb fJ~e oki dhnK okPNoh ;oekoK Bz{ftfGzB ekbK ft~u ;wMD ft~u jh wdd fwbdh j?. T[; okPNo s'A fGzB gqeko dh ;z;feqsh, ;~fGnsk ns/;zrmB tkb/ oki ft~u ;zukfbs ;oeko dh gqfeqsh ns/ okiBhfse fttjko Bz{ ;wMD bJh fJj ekch BjhAj?. fJ; s'A fJbktk th toswkB ;oeko ns/ nshs ekbhB ;oekoK ft~u s[bBk d/ bJh Io{oh ;kwkBftPk^gfoXh ;zGt BjhA j[zdh. nfijhnK s[bBktK okiBhfse fttjko dhnK rfsnkswesktK dh EK e/tb;z;Ekswe ;sfj s~e ;zGt j[zdhnK jB. fJ; ekoD s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u ftfGzB okPNoK ft~u gqu~fbsokPNoh ;oekoK Bkb ;zpzfXs okiBhfse fttjkoK dh s[bBk eoBk nfXe T[g:'rh j't/rk.

(2) ;wekbhB ftPt ft~u ftnkgs okPNoh ;oekoK dh nzpoKfse s[bBk j?.(Horizontal comparisonof national governments across national boundaries within contemporary world)^

s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ;zpzXh ;otwkDe XkoDk n~i fJjh j? fe fJj ;wekbhB ftPt ft~u gqu~fbsokPNoh ;oekoK dk s[bBkswe nfXn?B j?. ihB pb'Dv/bihB pb'Dv/bihB pb'Dv/bihB pb'Dv/bihB pb'Dv/b B/ fJ; dk ;woEB eod/ j'J/ fejk j?^

“;kv/ e'b s[bBkswe ;oekoK d/ nfXn?B dk e/tb fJ~e jh fdqPNhe'D pkeh pudk j? ns/ Uj j? ;wekbhBftPt dh okiBhfse ftt;EktK Bkb ;zpzfXs okPNoh ;oekoK dk okPNoh ;hwktK d/ nko^gko nfXn?BeoBk.”

n;b ft~u fJ;/ gqeko dh s[bBk Bkb Bk e/tb ;wkBheoD ;zGt j?, pbfe okiBhfse fttjko d/ ;zpzX ft~unfij/ f;XKsK dk gqshgkdB th ehsk ik ;edk j?, fiBK Bkb jo d/P dh okiBhfse ftt;Ek Bz{ ;wfMnkik ;e/. fJBk Bkb jo ft~fuso okiBhfse xNBk dk ;gPNheoD ehsk ik ;edk j?.fJBK Bkb okiBhfse;z;EktK ns/ ftt;EtK dh gqfeqsh ns/ ekoiftXh Bz{ th ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?.

fJfsjkf;e fBozso o/yk ^fJzdhok rKXh :[rfJfsjkf;e fBozso o/yk ^fJzdhok rKXh :[rfJfsjkf;e fBozso o/yk ^fJzdhok rKXh :[rfJfsjkf;e fBozso o/yk ^fJzdhok rKXh :[rfJfsjkf;e fBozso o/yk ^fJzdhok rKXh :[r

fJzdhok rKXh :[rfJzdhok rKXh :[rfJzdhok rKXh :[rfJzdhok rKXh :[rfJzdhok rKXh :[r19661966196619661966 1977 1977 1977 1977 1977

1966 1967 1969 1970 1971 19771966 1967 1969 1970 1971 19771966 1967 1969 1970 1971 19771966 1967 1969 1970 1971 19771966 1967 1969 1970 1971 1977

;~sk;B;~sk;B;~sk;B;~sk;B;~sk;B (u"Ek nkw u[Bkt) (eKro; ftGkiB) (gke ;zxoP) (w~Xtosh u[Bkt) (u"Ek nkw u[Bkt) (eKro; ftGkiB) (gke ;zxoP) (w~Xtosh u[Bkt) (u"Ek nkw u[Bkt) (eKro; ftGkiB) (gke ;zxoP) (w~Xtosh u[Bkt) (u"Ek nkw u[Bkt) (eKro; ftGkiB) (gke ;zxoP) (w~Xtosh u[Bkt) (u"Ek nkw u[Bkt) (eKro; ftGkiB) (gke ;zxoP) (w~Xtosh u[Bkt)

(Historical Continuum-Indira Gandhi Era)


B ØN


s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh d/ T[go'es ftt/uB s'A ;gPN j? fe s[bBkswe okiBhsh fJ~e ;[szsonB[Pk;B j? i' okiBhsh ftfrnkB ft~u fJ~e wj~stg{oD Pkyk pD frnk j?.ukj/ fJ; dk nfXn?B thokiBhfse ;z;EktK Bkb ;zpzfXs okiBhsh s'A j?, fco th fJj okiBhsh ftfrnkB s'A fJ; noE ft~u fGzBj? fe fJ; ft~u oki ns/ r?o^Pk;eh okiBhsh d'tK dk jh nfXn?B Pkfwb j[zdk j?. id'A fe, okiBhsh^ftfrnkBr?o^Pk;eh okiBhsh Bkb gqs~y o{g ft~u ;zpzfXs BjhA j[zdk. fJ; soK, s[bBkswe okiBhsh, fJ~e jhd/P dhnK okPNoh ;oekoK dk fJfsjkf;e ;zdoG ns/ okPNoh ;hwktK d/ nko gko s[bBkswe nfXn?B jhBjhA j?, fJj fJ; d/ Bkb okiBhfse gqfeqnktK ns/ okiBhfse fttjko ns/ ;oekoh szsoK Bz{ gqGkfts eoDtkbhnK r?o^;oekoh ftt;EktK dk th s[bBkswe nfXn?B j?.

s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ftPk y/so s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ftPk y/so s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ftPk y/so s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ftPk y/so s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ftPk y/so (Scope of Comparative Politics)s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ftPk^y/so ni/ th ;hwKeD (demarcation) dh nt;Ek ft~u j?. fJ; d/ ftPky/so dh fBowkD nt;Ek d/ ekoD jh ihH e/H okpoN; (G.K. Roberts) B/ nkgD/ fJ~e BthB b/y‘Comparative Politics today’ ft~u fJ~E'A s~e fbfynk j? fe, “s[bBkswe okiBhsh ;G e[M j? iK e[Mth BjhA j?.” fJ; d/ ftPk y/so ft~u fJ~e ;hwk s'A pknd ft;skosk fJ; Bz{ okiBhsh ftfrnkB d/ nB[o{gpDk fdzdh j?.ns/ d{i/ gk;/ fJ; d/ y/so dh pj[s ;ze[fus ntXkoDk fJ; Bz{ ;[szso nB[Pk;B (indepen-dent discipline) dh nt;Ek s'A jh tzfus eo fdzdh j?. fJ; bJh fJ; d/ ftPk y/so dh gqw[~y ;w~f;nkfJj pD ikdh j? fe s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u eh eh Pkfwb ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? ns/ eh eh fJ; d/ nfXn?Bs'A pkjo o~fynk ikt/< Bkb jh fJj th gqPB nkUAdk j? fe okiBhsh ;zpzXh fe;/ gfjb{ Bz{ fJ; d/ nfXn?Bft~u Pkfwb eoD iK BjhA eoD dk nkXko eh j't/< fJj ftPk^y/so d/ ;hwKeD dh ;w~f;nk fJ; ekoDj'o th T[bMh j'Jh brdh j? fe fJ; d/ ftukoe, nfXn?B g~Xsh gfotoseK, ftPb/PD d/ T[gkrwK,(analytical approaches), f;XKsK d/ gqekoK ns/ ftPb/PD dhnK fJekJhnK s/ fJ~ews BjhA j' gk oj/jB, fJ~E/ j?oh n?e;NhBj?oh n?e;NhBj?oh n?e;NhBj?oh n?e;NhBj?oh n?e;NhB (Harry Eckstein) dh s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ ftPk^y/so d/ ;zpzX ft~u fJjeEB d~;Dk fJ; fttkd dh rzGhosk dk ;gPNheoD eoD bJh ekch j't/rk. n?e;NhB B/ fbfynk j? ^

“;G s'A nfXe nkXkoG{s r~b s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ pko/ fJj j? fe n~i fJj fJ~e nfijk ftPk j? fi;ft~u pj[s fttkd j? feUAfe fJj ;zeowD dh ;fEsh ft~u j?^ fJ~e gqeko dh ftPb/PD P?bh s'A d{i/ gqekodh P?bh ft~u gq;EkB eo fojk j?.”

fJ; s'A ;gPN j? fe s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gfoGkPk ns/ gqfeqsh dh soK fJ; dk ftPk y/so th fttkddk ftPk j?. fJ; d/ y/so Bz{ b? e/ gozgoktkdhnK ns/ nkX[fBe okiBhshPk;sohnK ft~u rfjok wsG/d j?.ihB pb"Dv/b (Jean Blondel) B/ fJj fttkd d' r~bK Bkb ;zpzfXs d~f;nk j?. gfjbkgfjbkgfjbkgfjbkgfjbk j? s[bBksweokiBhsh dh ;hwk ;zpzXh ns/ d{ik d{ik d{ik d{ik d{ik wkDeK ns/ fttjkoK d/ nkg;h ;zpzXK ;zpzXh fttkd. fJBK d'jK dkft;fsqs ftt/uB eo e/ jh s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ ftPk y/so dk fBoXkoD eo ;eDk ;zGt j't/rk.

;hwk ;zpzXh fttkd ;hwk ;zpzXh fttkd ;hwk ;zpzXh fttkd ;hwk ;zpzXh fttkd ;hwk ;zpzXh fttkd (Controversy over the Boundary): s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u ;hwk ;zpzXhfttjko nfXn?B d/ fdqPNhe'D Bkb ;zpzfXs j?. ;ko/ okiBhsh Pk;soh fJ; r~b Bkb ;fjws jB fes[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ;zpzX okPNoh ;oekoK Bkb j? ns/ fJ; ft~u th e/tb ;oekoh YKfunK(governmental structures) dk jh nfXn?B BjhA pbfe ;oekoK d/ ekoi ebkgK ns/ r?o oki;h ;z;EktKd/ okiBhfse ezwK dk th nfXn?B Io{oh o{g ft~u Pkfwb ofjzdk j?. gqzs{ UBK ft~u fttkd fJ; r~b Bz{ b?e/ j? fe s[bBk Bkb ;zpzfXs okiBhfse ekoi ebkgK s'A eh noE fbnk ikt/< noEks ;oeko dhnK feqnktKdh ftnkfynk fe; Yzr Bkb ehsh ikt/< fJ; ;zpzX ft~u d' fdqPNhe'D gqu~fbs jB. fJBK ft~u'A fejVkfdqPNhe'D s[bBkswe okiBhsh nfXn?B bJh ngDkfJnk ikt/ ns/ fe;/ fdqPNhe'D Bz{ feUA ngDkfJnkikt/, fJj fttkd dk ftPk fojk j?. fJj fdqPNhe'D jBêkBz{Bh fdqPNhe'D ns/ fttjkfoe fdqPNhe'D. fJBKd'tK fdqPNhe'DK dk noE ;gPN eo e/ jh fJ; fttkd Bz{ ;wfMnk ns/ fJ; dk Bshik e~fYnk ik ;edkj?. ;zy/g ft~u fJBK dk ftt/uB fJ;soK j?^

(e) ekBz{Bh iK ;z;Ekrs fdqPNhe'D (e) ekBz{Bh iK ;z;Ekrs fdqPNhe'D (e) ekBz{Bh iK ;z;Ekrs fdqPNhe'D (e) ekBz{Bh iK ;z;Ekrs fdqPNhe'D (e) ekBz{Bh iK ;z;Ekrs fdqPNhe'D (Legalistic or Institutional Approach)^ fJ; fdqPNhe'D d/nB[;ko s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u e/tb ;zftXkB d[nkok ;Ekfgs ;oekoh ;zouBk dk, ns/ ;zftXkB d[nkok


B ØN


fBns ehs/ rJ/ okiBhfse fttjko dk s[bBkswe nfXn?B jh ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.fJ; ftuko d/ ;woEeKdk wzBDk j? fe ;zftXkB jh ;oeko d/ YKu/ dk ;zrmB eodk j? ns/ fJ;d/ d[nkok jo ;z;Ek d/ ezwK dk fB:wBjz[dk j?.fJ; bJh s[bBk okPNoh ;oekoK d/ nkXko, ;zftXkB ns/ fJBK d/ d[nkok fBns ekoi ebkgK dhjh j'Dh ukjhdh j?. UBK d/ nB[;ko fJ; s'A fJbktk j'o fe;/ th nkXko s/ okiBhfse fttjko dk nfXn?BBk e/tb n;zGt j't/rk, pbfe nfttjkofe th j't/rk. ;zftXkB d[nkok fBns ezw i/eo e'Jh ;z;Ek ftP/P fe;/ gfo;fEsh ftP/P d/ ekoD BjhA eo ;edh, sK fJ; ftfu~so fttjko dk nfXn?B s[bBksweokiBhsh ft~u T[g:'rh BjhA j't/rk. fJ; soK d/ ftfu~so fttjko s'A ftubB (deviation) j? ns/ n;EkJhj[zdk j?. fJ; bJh s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u nfij/ fttjkoK dk nfXn?B Pkfwb BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk.fJBKfttjkoK Bkb ;wkBheoD ft~u e'Jh ;fj:'r BjhA fwbdk. fJ; bJh ekBz{Bh fdqPNhe'D d/ nB[;ko s[bBksweokiBhsh ft~u e/tb T[;/ fttjko dh s[bBk j'Dh ukjhdh j?, i' ;zftXkB ft~u ekBz{B d[nkok ;Ekfgs okiBhfse;z;EktK Bkb ;zpzfXs j't/.

ekBz{Bh fdqPNhe'D dh nkb'uBk ehsh rJh j?. nkb'ueK dk wzBDk j? fe fJ; gqeko dh s[bBk e/tb ;sjhns/ fdyktNh j't/rh. fJj okiBhfse fttjko d/ n"gukfoe gfjb{ dk jh nfXn?B j'D d/ ekoD, fJ; BkbokiBhfse gqfeqnktK dh tk;sftesktK Bz{ ;wMD ft~u fInkdk wdd BjhA fwbdh. fit/A ;'ftns o{; d/;zftXkB ns/ ;zftXkB d[nkok fBns okiBhfse ekoi ebkgK dk nfXn?B o{; dh okiBhfse ftt;Ek dh;~uh gqfeqsh dk e'Jh ;ze/s BjhA fdzdk. fJjh r~b fpqN/B d/ pko/ ft~u ejh ik ;edh j?, fi~E/ ;zftXkfBefdqPNh Bkb n~i th fBoze[P okiszso (deviation) ft~fdnkwkB j?. Gkos d/ T[dkjoD Bkb fJj j'o th;gPN j' ikt/rk. Gkos ft~u ;zftXkB d[nkok fJ~e ;fjekoh ;zx (co-operative federalism) dh ;EkgBkehsh rJh j?. gqzs{ fJ~e jh okiBhfse db dk gqG[~st ns/ okiK ft~u th fJ; dk pj[ws ;zg{oD ;zxksweftt;Ek Bz{ fttjko ft~u J/ekswe d/ ;wkB pDk fdzdk j?. T[es T[dkjoDK s'A ;gPN j?, fe s[bBksweokiBhsh d/ ;hwk ;zpzXh fttkd dk fJj fdqPNhe'D nfXn?B ns/ s[bBk d/ bJh ftP/P T[g:'rh BjhA j?.

(y) fttjkotkdh fdqPNhe'D (y) fttjkotkdh fdqPNhe'D (y) fttjkotkdh fdqPNhe'D (y) fttjkotkdh fdqPNhe'D (y) fttjkotkdh fdqPNhe'D (Behavioural Approaches)-fJ; fdqPNhe'D d/ ;woEeK Bz{fttjkotkdh (behaviouralists) fejk iKdk j?.UBK d/ nB[;ko s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u e/tb ekBz{Bhftt;Ek dk n"gukfoe nfXn?B ns/ s[bBk gfonkgs BjhA j?. tk;st ft~u okiBhfse ftt;Ek fe; soKfttjkfoe pDdh j?, ns/ okiBhfse ;z;EktK dk tk;sfte fttjko eh j?,fJj gqw[~y r~b j?. ihBpb"Dv/b B/ sK okiBhsh d/ fttjkfoe g~y Bz{ nkXkoG{s ns/ w"fbe (substantive) wzfBnk j?. T[;d/ nB[;kos[bBkswe okiBhsh Bz{ ekBz{Bh x/o/ ft~u Bk pzB e/ T[; s'A pkjo fB~ebDk j?. fttjkotkdhnK d/ nB[;kos[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u okPNoh ;z;EktK ns/ r?oôki;h (non-governmental) ;z;EktK d/ okiBhfsefttjko Bkb ;zpzfXs ;G s~E fJ~em/ eo e/ ftfGzB okiBhfse ftt;EktK ft~u s[bBk eoBh ukjhdh j?. oki;oeko ns/ ;z;EktK d/ ekoi ns/ ekoi ftXh dk ntb'eD eo e/ UBK dh s[bBk eoBk okiBhfse ftt;Ekdh rfsnkswesk (dynamism) Bz{ ;jh noEK ft~u ;wMDk j?.

fttjkotkdh fdqPNhe'D Bz{ j'o uzrh soK ;wMD bJh fJ; dk noE eoBk bkGdkfJe j't/rk. fttjkotkdhnkgD/ nkg Bz{ ftP[~X ftfrnkfBe pDkUD ns/ f;~X eoD ft~u wkfjo jB. okiBhsh ftfrnkB ft~u fJjnzd'bB ;wki^ftfrnkBK T[Zs/ gqkfeqfse ftfrnkBK dk gqGkt j?. fJj gqkfeqfse ns/ ;wkfie ftfrnkBK d/ft~u fJ~e r[Dkswe fBozsosk dh g{otXkoDk b? e/ ubdk j?. fttjkotkdhnK dh w{b wkBsk fJj j? fe ;wkiftfrnBK dhnK ntXkoDktK ns/ f;XKs, gqkfeqfse ftfrnkB d/ ;wkB j' ;ed/ jB. okiBhsh ftfrnkBT[Zs/ gqkfeqfse ftfrnkBK ns/ j'o ;wki ftfrnkBK d/ gqGkt Bz{ jh ‘fttjkotkdh eqKsh’ (dynamism) fejkikdk j?. okiBhsh ftfrnkB ft~u fJj fJ~e w'V j?, fi;B/ okiBhsh ftfrnkB ft~u ftPk t;s{, j'onB[Pk;BK Bkb ;zpzfxs g~XshnK ns/ gqftXhnK (techniques) ns/ w[~bK nkfd dh fdqPNh Bkb nkw{bgfotosB eo fd~s/ jB.

jhAi :{bkT{jhAi :{bkT{jhAi :{bkT{jhAi :{bkT{jhAi :{bkT{ dk wzBDk j? fe ‘okiBhfse fttjko’ dk noE e/tb gqs~y iK ngqs~y o{g Bkb got/yD(observational) okiBhfse feqnktK Bkb jh BjhA j?, pbfe fttjko d/ UBK p'Xkswe (perceptual),nfGgq/oDkswe (motivational) ns/ nfGft~qskswe (attitudinal) xNeK s'A th j?, i' fe wkBt d/okiBhfse nfGfrnkBK (identifications), wzrK ns/ nkPktK ns/ T[; d/ okiBhfse ftPtk;K, w[~bK ns/


B ØN


NhfunK dh ftt;Ek dk fBowkD eod/ jB. T[; ft~u ;z;feqsh ns/ ;wkfie ftt;Ek d/ ftfGzB ;so thPkfwb jB. fJBK ;G dk nfGw[yheoD (orientation) nB/eK ekoDK ns/ nk:kwK Bkb ;zpzfXs s~sK s'A j[zdkj/, fJ; bJh ;[Gkfte okiBhsh fttjko dk nfXn?B j'o ;wki ftfrnkBK s'A nb~rÊb~r BjhA j' ;edk.;zy/g ft~u Uj ;kohnK fttjkokswe gqfeqnktK, i' wkBt d/ okiBhsh nfGfrnkB, wzrK, fJ~SktK ns/ T[;d/NhfunK, w[~bK ns/ okiBhfse ftPtk;K dh ftt;EktK dk fBowkD eodh j?, s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk nfXn?By/so pD iKdh j?.

fttjkotkdh fdqPNhe'D dk s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u wj~st j'o ;gPN eoD bJh, fttjkotkdhnK d[nkokfd~sh rJh okiBhsh ftfrnkB dh gfoGkPk dk T[b/y eoBk Io{oh j?. v/ftv Jh;NB B/ okiBhsh Pk;sodh gfoGkPk fdzd/ j'J/ fejk j?^ “okiBhsh Pk;so ;wki ft~u w[~bK nfXfeqs ftsoD Bkb ;zpzfXs frnkBj?.” jo okiBhfse ;wki ft~u w[~bK dk nfXfeqs ftsoD’ e/tb ;oekoK jh eodhnK jB. j'o ftneshnKns/ ;z;EktK d[nkok w[~bK dk ftsoD ns/ gqubB Io{o j[zdk j?, gqzs{ fJj nfXfeqs BjhA j' ;edkl feUAfefJj pkXekoh Pesh dk gq:'r BjhA eo ;ed/. fJ; bJh jo ;wki ft~u ‘Pk;B^szso’ dk ftP/P wj~stj[zdk j?. ;oeko jh Uj szso j?, fi; Bkb w[~bK dk nfXfeqs ftsoD j[zdk j?. i' Io{os g?D s/ fJ; bJhwip{o th eodh j?.fJ; soK, jo okiBhfse ;wki ft~u jo soK dh okiBhfse rshftXh ‘Pk;B szso’d/ fJod^frod jh u~eo brkUAdh j?, ns/ fJ;/ d/ ;zdoG ft~u jo okiBhsh ft~u fJBK w[~bK d/ ftsoD dhftt;Ek dh ftfGzB okiBhfse ;wkiK d/ ;zdoG ft~u s[bBk Io{oh wzBd/ jB. UBK d/ nB[;ko s[bBksweokiBhsh dk ftPk^y/so ‘Pk;B^feqnk’ d/ s[bBkswe ftPb/PD Bkb ;zpzfXs j?.UBK d/ jh PpdK ft~u,

“s[bBkswe ;oeko (okiBhsh) d/ nfXn?B ft~u, UBK sohfenK dk, fiBK Bkb ;wki ft~u w[~bK dk nfXfeqsftsoD j[zdk j?, gohyD ehsk iKdk j?.”

Pk;B feqnk iK w[~bK dk nfXfeqs ftsoD iKnkpzNB d' soch feqnk j?. gfjbK jo Pk;Bszso Bz{ feqnkPhb pDkUDk j[zdk j?. fco fJj;oekoh szso fJ; gq/oDk (activation) d/ ekoDnB[feqnkswe (responsive) pDdk j?. jookiBhfse ;wki ft~u Pk;B szso T[Zs/ uko/gk;/ s'A gqGkt ns/ dpkn g?Ad/ jB. fJj gq/oDks~E Pk;B szso Bz{ ;zt/dBPhb pDkUAd/ jB fi;Bkb fJj nB[feqnk eodk j?.fJ; Bz{ fu~so 1H4Bkb j'o th ;gPN ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?.

jo okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u Pk;B szso T[Zs/g?D tkb/ gqGktK ns/ dpktK Bkb fJj ;zt/dB-Phb pD e/ s[ozs nB[feqnk eodk j? ns/ fJ;nB[feqnk Bkb gqfsnktosB g'PD j[zdk j?. ns/ ;zg{oD okiBhfse gqfeqnk fJ; u~eo ft~u ubdh ofjzdh j?.fJ; ft~u ;z;EktK d/ d't/A jh gqekoôkiBhfse ns/ r?oôkiBhfse^ wj~stg{oD ;EkB o~yd/ jB. ns/s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u fJBK d'jK dk nfXn?B Io{oh j?. pb"Dv/b B/ s[bBkswe okiBhsh Bz{ UBK ;ko/gqGktk d/ s[bBkswe nfXn?B Bkb ;zpzfXs wzfBnk j?, i' Pk;B szso dh ;zt/dBPhbsk d/ fg~S/ ofjzd/ jB.UBK d/ nB[;ko^

pj[s nfXe ;[fBPfussk Bkb fJj ftnkfynk eoD dh pikJ/ fe, fJj ‘t;sK’ ;oeko Bkb ;zpzfXs jBns/ Uj ;oekoK Bkb ;zpzfXs BjhA jB, fJj d/yDk nfXe T[g:'rh j't/rk fe Pk;B szso feBK feBK s~EKns/ wkorK (channels) s'A ;zt/dBPhb pD e/ nB[feqnkswe j[zdk j?.”

fJ; soK, s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ;zpzX w[~y s"o s/ Pk;B feqnk d/ fJod^frod x[zwd/ okiBhfse fttjkod/ s[bBkswe nfXn?B s'A j?. gqzs{ Pk;B feqnk fszB ;soK s/ ;zukfbs j[zdh j? iK fJj fejk ikt/ fe w[~bKdk nfXfeqs nkpzNB fszB ;soK s/ gfoukfbs j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh, “s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u gfoukfbsk(operations) d/ fJBK ;soK dk, fiBK Bkb w[~bK dk nkpzNB j[zdk j?, gohyD eoBk wj~stg{oD j?.” fJj

‘;wki’

gqsh;zGoD iKgqshtosD g'PD(Feed-back)

(Activation) nB[fefonk(Response)

;zt/dBPhbsk

Pk;B szso


B ØN


fszB ;so jB^

(1) w[~bK ns/ NhfunK dk fB:wB (Formulation of Values and Goals)

(2) w[~bK Bz{ nksw;ks eoBk ns/ fBofdPN fBofDnK ft~u o{gKsoD (Formulation of Values andGoals)

(3) fBofDnK Bz{ bkr{ eoBk (Implementation of Decisions)

w[~bK ns/ NhfunK d/ fB:wB d/ nzsors T[; gqfeqnk dk nfXn?B j[zdk j?, fi; d[nkok ;wki d/ w[~bK ns/T[d/PK dk fBowkD j[zdk j?, ns/ i' ;oeko d/ ;kjwD/ iBsk dhnK wzrK d/ o{g ft~u nkUAd/ jB, fiBK Bz{Jh;NB ‘wzrK ns/ ;woEBK’ (Demands and Supports) dk BK fdzd/ jB ns/ i' nkwzv d/ nB[;kookiBhfse ftt;Ek d/ fBt/P (inputs) jB. fJBK d/ gqsh iBsk ikfrqs j[zdh j? ns/ Pk;B szso Bz{ fGzBpDKUAdh j?. ihB pb"Dv/b dk wzBDk j? fe s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u ;kBz{ “;G s'A gfjbK fJj d/yDk ukjhdkj? fe w[~bK dk fe; soK fB:wB j[zdk j?, ns/ feBK feBK sohfenK Bkb ;oeko fJBK Bz{ fGzB pDkUAdh j?.”fJ; soK fttjkotkdhnK d/ nB[;ko UBK w[~bK ns/ T[d/PK d/ fB:wB dh gqfeqnk dk s[bBkswe okiBhshft~u nfXn?B ns/ s[bBk ehsh ikDh ukjhdh j? i' ;wki ft~u'A wzrK d/ o{g ft~u T[ZGo e/ nkUAd/ jB.

w[~bK Bz{ nksw;ks eoD ns/ fBofdPN fBofDnK ft~u o{gKosoD s'A wsbp fJj d/yD s'A j? fe ftfGzB wzrKns/ w[~bK Bz{ ‘Pk;B szso’ fe; soK rqfjD eodk j?, ns/ fJBK Bz{ ;zg{oD ;wki s/ bkr{ j'D tkb/ fBofDnKft~u fe; soK o{gKsfos eodk j?. fJ~E/ fJj d/yDk j[zdk j? fe Pk;B szso d/ ;kjwD/ gq;s[s j'D tkbhnKnDfrDs wzrK ft~u'A fJj fe; Bz{ nksw;ks eodk j?, ns/ feBK w[~bK Bz{ rqfjD eoD Bkb gqs~y iK ngqs~yo{g s'A fJBeko eodk j?<

fBofDnK dk bkr{ j'Dk ;oekoh feqnk dk shik ns/ nzfsw ;so j?. ;oeko iBsk d/ fiBK T[d/PK ns/ w[~bKBz{ ;theko eo e/ fBofDnK dk o{g fdzdh j?, UBK Bz{ fB:wK ns/ ftXhnK ft~u pdb e/ bkr{ eodh j?. fJjPk;B feqnk, fB:w fBowkD, fB:w bkr{ eoBk ns/ fB:w fBoDk dhnK fszB feqnktK Bkb ;zpzfXs j[zdhj?.

fttjkotkdh okiBhfse ftt;Ek Bz{ fJ~e fJb?eNq'fBe (electronic) :zso d/ o{g ft~u d/yd/ jB. Pk;B^:zso d' wkorh gqukbB j?. fJj fJ~e nfijh wPhB j?, i' ;ze/s (signals) rqfjD eodh j? ns/ fJBK dkj'o ;ze/sK ft~u o{gKsoD eodh j?. s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ;zpzX Pk;B szso d[nkok rqfjD ehs/ rJ/ ;ze/sK ns/ UBK d/ o{gKsoD dh gqfeqnk s'A j?. fJ; soK s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B y/so ft~u, okiBhfse;wki ft~u w[~bK ns/ NhfunK d/ fB:wB dhnK gqfeqnktK, fJBK w[~bK Bz{ Pk;B szso d[nkok nksw;ks eoBkns/ fBofdPN fBofDnK ft~u o{gKsoD ns/ ;thfeqs fBofDnK d/ bkr{ eoD Bkb ;zpzfXs gqfeqnktK PkfwbehshnK ikdhnK jB. fttjkotkdh jo ;oeko d/ ezwK d/ fJj fszB gfjb{ wzBd/ jB ns/ s[bBkswe okiBhshdk y/so fJBK fszBK gqfeqnktK Bkb ;zpzfXs okiBhfse fttjko d/ s[bBkswe ftPb/PD s~e wzBd/ jB.

fttjkotkdhnK d[nkok okiBhfse ftt;Ek dh ;zebgBkswe ;obsk ns/ Pk;B feqnk Bkb ;zpzfXs fszBgqfeqnktK dh s[bBk s~e s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ y/so Bz{ ;hfws o~yDk fJ; Pk;so Bz{ ;[szso nB[Pk;B dhnt;Ek s'A tzfus o~yDk j?.fJ; Bkb okiBhfse fttjko d/ ;zpzX ft~u ;kXkoD f;XKsK dk ;otftnkge;so s/ fBowkD BjhA j[zdk. fJ; bJh, s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ftPk y/so, Pk;B gqfeqnk d/ T[go'es fszB;soh s[bBkswe nfXn?B s~e ;hfws eoBk ns/ fJ; nkXko s/ okPNoh ;oekoK d/ fttjko Bz{ ;wMD dhe'fPP fJ~e ;hwk s'A pknd ;zGt BjhA j?.

wkDeK ns/ fttjko ;zpzXh fttkd wkDeK ns/ fttjko ;zpzXh fttkd wkDeK ns/ fttjko ;zpzXh fttkd wkDeK ns/ fttjko ;zpzXh fttkd wkDeK ns/ fttjko ;zpzXh fttkd (Controversy over the Relationship of Norms and Behav-iour)^ s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ ftPk y/so ;zpzXh d{ik fttkd nfXe ifNbsktK dk iDe j?. wkDe (norms)dh nfGftnesh ekBz{B, gqfeqnktK (procedures) ns/ fB:wK (rules) ft~u j[zdh j?. gqzs{ okiBhfse fttjkoeJh tko fJBK ekBz{BK d/ gqshe{b j[zdk j? ns/ fJjh s[bBkswe nfXn?B ft~u g/uhdhrhnK T[sgzB eodk j?. i/eo okiBhfse nkuoD fB:wK d/ nB[o{g oj/, sK s[bBk eoBk ;ob j't/rk. go jw/Pk nfijk BjhA j[zdk iK j[zdkj? sK pkXekoh Pesh d/ I'o s/ j[zdk j?.fJ; Bkb fJj ;w~f;nk T[sgzB j[zdh j? fe fJj okiBhfse fttjko s[bBkft~u Pkfwb eo e/ i/eo fBu'V e~Y/ rJ/, sK fBu'V nP[ZX jh j'Dr/. Bkb jh fJBK Bz{ s[bBk s'A pkjo o~yDk


B ØN


okiBhfse ftt;EktK dh tk;sftesktK s'A d{o ofjDk j?. fJ; bJh s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u fJj th d/fynk ikDk ukjhdk j? fe okiBhfse fttjko wkDeK d/ nB[e{b j? iK gqshe{b. noEks okiBhfse feqnk Bkb;zpzfXs ftneshnK d[nkok wkDeK d/ nfGftnes ekBz{Bk dk fezBk gkbD ns/ fezBk T[bzxD j[zdk j?<

fJ~E/ fJj fXnkB o~yDk Io{oh j? fe fB:w ns/ fttjko d't/A jh nub BjhA ofjzd/. fJj Io{oh BjhA fei' wkDe ns/ fttjko n~i j?, Uj nkUD tkb/ ;w/A ft~u th oj/. fJj d't/A jh frnkswe jB. fJBK ft~u;zs[bB (harmony) ns/ rsho'X d't/A jh j' ;ed/ jB. nkw s"o s/ fJBK ft~u gko;gfoesk ofjzdh j? ns/d't/A fJ~e d{i/ Bz{ gqGkfts eod/ ofjzd/ jB. fB:wK ft~u gfotosB, fttjko ft~u th gfotosB fbnkUAdkj?. ns/ fttjko nkg th BthB fB:wK dh ;EkgBk dk ekoD pD ;edk j/. fJ; bJh s[bBkswe okiBhshft~u fB:w ns/ fttjko d/ okiBhfse gfjb{nK dk nfXn?B th Pkfwb j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ihB pb"Dv/b B/th fbfynk j?^

“id'A fe nkXkoG{s fdqPNh Bkb s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ;zpzX ;oeko dh ;zouBk Bkb j'Dk ukjhdk j?, goBkb jh T[;dk ;zpzX fttjko d/ ;cfNs (harmony) gqshwkBK ns/ nkuoDK (harmony) Bkb th j'Dkukjhdk j?, feUAfe Uj ;oeko dh ihfts s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B y/so d/ pko/ ft~u T[go'es fttkdKd/ ft;fsqs ftt/uB s'A fJj ;gPN j? fe fJ; ft~u Bk e/tb Pk;BszsoK ns/ ;zrmBK dh s[bBk ehsh iKdhj?, ns/ Bk jh wkD ns/ fttjkoK d/ ;zpzXK dk ftPb/PD wkso jh ehsk iKdk j?, pbfe fJ; d/ y/so ft~ufJBK d'jK dk jh ;wkt/P Io{oh j?. fJ; bJh fBu'V tk;s/ fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe s[bBkswe okiBhshd/ ftPk y/so ft~u ftfGzB okiBhfse ftt;EktK dhnK Pk;B ;zouBKtK (governmental structures),Pk;B fttjko gqshwkBK (governmental behaviour patterns) ns/ r?o oki;h ;z;EktK d/ okiBhfsefttjko gqshwkBK dk nfXn?B th Pkfwb j?. fJ; soK s[bBkswe okiBhsh nfXn?B, ekBz{B fBowkD, ekBz{Bgq:'r ns/ ftfGzB okiBhfse ;z;EktK d/ nzrK Bkb ;zpzfXs fBofDnK ns? okiBhfse dbK ns/ dpkn ;w{jKfij/ ;zftXkBkfoes nfGeoDK (extra-constitutional agencies) d/ nfXn?B s~e jh ;hfws BjhA ofjzdk,pbfe fJ; s'A n~r/ tXdk j?.fJ; ft~u UBK s~EK dk nfXn?B th fJ~e ftfPPN sohe/ Bkb eoBk j[zdk j?i' nkw s"o s/ noE^Pk;so, ;wkiPk;so ns/ wkBtPk;so (anthropology) d/ y/so ft~u nkUAd/ jB.f;vBh topkf;vBh topkf;vBh topkf;vBh topkf;vBh topk (Sydney Verba) B/ s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B y/so dh ftnkgesk dk ;ze/s fdzd/j'J/ fbfynk j? ^

“s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u eqKsh dk PqhrD/P nB/eK ;kj;h f;XKsK d/ ekoD j'fJnk^fJBK ft~u fejk frnkfe e/tb toDB s'A n~r/ tX e/ f;XKse fdqPNh Bkb nfXe ;zrs ;w~f;nktK t~b d/yhJ/, fJ~e wkwb/ s'An~r/ tX e/ nB/eK wkwfbnK dh s[bBk t~b d/yhJ/, ;oeko dhnK n"gukfoe ;z;EktK d/ nfXn?B s'A n~r/ tXe/ okiBhfse gqfeqnktK ns// okiBhfse ezwK t~b d/yhJ/, ns/ e/tb g~Swh :{ogh d/PK dk nfXn?B Bk eoe/ J/Phnk ns/ ncohek ns/ b?fNB nwohek d/ Bt'fds okPNoK t~b d/yhJ/.”

fJ; dk noE fJj j? fe okiBhfse nB[GtK, ;z;EktK, fttjkoK ns/ ;oekoK dh w[~y ftt;EktK dh gqfeqnktKdk ftnkge o{g Bkb nfXn?B eod/ ;w/A s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u ;ir s/ ;[u/s s[bBktK dk ftfPPN wj~stj?. s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u UBK ;zftXkBkfsfoes nfGeoDK (agencies) dk nfXn?B th Pkfwb j[zdk j?fiBK dk n"gukfoe ;oekoh ;z;EktK Bkb gqs~y iK ngqs~y o{g ft~u fBeN dk ;zpzX j[zdk j? fit/A fe n?wHeofN; B/ th ;gPN fbfynk j? fe, “okiBhfse ;z;EktK ns/ okiBhfse fttjko dh ekoi gqDkbh ft~uwj~stg{oD fB:fwssktK, ;wkBsktK ns/ n;wkBsktK Bkb s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ;zpzX j?.”

nzs ft~u s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ ftPk y/so d/ ;zpzX ft~u fJj fBu'V e~fYnk ik ;edk j? fe fJ; dk ;zpzXPk;B gqDkbhnK dh ftfGzBsk ns/ ;wkBsk d'jK Bkb j?. gqzs{, ;wkBsktK s'A nfXe wj~st n;wkBsktK dkj?. nfijk fJ; bJh j? fe nkXkoG{s fdqPNh Bkb s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u okiBhfse ;wki ns/ Pk;Bszso dh gko;gfoesk ns/ ftftX okiBhfse fttjkoK Bkb ;zpzfXs gqfeqnktK dh s[bBk ehsh iKdh j?.ns/fJj gqfeqnktK ftfGzB d/PK ft~u ftfGzB soK dhnK j[zdhnK jB. ;wkfie ftt;Ek dk ;z;Ekrs gqekPB fGzBfGzB d/PK ft~u fGzB fGzB gqeko dk j'D d/ ekoD okiBhfse fttjko ns/ T[; Bkb ;zpzfXs gqfeqnktK Bz{ thfGzB fGzB gqeko dk pDk fdzdk j?. fJ; ftftXsk^fGzBsk ns/ ftPwsk:[es okiBhfse fttjko d/ s[bBkswenfXn?B Bkb s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ;zpzX j?.


B ØN


1H21H21H21H21H2 s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ftek; s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ftek; s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ftek; s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ftek; s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ftek; (Development of comparativePolitics)

s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ ftek; d/ gqw[~y uoDK dk ftt/uB eoD s'A gfjbK e[M fttkdK dh ;zy/g uoukIo{oh j?, feUAfe, fJBK fttkdK ft~u d' fttkd gqw[~y jB^ gfjbk fttkd j?, nfX^f;XKse (Meta-theoretical) ns/ d{ik j?, g{ot^f;XKse (Pre-Theoretical) fttkd. fJBK fttkdK dk ;zy/g ftt/uBfJ; soK j?.

nfX^f;XKse fttkd, f;XKsK d/ f;XKs (theory of Theories) Bkb ;zpzfXs j?. s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~ufJ; dk noE T[; fttkd s'A j?, fi; ft~u s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ e[M ftdtkB, fJ; nkXkoG{s f;XKs T[Zs/ws^ftG/d jB. s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ e[M ftdtkB, fJ; nkXkoG{s f;XKs, fi;s/ fJBK dhnK nfXn?Bg~XshnK ns/ ftPb/PD P?bhnK nkXkfos jB, Bz{ T[fus BjhA wzBd/ jB. fJj Bk e/tb fJ; Bz{ u[B"sh fdzd/jB, pbfe fJ; dk gfofsnkr eoBk ukj[zd/ jB. nkX[fBe okiBhsh Pk;sohnK dk wzBDk j? fe fJ;nkXkoG{s f;XKs Bz{ S~vDk Io{oh j?. id'A s~e fJj nkXkG{ssk pDh oj/rh, sd s~e s[bBkswe okiBhshft~u BthB g~XshnK ns/ gqftXhnK dk gq:'r ;zGt BjhA j't/rk. fJj ftdtkB s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ nkXkos/ fJ; nkXkoG{s f;XKs Bz{ rbs nfGw[yheoD (orientation) ns/ g~XshnK d/ ftek; ft~u o[ektNKnkUAdhnK jB. fJ; soK, fJ~e gk;/ gozgoktkdhnK d[nkok fJ; f;XKs dh ;koEesk ns/ T[g:'frsk dhr~b ehsh ikdh j?, ns/ d{i/ gk;/, nkX[fBe okiBhsh Pk;soh fJBK Bz{ Bk e/tb n;theko eod/ jB, pbfefJBK Bz{ fBooEe th wzBd/ jB. fJj ftdtkB s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u Bt/A nk:kw b~G oj/ jB, fiBKdh nkgDh g~Xsh, nkgD/ fdqPNhe'D ns/ nkXko j'D.

fJ; soK,nkX[fBe okiBhsh^ftdtkB Bekokswe Yzr Bkb sK s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u bzph ntXh s'Agqufbs f;XKsK Bz{ rbs d~; oj/ jB ns/ ;ekokswe Yzr Bkb Bt/A nk:kwK d/ nkXko, fiBK dh g~Xsh ns/fdqPNhe'D fGzB j't/, g/P eo oj// jB. fJj f;XKsK dk fttkd w"fbe j?. fJ; Bkb s[bBkswe okiBhsh dkg[oksB s'A nkX[fBe ft~u gqt/P dhnK nVuBK dk nkGk; fwbdk j?. fJj fttkd n~i th pfDnk j'fJnk j?.fJ~e gk;/, okiBhfse gqfeqntK dhnK ftfGzBsktK, ns/ okiBhfse fttjko dhnK ftfu~sosktK, s[bBksweftPb/PD Bz{ u[B"sh d/ ojhnK jB, ns/ gozgokrs nfXn?B fdqPNhe'D Bz{ jh frnkB dhnK toswkB ;hwktKft~u ;otPq/Pm mfjok ojhnK jB ns/ d{i/ gk;/, fJBK u[B"shnK dk ;kjwDk eoD bJh BthnK ntXkoDktK,BthnK nfXn?B g~XshnK ns/ Bt/A fdqPNhe'D ns/ T[gkrw g/P ehs/ ik oj/ jB. fJj f;XKsK dk fttkdjh nfX^f;XKfse fttkd efjbtkUAdk j?.

g{ot^f;XKfse fttkd dk noE T[g;fEsh Bkb ;zpzfXs fttkd s'A j?, i' f;XKs s'A gfjbK dh ;fEsh Bkb;zpzfXs j?.fe;/ th Pk;so ft~u f;XKs fBowkD dhnK fszB nt;EktK (;so) j[zdhnK jB. fJj fszB ;sojB^gfoebgBkeoD (hypothesisation), ;wkBheoD ns/ f;XKsheoD. g{ot^f;XKfse fttkd dk ;zpzXgfjb/ ns/ d{i/ ;soK s'A j?.nkX[fBe s[bBkswe okiBhsh ni/ s~e gfoebgBkeoD ns/ ;wkBheoD s'A n~r/BjhA tX gkJh j?.fJBK ;soK d/ ;zpzX ft~u th nB/eK fttkd jB. j?oh n?e;NhB B/ fJBK fttkdK d/ ekoDKT[Zs/ fN~gDh eod/ j'J/ fbfynk j? fe, “ s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ pko/ ft~u ;G s'A nkXkoG{s r~b fJj j? fen~i fJj nfijk nB[Pk;B j?, fi; ft~u nfsnkfXe fttkd jB, feUAfe fJj Pk;so fJ~e gqeko dh ftPb/PD P?bh s'A d{i/ gqeko dh P?bh ft~u ;zeowD dh nt;Ek ft~u j?.”

T[go'es ftt/uB s'A fJj ;gPN j? fe s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u fttkd jh fttkd jB. fJ; nB[Pk;Bdk e'Jh ;ob ns/ f;~Xk ftt/uB ;zGt BjhA. fJ; dh toswkB nt;Ek Bz{ ;wMD bJh j?oh n?e;NhBd/ nB[;ko fszB r~bK eoBhnK j'DrhnK. gfjbhgfjbhgfjbhgfjbhgfjbh sK fJj fe fJ; d/ ftek; dk fJfsjkf;e ftt/uBeoBk j't/rk. d{id{id{id{id{i/ fJj ;wMkUDk j't/rk fe fJj nB[Pk;B wsG/dK dh nt;Ek ft~u fet/A nkfJnk<ns/ shi/,shi/,shi/,shi/,shi/, fJ; d/ toswkB ftukoeK ft~u ftnkgs gqw[~y fttkdK ns/ UBK dh fJ; Pk;so s'A T[whdKdh ftnkfynk eoBh j't/rh. fJBK fszBK gqPBk d/ T[Zso nkg;h rmpzfXs jB ns/ fJ; Pk;so d/ftek; dk fJfsjkf;e ftt/uB eoD s/ pj[s e[M ;gPN j' ;eDr/. fJ; bJh s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ftek; s/ fdqPNh gkUDh pj[s Io{oh j?.


B ØN


s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gozgokrs XkoDk s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gozgokrs XkoDk s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gozgokrs XkoDk s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gozgokrs XkoDk s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gozgokrs XkoDk (The classical Tradition ofComparative Politics)s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk fJfsjk; brGr UBk jh gqkuhB j?, fizBk okiBhfse fuzsB dk fJfsjk; j?. ;zg{oDfbfys fJfsjk; jh s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk fJfsjk; fejk ik ;edk j?. fJ; d/ ;G s'A gfjb/ fuzse ns/b/ye j'D dk Pq/n no;s{ Bz{ jh gqkgs j?. no;s{ dh G{fwek s[bBkswe okiBhsh Bz{ m'; nkXko d/D ft~uBk e/tb wj~stg{oD wzBh iKdh j?, pbfe eJh ekoDK s'A w"fbe th ejh ik ;edh j?. no;s{ B/ fiBK;w~f;nktK Bz{ s[bBkswe ftPb/PD bJh u[fDnk ns/ fiBK g~XshnK dk okiBhfse nfXn?B ft~u gqubBehsk, Uj n~i th s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u gqufbs jB. no;s{ B/ okiBhsh Pk;so Bz{ nB[Pk;B d/ o{gft~u gqXkBsk fd~sh, ns/ fJ; r~b s/ I'o fd~sk fe okiBhsh dk nfXn?B fJ; soK j'Dk ukjhdk j? fe fi;Bkb okiBhsh ;zpzXh frnkB dk ftek; fJ~e Pk;so d/ o{g ft~u ehsk ik ;e/. id'A fe;/ nfXn?B Bz{ Pk;sodk o{g d/Dk j[zdk j?, sK ;G s'A gfjbK T[; dh nfXn?B g~Xsh dh y'i ehsh iKdh j?, fi; Bkb fJj gskbrkfJnk ik ;e/ fe Uj fejVhnK fejVhnK g~XshnK jB, i' T[; Bz{ Pk;so pDkUD ft~u nfXe s'A nfXe;jkfJe j'DrhnK< no;s{ B/ ;G s'A gfjbK UBK g~XshnK Bz{ d~f;nk ns/ s[bBkswe okiBhsh nfXn?B Bz{Pk;so d/ o{g ft~u ftef;s eoD dk nkozfGe gq:k; ehsk.

no;s{ B/ s[bBkswe okiBhsh Bz{ e/tb f;XKse pb jh BjhA fd~sk, pbfe ssekbhB ftPt ft~u gqufbs158 ;zftXkBK dk s[bBkswe ftPb/PD eo e/ okiBhfse nfXn?B Bz{ ;[fBPfus s~EK s/ nkXkfos ehsk.nB[Gkfte ftPb/PD dk fJj ;otgqEw gq:'r ;h. no;s{ B/ nkgDh g[;se g'bhfNe;g'bhfNe;g'bhfNe;g'bhfNe;g'bhfNe; ft~u okiBhshdh nfXn?B g~XshnK ;zpzXh gqPB T[mkJ/, ns/ nB/eK gqPBK dk nkg jh fJ; g[;se ft~u T[Zso th fd~sk.no;s{ B/ gb/N' d[nkok gq:[es fBrwBkswe g~Xsh Bz{ okiBsh Pk;so ft~u gfonkgs BjhA wzB e/nkwkBkswe g~Xsh T[Zs/ pb fd~sk. g~XshnK d/ gqsh no;s{ dk fJj ftP/P brkt g'bhfNe;g'bhfNe;g'bhfNe;g'bhfNe;g'bhfNe; Bz{ fJ~e g~Xsh;zpzXh g[;se pDk fdzdk j?, fi; ft~u ;kohnK g~XshnK ;zpzXh gqPB T[mkJ/ rJ/ jB. nzs ft~u fJj efjDkmhe j't/rk fe no;s{ ‘s[bBkswe g~Xsh’ d/ gotose j'D d/ ekoD ‘s[bBkswe okiBhsh’ d/ ;z;Ekge th;B. UBK B/ ;oekoK d/ torheoD d/ bJh ;[fBPfus nkXko d~;/, ns/ s[bBkswe g~Xsh Bz{ gqufbs ehsk.fJ; bJh no;s{ dk s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u ftP/P ;EkB ns/ wj~st j?.

w?fent/bh ns/ g[BLikroD ekb w?fent/bh ns/ g[BLikroD ekb w?fent/bh ns/ g[BLikroD ekb w?fent/bh ns/ g[BLikroD ekb w?fent/bh ns/ g[BLikroD ekb (Machiavelli and Renaissance)

s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk nkX[fBe nfXn?B, g[BLikroD ekb d/ okiBhfse fuzsB s'A nkozG j'fJnk wzfBnkiKdk j?. fJ; ekb ft~u oki Bz{ ‘d?th’ (divine) BjhA ‘wkBtfeqas’ wzfBnk frnk ns/ fJ; bJh fJ; d/g[BormB iK Bt^fBowkD dk iK fJj ej' fe fJ; dk ;[Xko wkor fsnko j'fJnk.

w?fenkt/fb gzdothA^;'bthA Pskpdh d/ fJ; ;z;feqfse g[BLikroD ekb dk jh fPP{ ;h. T[;B/ okiBhshPk;so ft~u g~Xsh ;zpzXh gqPB fco T[mkJ/ ns/ okiBhfse nfXn?B Bz{ ftfrnkfBe ;o{g gqdkB eoD dhngqs~y e'fPP ehsh. s[bBkswe okiBhsh Bz{ sK w?fenkt/fb dh wj~stg{oD d/D ojh j?, feUAfe T[;d/okiBhsh ;zpzXh ;ko/ fBu'V ftfGzB Pk;B ftt;EktK d/ s[bBkswe nfXn?B s/ jh nkXkfos jB. T[; dhg[;se fgqz;fgqz;fgqz;fgqz;fgqz; (Prince) d/ nfXn?B s'A, s[bBkswe okiBhfse nB[Pk;B Bz{ T[;dh d/D dk ;ze/s fwbdk j?.fJ; g[;se ft~u w?fenkt/fb B/ fJj ftnes ehsk j? fe okiBhsh dk ftt;fEs ns/ s[bBkswe nfXn?BfeUA Io{oh j?< T[;d/ fuzsB ns/ b/yB s'A fJj ;gPN j[zdk j? fe oki wkBt d[nkok fBofws ;z;Ek j? ns/okiBhsh dk T[d/P ;wkfie nfG:zsoD (social engineering) s'A j?.

w?fenkt/fb B/ d~f;nk fe oki wkBt d[nkok fBofws j? ns/ fJ; bJh fJ; ft~u fGzBsktK gkJhnK iKdhnKjB. fJBK ftftX okiBhfse ftt;EktK d/ s[bBkswe nfXn?B s'A p/jso ftt;Ek dk frnkB gqkgs ehsk

s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk gqEw fuzse ns/ b/ye j'D dk Pq/n fe; Bz{ gqkgs j?<Nk;e


B ØN


ik ;edk j?. ftfGzB gqeko Bkb ou/ rJ/ oki ftfGzB gqeko d/ ezw eod/ jB. fJBK ft~u'A e[M uzr/ ns/ e[Mp[o/ th j' ;ed/ jB. fJj uzr/ ns/ p[o/ oki dk frnkB fe;/ Pk;B ftt;Ek d/ s[bBkswe nfXn?B s'A jh;zGt j?. fJ; soK w?fent/fb d[nkok gq;skfts s[bBkswe nfXn?B d/ nkXko s/ okiBhfse fttjko d/ pko/ft~u gqkozfGe ;wkBheoD eo ;eDk ;zGt j?.

w?fenkt/fb d/ okiBhfse fuzsB s'A fJ~e r~b fJj T[~Godh j? fe okiBhsh dk T[d/P ;wkfie nfG:zsoD j?.jo okPNo fJj ukj[zdk j? fe UBK d/ okiBhfse feqnk ebkgK d/ cb;o{g p/jso ;wki dh ouBk j't/. ;wkidh nfijh ouBk bJh okiB/sk fGzB fGzB wkor ngDkUAd/ jB. fJ; ekoD UBK d/ ezwK dk gqshwkB;ot^T[Zsw j?. fJ; d/ T[Zso bJh nB/eK d/PK d/ Pk;eK d/ ekoi ebkgK d/ gqshwkBK dk s[bBkswe nfXn?BIo{oh j' iKdk j?. fJjh w?fent/fb B/ th ehsk ns/ fJ; ekoD Uj s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk gq/oe pfDnk.

w?fenkt/fb B/ ;ot^T[~sw okiBhsh ns/ ;wkfie ftt;Ek d/ frnkB d/ bJh ftfGzB gqeko dhnK ftt;EktKdh s[bBk Bz{ Io{oh wzfBnk j?. T[;B/ nkg Pk;eK Bz{ ;bkj d/D bJh ftfGzB d/PK dhnK okiBhfse ftt;EktKns/ Pk;eK d/ ezwK dk nfXn?B ehsk, ns/ UBK dh go;go s[bBk eo e/ fBu'V e~Y/. fJj fBu'V fgqz;fgqz;fgqz;fgqz;fgqz; Bkweg[;se ft~u Pk;e Bz{ ;[Mkn d/ o{g ft~u ftnes j'J/. T[dkjoD bJh, T[;B/ d~f;nk fe Pk;e Bz{ ‘feokJ/d/ ;?fBeK’ (social engineering) T[Zs/ fBoGo BjhA ofjDk ukjhdk. fJ; ;wkBheoD dh gqwkfDesk d/ bJhw?fenkt/fb B/ ftfGzB d/PK d/ Pk;eK d/ s[bBkswe nkXko T[Zs/ fJ~em/ ehs/ T[dkjoD fd~s/. s[bBksweokiBhsh Bz{ fJj T[;dh ngqs~y d/D j?. T[;B/ s[bBkswe okiBhsh T[Zs/ e'Jh g[;se sK BjhA fbyh, gqzs{nkgDh g[;se fgqz;fgqz;fgqz;fgqz;fgqz; ft~u ftfGzB Pk;B ftt;EktK d/ s[bBkswe nfXn?B d/ nkXko s/ e~Y/ rJ/ fBu'V Pkfwbeo e/, s[bBkswe okiBhsh nfXn?B dk wj~st ;gPN ehsk.

j?oh n?e;NhB B/ fgqz;fgqz;fgqz;fgqz;fgqz; dk s[bBkswe g~Xsh dh fdqPNh Bkb w[~bKeD eod/ j'J/ fbfynk j? fe fJj fBwB;so dh g[;se j?. fJ; d/ fBu'V th ;[ftt;fEs ns/ T[Zue'Nh d/ BjhA jB, ns/ fJBK s/ nkXkfos f;XKsth n;s^ftn;s jh jB ns/ fJBK f;XKsK Bz{ i' Pk;soh o{g fd~sk frnk j?, Uj th ftfeqs jh j?. gqzs{n?e;NhB fJj ;theko eod/ jB fe i/eo w?fenkt/fb B/ fJzB/ ftfeqs Yzr Bkb s[bBkswe g~Xsh dk gq:'rBk ehsk j[zdk sK n~i s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u gq:[es P[ZX g~XshnK dh y'i Bk j' gkUAdh. fJ; bJhw?fenkt/fb d[nkok gq;s[s g~XshnK, s[bBkswe nfXn?B dhnK toswkB dhnK gfoP[ZX P?bhnK dh g[PmG{whwzBhnK ik ;edhnK jB.fJ; soK, fJj efjDk T[fus j't/rk, fe w?fenkt/fb dh s[bBkswe okiBhsh Bz{ngqs~y d/D th nfsnzs wj~stg{oD j?.

w"AN/;feT{ ns/ p[ZXhtkd :[rw"AN/;feT{ ns/ p[ZXhtkd :[rw"AN/;feT{ ns/ p[ZXhtkd :[rw"AN/;feT{ ns/ p[ZXhtkd :[rw"AN/;feT{ ns/ p[ZXhtkd :[r (Montesquieu and The Enlightment):

p[ZXhtkd d/ :[r ft~u s[bBkswe okiBhsh dhnK g~XshnK Bz{ S~v e/ fiBK ;w~f;nktK Bz{ T[mkfJnk frnkns/ i' f;XKs gqfsgkfds ehs/ rJ/, Uj nkX[fBe jh BjhA, pbfe nfXe gfoP[ZX th fdykJh fdzd/ jB.fJBK ft~u w"AN/;feT{ dh feqsh fd ;fgfoN Uc fd bkIfd ;fgfoN Uc fd bkIfd ;fgfoN Uc fd bkIfd ;fgfoN Uc fd bkIfd ;fgfoN Uc fd bkI (The Spirit of the Laws) j?okBhiBe o{gft~u nkX[fBe j?.

w"AN/;feT{ th w?fen/t/fb dh soK jh nkgD/ fuzsB dk Nhuk okiBhsh s~e ;hfws o~ydk ;h. gqzs{ T[;dkT[d/P fJj d~;D dh pikJ/ fe ;oekoK fe; soK fttjko eoD, fJj d~;Dk nfXe ;h fe ;oekoK dk ;zrmBfe; soK ehsk ikt/< T[;B/ nkrwBkswe g~Xsh dk gq:'r ;zftXkfBe nfGfB:zsoFD (The Spirit of theLaws) ft~u ehsk. w"AN/;feT{, ;zftXkB fBowkD dh ebk Bz{ Bk e/tb ftef;s jh eoBk ukj[zdk ;h, pbfeT[; Bz{ ftfrnkfBe nkXko th gqdkB eoBk ukj[zdk ;h. T[; dk wzBDk ;h fe i/eo okiBhfse ftt;Ek,

w?fenkt/fb ;wki Bz{ ;zpzXK dk gqshe d~; e/ fJBK ;zpzXK dh fGzBsk dk ;ze/s fdzdk j?. fJj;zpzX fJ~e d/P ft~u jh fGzB fGzB gqeko d/ BjhA j[zd/, pbfe jo d/P ft~u nb~r nb~r soKd/ j[zd/ jB. fJ; Bkb fJj gqPB ;kjwD/ nkUAdk j? fe fe; ;wki ft~u ;zpzX p/jso jB<w?fenkt/fb B/ ;wki ftt;Ek dk frnkB th s[bBkswe nfXn?B Bkb jh ;zGt wzfBnk j?.

B'N;


B ØN


;wkfie ftt;Ek ns/ tksktoD ft~u ;zs[fbs ;zpzX ;Ekfgs ehsk ikt/, sK T[fus ;zftXkB dk fBowkD ;zGtj't/rk. T[; dk fJj th efjDk ;h fe ;wkfie ftt;Ek wkBt fBofws j?.fJj ;wkfie ftt;Ek, w"AN/;feT{d/ nB[;ko, ;zpzXK ns/ ;zrmBK dk gqshe j?.fJj ;zpzXK ns/ ;zrmBK dh gqfeqsh wB[~yK d[nkok pdbh ik ;edhj?. fJj ;wkfie gfotosB Bz{ fJ~e seBhe efjzdk j?, ns/ fJ; Bz{ wkBt^;zukfbs wzBdk j?.

fJBK dkoPfBe ftukoK Bz{ g[;se o{g fdzd/ ;w/A w"AN/;feT{ Bz{ s[bBkswe g~Xsh dk gq:'r Io{oh fdykJhfd~sk. s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ d[nkok Uj d/y ;edk ;h fe ftfGzB ;wkiK ft~u'A fejV/ ;wkiK dk ;zrmB p/jso j?. fJ;/ d/ d[nkok Uj d/y ;edk ;h fe fJBK ;zpzXK ns/ ;zrmBK Bz{ wB[~y B/ pdbD dh fe; soKe'fPP ehsh ns/ fJj e'fPP fe~E'A s~e ;cb j'Jh j?< i/eo ;cb j'Jh j? sK feUA ns/ i/eo BjhA j'Jh sKfeUA< fJBK ;G gqPBK d/ T[ZsoK dh y'i B/ T[; Bz{ s[bBkswe g~Xsh dk gq:'r eoD dh nt;Ek ft~u yVkeo fd~sk. fJ; gqeko s[bBkswe nfXn?B ft~u T[;d/ ftukoK dk w[~y fpzd{ s[bBkswe g~Xsh T[Zs/ pb d/Dk pDfrnk. fJ; s'A fJbktk w"AN/;feT{ dh s[bBkswe okiBhsh Bz{ ftP/P o{g ft~u fJj d/D ojh j?^

(e) okiBhfse ftt;EktK dk ;zouBkswe gqfeqnkswe ftPb/PD (e) okiBhfse ftt;EktK dk ;zouBkswe gqfeqnkswe ftPb/PD (e) okiBhfse ftt;EktK dk ;zouBkswe gqfeqnkswe ftPb/PD (e) okiBhfse ftt;EktK dk ;zouBkswe gqfeqnkswe ftPb/PD (e) okiBhfse ftt;EktK dk ;zouBkswe gqfeqnkswe ftPb/PD (The Spirit of the Laws)^w"AN/;feT{ B/ fJj d~f;nk fe okiBhfse ftt;EktK Bz{ Bk e/tb ;zrmBK dh s[bBk Bkb ;wfMnk ik ;edkj?, ns/ Bk jh e/tb ezwK d/ ;zdoG ft~u fJ; Bz{ ;wMDk ;zGt j?. fJBK ft~u'A fe;/ fJ~e nkXko Bkb okiBhfseftt;EktK dh tk;sftesktK Bz{ ;wfMnk BjhA ik ;edk. fJ; bJh UBK B/ d~f;nk fe okiBhfse ftt;EktKBz{ ;wMD bJh UBK d/ ;zrmBK ns/ feqnktK dk ftPb/PD eoBk Io{oh j?.T[; B/ fJj th d~f;nk fe fJjftPb/PD okiBhfse ftt;EktK dk nb~r nb~r eoBk T[g:'rh BjhA j[zdk. fJj ftPb/PD s[bbkswe eoBkj't/rk. w"AN/;feT{ d[nkok ;zouBktK ns/ ekoiK, d'jK Bz{ jh s[bBkswe ftPb/PD ft~u Pkfwb eoBk n;bft~u okiBhfse ftt;EktK d/ nkX[fBesw T[gkrw, ;zouBkswe^gqfeqnkswe dk ;ze/s d/Dk j?.

(y) okiBhfse ftt;EktK dh gqekoDk (y) okiBhfse ftt;EktK dh gqekoDk (y) okiBhfse ftt;EktK dh gqekoDk (y) okiBhfse ftt;EktK dh gqekoDk (y) okiBhfse ftt;EktK dh gqekoDk (Typology of Political Systems)^ w"AN/;feT{ B/ ;gPNehsk fe okiBhfse ftt;EktK d/ ;zrmBK ns/ gqfeqnktK dk s[bBkswe nfXn?B nkgD/ nkg ft~u g{oD BjhAj?. T[; B/ fejk fe okiBhfse ftt;EktK, s[bBkswe ftPb/PD d/ nkXko s/ torfhfeqs ehshnK ikD ns/fJ; r~b dk tk fXnkB o~yDk ukjhdk j? fe UBK d/ ;ztor pDkJ/ ikD. T[;B/ ftfGzB Pk;B ftt;Ektk d/torheoD d/ ;kXe Bz{ gqkgs eoD d/ ;kXe d/ o{g ft~u s[bBkswe g~Xsh Bz{ ngDkfJnk. fJ; soK w"AN/;feT{ d[nkok s[bBkswe g~Xsh jo soK d/ okiBhfse ftPb/PD d/ bJh ngfojkoe wzBh rJh.

(r) okiBhfse ftt;Ek, ;wki, noEftt;Ek ns/ gfot/P ft~u ;zpzXsk (r) okiBhfse ftt;Ek, ;wki, noEftt;Ek ns/ gfot/P ft~u ;zpzXsk (r) okiBhfse ftt;Ek, ;wki, noEftt;Ek ns/ gfot/P ft~u ;zpzXsk (r) okiBhfse ftt;Ek, ;wki, noEftt;Ek ns/ gfot/P ft~u ;zpzXsk (r) okiBhfse ftt;Ek, ;wki, noEftt;Ek ns/ gfot/P ft~u ;zpzXsk (Linkages betweenpolity, society, economy and ecology)^ jo oki ft~u ;wki, okiBhfse ftt;Ek, noEftt;Ek ns/gfot/P ft~u nN[~N ;zpzX j[zdk j?.;zpzX fGzB fGzB gqeko dk j' ;edk j?.fJ; bJh s[bBkswe g~Xsh Bkb jhfJBK ;zpzXK dh Pq/Pmsk dk frnkB gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j?. w"AN/;feT{ B/ s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ ftPk y/so dk th ;ze/s fd~sk fe fJ; ft~u e/tb okiBhfse ftt;Ek jh BjhA, e[M nzPK ft~u ;wkfie, nkofEens/ gfot/P d/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek T[Zs/ g?D tkb/ gqGktK d/ nfXn?B Bz{ th Pkfwb ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

(x) okiBhfse rfsnkswesk d/ :Ksfoeh f;XKsK dk gqfsgkdB (x) okiBhfse rfsnkswesk d/ :Ksfoeh f;XKsK dk gqfsgkdB (x) okiBhfse rfsnkswesk d/ :Ksfoeh f;XKsK dk gqfsgkdB (x) okiBhfse rfsnkswesk d/ :Ksfoeh f;XKsK dk gqfsgkdB (x) okiBhfse rfsnkswesk d/ :Ksfoeh f;XKsK dk gqfsgkdB (A set of MechanisticTheories of Political Dynamics)^ w"AN/;feT{ dk ftuko ;h fe okiBhfse rshftfXnK d/ ftP/ ftZu f;XKsfBowkD eod/ ;w/A gqw[Zy rZb fJj fXnkB oyDh ukjhdh j? fe f;XKsK dk nkXko wB[ZyK dhnK rshftXhnKiK wkBt fefonk jh oj/. okiBhfse gqfefonktK dk T[;B/ fJ; gqeko nfXn?B eoB dk ;[Mkn fdZsk fe T[BQKft~u wB[Zy jh e/Ado oj/. fJj th s[bBkswe Yzr Bkb j'D s/ jh, okiBhfse fttjko dh tk;sfte rfsnksweskdh sfj s~e gj[zu ;e/rk. fJ; s'A ;gPN j? fe w"AN/;feT{ B/ s[bBkswe okiBhfs Bz{ gqs~y o{g Bkb g'fPs ehskns/ ftP/Peo s[bBkswe g~Xsh Bz{ gfoPfeqs eoe/ s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk gqD/sk pfDnk.

11111.33333 okiBhfse ftek; dk noE iK gfoGkPk okiBhfse ftek; dk noE iK gfoGkPk okiBhfse ftek; dk noE iK gfoGkPk okiBhfse ftek; dk noE iK gfoGkPk okiBhfse ftek; dk noE iK gfoGkPk (The Meaning andDefinition of Political Development)

okiBhfse ftek; dk noE ns/ gfoGkPk eoB s'A gfjbK fJ;d/ ;zpzX ftZu gqufbs T[; fdqPNhe'DBz{ ;wM b?Dk io{oh j? i' ftek; Bz{ ftP/P wkor s/ nro;o gqfeqnk d/ o{g ftZu b?Ad/ jB. okiBhfse


B ØN


ftek; Bz{ b? e/ nfij/ d' fdqPNhe'D jB^

(n) okiBhfse ftek; dk fJZe^wkorh fdqPNhe'D (unilinear view), ns/

(p) okiBhfse ftek; dk pj[^wkorh fdqPNhe'D (multi-linear view).

(n) okiBhfse ftek; s/ fJZe^wkorh fdqPNhe'D o~yD tkb/ ftukoe fJj wzBd/ jB fe ;ko/ okPNo ftek;d/ wkor s'A j[zd/ j'J/ n~r/ tX oj/ jB. fJBQK dh fJ; ;zpzX ftu gfjbh wkDsk fJj j? fe ;ko/ okiK ftZuokiBhfse fte; dk e/tb fJZe jh wkor j?. fJ; ftuko d/ ;woEeK dh d{ih wkDsk j? fe d{Bhnk d/ ;ko/okPNo ftek; d/ fJ; fJZe wkor s/ ftek; dhnK tZy^tZy nt;EktK ftZu jB. fJBQK dh sh;oh wkDskfJj j? fe okiBhfse ftek; d/ bJh gqs:BPhb okPNoK d/ ;kjwD/ ftef;s okiK dk nkdoP j?. fJ;fdqPNhe'D d/ ;woEeK dk nfGws j? fiBQK ft~u'A fe;/ fJZe nkdoP Bz{ ftef;s okiBhfse ftt;Ek dknkdoP wzfBnk ik ;edk j?. gfjbk nkdoP g~Swh irs d/ okiK dk, d{ik ;'ftns o{; dk ns/ sh;oknkdoP uhB dk j?.

fJ; fdqPNhe'D ftZu okiBhfse ftek; dk fJZe wkor ns/ fJZe wkor d/ ekoD ftek; dh fJZe fdPk dkj'Dk jh ;theko ehsk frnk j?. j[D fJ; nkXko s/ fe;/ th okiBhfse ftt;Ek dk nftef;s s'A ftef;sdh fBozsoô/yk s/ nzfes eoe/ ;wMDk efmB BjhA j't/rk. fJ; fdqPNhe'D d/ gqfsgkdeK dk efjDk j? feokiBhfse ftek; d/ ;ze/seK (indicators) dk fBPu/ eoe/ okiBhfse ftt;EktK Bz{ fJ; ftek;^wkor s/nzfes eod/ th T[BK dhnK okiBhfse ;zouBktK ns/ gqfefonK dh rfsnkswesktK dk frnkB j' ikt/rk.fJ; Bkb okiBhfse ftt;EktK Bz{ ;[fBPfus ;ztorK ftZu ftGkfis iK torhfeqs eoBk nk;kB j' iKdkj?. fJ; ftek; wkor s/ d' okiBhfse ftt;EktK Bz{ fe;/ fJZe ;ze/se, bZSD iK gfotose d/ nkXko s/nzfes eoe/ s[bBkswe ftPb/PD eoBk th nfsnzs ;ob j' iKdk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh okiBhfse ;z;feqshd/ b"feeheoD dh ftP/Psk d/ nkXko s/ e[M okiBhfse ftt;EktK Bz{ ftek; wkor T[Zs/ fBwB gqeko Bkbfu~sfos eoe/ T[BQK dh gqfeqsh Bz{ ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?.

fu~so 1H1 ftZu n;hA tZy^tZy okiK dk ;z;feqsh d/ b"feeheoD d/ nkXko s/ i' ftek; fBozso s/ nzeDehsk j? T[j s~EK s/ nkXkfos BjhA j?. fJ; s/ wsG/d jh j'Dr/. feT[Afe, okiK dk fJj ;EkBKeD, e/tbfJ; fdqPNhe'D d/ ;woEeK d/ nB[;ko ftek; d/ fJ; fJZe wkorh ftuko dh s[bBkswe ftPb/PDK ftZuT[g:'frsk ;gPN eoB bJh wBwkB/ Yzr Bkb jh ehsk frnk j?.

(p) okiBhfse ftek; dk pj[Fwkorh ftuko fJ; Bkb fGzBsk o~ydk j?. ftek; d/ d{;o/ fdqPNhe'D d/ ;woEeokiBhfse ftek; Bz{ pj[wkorh wzBd/ jB ns/ fszB dbhbK fJ;dh g[PNh d/ bJh fdzd/ jB. T[BQK dh gfjbKwkBsk j? fe okiBhfse ftek; pj[FfdPkth ns/ pj[Fnk:kwh (multi-directional and multi-dimension-al) j?, feT[Afe, nkg ftek; dh nB/eK fdPktK j[zdhnK jB. T[BQK d/ nB[;ko okiBhfse ftek; ;kXkoDftek; dh Xkok ftZu ;wkJh j'Jh, gozs{, ;gPN o{g Bkb ftfP;N Xkok j?. ir ;wkiK dk ftek;pj[̂ fdPkJh j? sK T[BQK dk okiBhfse ftek; th pj[̂ fdPkJh j' iKdk j?. fJBQK dh d{;oh wkBsk gfjbh wkBskdk gfoDkw ejh ik ;edh j?. fJj wkBsk okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ pj[^wkorh wzBdh j?. fJ; wkBsk d/ fgZS/

xN xN xN xN xN fInkdkfInkdkfInkdkfInkdkfInkdk

okiBhfse ftek; fBozso o/ykokiBhfse ftek; fBozso o/ykokiBhfse ftek; fBozso o/ykokiBhfse ftek; fBozso o/ykokiBhfse ftek; fBozso o/yk

fuso 1fuso 1fuso 1fuso 1fuso 1.1 ;z;eqsh d/ b'feeoD d/ nkXko s/ okiK dk ftek; nzeB1 ;z;eqsh d/ b'feeoD d/ nkXko s/ okiK dk ftek; nzeB1 ;z;eqsh d/ b'feeoD d/ nkXko s/ okiK dk ftek; nzeB1 ;z;eqsh d/ b'feeoD d/ nkXko s/ okiK dk ftek; nzeB1 ;z;eqsh d/ b'feeoD d/ nkXko s/ okiK dk ftek; nzeB

okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk b'feeheoDokiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk b'feeheoDokiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk b'feeheoDokiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk b'feeheoDokiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk b'feeheoD

nftef;s okinftef;s okinftef;s okinftef;s okinftef;s oki ftef;s oki ftef;s oki ftef;s oki ftef;s oki ftef;s oki

(G{NkB) (B/gkb) (gkfe;skB) (Gkos) (nwohek) (G{NkB) (B/gkb) (gkfe;skB) (Gkos) (nwohek) (G{NkB) (B/gkb) (gkfe;skB) (Gkos) (nwohek) (G{NkB) (B/gkb) (gkfe;skB) (Gkos) (nwohek) (G{NkB) (B/gkb) (gkfe;skB) (Gkos) (nwohek)


B ØN


fJj XkoDk j? fe ftek; pj[wkorh jh j[zdk j? ns/ pj[wkorh jh j' ;edk j?. feT[Afe fJfsjkf;e, nkofEe,;wkfie, ;z;feqfse, ns/ okiBhfse gfo;EfsnK Bkb ftek; d/ T[d/P ns/ Nhu/ fBoXkos j[zd/ jB ns/fJ;/ Bkb ftek; dh fdPk dk fBo{gD j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh ftek; dh soQK jh okiBhfse ftek; th pj[wkorhj?. fJBK d' wkBsKtK s'A fJBQK dh sh;oh wkBsk T[ZGodh j?. fJ;d/ nB[;ko okiBhfse ftek; d/ nkdoPiK wzfIb fJZe' fij/ BjhA j[zd/ jB. ;kohnK okiBhfse ftt;EktK d/ ;kjwD/ e'Jh fJZe iK fJZe' fijk ftek;nkdoP BjhA j[zdk j?. fte;s ns/ ;wkitkdh okiK ftZu th fJB nkdoPK Bz{ b? e/ J/BQhnK fGzBsktK jBfe T[BQK dk nkdoP iK Nhuk ngBkUDk ;zGt th BjhA j?.

okiBhfse ftek; d/ wkor Bz{ b? e/ fJBK d'jK fdqPNhe'DK ftZu nKfPe ;wkBsk jh fdykJh fdzdh j?. g~Sw,;'ftns o{; iK uhB dk okiBhfse ftek; gqfswkB j[D ;theko BjhA ehsk iKdk j?. ftek;Phb okiK dkokiBhfse ftek; i/eo fJZe fdPk ftZu jh fojk j[zdk sK T[BQK dh gqfeqsh Bz{ ;wMDk nfsnzs ;ob j' iKdk.tk;sfte efmBkJh jh fJ~E/ nKUAdh j? fe fJBK d/PK ftZu ftek; dh Bk fJZe fdPk j? ns/ Bk jh ftek;dk e'Jh fJZe wkor j?. fJ~E'A s~e fe, okiBhfse ftek; d/ tZy^tZy gfjb[{nK Bz{ b? e/ th fGzBsktK ns/ftftXsKtK gkJhnK iKdhnK jB. fJ; bJh okiBhfse ftek; d/ wkor d/ ;zpzX ftZu d[{;ok fdqPNhe'DtX/o/ soe;zrs ns/ ;jh brdk j?. gozs{ fJBK fdqPNhe'DK Bkb okiBhfse ftek; d/ noE d/ pko/ ftZue/tb J/Bk ;gPNheoD j' gkfJnk j? fe fJj pj[w[Zyh ns/ nB/e wkorh gqfeqnk j?.

okiBhfse ftek; d/ noE Bz{ b? e/ j[D th ftukoeK ftZu wsG/d pfDnk j'fJnk j?. fJ;d/ noE s/wsG/d dk gqw[Zy ekoD fJ;dh ftnkfynk dk ftukoe ftP/P dk fdqPNhe'D j?. T[dkjoD bJh, ;goNn?wo;B, fbg;/N, e'bw?B ns/ eNokfJN B/ okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ nkofEe ftek; dh okiBhfse g{ot^Posd/ o{g ftZu ;wMD dk :sB ehsk j?. id'A fe o';N't fij/ noEPk;soh B/ fJ; Bz{ T[d:'fre ;kwiK dhftP/P okiBhsh fejk j?. r[Bko fwovkbb ns/ boBo fij/ ;wkiPk;sohnK B/ okiBhfse ftek; Bz{okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD dk d{ik BK fejk j?. fpzvo fJ; Bz{ okPNoh oki dk gqukbe iK ;zxNe wzBdk j?.for; B/ fJ;dh ftnkfynk gqPk;eh ns/ ekB{zBh ftek; d/ nkXko s/ ehsh j?. vkfJu ns/ ckbo; B/ fJ;Bz{ iB^;zukoD ns/ iB^;fjGkfrsk wzfBnk j?. nkwzv ns/ e'bw?B okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ b'eszso dk d{ikBK efjzd/ jB. ;kwtkdh ns/ skBkPkjh Pk;B ftt;EktK d/ ;woEe ;EkfJ~st ns/ ftt;fEs gfotosBBz{ okiBhfse ftek; dk BK fdzd/ jB. e[M ftukoe okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ Pesh iK ;zxNB dk fJZe o{g wzBd/jB. nkwzv, e'bw?B, pb?e, nkB;N?v ns/ e"oB j'io B/ okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ ;wkfie gfotosB dhpj[^fdPk^:[es gqfeqnk d/ fJZe gfjb{ d/ o{g ftZu ftt/fus ehsk j?.

fJBQK T[dkjoDK s'A fJj ;gPN j' iKdk j? fe okiBhfse ftek; dhnK ftnkfynktK ns/ T[;d/ tZy^tZy noEftukoe d/ fdqPNhe'D ftP/P s/ fBoGo eod/ jB. ;wkiPk;soh ns/ noEPk;soh d/ fdqPNhe'DK dh fGzBskd/ ekoD fJBK d'jK Bkb ;zpzfXs ftukoe okiBhfse ftek; dh tZy^tZy Yzr Bkb ftnkfynk eod/ jB.fJ; s'A fJj fBu'V fB~ebdk j? fe okiBhfse ftek; dk ;jh noE ;wMD s'A gfjbK fJ; dhnK ftfGzBftnkfynktK d/ Gowikb dk ftt/uB eoe/ fJj d/yDk j't/rk fe fJ;dk feBK feBK noEK ftZu gq:'r ehskiKdk j?. fb:{fPnB gkJh dk nfGws j? fe okiBhfse ftek; dhnK tZy^tZy ftnkfynktK fJ;Bz{ tZyFtZyfdqPNhe'DK Bkb t/yD ns/ ;wMD dh e'fPP dk gfoDkw j?. fJ; bJh okiBhfse ftek; dk noE ns/gfoGkPk ;wMD s'A gfjbK fJ; dhnK ftfGzB fdqPNhe'DK s'A ehshnK rJhnK ftnkfynktK Bz{ ft;sko Bkb;wMDk Io{oh j?, fi; Bkb fJ; d/ fJ~eg~yh iK fdqPNhe'D ftP/P T[Zs/ nkXkfos noE s'A pfunk ik;e/.fbT{fPnB gkJh B/ okiBhfse ftek; d/ ftfGzB noE ns/ ftnkfynktK dk T[b/y eod/ j'J/ fbfynkj? fe okiBhfse ftek; dh ntXkoDk dhnK fJzB/ fdqPNhe'DK s'A ftnkfynk ehsh ik ;edh j? fe fJBK ;GBKdh ;{uh pDkUDk jh ;zGt BjhA j?. gkJh B/ nkg jh okiBhfse ftek; dhnK d; ftnkfynktK dk T[b/yeod/ j'J/ fJj d~;D dh e'fPP ehsh j? fe fe; soK fJj ;G okiBhfse ftek; dk Gqkwkose noE ft~ugq:'r jB. fJBK ftnkfynK dk ;zy/g ft~u T[b/y eoe/ jh okiBhfse ftek; dk ;jh noE ;wfMnk ik ;edkj?. fJ; bJh n;hA fJBK Bz{ fJ~E/ ;zy/g ft~u d// oj/ jK. fJBK dk ft;sko Bkb ftt/uB gkJh B/ nkgDh g[;senk;g?eN; Uc g'fbNheb fvt?bgw?ANnk;g?eN; Uc g'fbNheb fvt?bgw?ANnk;g?eN; Uc g'fbNheb fvt?bgw?ANnk;g?eN; Uc g'fbNheb fvt?bgw?ANnk;g?eN; Uc g'fbNheb fvt?bgw?AN ft~u ehsk j?.gkJh d/ d[nkok gq:[es f;ob/yK d/ nkXko s/ jhn;hA fJj ftnkfynktK eo oj/ jK.


B ØN


(e) okiBhfse ftek; nkofEe ftek; dh okiBhfse g{otPos d/ o{g ft~u (e) okiBhfse ftek; nkofEe ftek; dh okiBhfse g{otPos d/ o{g ft~u (e) okiBhfse ftek; nkofEe ftek; dh okiBhfse g{otPos d/ o{g ft~u (e) okiBhfse ftek; nkofEe ftek; dh okiBhfse g{otPos d/ o{g ft~u (e) okiBhfse ftek; nkofEe ftek; dh okiBhfse g{otPos d/ o{g ft~u (Politicaldevelopment as the pre-requisite of economic development)^ ^ ^ ^ ^ fJ; ftnkfynk d/ ;woEe;goN n?wo;B, fbg;/N, e'bw?B ns/ eNokJhN jB. UBK d/ nB[;ko okiBhfse ftt;Ek, nkofEe T[ZBshdh ;w[fus ftt;Ek eoD d/ ekfpb j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh, okiBhfse ftek;, okiBhsh dh fJ~e nfijh ;fEshBz{ fejk ikt/, i' nkofEe T[ZBsh, gqrsh, ns/ ;fwqZXh ft~u ;jkfJe j't/. fJBK ftdtkBK d/ nB[;ko i'okiBhfse ftt;Ek nkofEe T[ZBsh ft~u ;jkfJe BjhA j't/rh, T[; ftt;Ek Bz{ okiBhfse fdqPNh Bkb T[ZBsBjhA fejk ikt/rk.

(y) T[d:'fre ;wkiK dh ftP/P okiBhsh d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (y) T[d:'fre ;wkiK dh ftP/P okiBhsh d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (y) T[d:'fre ;wkiK dh ftP/P okiBhsh d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (y) T[d:'fre ;wkiK dh ftP/P okiBhsh d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (y) T[d:'fre ;wkiK dh ftP/P okiBhsh d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (Political develop-ment as the politics typical of industrial societies)^ okiBhfse ftek; dh fJj XkoDk th nkofEeftek; Bkb i[Vh j'Jh j?. fJ; ft~u fJj wzfBnk frnk j? fe T[d:'fre ihtB th fJ~e nfij/ ;kXkoD gqekod/ okiBhfse ihtB Bz{ gqrN eodk j?, fi; Bz{ jo wki gqkgs eoBk ukj[zdk j?.fJ; dk noE fJjh j? feT[d:'fre ;wki, ukj/ UBK dh okiBhfse gqfeqsh fe; soK dh th j't/, okiBhfse fttjko ns/ ekoi;zukbB d/ ftP/P wkgdzv gq;s[s eod/ jB i' okiBhfse ftek; ft~u ;jkfJe j[zd/ jB ns/ ;G okiBhfseftt;EktK d/ bJh ftek; d/ ;w[fus NhfunK dk gqshfB~Xst eod/ jB.o';N't B/ nkofEe ftek; Bz{ go;go;zpzfXs d~f;nk j? ns/ fJj Bshik e~fYnk j? fe nkofEe ftek; dk jo ;so okiBhfse ;zrmB dh;zouBkswesk d/ Bkb ;ktnth ;zpzX o~ydk j?.fJj ftnkfynk th nkofEe g~y T[Zs/ pb d/D tkbh ns/nkofEe ftek; d/ Bkb okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ i'VD tkbh j'D d/ ekoD nwzBD:'r j' iKdh j?.

(r) okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (r) okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (r) okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (r) okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (r) okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (Politicial development aspolitical modernisation)^ okiBhfse ftek; d/ fJ; gfjb{ s/ nb~r f;ob/y d/ nzsors ft;sko Bkb ftukoehsk ikt/rk. fJ; bJh fJ~E/ J/Bk efjDk jh ekch j't/rk, fe fJ; o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; ns/ okiBhfsenkX[fBeheoD Bz{ fJ~e/ fijk wzB fbnk iKdk j?.i/eo e'Jh okiBhfse ;wki okiBhfse fdqPNh Bkb nkX[fBe j?,noEks T[; ft~u ;~sk dh p[ZXh;zrssk, ;zouBktK dk ftfGzBheoD ns/ ftP/PheoD ns/ iB^;fjGkfrsk j?, sKUj okiBhfse ftek; dh nt;Ek wzBh ikt/rh. gqzs{, okiBhfse ftek; ns/ okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD ;wkBkoEhBjhA jB. fJ~e okiBhfse ftt;Ek, okiBhfse fdqPNh Bkb ftef;s j' ;edh j?, gqzs{, okiBhfse fdqPNh BkbnkX[fBe th j't/rh fJj Io{oh BjhA j?. fJ; bJh fJBK d'jK Bz{ fJ~e wzB e/ okiBhfse ftek; dh ftnkfynk eoBkokiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD Bz{ ;ze[fus noE d/ dkfJo/ ft~u pzBDk j?.

(x) okPNoh oki d/ gqukbe d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (x) okPNoh oki d/ gqukbe d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (x) okPNoh oki d/ gqukbe d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (x) okPNoh oki d/ gqukbe d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (x) okPNoh oki d/ gqukbe d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (Political development as theoperation of nation state) ^ okiBhfse ftt;EktK n;b ft~u fJ~e okPNo d/ fBowkD Bkb jh sK;zpzfXs j[zdhnK jB. fJ; bJh okiBhfse ftek; dk wkgdzv, okPNohnsk dh GktBk d/ ftek; ns/ fJ~eokPNoh oki d/ fBowkD Bkb i'V fd~sk frnk j?. fJ; ft~u fJj wzfBnk frnk j? fe okiBhfse ihtB dk;zrmB ns/ okiBhfse rshftXhnK dk ;zukbB UBK wkgdzvK d/ nB[;ko j'Dk ukjhdk j?, i' fJ~e nkX[fBefdqPNh Bkb okPNoh oki s'A T[whdtkoh jB. fJ; noE ft~u okiBhfse ftek;, okPNoh oki dk ;wkBkoEhj' e/ fJ; dh ;EkgBk d/ Bkb o[e ikDk ukjhdk j?. fJ~E/ n;hA fJj efj ;ed/ jK fe okiBhfse ftek; efjd/Dk rbs j't/rk.t?;/ nB/e ftdtkB fJ; ws dk fto'X eod/ jB ns/ fJj wzBd/ jB fe g~Sw ft~u okPNohoki sK nzfsw ;so s~e gj[zu rJ/ jB, ns/ okPNoh okiK d/ o{g ft~u UBK dk nzs ;whg j? gqzs{ UBK dkokiBhfse ftek; ni/ eqfwe j?. fJ; bJh fJ; ws Bz{ e/tb UBK okiK ft~u jh ;jh wzfBnk ik ;edk j?,i' Bt'fds jB, ns/ fi~E/ okPNotkd fJ~e gqpb pzXBekoh Pesh d/ o{g ft~u ;feqn j?.fJ; bJh okiBhfseftek; Bz{ okPNoh oki d/ gqukbe d/ o{g ft~u th ;theko BjhA ehsk ik ;edk j?.

(u) gqPk;eh ns/ ftfXe ftek; d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (u) gqPk;eh ns/ ftfXe ftek; d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (u) gqPk;eh ns/ ftfXe ftek; d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (u) gqPk;eh ns/ ftfXe ftek; d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (u) gqPk;eh ns/ ftfXe ftek; d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (Political development asadministrative and legal development)^ e[M b'e fJj wzBd/ jB e'Jh th oki T[d'A s~e ftef;sBjhA wzfBnk ik ;edk, id'A s~e T[;d/ e'b ;kotifBe wkwfbnK dk gqGktPkbh gqPk;B eoD dh ftt;Ekd/ o{g ft~u ftXh;zws B"eoPkjh Bk j't/. fe;/ d/P ft~u B"eoPkjh jh okiBhfse ftt;Ek Bz{ ;feqn pDkUDdk wkfXnw j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh B"eoPkjh dh gqfeqsh, nkeko ns/ nkXko okiBhfse ftek; d/ gqw[~y b~SD


B ØN


wzB/ ik ;ed/ jB. B"eoPkjh dh soK jh d/P ft~u ;ot^ftnkgh ekBz{BK d/ wkfXnw Bkb ftXh d/ Pk;B dh;EkgBk dk j'Dk iK BjhA j'Dk th okiBhfse ftek; Bkb i'fVnk ik ;edk j?. fJjh ;jh j? fe okiBhfseftek; ft~u okiBhfse ;zouBktK dk ftfGzBheoD ns/ ftP/PheoD j[zdk j? ns/ fJ; Bz{ fttjkfoe pDkUDd/ bJh gqPk;eh iK eqfweK Bz{ Io{oh o{g d/D dh Io{os g?Adh j?.go fJj sK ;t/~Skukoh Pk;B ft~u thd/yD Bz{ fwbdk j? fe gqPk;B ubkUD bJh ftqj~so B"eoPkjh j't/, gqzs{ fJ; nkXko s/ fJBK Bz{ okiBhfsefdqPNh Bkb ftef;s BjhA wzfBnk ik ;edk. fJ; bJh fJj ftnkfynk th gqwkswe jh ejh ikDh ukjhdhj?.

(S) iB^;zukoD ns/ ;fjGkfrsk d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (S) iB^;zukoD ns/ ;fjGkfrsk d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (S) iB^;zukoD ns/ ;fjGkfrsk d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (S) iB^;zukoD ns/ ;fjGkfrsk d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (S) iB^;zukoD ns/ ;fjGkfrsk d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (Political development asadministrative and legal development)^ okiBhfse fdqPNh Bkb ftef;s okiBhfse ftt;EktKft~u iB^;zukoD ns/ iB^;zuko ns/ iB^;fjGkfrsk tX iKdh j?. fJj ;fjGkfrsk ouBkswe jh j't/,fJj Io{oh BjhA. iB^;zukbB ns/ iB^;fjGkfrsk d/ Bekokswe gfjb{ ysoBke ns/ okiBhfse ftek;dh EK s/ okiBhfse gsB d/ gqshe pD ;ed/ jB. d{ih g/uhdrh, okiBhfse ftek; dh fJ; ftnkfynks'A fJj T[sgzB j[zdh j? fe iB^;fjGkfrsk dk wkgdzv eh j't/. ;'ftns o{; ft~u fBotkuBK ft~u eohpeohp Ps^gqshPs wsdkB j[zdk j?.ns/ g~Swh iowBh ft~u fJj ws gqshPs 93 s~e gj[zu frnk ;h ns/nwohek ft~u e[M okiK d/ ;so d/ u[BktK ft~u fJj 40# s~e ofj iKdk j?. eh fJBK gqshPsK Bz{iB^;fjGkfrsk dk wkg wzfBnk ikt/. fJ; bJh okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u iB^;zukbBns/ iB^;fjGkfrsk Bkb i'V e/ ;wMDk efmB jh j?.

(i) b'eszso d/ fBowkD d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek;(i) b'eszso d/ fBowkD d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek;(i) b'eszso d/ fBowkD d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek;(i) b'eszso d/ fBowkD d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek;(i) b'eszso d/ fBowkD d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (Political development as theduilding of democracy)^ b'eszso d/ fBowksk d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; dh ftnkfynk eoBksoe;zrs brdk j?. fJ; noE ft~u okiBhfse ftek;, okiBhfse ;zouBktK ns/ gqfeqnktK Bz{ gqsh:'rh,;[szso ns/ iB^;fjGkfrsk d/ b~SDK Bkb :[es eoD dh gqfeqnk j?. fJ; ftuko d/ nB/eK ;woEe jBfe b'esKsfoe ftt;Ek dh ;EkgBk :EkoE ft~u okiBhfse ftek; jh j?. T[Zgo s'A d/yD s/ fJBK d'jKdh go;go ;zpzX^;{sosk dk ntP'XB j[zdk j?, gqzs{ b'eszso dk ftuko w[~bK ns/ ftukoXkoktK Bkb rmpzfXsj?, id'A fe okiBhfse ftek; dh ntXkoDk w[~bK ns/ ftukoXkoktK Bkb T[B:[es j?. fJ; bJh fJBK d'tKft~u ;zpzX ;Ekfgs eo ;eDk efmB j' iKdk j?.

(M) ;EkfJ~st ns/ ftt;fEs gfotosB d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (M) ;EkfJ~st ns/ ftt;fEs gfotosB d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (M) ;EkfJ~st ns/ ftt;fEs gfotosB d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (M) ;EkfJ~st ns/ ftt;fEs gfotosB d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (M) ;EkfJ~st ns/ ftt;fEs gfotosB d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (Political develop-ment as stability and orderly change)^ okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ ;EkfJ~st ns/ ftt;fEs gfotosBdh ftt;Ek th wzfBnk iKdk j?.fiBK okiBhfse ftt;EktK ft~u gfotosB dhnK ;[fBPfus ns/ ftt;fEsgqftXhnK gqu~fbs ojhnK ns/ fi~E/ r?oÎo{oh T[Eb^g[Eb BjhA j[zdh, Uj okiBhfse ftek; dh nt;Ekft~u wzBhnK iKdhnK jB. fJ~E/ ;EkfJ~st ;wkfie, nkofEe, ;z;feqfse ns/ okiBhsh ;G gfjb{nK Bkb;zpzfXs brdk j?.fJ;/ soK fJBK y/soK ft~u ftt;fEs gfotosB dh ftt;Ek Bz{ okiBhfse ftek; fejkikt/rk. fJ; noE ft~u fJj ;kXkoD ftek; dh ftnkfynk ejh ik ;edh j?, okiBhfse ftek; dhftnkfynk fJj BjhA j' ;edh. okiBhfse ftek; dk fJBK gfjb{nK Bkb e/tb ;zpzX jh j?, fJj fJBK T[Zs/g{oh soK Go';k BjhA eodk. fJ; noE ft~u d' efmBkJhnK j'o T[sgzB j[zdhnK jB. fJ~e sK fJj feftt;fEs gfotosB feBK ftXhnK d[nkok fBPgkfds gfotosB Bz{ fejk ikt/rk. fJ; T[Zs/ ;fjwsh j'jh BjhA ;edh. d{ih efmBkJh fJj j? fe ;EkfJ~st d/ ;ze/se fejV/ fejV/ pDkJ/ ikD. fJ; bJh okiBhfseftek; Bz{ fJ; o{g ft~u ;wMD dh e'fPP th ftP/P ;jkfje BjhA j?.

(N) Pesh ;zukoe d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (N) Pesh ;zukoe d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (N) Pesh ;zukoe d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (N) Pesh ;zukoe d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (N) Pesh ;zukoe d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; (Political development as stability andorderly change)^ okiBhfse ftt;Ek nkgDh g{oD Pesh dk gq:'r fe; ;so iK wksok ft~u eodh j?,fJ; nkXko s/ UBK dh ftek; nt;Ek Bz{ wkgD dh r~b th pj[s wj~st o~ydh j?. ftek; tkbhnK okiBhfseftt;EktK ft~u Pesh d/ gq:'r dh Io{os BjhA ofjzdh j?.fJ; ft~u fJj noE th ;zfBfjs j? fe okiBhfseftt;Ek ftek; d/ bJh fezBh Pesh ;wki ft~u i[Nk gKUAdh j?.Pesh i[NkUDk sK jh ;zGt j[zdk j?, id'A;oeko Bz{ ;[Gkfte iB^;woEB gqkgs j[zdk oj/. nfijh nt;Ek sK jh nkt/rh, id'A Pk;B ft~uiB^;fjGkfrsk j't/rh. fJ; Bz{ ftek; dh ;fEsh wzfBnk iKdk j?.fJj noE nzs ft~u okiBhfse ftek;


B ØN


dk b'eszso d/ Bkb ;zpzX eo fdzdk j? ns/ Ujh g/uhdrhnK T[sgzB j' iKdhnK jB, fiBK dh uouk n;hAfJ; s'A gfjbK b'eszso d/ ftek; d/ o{g ft~u eo e/ nkJ/ jK.

(m) ;wkfie gfotosB dh pj[^fdPk:[es gqfeqnk d/ fJ~e gfjb{ d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse(m) ;wkfie gfotosB dh pj[^fdPk:[es gqfeqnk d/ fJ~e gfjb{ d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse(m) ;wkfie gfotosB dh pj[^fdPk:[es gqfeqnk d/ fJ~e gfjb{ d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse(m) ;wkfie gfotosB dh pj[^fdPk:[es gqfeqnk d/ fJ~e gfjb{ d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse(m) ;wkfie gfotosB dh pj[^fdPk:[es gqfeqnk d/ fJ~e gfjb{ d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfseftek; ftek; ftek; ftek; ftek; (Political development as stability and orderly change)^ fJ; o{g ft~u okiBhfseftek; Bz{ ;wkfie gqfeqnk d/ ftfGzB gfjb{nK ft~u'A fJ~e gfjb{ wzB e/ ftnkfynkfJs ehsk frnk j?.fJ;;zpzX ft~u fJj sK mhe j? fe okiBhfse ftek; dk gfotosB dh ;wkfie gqfeqnk Bkb g~ek ;zpzX j?, gqzs{fJ; Bkb fJj T[; dk fJ~e gfjb{ BjhA pD iKdk. okiBhfse ywsk, nkofEe iK ;wkfie ywsk s'A Io{ogqGkfts j[zdh j?, gqzs{ fJBK Bz{ fJ; dk fBoDkfJe BjhA wzfBnk ik ;edk.fJ; bJh okiBhfse ftek; Bz{;wkfie gfotosB dh pj[^fdPk:[es gqfeqnk d/ fJ~e gfjb{ d/ o{g ft~u BjhA ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?.

okiBhfse ftek; dhnK fJBK ftnkfynktK d/ ;zy/g ftt/uB s'A fJj ;gPN j' iKdk j? fe okiBhfse ftek;dh ntXkoDk d/ noE s/ pj[s wsG/d jB. fJ; toDB s'A fJj r~b th T[ZGodh j? fe ftfGzB ftukoe,okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ nb~r nb~r fdqPNhe'DK d/ nkXko s/ okiBhfse ftek; dk ftfGzB gfjb{nK Bkb ;zpzXj[zd/ j'J/ th fJj nkgD/ nkg ft~u nb~r ns/ ;[fBPfus b~SDK tkbh ntXkoDk j?. fJ; bJh fJBK Bz{ fe;/ftnkfynk ftP/P ft~u pzBDk Bk sK mhe j?, ns/ Bk jh fJ; dh tk;sfte gqfeqsh Bz{ ;gPN eoD bJh Io{ohj?. i/eo :EkoEtkdh fdqPNhe'D Bkb d/fynk ikt/, sK okiBhfse ftek; dhnK fJj ;kohnK ftnkfynktKfJ~e g~yh ns/ fJ; ekoD nX{ohnK jB. fJBK ftnkfynktK ft~u ftukoe d/ fdqPNhe'D ftP/P d/ nkXkos/ okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ ;wMkUD dk gq:k; ehsk frnk j? i' nKfPe o{g Bkb jh wzfBnk ik ;edk j?. fJjhekoD j? fe fbT{fPnB gkJh B/ fJBK ;G ftnkfynktK Bz{ fJ~eg~yh iK ng{oD wzB e/ n;theko ehsk j?ns/ nkgDh ftnkfynk gq;s[s ehsh j?.

gkJh okiBhfse ftek; dh ntXkoDk T[Zs/ rfjokJh Bkb ftuko eoD tkb/ ftukoeK ft~u'A gqw[~y ns/ nrqDhftukoe j?.gkJh d/ nB[;ko okiBhfse ftek; dk noE eod/ ;w/A fJ;d/ fBoDkfJe s~sK Bz{ fXnkB ft~uo~yDk Io{oh j?.T[;d/ nB[;ko n;hA okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ fszB ;soK s/ j'D tkb/ ftek;K d/ o{g ft~ugfoGkfPs eo ;ed/ jK. T[; d/ nB[;ko okiBhfse ftek; d/ fuzB okiBhfse ftt;Ek d/ fszB fGzB fGzB;soK s/ y'i/ iKd/ jB. vkH n?;H ghH towk B/ fJBK fszBK ;soK Bz{ fBwBfbfys ;zdoGK iK gfjb{nK d/ o{gft~u ftt/fus ehsk j?^ (i) ;zg{oD iB^;zfynk d/ ;zdoG ft~u, (ii) Pk;eh ns/ ;kXkoD ftt;EkJhfBPgkJhB d/ ;so d/ ;zdoG ft~u, ns/ (iii) okiBhsh d/ ;zrmB d/ ;zdoG ft~u.

fJ; bJh okiBhfse ftek; dk noE iK ftnfynk okiBhfse ftt;Ek d/ fJBK fszB gfjb{nK ft~u j'D tkb/ftek;K dk ;w[~u j?.fJBK fszBK o{gK ft~u okiBhfse ftek; dh ftnkfynk eo e/ fJ; dk noE ;gPN eoBk;zGt j'trk. fJ; bJh ;zy/g ft~u fJBK fszBK dk nb~r nb~r ftt/uB eoBk Io{oh j?.

(i) ;zg{oD iB^;zfynk d/ ;zdoG ft~u okiBhfse ftek; dh ftnkfynk ft~u fJj d/fynk iKdk j? fe okiBhshftt;Ek dh iBsk dh gqfeqsh ft~u e'Jh w"fbe gfotosB j'J/ jB iK BjhA. i/eo fe;/ ftt;Ek dh iBskft~u nfGftq~skswe ns/ fttjkfoe gfotosB j' ikD, sK fJ; nkXko s/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek Bz{ okiBhfsefdqPNh Bkb ftef;s fejk ikt/rk. fJj gfotosB fJ; soK jB^ (e) iBsk r[bkwh d/ ;so s/ T[Zgo d/nfXekohnK d/ nkd/P gqkgs eoD ns/ UBK d/ nB[;ko ezw eoD dh EK s/ okiBhfse fBoD/ b?D dh gqfeqnk Bz{fBo{fgs eoD tkbh ns/ UBK ft~u ;fjGkrh pD ikt/. (y) iBsk okiBhfse gqfeqnktK d/ gqsh T[dk;hB Bk ofje/ UBK ft~u nfXekfXe ;fjGkrh pD ikt/. (r) iBsk ft~u ;wkBsk d/ f;XKsK d/ gqsh nfXe ;zt/dBPhbsk(sensitivity) nk ikt/ ns/ (x) ;otftnkgh fB:wK Bz{ ftnkgeso ;thfeqsh fwbD br ikt/. okiBhfseftt;Ek dh iBsk ft~u fJ; soK d/ b~SDK dk nkUDk iBsk d/ ;so s/ okiBhfse ftek; dk ;{ue j?.fJ;Bz{ fbT{fPnB gkJh B/ ‘;wkBsk’ d/ fJ~e Ppd ft~u nfGftnes ehsk j?.noEks, fi; okiBhfse ;wkift~u ;wkBsk j't/, Uj okiBhfse fdqPNh Bkb ftek; tkbk ;wki wzfBnk ik ;edk j?.

(ii) Pk;eh ns/ ;wkB ftt;EkJh fBPgkdB d/ ;so s/ okiBhfse ftek; dk noE okiBhfse ftt;Ek dhT[; nfGftq~s ywsk s'A fbnk iKdk j?, fi; Bkb Uj ;kotifBe wkwfbnK Bz{ j'o uzrh soK fBPgkfds eoDbrdh j?.okiBhfse ftt;Ek dh ywsk d/ fszB wkDdzv g{o/ j'D s/ ftt;Ek Bz{ ftef;s fejk ik ;edk j?.fJjfszB wkDdzv fJ; soK jB fe okiBhfse ftt;Ek^ (e) okiBhfse wkwfbnK dk T[fus gqpzX eo ;e/, (y)


B ØN


okiBhfse fttkdK Bz{ fB:zsfos o~y ;e/, ns/ (r) iBsk dhnK wzrK dk T[fus fBgNkok eo ;e/. okiBhfseftt;Ek ns/ Pk;eK ft~u fJBK fszBK ezwK d/ fBPgkdB dh ywsk Bz{ okiBhfse ftt;Ek dh ywsk fejk iKdkj?.fJ; soK, okiBhfse ftek; dh fJj ftnkfynk okiBhfse ftt;Ek dh ywsk d/ ;zdoG ft~u ehsh rJhftnkfynk j?.

(iii) okiBhfse ;zrmB d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ okiBhfse ftt;EktK ft~u ;zouBkswe ns/gqfeqnkswe gfotosBK Bkb i'fVnk iKdk j?.fJ~e ftP/P soK dh ;zouBkswe ftt;Ek okiBhfse ftek;dk b~SD gq;s[s eodh j?. okiBhsh d/ ;zrme d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ftek; tkbhnK okiBhfse ftt;EktKft~u fJj fszB b~SD nk iKd/ jB^ (e) ;zouBkswe ftfGzBheoD tX iKdk j?. (y) ;zouBktK ft~u pj[snfXe gqfeqnkswe ftP/PheoD j' iKdk j?. (r) ;fjGkrh ;z;EktK ;zrmBK ft~u nfXekfXe J/eskwJh;zs[bB ;Ekfgs j' iKdk j?. fJ; soK, okiBhfse ftt;Ek d/ ;zrmB d/ ;zdoG ft~u okiBhfse ftek;;zouBkswe ftfGzBheoD ns/ ekoikswe ftP/PheoD dk ;ze/se j?. fJ; Bkb ;zouBktK dh J/esk ns/;zs[bB Bz{ nKu BjhA nkUAdh. UBK ft~u J/esk, ;zs[bB ns/ gko;gfoesk pDh ofjzdh j?.

fbT{fPnB gkJh d/ nB[;ko okiBhfse ftek; dh fJ; fsqw[yh ftnkfynk d/ nkXko ;szG ;wkBsk, ywskns/ ftfGzBheoD jB. Uj UBK okiBhfse ftt;EktK Bz{ okiBhfse ftek; d/ wkor s/ nro;o wzBdk j?,fiBK ft~u iBsk ft~u ;wkBsk dk f;XKs bkr{ j't/, okiBhfse ftt;Ek ns/ ;oeko nkUD tkbhnK wzrK,fttkdK ns/ okiBhfse wkwfbnK dk fBPgkdB eoD ft~u ;woE j't/, ns/ fJBK Bkb ;zpzfXs ;zouBktKnb~r^nb~r ns/ ftP/Phfeqs j[zd/ j'J/ th ;zs[bB ns/ ;Kwzi; o~ydhnK ofjD.

okiBhfse ftek; ns/ okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD okiBhfse ftek; ns/ okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD okiBhfse ftek; ns/ okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD okiBhfse ftek; ns/ okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD okiBhfse ftek; ns/ okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD (Political Development andPolitical Modernisation)okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD ns/ nkX[fBeheoD d/ ;wkB jh ftek; dh gqfeqnk wzBD dhgqftq~sh ekch gqu~fbs ojh j?. ;G s'A gfjbK jfDzNrNB B/ okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ nkX[fBesk s'A nb~r gqfeqnkwzfBnk ns/ fJj d~f;nk fe d'jK ft~u ;zpzX j[zd/ j'J/ th d't/A nb~r soK dhnK gqfeqnktK jB. T[;B/nkX[fBeheoD Bz{ okiBhfse ftek; dk gq/oe Bk wzB e/ okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ nkX[fBeheoD fbnkUD tkbhgqfeqnktK ns/ ;zouBktK Bkb ;zpzfXs wzfBnk j?. jfDzNrNB d/ nB[;ko okiBhfse ftek; “okiBhfse;zrmBK ns/ gqfeqnktK dk ;z;EkeoD j?.@ fJ; soK, jfDzNrNB B/ okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ ;z;EkeoD eoDd/ ;wkB wzB e/ fJj ;gPN eoD dh e'fPP ehsh fe uzrh soK ;z;Ekfeqs okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u nfXenB[e{bsk, ifNbsk, ;tk:~ssk ns/ eqfwesk nk iKdh j?, i' okiBhfse ftek; dk ;ze/se j?. fJ; ftukoBkb okiBhfse ftek;, okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD d/ ;wkB jh ftek; gqfeqnk BjhA wzfBnk ik ;edk j?.jfDzNrNB B/ fJ; Bz{ nkX[fBeheoD s'A fGzB gqzs{ okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD Bkb g~eh soK ;zpzfXs gqfeqnkwzfBnk j?.

ikrtkokJhp B/ okiBhfse ftek; ns/ okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD ft~u nzso eod/ j'J/ fJj wzfBnk j? feokiBhfse ftek; dh ntXkoDk okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD s'A nfXe ftnkge ns/ ;otrqkjh j?. T[;B/ fJ;;zpzX ft~u fbfynk j? fe, “okiBhfse ftek; fJ~e gqfeqnk d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD ns/okiBhfse ;z;EkeoD dk i'V j?.@ (Political development, as a process, is political modernisa-tion plus political institutionalisation) nk:z;N?v B/ okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD dh gqfeqnk Bz{fJfsjkf;e ns/ gqfeqnkswe d'jK jh o{gK ft~u d/yD dh e'fPP ehsh j?. T[;B/ gqfeqnkswe fdqPNh BkbokiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD d/ fszB b~SDK dh uouk ehsh j?. fJj b~SD jB^ (e) nfsnkfXe ftfGzBfeqsokiBhfse ;zouBktK dk ftek;, (y) e/Adoh ;oeko dhnK rshftXhnK dk tXdk j'fJnk ft;sko ns/ (r)gozgokrs nfGiBK (elites) dk PeshjhD j'Dk. fJ; dk nfGws j? fe ;zouBkswe ftftXsk ns/ftfGzBheoD ns/ fBozso ;zouBkswe gfotosB d/ cb;o{g e/Ado ns/ fpqjso ;w{jK d/ ft~u gko;gfoeskns/ nzso feqnk tX iKdh j?. ns/ T[ZGodhnK ;zouBktK dhnK ;woEe fBozso gfotosB dk w[ekpbk eoDns/ dhoxekfbe ftek; fbnkUD tkbhnK j' iKdhnK jB. okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD Bz{ fJfsjkf;e fdqPNhBkb d/yd/ j'J/ nk:z;N?v B/ fJ; d/ d' uoDK dh uouk ehsh j?. gqEw ;fEsh ft~u, w~X tor fBoDkê/Ado ft~uPkfwb eo bJ/ iKd/ jB. ns/ fJ; d/ Bkb Bkb UBk bJh T[Bzs ihtB ;so dhnK ;fEshnK dhnK ftt;Ek


B ØN


j[zdh j?. fJ; d/ Bkb jh Bkb, b"feeheoD dh gqfeqnk ns/ T[d:'fre ftek; th j[zdk j?. d{ih dPk ft~uiBsk Bz{ g{oh soK fBoDk e/AdoK ft~u Pkfwb eo fd~sk iKdk j?.

fJ; soK ikrtkokJhp ns/ nk:z;N?v okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD Bz{ ftnkge ntXkoDk BjhA wzBd/ jB.ikrtkokJhp dk efjDk j? fe okiBhfse ftek; ft~u okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD s'A fJbktk ;z;EktK iK;zouBktK dk ;z;EkeoD th j' ikdk j?. nkwzv d/ nfGws dk T[b/y eod/ j'j/ T[;B/ okiBhfse ftek;ft~u (1) G{fwek ftfGzBheoD, fiBK ft~u (e) G{fwektK ns/ T[g^ftt;EktK dk ftP/PheoD, (y) ;o'sK dkbuhbheoD, (r) gqekoiK dh p[ZXh;zrssk ns/ (x) ;kXBK Bz{ fBofws eoBk Pkfwb j?. (2) T[g^ftt;Ek;t?/:~ssk ns/ (3) b"feeheoD d/ b~SDK dh r~b ejh j?. fJ; Bkb ikrtkokJhp fJj ;gPN eoD dhe'fPP eodk j? fe okiBhfse ftek; ft~u okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD s"A nfXe ns/ fGzB gqeko dkftfGzBheoD j[zdk j?. okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD ft~u ;~sk dh p[ZXh;zrssk, okiBhfse ;zouBktK dkftfGzBheoD ns/ okiBhfse ;fjGkfrsk jh gqw[~y nk:kw wzB/ rJ/ jB id'A fe okiBhfse ftek; ft~ui/eo nkwzv d[nkok fd~s/ rJ/ T[go'es b~SDK Bz{ jh bJhJ/, sK th fJ; Bkb fpqj~so ns/ fGzB gqekodhnK gfotosB gqfeqnktK dk noE^p'XB j[zdk j?/.fbT{fPnB gkJh B/ fiBK fszB b~SDK Bz{ ;otgqEwokiBhfse ftek; d/ bJh gqshgkfds ehsk, T[; nkXko s/ th okiBhfse ftek; okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoDs'A ftnkge ntXkoDk pD iKdh j?. fJ; dk ;zpzX gkJh d/ PpdK ft~u ;wkBsk, ywsk ns/ ftfGzBheoDs'A j[zdk j?.

T[go'es ftt/uB s'A ;gPN j? fe okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD ns/ okiBhfse ftek; ft~u b~SDK dh fdqPNhBkb w"fbe nzso BjhA gkfJnk iKdk j?. gqzs{, pkoheh Bkb d/yD s/ okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD, ;zeowDPhb;wkiK dh okiBhfse ftt;EktK ft~u nkUD tkb/ ;zouBkswe ns/ ;z;feqfse gfotosBK s~e jh ;hfwsj?. ukj/ fJ; Bkb okiBhfse ftt;Ek dhnK T[g^ftt;EktK, okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ns/ UBK dhnK gqfeqnktKft~u nkUD tkb/ gfotosBK dk p'X th j[zdk j?. gqzs{ fJ; Bkb okiBhfse ftt;Ek dh ywsk, T[gftt;EktKdh ;t?:~ssk nkfd dk ;ze/s BjhA fwbdk. fJ; soK, okiBhfse ftek; Bk sK nkX[fBeheoD dh gqfeqnkdk gfoDkw fejk ik ;edk j?, ukj/ okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD dk d{ik BK wzfBnk ik;edk j?. ukj/ okiBhfse ftek; ns/ okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD rfsnswe ntXkoDktK jB, ns/s[bBkswe okiBhfse nfXn?BK ft~u fJBK dk ftP/P o{g ft~u gq:'r T[g:'rh BshfinK s~e gj[zuD ft~u;jkfJe j[zdk j?, fco th d'jK ft~u ekch nzso gkJ/ ikd/ jB.

e[M ftdtkB, fiBK dk n;hA okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD d/ ft;fsqs ftt/uB ft~u T[b/y eoKr/, T[go'esftuko Bkb ;fjws BjhA jB. UBK d/ nB[;ko okiBhfse ftek; dh ntXkoDk ;hfws ns/ ;E?fse (static)j?. feUAfe, fJ; dk ;zpzX w[~y s"o s/ ;zouBktK d/ ;z;EkeoD s'A j?, id'A fe nkX[fBeheoD d/ okiBhfseg~y dk ;zpzX w[~y s"o s/ ;z;feqfse gfotosBK s'A j?. fJBK ftdtkBK dk wzBDk j? fe fJ; Bkb okiBhfseftek; dk ;zpzX n"gukfoesktK Bkb i[V iKdk j?. id'A fe, okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD dk ;zpzX tk;sftesktKBkb nfXe j[zdk j?. fJ; ;zpzX ft~u n;hA ftdtkBK ft~u wsG/d jh nfXe gkUAd/ jK. id'A s~e ;ko/ ftdtkBokiBhfse ftek; ns/ okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD d/ noE ns/ b~SDK T[Zs/ ;fjws Bk j' ikD, sd s~e fJBKd'jK ft~u'A fejVh ntXkoDk ftnkge ns/ fpqj~so ;zpzX o~ydh j?, efj ;eDk ;zGt BjhA j?. T[dkjoD bJh,i/eo fbT{fPnB gkJh d/ nB[;ko, okiBhfse ftek; dk noE ns/ b~SD (;wkBsk, ywsk ns/ ftfGzBheoD)bJ/ ikD sK fJj okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD d/ w[ekpb/ ft~u ;hfws pD iKdh j?. i/eo fJ; dk nkwzv d/d[nkok d~f;nk frnk noE ns/ b~SD (G{fwek ftfGzBheoD, T[g^ftt;Ek ;t?:~ssk ns/ b"feeheoD) bJ/ikD sK fJj okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD s'A nfXe ;otrqkjh ntXkoDk pD iKdh j?. fJ;/ soK, ikrtkoJhpd/ d[nkok T[b/fys b~SD (;wkfie ;kwzi;, ;fjGkfrsk, ;wkBo{gsk, gqshfBXkswesk, t?Xsk ns/ gq:'isk)fJ; Bz{ J/Bh ftnkge ntXkoDk pDk fdzd/ jB fe okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD fJ; dk go'y o{g Bkb gfoDkwpD iKdk j?.

fBu'V bJh n;hA fJj efj ;ed/ jK fe okiBhfse ftek; ns/ okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD T[Zs/ J/Bk wsG/d pfDnkj'fJnk j? fe ;[fBPfus o{g Bkb e[M efj ;eDk efmB j?. T[dkjoD bJh, nk:z;N?v B/ okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoDdh gqfeqnk Bz{ gqfeqnkswe (nfsnkfXe ftfGzBhfeqs okiBhfse ;zouBktK dk ftek;, e/Ado ;oeko dhnK


B ØN


rshftXhnK dk tXdk j'fJnk ft;sko ns/ gozgokrs nfGiBK dk PeshjhD j'Dk ns/ fJ; d/ cb;o{ge/Ado ns/ fpqj~so ;w{jK d/ w~X gko;gfoesk ns/ nzso feqnk ft~u tkXk ns/ T{Xotorkwh iKT[ZGodhnK ;zouBktK dh ;koEe fBozso gfotosB dk w[ekpbk eoD ns/ dhoxekfbe ftek; fbnkUDtkbh j' ikDk) ns/ fJfsjkf;e (w~X tor fBoDk e/AdoK ft~u Pkfwb ehs/ rJ/ ns/ d{ih nt;Ek ft~u iBskBz{ g{oh soK fBoDk e/AdoK ft~u Pkfwb eoBk) fdqPNh Bkb d/y e/ J/Bh ftnkge ntXkoDk pDk fd~sk j? fefJj okiBhfse ftek; Bkb'A fe;/ soK ;hfws BjhA ofj iKdh j?. fJ; bJh fJBK d'jK d/ pko/ ft~u ;kg/ysktkb/ Bshi/ fJBK d/ noEK ns/ b~SDK ftP/P Bkb i'V e/ jh e~Y/ ik ;ed/ jB. fJ; bJh n;hA fe;/ fBPfusBshi/ s/ Bk gj[zu e/ fJ; ftt/uB Bz{ fJ~E/ jh ysw eo oj/ jK.

okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;so iK nt;EktK okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;so iK nt;EktK okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;so iK nt;EktK okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;so iK nt;EktK okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;so iK nt;EktK (Stages of Political Development)okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;so iK nt;EktK dk ftuko noEPk;so s'A fbnk frnk gqshs j[zdk j?. o';N/t B/nkgDh g[;se ;N/fiI Uc fJeB'few rq'E ft~u nkofEe ftek; d/ ftfGzB ;soK d/ ftuko dk ftek; ehskj?. fJ; s'A fJj gq/oDk fwbh fe okiBhfse ftek; d/ th ftfGzB ;soK d/ pko/ ft~u ;'funk ikD b~rk.okiBhfse ftukoe th fJj wzBD b~r/ fe ftPb/PDKkwe nB[Gkftesk dh fdqPNh Bkb okiBhfse ftek; d/;[fBPfus gfoukbe ns/ ;so j' ;ed/ jB i' gqshwkfDs eqw ns/ Gft~ytkDh eoD :'r nB[eqwK d/ nB[;koIo{o jh okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;so jz[d/ jB. fJ; bJh o';N/t d/ ftukoK dk okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;so fBoD/iK ;so^nfXn?B s/ fBPfus gqGkt wzfBnk ik ;edk j?. ikrtkokJhp dk ws j? fe, “w?A fJ; r~b s/ I'od/ e/ efjzdk jK fe ftnes iK nftnes Yzr Bkb Uj ;G ftukoe, i' okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ gqfeqnk d/ o{gft~u b?Ad/ jB, okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ fJfsjkf;esk ns/ ftPb/PDkswesk dh fdqPNh Bkb nfGfrnkBhfBPfus ;soK d/ eqw ft~u gq;s[s eod/ jB.@ fJ; bJh okiBhfse ftek; d/ ftfGzB ;soK d/ ;zpzX ft~ue[M ftukoeK d/ ftukoK dk ;zy/g ftt/uB fd~sk ik fojk j?.

(e) jfDzNrNB d/ ftuko (e) jfDzNrNB d/ ftuko (e) jfDzNrNB d/ ftuko (e) jfDzNrNB d/ ftuko (e) jfDzNrNB d/ ftuko (The views of Huntington) ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ jfDzNrNB B/ nkgD/ fJ~e fBpzX‘g'fbNheb fvt?bgw?AN n?Av g'fbNheb v?e/* ft~u okiBhfse gsB dh r~b efjzd/ j'J/ okiBhfse ftek; d/nt;EktkdhnK s/ rzGho nko'g brkJ/, ns/ fJ; ftt/uB gqfeqnk ft~u nkg jh okiBhfse ftek; d/ ftfGzB;soK dh r~b ejh. T[;B/ fszB gqw[~y gfoukbB ;?NK dh r~b ejh j? fiBK dk UBK okiK Bkb ;zpzX j?, fiBKB/ ;cbskg{ote okiBhfse ftek; dh fBPfus nt;Ek iK T[; s'A n~r/ dh ftt;Ek s~e ftek; eo fbnkj?. fJ; soK, T[;B/ okiBhfse ftek; d/ fszB ;so ftP/P wzB/ jB. ;zy/g ft~u fJj fJ; soK jBL

(i) ;~sk dh p[ZXh;zrssk dk ;so, fi; ft~u nB/eK ;EkfBe ;~sktK dh EK s/ fJ~e e/Adoh ;~sk dk fBowkD j'iKdk j?.fJ; Bz{ Uj ;~sk d/ e/AdoheoD dh nt;Ek efjzdk j?. fJ; Bkb T[;dk wsbp fJj j? fe okiBhfseftek; dk fJj Uj ;so j?, id'A ;~sk d/ ;o'sK d/ o{g ft~u fJ~e jh e/Adoh ;~sk nfGeoD iK gqeoD ;Ekfgsj' iKdk j?.

(ii) Bt/A okiBhfse ekoiK dk ftfGzBheoD ns/ UBK bJh ftfPPN ;zouBktK dk ftek;, okiBhfse ftek; dhgqfeqnk dk d{ik ;so j?. fJ; ft~u okiBhfse gqfeqnk ft~u BthB okiBhfse ekoiK d/ fBPgkdB Pkfwb j' ikd/jB ns/ fJBK d/ fBPgkdB d/ bJh T[g:[es ;zouBkswe ftt;Ek dk ftek; j' iKdk j?.

(iii) nfGftqX ;fjGkfrsk i' gfo;oh ;wkfie ;w{jK ns/ ;wki d/ GkrK Bz{ j"bh j"bh e/Adoh ;~sk ft~u PkfwbeoD dk ;so j?.

jfDzNrNB dk wzBDk j? fe ftek; dh fJj gqfeqnk sK jh ;zGt j[zdh j?, id'A fJj fszB'A jh ;[fBPfus gqukbBiK feqnk ;so eqfwe o{g Bkb T[gbpX ehs/ ikD, fi; ft~u'A jo fJ~e dk ftek; d/ ;zpzfXs ;so Bkb ;zpzXj't/. T[;dk nfGrs fJj j? fe fJj fJ;/ eqw ft~u gqukfbs j'D s/ jh okiBhfse ftek; d/ o{g ft~u ;sopD ;edk j?, noEks gfjb/ s'A pknd d{ik ns/ fco shik ;so nk ;edk j?. T[;B/ ;gPN ehsk j? fefJBK fszBK dk fJ~e d{i/ d/ T[Zgo^Bhu/ iK Bkb Bkb gqukbB xkse j' ;edk j? ns/ T[; ft~u okiBhfse ftek;BjhA, okiBhfse gsB nkUAdk j?. Uj fJjh ;theko eodk j?, fe fJj fszB/ fJ~em/ fJ~e d{i/ d/ T[Zgogqukfbs j' ;edhnK jB fit/A n~i nfXeKP ftek;Phb okiK ft~u j' fojk j?. gqzs{ T[; nt;Ek ft~u fJjftek; dh xkse nto'X nt;Ek j' ikt/rh. fJ; soK fszBK nt;EktK dk fJ~e d{i/ s'A gfjbK nko'jD Bk


B ØN


j't/, iK fszB'A fJ~em/ gqukfbs Bk j'D, T[; s'A pukn bJh Uj d' ;[Mkn fdzdk j?. gqEw ;[Mkn ft~u fJjfejk frnk j? fe nfijh nt;Ek s'A puD bJh ;zukbB (moblization) gqfeqnk Bz{ J/Bk Xhwk eo fd~skikt/, fi; Bkb gfo;o s'A ftneshnK dk e/Ado ft~u nkUDk UBK dh g{oD nksw;kssk d/ nB[;ko jh j't/. d{ik;[Mkn fJj j? fe ;z;EktK d/ fBowkD Bz{, i' T[;d/ nB[;ko okiBhfse ftek; dk w[~y ;kXB jB, gq's;kfjsehsk ikt/.

fJj ;G d~;d/ j'J/ th jfDzNrNB d/ ftukoK ft~u okiBhfse gsB dh r~b jh SkJh ofjzdh j?. fJjh ekoDj? fe Uj okiBhfse gsB dk ft;fsqs ftt/uB eod/ j'J/ okiBhfse ftek; dhnK nt;EktK d/ ftuko dhnkb/uBk eodk j?. gqzs{ fJ; nkb'uBk dk noE fJj BjhA j? fe Uj nkg okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;so Bz{ BjhAwzBdk. n;b ft~u T[; dh fPekfJs UBK okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;sotkdhnK s'A j?, i' fJj wzBd/ jB feftek; dh fJ~e nt;Ek s~e gj[zuDk nkg jh d{ih nt;Ek t~b nro;o j'D d/ wkor y'b fdzdk j?. T[;dknfGrs j? fe nfijk Bk j' e/ e'Jh ;wki d{i/ ;so s'A shi/ t~b BjhA tX e/ gqEw ;so t~b th w[V ;edkj?. ftek;Phb okiK ft~u nfijk jh j' fojk j?. ns/ fJ;dk gqw[~y ekoD T[;d/ nB[;ko fJ~e ;so dk d{i/;so d/ Bkb Bkb gqukfbs j'Dk j?. fJ; bJh T[;B/ okiBhfse ftek; dh ;so gqfeqnk Bz{ fJ~e wkorh BjhAwzB e/ fJ; ;zpzX ft~u e[M Bshi/ fJ; soK d~;/ jB^ (e) okiBhfse ftek; ngfofsnktosfBe(irreversible) iK nfijh gqfeqnk BjhA j? i' T[bNh BjhA iKdh j't/.(y) ftek;Phb okiK ft~u j' oj/ ;GokiBhfse gfotosB okiBhfse ftek; BjhA wzB/ ik ;ed/. (r) okiBhfse ftek; d/ ftek; ;so nB[eqwft~u gqukfbs BjhA j[zd/ jB feUAfe j'o e'Jh s~E ns/ gfotose nfijk BjhA j'D fdzd/ jB. (x) okiBhfseftek; ft~u nkX[fBeheoD ns/ T[d:'freheoD Pkfwb BjhA jB. fJj gqfeqnk fJBK ft~u ;tk:~s j? ns/fJBK dk gfoDkw BjhA j[zdk j?.

(y) nk:z;N?v d/ ftuko (y) nk:z;N?v d/ ftuko (y) nk:z;N?v d/ ftuko (y) nk:z;N?v d/ ftuko (y) nk:z;N?v d/ ftuko (Eisenstadt's views)^̂̂̂̂ nk:z;N?v B/ th okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;soK ns/nkXkoG{s gqubBK Bz{, nshs dhnK ftek;Phb ftt;EktK d/ fJfsjkf;e ftPb/PD ns/ ;kXkoD f;XKsK dhnshs dhnK gqfeqnktK d/ nkXko s/ ;gPN ehsk j?. Uj okiBhfse ftek; dh gqfeqnk Bz{ nkX[fBe ;fEshft~u Io{oh o{g ft~u d' ;soK ft~u ftGkfis gkUAdk j?. fJj nt;EktK jB^(e) ;hfws nkX[fBeheoD dk;so, fi; Bz{ Uj g~Sw ft~u nmkothA ns/ T[BhthA ;dh d/ ftek; d/ ;so d/ Bkb fJfsjkf;e fdqPNh Bkbi'Vdk j? ns/ fJ; ft~u Uj w~X tor d/ b'eK Bz{ fBoDk e/AdoK ft~u Pkfwb eoBk ns/ ;z;feqfse b"feeheoDns/ ftfrnkfBe T[d:'fre ftek; Pkfwb eodk j?. (y) iB^nkX[fBeheoD dk ;so, fi; Bz{ Uj g~Swft~u thjthA ;dh d/ ftek; d/ ;so d/ Bkb fJfsjkf;e fdqPNh Bkb i'Vdk j?. ns/ fJ; ft~u UjiB^;kXkoD Bz{ fBoDk e/AdoK ft~u Pkfwb eoBk ns/ pj[s t~v/ g?wkB/ s/ ftfrnkB ns/ T[d:'fre dk ft;skons/ gq;ko Pkfwb eodk j?.

nk:z;N?v dk efjDk j? fe ftrs PskpdhnK (18thA ns/ 19thA") ft~u i' ;wki ;hfws nkX[fBeheoD d/ ;sodk okiBhfse ftek; BjhA eo gkJ/ ;B, UBK ft~u n~i d't/A ;soK dk nzPSkdB (overlapping) okiBhfseftt;EktK s/ nfsnkfXe dpkn T[sgzB eo fdzdk j?. ns/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek Bz{ s'VB dh ;fEsh T[sgzBeodk j?. fi; s'A sK jh pfunk ik ;edk j?, id'A iB^;kXkoD dk ;w[fus ;wkiheoD eo fbnk ikt/ ns/;wki ft~u i'VD tkbhnK skesK Bz{ ;pb pDkfJnk ikt/.

(r) nkwzv d/ ftuko (r) nkwzv d/ ftuko (r) nkwzv d/ ftuko (r) nkwzv d/ ftuko (r) nkwzv d/ ftuko (Almond's views) ^̂̂̂̂ jfDzNrNB ns/ nk:z;N?v B/ okiBhfse ftek; dh gqs~yo{g Bkb uouk BjhA ehsh j?. jfDzNrNB okiBhfse gsB d/ ftuko ft~u v[~p/ ofj e/ okiBhfse ftek;d/ ;soK dk ftt/uB eodk fojk j?. fJ;/ soK, nk:z;N?v okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD ns/ okiBhfse ftek;Bz{ fJ~e' fijk wzB e/ nkX[fBeheoD d/ ;soK d/ Bkb okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;soK Bz{ i'V fdzdk j?. gqzs{, nkwzvB/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek Bkb jh ;zpzfXs nfXe ftPb/PDkswe fdqPNhe'D Bz{ ngDk e/ okiBhfse ftek; d/;soK Bz{ ftt/fus ehsk j?. T[; B/ okiBhfse ftek; d/ uko nkXkoG{s gqukbBK (operations) ns/ ;soKdk T[b/y ehsk j?. fJj uko ;so fJ; soK jBL

(e) oki fBowkD (e) oki fBowkD (e) oki fBowkD (e) oki fBowkD (e) oki fBowkD (state-building) dk ;so^ fJ; ft~u (i) e/Adoh ;~sk dk fBowkD (ii) fJ; ;~skdk okiBhsh ft~u gqt/PB ns/ (iii) ftfGzB ;w{jK dk e/Adoh ;~sk d/ nfXeko y/so ft~u J/eheoD j'Dk PkfwbjB.


B ØN


(y) okPNo fBowkD (y) okPNo fBowkD (y) okPNo fBowkD (y) okPNo fBowkD (y) okPNo fBowkD (nation-building) dk ;so^ dk ;so^ dk ;so^ dk ;so^ dk ;so^ fJ; ft~u (i) fBPmktK ns/ gqshpzXsktK T[sgzBeoBk fi; Bkb (ii) ftd/PK d/ ;woEB tX ikD, Pkfwb j[zdk j?.

(r) ;fjGkfrsk dk ;so^(r) ;fjGkfrsk dk ;so^(r) ;fjGkfrsk dk ;so^(r) ;fjGkfrsk dk ;so^(r) ;fjGkfrsk dk ;so^ fJ; ft~u okiBhfse gqfeqnk ft~u ;feqn o{g Bkb Pkfwb ;w{jK ns/ ;wkid/ ;z;soK (strata) Bz{ nfGftqX ns/ ftnkge pDkUDk Pkfwb j[zdk j?.

(x) ftsoD (x) ftsoD (x) ftsoD (x) ftsoD (x) ftsoD (distribution) dk ;so^ dk ;so^ dk ;so^ dk ;so^ dk ;so^ fJ; ft~u ;wkfie ihtB d/ bJh bkGK Bz{ g[BLfBoXkoD dhnKnB/eK ftXhnK d/ d[nkok ;G dh gj[zu ft~u fbnkUDk Pkfwb j[zdk j?.

nkwzv dk wzBDk j? fe fiBK ;wkiK ft~u okiBhfse ftek; j'fJnk j?, ns/ fiBK ;wkiK ft~u okiBhfseftek; dk nzfsw ;so nk frnk j?, Uj ;G fJ;/ nB[eqw Bkb fJ~e ;so s'A pknd d{i/ ;so s/ gj[zu/ jBns/ ftek;Phb okiK ft~u ns/ e[M j'o nftef;s ftt;EktK ft~u fJBK ;ko/ ftek; ;soK ft~u nzPSkdBiK fJBK Bz{ fJ~em/ ubkUD dhnK e'fPPK Bkb okiBhfse ftt;Ek s/ nfXe p'M g?D brdk j?. i' ftt;EktKBz{ ftyzfvs eoD dk ekoe pD iKdk j?.

(x) n"or/A;eh d/ ftuko (x) n"or/A;eh d/ ftuko (x) n"or/A;eh d/ ftuko (x) n"or/A;eh d/ ftuko (x) n"or/A;eh d/ ftuko (Organski's views)^ ikrtkokJhp dk efjDk j? fe okiBhfse ftek; d/;soK dk Pq/Pmsw ftt/uB, fi; Bz{ Uj nfsnkfXe g{oD toDB wzBdk j?, n"or/A;eh d/ d[nkok nkgDhg[;se, ;N/fiI Uc g'fbNheb fvt?bgw?AN ft~u ehsk frnk j?. n"or/A;eh okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ okPNohwzfIbK d/ bJh okPNo d/ wkBfte ns/ G"fse ;o'sK dk T[g:'r eoD ft~u ;oeko dh tXdh j'Jh ekoi^d~yskd/ nkXko s/ ;wMD dh e'fPP eodk j?. fJ; d/ Bkb jh Uj okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ okPNoh ftek;, okPNohtkX/ ns/ nkX[fBeheoD d/ bJh nfGftnesh dh Ppdktbh wzBdk j? ns/ fJj efjzdk j? fe fJj fJ~e jh:EkoE Bz{ T[dxkfNs eoD tkbhnK ntXkoDktK jB. T[;d/ nB[;ko nfGftqX nkofEe T[sgkdesk, tXdhj'Jh G{r'fbe ns/ ;wkfie gqukbBsk, tXdh j'Jh okiBhfse ekoie[Pbsk fi; Bkb okPNoh rzstK Bz{ gqkgseoD ft~u okPNo d/ wkD:'r ns/ G"fse ;o'sK dk gqukbB eobk Pkfwb j?, pj[s e[M fJ~e d{i/ Bkb i[V/j'J/ jB. Uj okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;soK dk ftt/uB fJ;/ nkXko s/ eodk j?.

n"or/A;eh fJj wzBdk j? fe fit/A fit/A okPNo ftef;s j[zdk iKdk j?, T[t/A T[t/A okPNoh ;oeko d/ ekoij'o n~r/ ftek; Bz{ gq/fos eoD bJh T[; ft~u gfotofss j[d/ ofjzd/ jB. T[;d/ nB[;ko fJj ;soK d/ fJ~eeqw Bkb jh j[zdk j?. ukj/ fJj ;so eqw nNbD:'r iK Io{oh BjhA j[zdk, fco th nkw s"o s/ nfijk gkfJnkiKdk j? ns/ fJ; Bz{ nB[Gkfte o{g Bkb d/fynk iKdk j?. Uj fJj th wzBdk j? fe ftPb/PDkswe ns/nB[Gkfte ekoDK ekoD fJj ;so nB[eqfwe j[zdk j?, noEks fe;/ ;so dh g{oD gqkgsh sd s~e n;zGtj?, id'A s~e T[; s'A gfjb/ dk ;so fttjko ft~u gqkgs BjhA j' iKdk j?. d' nB[eqfwe ;soK s/ bkr{ j'DtkbhnK ;w~f;nktK dk e[M nzP s~e fJ~e d{ih T[Zs/ nzPSkdB j' ;edk j?, gqzs{ fJ; gqeko d/ nzPSkdB dhnK;hwktK j[zdhnK jB, noEks d' nB[eqfwe ;soK s/ bkr{ j'D tkbhnK ;w~f;nktK g{oh soK fJ~e ;wkB BjhAj' ;edhnK jB. feUAfe, n"or/A;eh jo ftek; ;so dhnK nkgDhnK ftfPPN ;w~f;nktK wzBd/ jB i' d{i/;so dhnK ;w~f;nktK d/ ;wkB e/tb nKfPe o{g ft~u jh j' ;edhnK jB. i/eo d' nB[eqfwe ;soK dhnKnkgDhnK nkgDhnK ;w~f;nktK nb~r Bk j' e/ UBk ft~u fJ~e ;wkBsk j[zdh j?, sK T[;dk wsbp fJj j?fe gfjbK tkbk ;so :EkoE ft~u g{oh soK gqkgs BjhA j'fJnk j? ns/ id'A s~e fJj g{oh soK gqkgs Bkj' ikt/, fJ; d/ n~r/ d/ ;so Bz{ ed/ th ;cbskg{ote gqkgs BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJ; bJh n"or/A;ehdk okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;soK dk ftt/uB ftfPPN b~SDK ns/ wkBsktK s/ nkXkfos j?. T[;d/ d[nkok fd~s/rJ/ okiBhfse ftek; d/ ftfGzB ;soK Bz{ ;wMD bJh Io{oh j? fe n;hA ;zy/g ft~u fJBK ftP/PsktK dkftt/uB eohJ/. n"or/A;eh d/ okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;soK ;zpzXh T[go'es ftt/uB s'A fBwBfbfys r~bK ftP/P o{g Bkb T[ZGodhnK jB^ (e) okiBhfse ftek; ;tk:s gqzs{, ftek;K (nkofEe, ;wkfie ns/ ;z;feqfse)s'A g{oD o{g ft~u nb~r feqnk BjhA j?. (y) okiBhfse ftek; nB[eqfwe ;so s/ jh j[zdk j?. (r) okiBhfseftek; d/ jo ;so dhnK nkgDhnK ftfPPNsktK j[zdhnK jB. i' j'o ;so s/ nfXe s'A nfXe nKfPe o{gft~u jh gkJhnK ik ;edhnK jB. (x) okiBhfse ftek; dk fJ~e ;so g{oD o{g Bkb gqkgs j'D s'A pkndjh T[;d/ n~r/ d/ ;so s/ ikDk ;zGt j?, noEks i/eo ftek; d/ nB[eqw ft~u gfjb/ dk ;so g{oh soK gqkgsBjhA j'fJnk j?, sK T[; s'A n~r/ dk ;so ed/ th ;cbskg{ote gqkgs BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. (u) okiBhfseftek; d/ ftfGzB ;soK dk nB[Gkfte gfonkt/yD iK ntb'eD ;zGt j?. fJ; dk noE fJj j? fe ftek;


B ØN


d/ ftfGzB ;soK Bz{ ;[fBPfus gqftXhnK d[nkok wkgDk ;zGt j?. (S) d' eqfwe ;soK dk nzPSkdB ;zGtj?, gqzs{ ;hfws o{g ft~u jh fJj j' ;edk j?, ns/ neqfwe ;soK ft~u fJj n;zGt j?. T[dkjoD bJh, gqEwns/ d{i/ ;so ft~u e[d ;hfws fijk nzPSkdB j' ;edk j?, gqzs{ gqEw ns/ d{i/ ;so ft~u nfijk nzPSkdBfpbe[b n;zGt j?.

okiBhfse ftek; ;soK d/ ;zpzX ft~u n"or/A;eh dhnK T[go'es wkBsktK d/ nkXko s/ fJj Bshik fB~ebdkj? fe okiBhfse ftek; d/ fBPfus ;so sK j[zd/ jB, UBK dhnK nkgDhnK nb~r nb~r ftfPPNsktK thj[zdhnK jB, gqzs{ fJ~e ;so ns/ d{i/ ;so d/ ft~u fBPfus ;hwk o/yk frnkB dh toswkB ;hwktK ft~u fy~u;eDk ;zGt BjhA j?. fJ;/ ekoD, n"or/A;eh d' eqfwe ;soK ft~u ;hfws nzPSkdB ;theko eod/ jB. fJ;ftt/uB s'A fJj r~b th ;gPN j[zdh j? fe id'A s~e gfjb/ dk ;so g{oh soK gqkgs Bk eo fbnk ikt/,okiBhfse ftek; dk T[; s'A n~r/ dk ;so ed/ th ;cbskg{ote Yzr Bkb gqkgs BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJBKr~bK d/ ;zdoG ft~u T[;B/ okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;so ;theko ehs/ jB, i' fJ; soK jB^

(i) nkfdw J/eheoD dh okiBhsh (politics of primitive unification) (ii) T[d:'freheoD dh okiBhsh(politics of industrialisation), (iii) okPNoh b'eêfbnkD dh okiBhsh (politics of nationalwelfare), (iv) ;fwq~Xh dh okiBhsh (politics of abundance)

(i) n"or/A;eh d/ nB[;ko okiBhfse ftek; dk gfjbk ;so nkfd J/eheoD dh okiBhsh dk j?. fJ;nt;Ek ft~u okPNoh ;oekoK nkgDh iB^;zfynk T[Zs/ gqGktPkbh okiBhfse ns/ gqPk;fBe fB:zsoD;Ekfgs eodhnK jB. nfijh e/Adoh ;~sk dk fBowkD fBPfus G{^Gkr ns/ ;[;gPN iB;zfynk iKiB^;w[dktK Bkb ;zpzfXs j[zdk j?. i/eo fJ; Bz{ gozgokrs Yzr Bkb d/yhJ/, sK fJj ;so oki dh;[;fEosk dk ;so j?, fi; ft~u oki d/ uko s~s^ iB;zfynk, fBPfus G{^Gkr, ;zrmB iK ;oeko ns/;zgqG{sk ft~fdnkwkB j[zd/ jB. nmkothA Pskpdh d/ w~X s~e dk g~Sw d/ okiK dk ftek; ;so fJ;/ soKdk fejk ik ;edk j?.

(ii) okiBhfse ftek; dk d{ik ;so nkofEe fdqPNh Bkb T[d:'freheoD dhnK gqfeqnktK ns/;wkfie, okiBhfse fdqPNh Bkb nfij/ gfotosBK Bkb ;zpzfXs jB fi; ft~u bt/A tor fBofws j[zd/jB, ;fjGkfrsk dk ft;sko ns/ nfGftqX okPNoh J/eheoD j[zdk j?. fJj ;so fJfsjkf;e fdqPNhBkb ;zgzB j'fJnk j?, ns/ ftPb/PD dh fdqPNh Bkb fszB t?ebfge ;zGktBktK g/P eodk j?. fJj fJ;soK jB^

(n) p[i{o{nk iK w~Xtorh wkvb (n) p[i{o{nk iK w~Xtorh wkvb (n) p[i{o{nk iK w~Xtorh wkvb (n) p[i{o{nk iK w~Xtorh wkvb (n) p[i{o{nk iK w~Xtorh wkvb (Bourgeois Model)^̂̂̂̂ fJj nkX[fBe g~Swh b'eszso s'A fGzBgqshwkB j?. fJ; ft~u wId{oK dh ehws s/ g{zih ;zuD j[zdk j?. gqzs{, fJ; g{zih ;zuD d/ ;kXB fBihofjzd/ jB ns/ fJj r[gs Yzr Bkb jh jNkfJnk ik ;edk j?. fJ; wkvb ft~u Bt/A p[i{o{nk, eqKsh iKj"bh j"bh ;zeowDsk s'A gfjbK d/ nfGiksszsoh nfGiBK Bz{ jNk fdzd/ jB ns/ nkg Pk;B s/ Sk iKd/jB.

(J) ;NkfbB dk wkvb (J) ;NkfbB dk wkvb (J) ;NkfbB dk wkvb (J) ;NkfbB dk wkvb (J) ;NkfbB dk wkvb (Stalinist Model)^ fJ; ft~u wId{oK dh ehws s' g{zih ;zuD j[zdk j?,gqzs{ g{zih ;zuD d/ ;kXB Bt/A tor d/ j~E ft~u j[zd/ jB, i' y[~b/ o{g Bkb nfijk eo e/, gfjbK d/nfGiBK iK w~X tor Bz{ Peshg{ote ns/ eqKshekoh ;kXBK s'A jNk e/ nkg B"eoPkjh dk fJ~e BtK torpD iKd/ jB.

(((((l) ;wBth wkvb ) ;wBth wkvb ) ;wBth wkvb ) ;wBth wkvb ) ;wBth wkvb (Syncratic model)^̂̂̂̂ fJj fJNbh d/ ;zdoG ft~u ckf;Iw dk ftP/P gqshwkB j?, fi;ft~u g[okD/ ns/ Bt/A nfGiBK ft~u ;wBt ofjzdk j? ns/ fJ~e ;t/S~kukoh oki, ;wBt eokUD tkb/ w~Xtorhfe;kBK d/ fjsK dh o~fynk eodk j?, ns/ Xhwh rsh Bkb g{zih ;zue wId{oK dh ehws s/ j[zdk j?.

(iii) okPNoh b'eêfbnkD dh okiBhsh dk fJj ;so gfjbK tkb/ ;so d/ g{zih ;zuD dh gqfeqnk s'A T[bNd/D tkbh gqfefonktK Bkb ;zpzfXs j?. fJ; s'A gfjbK tkb/ ;so ft~u g{zih ;zue iBsk dh ehws s/ ehskiKdk j?, gqzs{ fJ; ft~u iBsk Bz{ g{zih d[nkok P'PD s'A w[es o~fynk ikdk j? ns/ ftnkge g?wkB/ s/ pj[stX/ j'J/ g{zih ;kXBK Bz{ iBsk ft~u d[pkok ftsfos eo e/ iB^;fjGkfrsk Bz{ ;zGt pDkfJnk iKdk j?. fJjiB^;fjGkfrsk b'eszso dh ;Ekge j't/, fJj Io{oh BjhA j?.


B ØN


n"or/A;eh dk wzBDk j? fe okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;so d/ th fszB t?ebfge wkvb fJfsjkf;esk ns/ ftPb/PDkswesk dh fqdqPNh Bkb d/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. fJj fszB t?ebfge wkvb fJ; soK jB^ (1) iB^b'eszso(Mass Democracy), fi; ft~u wskfXeko dk ft;sko ns/ T[gg'rsk t;sK ns/ ;ot^;kXkoD dh gj[zuj[zdh j?.

(2) BkIhtkd (2) BkIhtkd (2) BkIhtkd (2) BkIhtkd (2) BkIhtkd (Nazism),,,,, fi; ft~u nfsnkfXe GktBkswe iK np[~Xh;zrs ;fjGkfrsk ns/ ;zs[PNheoDofjzdk j?. fJ; ;so s/ oki ;t/Skukoh ns/ iBsk dh J/esk dk gqshe j[zdk j?. (3) ;kwtkdh (Commu-nism) wkvb, fi; ft~u b'eefbnkDekoh oki d/ b~SD, iBsk dh gqshekswe iB^;fjGkfrsk, ;otkfXekohPk;B ns/ ;kwtkdh db dh nfXBkfJesk j[zdh j?.

(iv) ;fwq~Xh dh okiBhsh dk ;so i' fe n~ie~b nwohek ft~u nkUD b~rk j?, fJj ;so ftfrnkfBegqftXhnK ns/ nfsnkfXe gfoPfeqs T[geoDK Bkb nfsnkfXe T[sgkdesk (super-productivity) dk j?,fi; ft~u jo/e d/ bJh t;sK dh ;wkB T[gbpXh ofjzdh j?. fJj okiBhfse ftek; dh ;G s'A ifNb nt;Ekj?. fJ; ft~u ekoi eoD dh Io{os ft~u ewh nk iKdh j? fi; Bkb T[sgkde o[Irko th x~N j' iKdk j?gqzs{ ;zrfms wId{oK dh Pesh tX ikdh j?. nfij/ ;wki ft~u nkofEe s'A jN e/, okiBhfse ns/ ;z;feqfsefjsK s/ pb fd~sk ikD brdk j?. fJ; ft~u nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse nfGiBK dk ftbn (usion) j' iKdkj?. i' Pesh dk e/AdoD eo fdzdk j?. fB:'iB dh Io{os tXdh iKdh j?. ns/ ;wkitkdh ftt;Ek t~b ;wkitXD brdk j? i' b'esKsfoe th j' ;edk j? ns/ BjhA th j' ;edk j?. t?;/ nkw s"o s/ nfijk ;wkib'esKsfoe BjhA ofjzdk j?.

n'or/A;eh dk okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;so nB[eqwK dk w[~y ftuko T[;dh T[d:'freheoD dh ;wM ns/ftnkfynk s/ nkXkfos j? fi; Bz{ Uj d'jK jh o{gK^ nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie, ;z;feqfse, okiBhfsenkX[fBeheoD dhnK gqfeqnktK ft~u ;wki d/ ftek; d/ bJh wj~stg{oD wzBdk j?. fJ; soK n"or/A;ehokiBhfse ftek; d/ ;soK dh r~b okPNoh ftek; Bkb ;zpzfXs pDk e/ eodk j?. fJ; ;zpzX ft~uikrtkokJhp sK fJ~E'A s~e efjzdk j? fe, @n"or/A;eh dk ftek; f;XKs ;wMD bJh d' T[gkrwK dh Io{osgt/rh, fiBK ft~u'A fJ~e dk ;zpzX ;wki d/ ;ko/ okPNoh ftek; Bkb ns/ T[;d/ ftftX ;soK Bkb oj/rk ns/d{i/ dk ;zpzX okiBhfse ftek; dhnK ftfPPN gqfeqnktK ns/ ;soK Bkb ns/ gfjbh tkbh gqfeqnk Bkb T[;dk;zpzX eh j?, fJ; Bkb oj/rk.@ fJj n"or/A;eh d/ ftek; f;XKs dh ;G s'A t~vh ewI'oh j? fe Uj ;ko/;wki d/ okPNoh ftek; d/ Bkb okiBhfse ftek; ns/ T[;d/ ;soK Bz{ ;wMD dh e'fPP eodk j?. T[go'esukoK ftukoeK d[nkok fd~shnK rJhnK okiBhfse ftek; dhnK nt;EktK Bz{ fJ; gqeko skfbekpZX yzr Bkbth ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?.

okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;soK d/ ;zpzX ft~u n;hA uko ftukoeK d[nkok gqshgkfds ftek; neqwK dk ftt/uBehsk j?. ikrtkokJhp fJBK ;GBK Bz{ ng{oD wzBdk j?. ns/ fJj ftuko gq;s[s eodk j? fe okiBhfseftek; d/ ;soK d/ ftt/uB ft~u e/tb gqfeqnkswe ;soK dk iK e/tb tk;sfte ;soK dk toDB ekch BjhAj?.T[;dk nfGws j? fe jfDzNrNB, nk:z;N?v ns/ nkwzv B/ okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;soK dk fBoXkoDgqfeqnkswe nkXko s/ ehsk j? id'A fe n"or/A;eh B/ :EkoE d/ nkXko s/ ehsk j?. gqzs{ okiBhfse ftek;d/ tk;sfte ;so nB[eqw Bz{ ;wMD bJh fJBK d'jK Bz{ nkXko pDkUDk Io{oh j?. fJ; bJh n;hA nzs ft~uikrtokJhp d[nkok gq;s[s ;soK dk ftt/uB eoBk Io{oh ;wMd/ jK.

(u) ikrtokJhp d/ ftuko (u) ikrtokJhp d/ ftuko (u) ikrtokJhp d/ ftuko (u) ikrtokJhp d/ ftuko (u) ikrtokJhp d/ ftuko (Jaguaribe's views)^̂̂̂̂ ikrtokJhp B/ okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;soK d/fBoXkoD ft~u d' fdqPNhe'DK dk T[g:'r ehsk j?. fJ~e :EkoE ns/ d{ik gqfeqnkswe fdqPNhe'D j?. T[;dkws j? fe fJBK d'jK jh fdqPNhe'DK Bkb nkXkoG{s, ftfPPN ns/ ftfu~so gqubBK Bkb i' nB[eqfwe eqwubd/ jB, e[M w"fbe ;soK dk p'X j[zdk j?. :EkoE fdqPNhe'D ft~u gqukbBK ns/ ;soK dk ;zpzX “;w{fjewkBt Pesh d/ fBowkD ns/ T[g:'r dh gqfeqnk@ s'A j?. :EkoE gqfeqnk tk;st ft~u wkBt d/ ;kXkoD;wkfie ;z;feqfse ftek;, fi; Bkb T[;dk wkBth ns/ gqkfeqfse gfonktoD T[Zs/ fB:zsoD tXdk iKdkj?, Bkb ;zpzfXs j? ns/ nB[Gkfte fdqPNh Bkb fJj fit/A tk;st ft~u fJfsjk; ft~u xfNs j'fJnk j?, T[;T[Zs/ nkXkfos j?. fJ; fdqPNhe'D Bkb ;wkih ftek; (societal development) d/ tk;sfte iK :EkoE;so fJ; soK oj/ jB^


B ØN


(n) okiBhfse J/eheoD (n) okiBhfse J/eheoD (n) okiBhfse J/eheoD (n) okiBhfse J/eheoD (n) okiBhfse J/eheoD (political unification)

(J) nfsfoes ;wkfie ft;sko (J) nfsfoes ;wkfie ft;sko (J) nfsfoes ;wkfie ft;sko (J) nfsfoes ;wkfie ft;sko (J) nfsfoes ;wkfie ft;sko (extra societal expansion)

(;) nzso ;wkfie ftftXheoD (;) nzso ;wkfie ftftXheoD (;) nzso ;wkfie ftftXheoD (;) nzso ;wkfie ftftXheoD (;) nzso ;wkfie ftftXheoD (intra societal diversification)

(((((ii) :zsoheoD ) :zsoheoD ) :zsoheoD ) :zsoheoD ) :zsoheoD (mechanization)

(n) T[d:'freheoD ft;sko (n) T[d:'freheoD ft;sko (n) T[d:'freheoD ft;sko (n) T[d:'freheoD ft;sko (n) T[d:'freheoD ft;sko (industrialization Expansion)

(p) nzsookPNoh ft;sko (p) nzsookPNoh ft;sko (p) nzsookPNoh ft;sko (p) nzsookPNoh ft;sko (p) nzsookPNoh ft;sko (international expansion)

(;) okPNoh ftftXheoD (;) okPNoh ftftXheoD (;) okPNoh ftftXheoD (;) okPNoh ftftXheoD (;) okPNoh ftftXheoD (national diversification)

1H ;hfws nkX[fBeheoD1H ;hfws nkX[fBeheoD1H ;hfws nkX[fBeheoD1H ;hfws nkX[fBeheoD1H ;hfws nkX[fBeheoD

2H iB nkX[fBeheoD2H iB nkX[fBeheoD2H iB nkX[fBeheoD2H iB nkX[fBeheoD2H iB nkX[fBeheoD

1H ;~sk dh p[ZXh;zrssk1H ;~sk dh p[ZXh;zrssk1H ;~sk dh p[ZXh;zrssk1H ;~sk dh p[ZXh;zrssk1H ;~sk dh p[ZXh;zrssk

2H BthB okiBhfse ekoiK dk ftfGzBheoD2H BthB okiBhfse ekoiK dk ftfGzBheoD2H BthB okiBhfse ekoiK dk ftfGzBheoD2H BthB okiBhfse ekoiK dk ftfGzBheoD2H BthB okiBhfse ekoiK dk ftfGzBheoD

3H nfGftqZXh ;fjGkfrsk3H nfGftqZXh ;fjGkfrsk3H nfGftqZXh ;fjGkfrsk3H nfGftqZXh ;fjGkfrsk3H nfGftqZXh ;fjGkfrsk

1H oki fBowkD1H oki fBowkD1H oki fBowkD1H oki fBowkD1H oki fBowkD

2H okPNo fBowkD2H okPNo fBowkD2H okPNo fBowkD2H okPNo fBowkD2H okPNo fBowkD

3H ;fjGkfrsk3H ;fjGkfrsk3H ;fjGkfrsk3H ;fjGkfrsk3H ;fjGkfrsk

4H ftsoD4H ftsoD4H ftsoD4H ftsoD4H ftsoD

3H nkwzv3H nkwzv3H nkwzv3H nkwzv3H nkwzv

2H nk:z;N?v2H nk:z;N?v2H nk:z;N?v2H nk:z;N?v2H nk:z;N?v

okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;soK d/ ftftX ftukookiBhfse ftek; d/ ;soK d/ ftftX ftukookiBhfse ftek; d/ ;soK d/ ftftX ftukookiBhfse ftek; d/ ;soK d/ ftftX ftukookiBhfse ftek; d/ ;soK d/ ftftX ftuko

1H jfDzNrNB1H jfDzNrNB1H jfDzNrNB1H jfDzNrNB1H jfDzNrNB

3H okPNoh b'e efbnkD dh okiBhsh3H okPNoh b'e efbnkD dh okiBhsh3H okPNoh b'e efbnkD dh okiBhsh3H okPNoh b'e efbnkD dh okiBhsh3H okPNoh b'e efbnkD dh okiBhsh

(e) iB b'eszso gqshwkB iK wkvb (e) iB b'eszso gqshwkB iK wkvb (e) iB b'eszso gqshwkB iK wkvb (e) iB b'eszso gqshwkB iK wkvb (e) iB b'eszso gqshwkB iK wkvb

(y) BkIh gqshwkB (y) BkIh gqshwkB (y) BkIh gqshwkB (y) BkIh gqshwkB (y) BkIh gqshwkB

(r) ;kwtkdh gqshwkB (r) ;kwtkdh gqshwkB (r) ;kwtkdh gqshwkB (r) ;kwtkdh gqshwkB (r) ;kwtkdh gqshwkB

4H ;fwq~Xh dh okiBhsh4H ;fwq~Xh dh okiBhsh4H ;fwq~Xh dh okiBhsh4H ;fwq~Xh dh okiBhsh4H ;fwq~Xh dh okiBhsh

1H nkfdw J/eheoD dh okiBhsh1H nkfdw J/eheoD dh okiBhsh1H nkfdw J/eheoD dh okiBhsh1H nkfdw J/eheoD dh okiBhsh1H nkfdw J/eheoD dh okiBhsh

2H T[d:'freheoD dh okiBhsh2H T[d:'freheoD dh okiBhsh2H T[d:'freheoD dh okiBhsh2H T[d:'freheoD dh okiBhsh2H T[d:'freheoD dh okiBhsh

(e) p[i{o{nk iK w~Xtorh gqshwkB (e) p[i{o{nk iK w~Xtorh gqshwkB (e) p[i{o{nk iK w~Xtorh gqshwkB (e) p[i{o{nk iK w~Xtorh gqshwkB (e) p[i{o{nk iK w~Xtorh gqshwkB

(y) ;Nkfbb dk gqshwkB (y) ;Nkfbb dk gqshwkB (y) ;Nkfbb dk gqshwkB (y) ;Nkfbb dk gqshwkB (y) ;Nkfbb dk gqshwkB

(r) ;wBth gqshwkB (r) ;wBth gqshwkB (r) ;wBth gqshwkB (r) ;wBth gqshwkB (r) ;wBth gqshwkB4H n"or/A;eh4H n"or/A;eh4H n"or/A;eh4H n"or/A;eh4H n"or/A;eh


B ØN


(((((iii) ;wkfie ;zrmB ) ;wkfie ;zrmB ) ;wkfie ;zrmB ) ;wkfie ;zrmB ) ;wkfie ;zrmB (socio-organisation)

(n) ;wkBhfeqs ;zrmB (n) ;wkBhfeqs ;zrmB (n) ;wkBhfeqs ;zrmB (n) ;wkBhfeqs ;zrmB (n) ;wkBhfeqs ;zrmB (generalized organisation)

(p) nzsookPNoheoD (p) nzsookPNoheoD (p) nzsookPNoheoD (p) nzsookPNoheoD (p) nzsookPNoheoD (internationalisation)

(;) g[BL wkBtheoD (nwkBtheoD) (;) g[BL wkBtheoD (nwkBtheoD) (;) g[BL wkBtheoD (nwkBtheoD) (;) g[BL wkBtheoD (nwkBtheoD) (;) g[BL wkBtheoD (nwkBtheoD) (re-humanization or dehumanization)

ikrtkokJhp B/ ;wkiheoD d/ ;so dk noE eod/ j'J/ d~f;nk j? fe fJj ;wki T[Zs/ okiBhfse fB:zsoDdh ;EkgBk dk ;so j?. fJ; d/ fszB T[gtor j[zd/ jB i' eqw Bkb gqkgs j[zd/ jB. :zsoheoD Bkb gqfeqshT[Zs/ ;wkfie fB:zsoD dk noE j?. fJ; d/ th fszB T[g;soK dh uouk ehsh rJh j?. ;wkfie ;zrmBBkb ;wkfie ;t?fB:zsoD dk noE fbnk frnk j? ns/ fJ; d/ th fszB T[g;so j[zd/ jB. fJ; soK,ikrtokJhp d[nkok gqshgkfds okiBhfse ftek; dk gfjbk ;so n"or/A;eh d/ d[nkok gqshgkfds nkfd J/eheoD d/ ;wkB j?. fJ; dk d{ik ;so T[; d/ @T[d:'freheoD d/ ;so@ d/ ;wkB j?. ikrtkokJhp d/d[nkok gqshgkfds shik ;so, n'or/A;eh d/ *okPNoh b'e efbnkD* ns/ *;fwqZXh dh okiBhsh* d/ shi/ ns/u"E/ ;so d/ ;wkB j?. gqzs{, fJBK d/ T[g;soK Bz{ b? e/ d'jK d/ ;so ftt/uBktK ft~u ekch nzso j? fiBKdh pkoheh ft~u ikD dh fJ~E/ b'V BjhA j?.

gqfeqnkswe fdqPNhe'D Bkb ikrtokJhp B/ ftek; d/ uko ;soK Bz{ gqw[~y wzfBnk j?. T[;dk nfGws j? fei/eo n;hA fJ; fdqPNhe'D Bz{ b? e/ okiBhfse ftek; dh gqfeqnk (okiBhfse Bkb ikrtokJhp dk wsbpnfGftq~X okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD ns/ ;z;EkeoD s'A j?) dk ;wkiK d/ fe;/ fJfsjkf;e ekb ft~u gfjb/fdqPNhe'D ft~u d~;/ rJ/ ;soK Bz{ fXnkB ft~u o~yd/ j'J/, ;so fBoXkoD eohJ/, sK fBwBfbfys uko ;sogqw[~y o{g Bkb ;gPN j'Dr/^

(e) wkvb^fBowkD (model building), (y) oki^fBowkD (state building), (r) okPNo^fBowkD(nation-building) ns/ (x) ;kwzi; fBowkD (consensus-building).

ikrtokJhp dk wzBDk j? fe okiBhfse ftek; dk gfjbk gqfeqnkswe ;so wkvb fBowkD dk j?. fJj Uj;so j? id'A ;~sk ft~u gfotosB nkUAdk j?. fJj ;~sk gfotosB gfjbK tkb/ ;~skXkohnK dh EK s/ e/tbd{finK dk ;~sk ft~u nkUDk wkso j't/, sK th fJBk d/ Bt/A ftek;^nfGw[yh okiBhfse YKu/ iK :'iBktKpDkJhnK iKdhnK jB i' tk;st ft~u BtK okiBhfse wkvb pDkUDk jh j?. d{i/ ;so ft~u BthB okiBhfsewkvb d/ nB[o{g Pk;B szso Bz{ pDkUDk iK ;[XkoBk j? ns/ shi/ ;so s/ okiBhfse Pesh ;zouBk Bz{ fpqj~so;wkfie ftt;Ek d/ Bkb w/b fpmkUD dh nt;Ek ft~u iK ;wkfie ftt;Ek Bz{ okiBhfse Pesh ftt;Ekd/ Bkb w/b dh nt;Ek ft~u fbnkUDk j?. u"E/ ;so ft~u, ;zg{oD ;wkfie ftt;Ek Bz{ BthA ;~sk d/ Bkb;zs[bB dh nt;Ek ft~u fbnk e/ ;kwzi; ;Ekfgs eoD dk gq:sB ehsk ikdk j?.

fJ; soK ikrtkokJhp B/ okiBhfse ftek; d/ ftfGzB ;soK dk :EkoEtkdh ns/ gqfeqnkswe fdqPNhe'D,d'tK Bkb jh ftt/uB ehsk j?. gqzs{, okiBhfse ftek; d/ nkozfGe nfXn?Beosk Bz{ ikrtkokJhp dk fJj;so fBoXkoD ns/ ftfGzB ;soK dk ftt/uB e[M ifNb fijk b~r/rk. nfijk brDk fJ; bJh th ;zGtj? fe ikrtkokJhp d/ d[nkok ehs/ rJ/ ftt/uB Bz{ fJ~E/ pj[s ;zy/g ft~u jh ftt/fus ehsk frnk j?. fJ;dk ft;fsqs ftt/uB gq;s[s g[;se dhnK ;hwktK d/ ekoD jh BjhA ehsk frnk j?. fJ; bJh fJ; ;zpzXft~u nfXe rfjokJh ft~u ikD d/ ekoD ikrtkokJhp d[nkok fbfys g[;se *g'fbNheb fvt?bgw?ANL J/iBob fEUoh n?Av J/ b?fNB nw/foeB e/; ;Nvh* d/yDk T[g:'rh j't/rk.

okiBhfse ftek; dh ftnkfynk, noE, b~SDK ns/ ;soK d/ ftt/uB d/ Bkb i/eo okiBhfse ftek; d/f;XKs fBowkD dhnK e'fPPK dh ;zy/g uouk BjhA eoKr/, sK fJj toDB nX{ok jh wzfBnk ikt/rk.okiBhfse ftek; d/ f;XKs fBowkD dh ;otgqEw e'fPP nkwzv dh jh ojh j?. pknd ft~u fbT{fPnB gkJh,nk:z;N?v, g/B'e ns/ jfDzNrNB B/ fJ; ft~u :'rdkB fd~sk. gqzs{ okiBhfse ftek; d/ f;XKs fBowkD ft~u;G s'A fInkdk :'rdkB for; ns/ j/bhU ikrtkokJhp dk jh wzfBnk iKdk fojk j?. fJBK B/ okiBhfseftek; T[~s/ ;zg{oD fuzsB Bz{ fJ~e f;XKse ;{so ft~u pzBD dh e'fPP ehsh j?. ikrtkokJhp d[nkokgqshgkfds f;XKs nfXe ftnkge ns/ rfjBsw j?, gqzs{ nfsnkfXe ifNbsk d/ ekoD fJ; Bz{ fJ~E/ BjhAfd~sk ik fojk. for; dk f;XKs th fJ~E/ ;zy/g ft~u jh fd~sk ik fojk j?.


B ØN


for; d[nkok gqshgkfds okiBhfse ftek; dk f;XKs for; d[nkok gqshgkfds okiBhfse ftek; dk f;XKs for; d[nkok gqshgkfds okiBhfse ftek; dk f;XKs for; d[nkok gqshgkfds okiBhfse ftek; dk f;XKs for; d[nkok gqshgkfds okiBhfse ftek; dk f;XKs (Theory of PoliticalDevlopment as Propounded by Riggs)for; dk ws j? fe g~Swh okiBhfse ;z;EktK dk ngBkUDk g~Swh ;z;feqsh d/ gqshwkBK Bz{ ngBkUDk BjhAwzfBnk ik ;edk. fJ;/ soK, Uj seBheh gfotosBK ns/ ;z;feqfse gfotosBK ft~u nzso eodk j?. ns/fJj Bshik e~Ydk j? fe okiBhfse ;z;EktK seBheh gqrsh dk gfoDkw j[zdhnK jB. ;z;feqfse ftek;KBkb fJBK dh T[sgsh BjhA j[zdh j?. T[dkjoD bJh, okiBhfse dbK dh ;EkgBk seBhe dk Bshik j? ns/g~Sw dh soK ;kwtkdh oki th fJ; Bz{ ;theko eod/ jB. T[;B/ okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;zouBkswe ns/gqfeqnkswe ftPb/PDK ft~u nzso eod/ j'J/ fJj Bshik e~fYnk j? fe ;zouBkswe ftPb/PDK ft~u ;zouBktKBz{ jh wj~st fd~sk frnk j? ns/ UBK d/ ekoiK ft~u j'J/ gfotosBK dh nDd/yh eo fd~sh rJh j?, id'Afe gqfeqnkswe ftPb/PDK ft~u gqfeqnkswe gfotosBK T[Zs/ nfsnkfXe pb fd~sk frnk j? ns/ ;zouBkswegfotosBK dh ntj/bDk j'Jh j?. T[;B/ okiBhfse ftek; d/ f;XKs ft~u ;zouBkswe gfotosBK T[Zs/ pbfd~sk j?. for; B/ ;zouBktkdh j'D d/ ekoD nkgD/ d[nkok gqshgkfds okiBhfse ftek; d/ f;XKs dk w{bnkXko ;zouBkswe ftfGzBsktK Bz{ jh pDkfJnk j?.

for;, fbT{fPnB gkJh d/ ftek; ;fwPN^b~SD, i' ;wkBsk, ywsk ns/ ftfGzBheoD s/ nkXkfos j?, Bz{b? e/ nkgD/ ftek; f;XKs dk gqshgkdB eodk j?. T[;dh w{b wkBsk fJj j? fe okiBhfse ft;EktK ft~ufizBk nfXe ;zouBkswe ftfGzBheoD ns/ ftP/PheoD j't/rk, UBK ft~u UBh jh ;w~f;nktK dk ;kjwDkeoD ns/ Nhuk gqkgsh dh ywsk j't/rh. i/eo ;zouBkswe ftfGzBheoD ns/ ftP/PheoD BjhA j't/rk, iKx~N j't/rk, T[;/ nB[gks ft~u okiBhfse ftt;EktK ft~u ;w~f;nktK dk ;wkXkB eoD dh ywsk th x~Nj' ikt/rh. for; dk wzBDk j? fe i/eo okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u gfonkgs ftfGzBheoD BjhA j?, sK ;wkBskns/ ywsk d't/A jh p/wkBh j' ikDrhnK. feUAfe, nfsnkfXe ftfGzBhfeqs ;wki ft~u ;oekoh ;z;EktK d/ftek; Bkb jh nfijhnK okiBhfse gqfeqnktK fttjkfoe pddhnK jB, fiBK ft~u T[Zu ;so dh ywsk j[zdhj?, ns/ i' ekch wksok ft~u ;fjGkfrsk dh ;wkBsk fbnkUD ft~u ;jkfJe j[zdhnK jB. fJ; ekoD, for;;wkBsk ns/ ywsk Bz{ ;otkfXe wj~st fdzdk j?. Uj fJ; ft~u ;zs[bB Bz{ pDk e/ o~yD dk ;[Mkn fdzdkj?. fJj ;zs[bB sK jh ;zGt j?, id'A tkwgzEh ns/ d~yDgzEh PeshnK ftt;Ek dh ywsk ft~u tkXk eodhnKjB.

;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD (Self-Assessment)

;jh ftebg u[D'^ ;jh ftebg u[D'^ ;jh ftebg u[D'^ ;jh ftebg u[D'^ ;jh ftebg u[D'^ (Choose the correct option)

1H s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk gqEw fuzse ns/ b/ye ;hL^

(e) wΩN/;feT{ (y) no;s{ (r) w?fenkt?fb (x) jhrb

2H ‘g'fbfNe;* g[;se fe; dh feqsh j?^

(e) no;s{ (y) w?fenkt?fb (r) jhrb (x) wΩAN/;feT{

3H okiBhfse nfXn?B Bz{ ;[fBPfus s~EK s/ nkXkfos eoD d/ bJh no;s{ d[nkok ssekbhB fezB/ d/PKd/ ;zftXkBK dk nfXn?B ehsk frnk^

(e) 100 (y) 120 (r) 140 (x) 158

4H “fgqz;@ g[;se d/ oufJsk jBL^

(e) no;s{ (y) jhrb (r) w?fenkt?fb (x) wΩAN/;feT{

5H ‘fd ;fgfoN Uc fd b'i* d/ b/ye jB^

(e) wΩAN/;feT{ (y) w?fenkt?fb (r) no;s{ (x) jhrb


B ØN


1H4 ;ko nzP 1H4 ;ko nzP 1H4 ;ko nzP 1H4 ;ko nzP 1H4 ;ko nzP (Summary)

• s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ noE dk ft;fsqs ftPb/PD eoB s'A gfjbK fJ; dk ‘s[bBkswe ;oeko’(comparative government) s'A nzso ;wM b?Dk Io{oh j?. pokpo ns/ s[bBkswe okiBhsh B{z‘s[bBkswe Pk;B’ iK ‘s[bBkswe ;oeko’ dk d{ik BK ;wM fbnk iKdk j?. d'BK dk jh ;pzX ‘okiBhsh’Bkb j'D d/ ekoB fJBK dk fJZe d{;o/ d/ bJh ndb^pdb eoe/ gq:'r eoBk E'Vk ;[Gkfte jh j?.

• ihB pb'Dv/b ihB pb'Dv/b ihB pb'Dv/b ihB pb'Dv/b ihB pb'Dv/b B/ th s[bBkswe ;oeko dk noE okpNoI d[nkok ehs/ rJ/ noE Bkb fwbdkî[bdkehsk j?. fJBQK B/ s[bBkswe ;oeko dh gfoGkPk eod/ j'J/ fbfynk j?^

‘‘s[bBkswe ;oeko ;wekbhB ftPt ftZu okPNoh ;oekoK d/ gqshwkBK dk nfXn?B j?.’’

• s[bBkswe ;oeko dh T[go'es gfoGkPktK s'A ;gZPN j? fe fJ; ftZu oki Bkb ;pzfXs n"gukfoe;z;EktK dk jh w[Zy s"o s/ s[bBkswe nfXn?B j[zdk j?.

• s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ;pzX okiBhfse fttjko dh ;zg{oDsk (totality of political behaviour) d/nfXn?B s'A j?. fJ; ftZu ;oekoK ns/ oki;h ;z;EktK dk okiBhfse ;z;EktK Bkb s[bBkswe nfXn?BsK nkg jh Pkfwb ofjzdk j?.

• o/bc p/qpzsho/bc p/qpzsho/bc p/qpzsho/bc p/qpzsho/bc p/qpzsh B/ s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh ftnkge gfoGkPk ehsh j?. fJBQK B/ fbfynk j?^

“s[bBkswe okiBhsh ;zg{oD ;wkfie ftt;Ek ftZu T[BK sZsK dh gfjukD ns/ ftnkfynk j? i'okiBhfse ezwK ns/ T[BQK d/ ;z;Ekrs gqekPB B{z gqGkfts eod/ jB.”

• s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh ;zfygs ns/ PkfJd ;G s'A ;gPN gfoGkPk n?w eofN;n?w eofN;n?w eofN;n?w eofN;n?w eofN; B/ fdsh j? . UBkd/ nB[;ko^

“s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ;zpzX okiBhfse ;z;EktK dh ezw dh ftXh ns/ okiBhfse ftntjko dhwjstg{oB fBozsosktK, ;wkBsktK ns/ n;wkBsktK s'A j?.”

• s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeosh B{z b? e/ ftdtkBK ftZu wsG/d j?. w'N/ s"o s/ fJ; dh gqfeqsh ;pzXhftukoK B{z d' gqw[Zy XkoDktK ftZu ftGkfis ehsk iKdk j?. okiBhsh^Pk;so d/ ftdtkB ns/ s[bBksweokiBhsh d/ nroDh xZN iK tZX wksok ftZu d'jK ftZu'A fe;/ fJZe XkoDk d/ ;woEe fdykJh fdzd/ jB.fJj d' XkoDktK jB^

(e) s[bBkswe okiBhsh bzpkswe s[bBk j?. (It is vertical comparative study)

(y) s[bBkswe okiBhsh nzpoKfse s[bBk j?. (It is horizontal comparative study)

• s[bBkswe okiBhsh fJZe jh d/P ftZu ;fEs ftfGzB ;soK s/ ;Ekfgs ;oekoK ns/ T[BQK B{z gqGkftseoB tkb/ okiBhfse fttjkoK dk s[bBkswe ftPb/PD ns/ nfXn?B j?.

• T[go'es ftt/uB s'A, T[Zgoh ;wkBsktK d/ pkti{d okPNoh ns/ nKfPe ;oekoK d/ ;zpzX ft~u,n;wkBsktK dk jh nfXe nkGk; j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u fJ~e jh d/P dhnK ftfGzB;soh ;oekoK dk s[bBkswe ftPb/PD ;zGt fdykJh fdzd/ j'J/ th ;wkBheoD (generalization) dhnK;zGtBktK BjhA o~ydk. fJ; bJh Bshik gowkfDe (valid) BjhA j'Dr/. fJ~e' fijh ftPk^gfoXh d/ nGktd/ ekoD fJ; d/ Bshi/ gqwkfDe BjhA j'Dr/ ns/ fJ; Bkb i' f;XKs pDkJ/ ikDr/, UBK Bz{ th fe;/ tor(category) ft~u o~y e/ UBK Bkb j'o d/PK dhnK ;oekoK Bz{ ;wMDk ;zGt BjhA j't/rk.

• s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh ;zpzXh d{ih XkoDk d/ nB[;ko fJj okPNoh ;oekoK dh nzpoKfse s[bBkdk nfXn?B j?.

• i/eo s[bBkswe okiBhsh okPNoh ;oekoK dh nzpoKfse s[bBk j?,sK fJ; ft~u d' ;zGktBktK PkfwbfdykJh fdzdhnK jB. gfjbhgfjbhgfjbhgfjbhgfjbh sK fJj fe fJj s[bBk, fJ~e jh d/P dhnK ftfGzB ekbK ft~u ft~fdnwkB


B ØN


okPNoh ;oekoK dh nkg; ft~u j' ;edh j?, ns/ d{ih, UBK okPNoh ;oekoK ft~u, i' n~i ;zg{oD ftPtft~u ft~fdnkwkB jB, j' ;edh j?.

• s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u fJfsjkf;e ;zdoG ft~u okPNoh ;oekoK dh ;w^;soh s[bBk ehsh ikdh j?.fJ; soK dh s[bBk dk nkgDk nb~r wj~st j?. gqzs{ s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u fJj ekch BjhA. fJ;dh fJ; Pk;so ft~u ;hfws T[g:'frsk jh j?. fJ; Bkb e/tb fJ~e oki dhnK okPNoh ;oekoK Bz{ ftfGzBekbK ft~u ;wMD ft~u jh wdd fwbdh j?. T[; okPNo s'A fGzB gqeko dh ;z;feqsh, ;~fGnsk ns/ ;zrmBtkb/ oki ft~u ;zukfbs ;oeko dh gqfeqsh ns/ okiBhfse fttjko Bz{ ;wMD bJh fJj ekch BjhA j?.

• s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gqfeqsh d/ T[go'es ftt/uB s'A ;gPN j? fe s[bBkswe okiBhsh fJ~e ;[szsonB[Pk;B j? i' okiBhsh ftfrnkB ft~u fJ~e wj~stg{oD Pkyk pD frnk j?.ukj/ fJ; dk nfXn?B thokiBhfse ;z;EktK Bkb ;zpzfXs okiBhsh s'A j?, fco th fJj okiBhsh ftfrnkB s'A fJ; noE ft~ufGzB j? fe fJ; ft~u oki ns/ r?o^Pk;eh okiBhsh d'tK dk jh nfXn?B Pkfwb j[zdk j?. id'A fe,okiBhsh^ftfrnkB r?o^Pk;eh okiBhsh Bkb gqs~y o{g ft~u ;zpzfXs BjhA j[zdk. fJ; soK, s[bBksweokiBhsh, fJ~e jh d/P dhnK okPNoh ;oekoK dk fJfsjkf;e ;zdoG ns/ okPNoh ;hwktK d/ nko gkos[bBkswe nfXn?B jh BjhA j?, fJj fJ; d/ Bkb okiBhfse gqfeqnktK ns/ okiBhfse fttjko ns/;oekoh szsoK Bz{ gqGkfts eoD tkbhnK r?o^;oekoh ftt;EktK dk th s[bBkswe nfXn?B j?.

• “;G s'A nfXe nkXkoG{s r~b s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ pko/ fJj j? fe n~i fJj fJ~e nfijk ftPk j? fi;ft~u pj[s fttkd j? feUAfe fJj ;zeowD dh ;fEsh ft~u j?̂ fJ~e gqeko dh ftPb/PD P?bh s'A d{i/ gqekodh P?bh ft~u gq;EkB eo fojk j?.”

• fJ; s'A ;gPN j? fe s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh gfoGkPk ns/ gqfeqsh dh soK fJ; dk ftPk y/so th fttkddk ftPk j?. fJ; d/ y/so Bz{ b? e/ gozgoktkdhnK ns/ nkX[fBe okiBhshPk;sohnK ft~u rfjok wsG/d j?. ihB pb"Dv/b (Jean Blondel) B/ fJj fttkd d' r~bK Bkb ;zpzfXs d~f;nk j?. gfjbkgfjbkgfjbkgfjbkgfjbk j?s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh ;hwk ;zpzXh ns/ d{ik d{ik d{ik d{ik d{ik wkDeK ns/ fttjkoK d/ nkg;h ;zpzXK ;zpzXh fttkd.

• fJ; soK, s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ;zpzX w[~y s"o s/ Pk;B feqnk d/ fJod^frod x[zwd/ okiBhfse fttjkod/ s[bBkswe nfXn?B s'A j?. gqzs{ Pk;B feqnk fszB ;soK s/ ;zukfbs j[zdh j? iK fJj fejk ikt/ fe w[~bKdk nfXfeqs nkpzNB fszB ;soK s/ gfoukfbs j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh, “s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u gfoukfbsk(operations) d/ fJBK ;soK dk, fiBK Bkb w[~bK dk nkpzNB j[zdk j?, gohyD eoBk wj~stg{oD j?.”fJj fszB ;so jB^

(1) w[~bK ns/ NhfunK dk fB:wB (Formulation of Values and Goals)(2) w[~bK Bz{ nksw;ks eoBk ns/ fBofdPN fBofDnK ft~u o{gKsoD (Formulation of Values and

Goals)(3) fBofDnK Bz{ bkr{ eoBk (Implementation of Decisions)

• fttjkotkdh okiBhfse ftt;Ek Bz{ fJ~e fJb?eNq'fBe (electronic) :zso d/ o{g ft~u d/yd/ jB. Pk;B^:zso d' wkorh gqukbB j?. fJj fJ~e nfijh wPhB j?, i' ;ze/s (signals) rqfjD eodh j? ns/ fJBKdk j'o ;ze/sK ft~u o{gKsoD eodh j?. s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ;zpzX Pk;B szso d[nkok rqfjD ehs/ rJ/;ze/sK ns/ UBK d/ o{gKsoD dh gqfeqnk s'A j?. fJ; soK s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B y/so ft~u,okiBhfse ;wki ft~u w[~bK ns/ NhfunK d/ fB:wB dhnK gqfeqnktK, fJBK w[~bK Bz{ Pk;B szso d[nkoknksw;ks eoBk ns/ fBofdPN fBofDnK ft~u o{gKsoD ns/ ;thfeqs fBofDnK d/ bkr{ eoD Bkb;zpzfXs gqfeqnktK Pkfwb ehshnK ikdhnK jB.

• s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk fJfsjk; brGr UBk jh gqkuhB j?, fizBk okiBhfse fuzsB dk fJfsjk; j?.;zg{oD fbfys fJfsjk; jh s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk fJfsjk; fejk ik ;edk j?. fJ; d/ ;G s'A gfjb/fuzse ns/ b/ye j'D dk Pq/n no;s{ Bz{ jh gqkgs j?. no;s{ dh G{fwek s[bBkswe okiBhsh Bz{ m'; nkXkod/D ft~u Bk e/tb wj~stg{oD wzBh iKdh j?, pbfe eJh ekoDK s'A w"fbe th ejh ik ;edh j?. no;s{


B ØN


B/ fiBK ;w~f;nktK Bz{ s[bBkswe ftPb/PD bJh u[fDnk ns/ fiBK g~XshnK dk okiBhfse nfXn?B ft~ugqubB ehsk, Uj n~i th s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u gqufbs jB.

• no;s{ B/ s[bBkswe okiBhsh Bz{ e/tb f;XKse pb jh BjhA fd~sk, pbfe ssekbhB ftPt ft~u gqufbs158 ;zftXkBK dk s[bBkswe ftPb/PD eo e/ okiBhfse nfXn?B Bz{ ;[fBPfus s~EK s/ nkXkfos ehsk.nB[Gkfte ftPb/PD dk fJj ;otgqEw gq:'r ;h. no;s{ B/ nkgDh g[;se g'bhfNe;g'bhfNe;g'bhfNe;g'bhfNe;g'bhfNe; ft~u okiBhshdh nfXn?B g~XshnK ;zpzXh gqPB T[mkJ/, ns/ nB/eK gqPBK dk nkg jh fJ; g[;se ft~u T[Zso th fd~sk.

• s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk nkX[fBe nfXn?B, g[BLikroD ekb d/ okiBhfse fuzsB s'A nkozG j'fJnk wzfBnkiKdk j?. fJ; ekb ft~u oki Bz{ ‘d?th’ (divine) BjhA ‘wkBtfeqas’ wzfBnk frnk ns/ fJ; bJh fJ; d/g[BormB iK Bt^fBowkD dk iK fJj ej' fe fJ; dk ;[Xko wkor fsnko j'fJnk.

• s[bBkswe okiBhsh Bz{ sK w?fenkt/fb dh wj~stg{oD d/D ojh j?, feUAfe T[;d/ okiBhsh ;zpzXh ;ko/fBu'V ftfGzB Pk;B ftt;EktK d/ s[bBkswe nfXn?B s/ jh nkXkfos jB. T[; dh g[;se fgqz;fgqz;fgqz;fgqz;fgqz;(Prince) d/ nfXn?B s'A, s[bBkswe okiBhfse nB[Pk;B Bz{ T[;dh d/D dk ;ze/s fwbdk j?. fJ; g[;seft~u w?fenkt/fb B/ fJj ftnes ehsk j? fe okiBhsh dk ftt;fEs ns/ s[bBkswe nfXn?B feUA Io{ohj?< T[;d/ fuzsB ns/ b/yB s'A fJj ;gPN j[zdk j? fe oki wkBt d[nkok fBofws ;z;Ek j? ns/ okiBhshdk T[d/P ;wkfie nfG:zsoD (social engineering) s'A j?.

• w?fenkt/fb d/ okiBhfse fuzsB s'A fJ~e r~b fJj T[~Godh j? fe okiBhsh dk T[d/P ;wkfie nfG:zsoDj?.

• w?fenkt/fb B/ ;ot^T[~sw okiBhsh ns/ ;wkfie ftt;Ek d/ frnkB d/ bJh ftfGzB gqeko dhnKftt;EktK dh s[bBk Bz{ Io{oh wzfBnk j?. T[;B/ nkg Pk;eK Bz{ ;bkj d/D bJh ftfGzB d/PK dhnKokiBhfse ftt;EktK ns/ Pk;eK d/ ezwK dk nfXn?B ehsk, ns/ UBK dh go;go s[bBk eo e/ fBu'Ve~Y/. fJj fBu'V fgqz;fgqz;fgqz;fgqz;fgqz; Bkwe g[;se ft~u Pk;e Bz{ ;[Mkn d/ o{g ft~u ftnes j'J/.

• fJfsjk;tkd s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ fJfsjk; Bz{ T[BhthA Pskpdh ft~u b? nkUAdk j?.fJ; ekb dhokiBhfse ftukoXkotK dh G{fwek s[bBkswe okiBhsh nfXn?B d/ ;zpzX ft~u Bekokswe jh ojhj?.fJ;dk noE fJj j? fe fJ; :[r ft~u s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ ftek; Bz{ iK s[bBkswe nfXn?B d/ ftukoBz{ gqs~y o{g ft~u gq's;kjB BjhA fwfbnk.

• jhrb iowB dkoPfBe ;h. T[;d/ nB[;ko nkswk dk w'eP wkBt ihtB dk nzfsw T[d/P j?.wkBt dkftek; fJ~e B?fasesk dh fdPk ft~u j' fojk j?. ns/ nzfsw tk;sftesk dk frnkB gqkgs eoBk jh w'ePgqkgs eoBk j?.T[;d/ nB[;ko i' nzfsw ftt/e j?, Uj fGzB fGzB gqeko d/ o{g ft~u fgqEth s/ ntskob?Adk j? ns/ T[; dk fJ~e o{g wB[~y nkg j?. oki th fJ~e nfijk jh nftsfos ;o{g j?. jhrb fJ;bJh jh “oki Bz{ JhPto dk fgqEth s/ ftuoD@ efjzdk j?.fJ; nkXko s/ Uj fJ~e ;otPeshwkB okidh ebgBk eodk j?, fi; ft~u wB[~y g{oh soK oki d/ nXhB ofjzdk j?.

• w?fenkt/fb ;wki Bz{ ;zpzXK dk gqshe d~; e/ fJBK ;zpzXK dh fGzBsk dk ;ze/s fdzdk j?. fJj ;zpzX fJ~ed/P ft~u jh fGzB fGzB gqeko d/ BjhA j[zd/, pbfe jo d/P ft~u nb~r nb~r soK d/ j[zd/ jB.

• okiBhfse ftek; s/ fJZe^wkorh fdqPNhe'D o~yD tkb/ ftukoe fJj wzBd/ jB fe ;ko/ okPNo ftek;d/ wkor s'A j[zd/ j'J/ n~r/ tX oj/ jB. fJBQK dh fJ; ;zpzX ftu gfjbh wkDsk fJj j? fe ;ko/ okiK ftZuokiBhfse fte; dk e/tb fJZe jh wkor j?. fJ; ftuko d/ ;woEeK dh d{ih wkDsk j? fe d{Bhnk d/;ko/ okPNo ftek; d/ fJ; fJZe wkor s/ ftek; dhnK tZy^tZy nt;EktK ftZu jB. fJBQK dh sh;ohwkDsk fJj j? fe okiBhfse ftek; d/ bJh gqs:BPhb okPNoK d/ ;kjwD/ ftef;s okiK dk nkdoP j?.fJ; fdqPNhe'D d/ ;woEeK dk nfGws j? fiBQK ft~u'A fe;/ fJZe nkdoP Bz{ ftef;s okiBhfse ftt;Ekdk nkdoP wzfBnk ik ;edk j?. gfjbk nkdoP g~Swh irs d/ okiK dk, d{ik ;'ftns o{; dk ns/ sh;oknkdoP uhB dk j?.


B ØN


• fJ; fdqPNhe'D d/ gqfsgkdeK dk efjDk j? fe okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;ze/seK (indicators) dk fBPu/ eoe/okiBhfse ftt;EktK Bz{ fJ; ftek;^wkor s/ nzfes eod/ th T[BK dhnK okiBhfse ;zouBktK ns/gqfefonK dh rfsnkswesktK dk frnkB j' ikt/rk.

• okiBhfse ftek; dk pj[Fwkorh ftuko fJ; Bkb fGzBsk o~ydk j?. ftek; d/ d{;o/ fdqPNhe'D d/;woEe okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ pj[wkorh wzBd/ jB ns/ fszB dbhbK fJ;dh g[PNh d/ bJh fdzd/ jB.T[BQK dh gfjbK wkBsk j? fe okiBhfse ftek; pj[FfdPkth ns/ pj[Fnk:kwh (multi-directionaland multi-dimensional) j?, feT[Afe, nkg ftek; dh nB/eK fdPktK j[zdhnK jB. T[BQK d/ nB[;kookiBhfse ftek; ;kXkoD ftek; dh Xkok ftZu ;wkJh j'Jh, gozs{, ;gPN o{g Bkb ftfP;N Xkokj?. ir ;wkiK dk ftek; pj[^fdPkJh j? sK T[BQK dk okiBhfse ftek; th pj[^fdPkJh j' iKdk j?.fJBQK dh d{;oh wkBsk gfjbh wkBsk dk gfoDkw ejh ik ;edh j?. fJj wkBsk okiBhfse ftek;Bz{ pj[^wkorh wzBdh j?.

• fJBK d' wkBsKtK s'A fJBQK dh sh;oh wkBsk T[ZGodh j?. fJ;d/ nB[;ko okiBhfse ftek; d/ nkdoPiK wzfIb fJZe' fij/ BjhA j[zd/ jB. ;kohnK okiBhfse ftt;EktK d/ ;kjwD/ e'Jh fJZe iK fJZe' fijkftek; nkdoP BjhA j[zdk j?. fte;s ns/ ;wkitkdh okiK ftZu th fJB nkdoPK Bz{ b? e/ J/BQhnKfGzBsktK jB fe T[BQK dk nkdoP iK Nhuk ngBkUDk ;zGt th BjhA j?.

• g~Sw, ;'ftns o{; iK uhB dk okiBhfse ftek; gqfswkB j[D ;theko BjhA ehsk iKdk j?. ftek;PhbokiK dk okiBhfse ftek; i/eo fJZe fdPk ftZu jh fojk j[zdk sK T[BQK dh gqfeqsh Bz{ ;wMDk nfsnzs;ob j' iKdk. tk;sfte efmBkJh jh fJ~E/ nKUAdh j? fe fJBK d/PK ftZu ftek; dh Bk fJZe fdPk j?ns/ Bk jh ftek; dk e'Jh fJZe wkor j?.

• okiBhfse ftek; d/ noE Bz{ b? e/ j[D th ftukoeK ftZu wsG/d pfDnk j'fJnk j?. fJ;d/ noEs/ wsG/d dk gqw[Zy ekoD fJ;dh ftnkfynk dk ftukoe ftP/P dk fdqPNhe'D j?. T[dkjoD bJh, ;goNn?wo;B, fbg;/N, e'bw?B ns/ eNokfJN B/ okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ nkofEe ftek; dh okiBhfseg{ot^Pos d/ o{g ftZu ;wMD dk :sB ehsk j?. id'A fe o';N't fij/ noEPk;soh B/ fJ; Bz{ T[d:'fre;kwiK dh ftP/P okiBhsh fejk j?. r[Bko fwovkbb ns/ boBo fij/ ;wkiPk;sohnK B/ okiBhfseftek; Bz{ okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD dk d{ik BK fejk j?. fpzvo fJ; Bz{ okPNoh oki dk gqukbe iK ;zxNewzBdk j?.

• nkwzv ns/ e'bw?B okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ b'eszso dk d{ik BK efjzd/ jB. ;kwtkdh ns/ skBkPkjh Pk;Bftt;EktK d/ ;woEe ;EkfJ~st ns/ ftt;fEs gfotosB Bz{ okiBhfse ftek; dk BK fdzd/ jB. e[Mftukoe okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ Pesh iK ;zxNB dk fJZe o{g wzBd/ jB. nkwzv, e'bw?B, pb?e, nkB;N?vns/ e"oB j'io B/ okiBhfse ftek; Bz{ ;wkfie gfotosB dh pj[^fdPk^:[es gqfeqnk d/ fJZe gfjb{d/ o{g ftZu ftt/fus ehsk j?.

• gkJh B/ fJ;dh ;otgqEw gfoGkPk T[; ;w/A fd~sh, id'A fJj ntXkoDk dkftek; j' fojk ;h. T[; d/d[nkok fd~sh rJh gfoGkPk fJ; gqeko j?^

“okiBhfse ftek;, ;z;feqsh dk ft;oD ns/ ihtB d/ g[okD/ gqshwkBK Bz{ BthnK wzrK d/ nB[e{b pDkUDft~u UBK Bz{ UBK Bkb ;zs[bB fpmkUDk j?.@

1H5 Ppde'P 1H5 Ppde'P 1H5 Ppde'P 1H5 Ppde'P 1H5 Ppde'P (Keywords)

nksw;ks L rqfjD eoBk

ftjzrw fdqPNhe'D L ft;sqs BIohnk


B ØN


1H6 nfGnk; gqPB 1H6 nfGnk; gqPB 1H6 nfGnk; gqPB 1H6 nfGnk; gqPB 1H6 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ ;oeko s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< fJ;d/ noE^gqfeosh, gfoGkPk ns/ft;sko y/so dh ftnkfynk eo'.

2H s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ ftek; T[s/ o'PBh gkU.3H okiBhsh ftek; d/ noE ns/ gfoGkPk dh ftt/uBk eo'.

T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment) 1H (y) 2H (e) 3H (x) 4H (r) 5H (e)

1H7 ;zdoG g[;seK1H7 ;zdoG g[;seK1H7 ;zdoG g[;seK1H7 ;zdoG g[;seK1H7 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

1H s[bBkswe Pk;B ns/ okiBhsh^vkH phoe/Pto gq;kd f;zx, frnkB dk gqekPB(ghH n?Av vhH) 24, dfonkrzi, nz;koh o'v, fd~bh.

2H s[bBkswe okiBhshî/H ;hH i'joh, ;Nofbzr gpfbPoI gqkH fbH fd~bh.

3H s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ okiBhfse ;z;EktK^;hH phH r/Bk ftek; gpfbfPzr jkT{;gqkH fbH nz;koh o'v, fd~bh.

4H s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh o{go/ykÛw gqekP rkpk, w:{o g/go p?e;, B'J/vk.

p[e;

fJekJh^2L s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ okiBhshfJekJh^2L s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ okiBhshfJekJh^2L s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ okiBhshfJekJh^2L s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ okiBhshfJekJh^2L s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ okiBhsh

B ØN


fJekJh^2L s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ okiBhshfJekJh^2L s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ okiBhshfJekJh^2L s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ okiBhshfJekJh^2L s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ okiBhshfJekJh^2L s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ okiBhsh(Comparative Method and Politics)

ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ (Contents)T[d/P (Objectives)


2H1 s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ s[bBkswe okiBhsh (Comparative method and ComparativePolitics)

2H2 s[bBkswe g~Xsh dh gqfeqsh (The Nature of Comparative Method)

2H3 s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B d/ gozgokrs T[gkrw (Traditional Approach to theStudy of Comparative Politics)



2H6 nfGnk;^gqPB (Review Questions)




• s[bBkswe g~Xsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ s[bBkswe okiBhsh d// gozgokrs T[grwK dh ftnkfynk eoB ft~u.


s[bBkswe g~Xsh dk gq:'r okiBhsh Pk;so d/ nfXn?B ft~u okiBhsh Pk;so d/ iBe no;s{ d/ ;w/A s'Aj[zdk nkfJnk j?. f;;/o', g'bhfpn; N/;hN;, w?fenkt/bh, w"AN/;feT{, Nkeftb, p/ijkN, ;o j?Boh w/B ns/pqkJh; nkfd nB/eK okiBhfse dkoPfBeK ns/ okiBhsh Pk;sohnK B/ nkgD/ nfXn?B ft~u fJ; g~Xsh dkT[g:'r ehsk j?. fJ; g~Xsh d/ gq:'r Bkb nfXn?B eosk, ftfGzB okiK, UjBK d/ ;zrmBK, UjBK dhnKBhshnK ns/ ekoiebkgK dk s[bBkswe nfXn?B eoBk j? ns/ fJ; soK s[bBktK d/ nkXko s/ okiBhfseBshi/ e~YD dh e'fPP eoBk j?. gqzs{ d{i/ ftPt^:Z[X s'A gfjbK d/ okiBhsh Pk;sohnK d[nkok, s[bBksweg~Xsh dk gq:'r nshs ns/ gqu~fbs okiBhfse ftt;EktK dh nkg;h s[bBk eo e/ *nkdoP gqeko* iKokiBhfse fJfsjk; dhnK gqrshPhb PeshnK dh y'i eoB s~e jh ;hfws fojk ;h. UjBK B/ fJ; g~Xshdk gq:'r nfijh ;kXkoD Xkok (general current) dh y'i eoB ft~u ehsk i' ;ko/ ;zftXkBK ft~u gqtkfjsj[zdh j't/ ns/ fi; T[Zs/ nB[Gt d/ nB[w'dB dh Skg b~rh j't/. fJ; soK 1945 s~e fJ; g~Xsh dk gq:'r,okiBhfse ftt;EktK dh n"gukfoe, ekBz{Bh ns/ ;zftXkfBe s[bBktK s~e jh ;hfws fojk. ukj/ :[ZX s'Apknd d/ s[bBkswe ftPb/PDK ft~u th s[bBkswe g~Xsh dk Ujh skofee (Logical) eqw gq:'r ft~unkT[Adk j?, fco th, J/Phnk ns/ n|ohek d/ Bt'fds okiK d/ ekoD, okiBhfse ftt;EktK dh nB/esk,ftfu~sosk B/ ns/ s[bBk d/ gqsn ns/ ftPb/PD T[geoBK d/ gfo;eoB (sophistication) B/ s[bBksweg~Xsh Bz{ gfowkofis eo fd~sk j?.


B ØN


2H12H12H12H12H1 s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ s[bBkswe okiBhsh s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ s[bBkswe okiBhsh s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ s[bBkswe okiBhsh s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ s[bBkswe okiBhsh s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ s[bBkswe okiBhsh (Comparative methodand Comparative Politics)

j[D s[bBkswe g~Xsh, fe;/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek Bz{ fe;/ j'o okiBhfse ftt;Ek Bkb :Ksfoe s[bBk (mechan-ical comparison) wkso BjhA wzBh iKdh j?. j[D fJ; dk gq:'r f;oiDkswe gqfeqnk (creative process) d/o{g ft~u fJ; soK j[zdk j? fi; Bkb s[bBktK nfXe noEg{oD pDkJhnK ik ;eD. ;wkfie ftfrnkBK ft~u:Ksfoe s[bBktK fe;/ noEg{oD Bshi/ s~e BjhA gj[zu ;edhnK jB. fit/A Gkos d/ gqXkB wszoh dh, Gkos d/fe;/ fgzv d/ ;ogzu Bkb s[bBk ehsh ikt/, sK fJj s[bBk e/tb :Ksfoe j' ;edh j? ns/ nfijh s[bBk Bkb BksK gqXkB wzsoh d/ pko/, ns/ Bk jh ;ogzu d/ pko/ e'Jh noEg{oD Bshik e~fYnk ik ;edk j?. j[D s[bBksweg~Xsh dk gq:'r ftP/P noEK ft~u j'D b~rk j?. fJj fJ~e f;oiBkswe gqfeqnk d/ o{g ft~u d/yh ikD b~rh j?.go fJ; Bt/A noE ft~u fJ; dk gq:'r pj[s efmB j' frnk j?, feUAfe ;wkfie ftfrnkBK ft~u s[bBkswexNBktK dh nkgDh fJ~Sk ns/ ‘wkD;* j[zdk j?. fJjh ekoD j? fe ;wkfie ftfrnkBK ft~u fJ; g~Xsh dk T[g:'rnfXe gq/oe, u[B"sh tkbk, go Bkb jh cbdkfJe pD frnk j?.

no/Av fbIckoN B/ fJ; g~Xsh dh gfoGkPk eoB/ j'J/ fbfynk j? fe “s[bBkswe g~Xsh, j'o ;ko/ gfotoseKBz{ ;fEo o~yd/ j'J/, d' iK nfXe gfotoseK d/ ft~u ;kXkoD nB[Gkfte ;zpzXK dh ;EkgBk eoB dh ftXh j?.@noEks s[bBkswe g~Xsh ;kXkoD nB[Gkfte gq;EkgBktK ;Ekfgs eoB dh nkXkoG{s g~XshnK ft~u'A fJ~e j?.nkoEo n?bH ekbpor B/ fj; g~Xsh dh ;zy/g gfoGkPk fd~sh j?. Uj s[bBkswe g~Xsh Bz{ wkgD dk fJ~e o{g(form of measurement) wkso wzBdk j?. bk;t/b ns/ nkwzv B/ s[bBkswe g~Xsh Bz{ ftfrnkfBe g~Xsh efje/ gfoGkfPs ehsk j?. bk;t/b d/ nB[;ko, “s[bBkswe g~Xsh, ftfrnkfBe g~Xsh Bkb'A fGzB j' jh BjhA ;edh.@T[; dh wkBsk j? fe okiBhfse xNBktK T[Zs/ ftfrnkfBe fdqPNhe'D o~yD tkb/ fe;/ th ftnesh d/ bJh fJ~e;[szso ns/ nb~r s[bBkswe g~Xsh r?oÎo{oh j?. fJ; bJh, fJ; d/ nB[;ko, s[bBkswe g~Xsh, ftfrnkfBeg~Xsh dh soK jh ;kXkoD fB:wK dh y'i d/ Nhu/ Bz{ gqkgs eoB dh ftXh j?.

ekbpor, bk;t/b ns/ nkwzv d[nkok ehsk frnk s[bBkswe g~Xsh dk noE, fJ; g~Xsh dh gqfeqsh dk ;jhfu~soD BjhA eoBk j?. fJj wkgD dk fJ~e o{g wkso BjhA fejk ik ;edk j?. wkgD Bkb jh s[bBktK BjhA j'iKdhnK. ukj/ fJj ;jh j? fe wkgD ft~u s[bBk Io{oh j?, go wkgD fJ~e xNBk d/ pko/ ft~u ;kXkoD fBu'V s'An~r/ BjhA b? ikfJnk ik ;edk T[dkjoD bJh, fJj wkgD dk fBu'V fe fe;/ d/P ft~u ;z;dh b'eszso ;cb j?,Io{o jh fe;/ j'o ;z;dh b'eszso d/ pko/ ft~u ;wkB fBu'V BjhA e~Y/ ik ;ed/ jB. fJ; Bkb fJj sK d~f;nkik ;edk j? fe ;z;dh b'eszso nfijk j?, go fJj ;gPN BjhA ehsk ik ;edk fe nfijk feUA j?. fJ; bJhekbpor dh gfoGkPk, fe s[bBkswe g~Xsh wkgD dk fJ~e o{g j?, ;jh BjhA wzBh ik ;edh j?.

bk;t/b ns/ nkwzv d[nkok fJ; Bz{ ftfrnkfBe g~Xsh wzB b?Dk th mhe BjhA j?. ftfrnkfBe g~Xsh sKfJ~e wB'ftq~sh j?. fJj ftt;fEs got/yD, torheoB ns/ nKefVnK dh ftt;Ek j? fi; ft~u s[bBk thj[zdh j't/, fJj Io{oh BjhA j?. fit/A fe;/ d/P dh ftt;Ekfgek dk ftfrnkfBe g~Xsh Bkb nfXn?B ;zGtBjhA j?. fJ; g~Xsh d[nkok nfXn?B sK jh j't/rk id'A fe;/ j'o d/P dh ftt;Ekfgek Bkb fJ; dh s[bBkehsh ikt/. fJ; bJh s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns/ ftfrnkfBe g~Xsh Bz{ fJ~e BjhA wzfBnk ik ;edk j/. fJBQKd'jK g~XshnK d/ nzso dk fJ; gkm d/ nzs ft~u j'o ft;sko Bkb ftt/uB ehsk ikt/rk, fJ; bJh fJ~E/J/Bk fbyDk jh ek|h j? fe fJj d't/A g~XshnK fJ~e' torhnK BjhA jB.

s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u s[bBkswe g~Xsh nkXkoG{s j?. s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ;zpzXokiBhfse ;z;EktK dh ekoi ftXh ns/ okiBhfse fttjko dhnK wj~stg{oD fBozsosktK,;wkBsktK ns/ n;wkBsktK Bkb j'D d/ ekoD, fJ; g~Xsh d/ d[nkok jh fJj fBozsosktK,;wkBsktK ns/ n;wkBsktK ;wMhnK ns/ y'ihnK ik ;edhnK jB. fJjh ekoD j? fe eJhtko s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ s[bBkswe g~Xsh Bz{ ;wkB noEK (synonyms) iK fJ~e d{i/dk d{ik BK wzB fbnk iKdk j?. fJj tk;st ft~u fJ~e d{i/ s'A nb~r jB.

B'N;


B ØN


fBu'V ft~u fJjh fejk ik ;edk j? fe s[bBkswe g~Xsh fe;/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek, ;z;Ek, gqfeqnk ns/okiBhfse fttjko Bkb ;zpzfXs d' iK nfXe gfotoseK ft~u nkg;h nB[Gkfte ;zpzX ;Ekfgs eoB dhnfijh ftXh j? fi; ft~u s[bBk dhnK ;kohnK fJekJhnK Bkb ;zpzfXs j'o ;ko/ gfotoseK Bz{ ;fEo o~fynkiKdk j?. fit/A fe;/ fBotkuB y/so ft~u iksh iK wsdkB nkuoD (voting behaviour) dk ;zpzX gsk eoBbJh j'o fBotkuB y/soK ft~u wsdkB nkuoD Bkb fJ; dh s[bBk ehsh ikt/rh. fJ~E/ iksh s'A fJbktk ;ko/fBotkuB y/soK ft~u pkeh ;G r~bK ;wkB wzB e/ u~fbnk ikt/rk noEks iksh ns/ ws fttjko s'A fJbtk;ko/ gfotose ;fEo wzB/ ikDr/. T[dkjoD bJh, ;ko/ fBotkuB y/so g/Av{ j'Dr/, ;kfonK ft~u fJ~e' fijhf;~fynk j't/rh, ;G ft~u wsdksktK dh nkofEe ;fEsh th ;wkB j't/rh. fJ;/ soK f;~fynk, Xow, GkPknkfd gfotoseK dk ws fttjko Bkb ;zpzX ;Ekfgs ehsk ik ;edk j? ns/ j'o fBotkfus y/soK ft~u fJBQK;zpzXK dh s[bBk eo e/ ws fttjko d/ ;zpzX ft~u BshfinK s/ gj[zfunk ik ;edk j?. T[go'es ftt/uB s'A;gPN j? fe s[bBkswe g~Xsh dhnK fBwB fbfys ftP/PsktK j[zdhnK jB^

(1) fJj fBPfus o{g Bkb fJ~e g~Xsh j?. (2) fJj ftfrnkfBe g~XshnK ft~u'A fJ~e j?, nkg ftfrnkfBeg~Xsh BjhA j?. (3) fJj gfotoseK d/ ft~u nB[Gkfte ;zpzX^;{soK dh y'i eoB dh ftXh j?. (4) fJjs[bBkswe ftPb/PD dh ftXh j?, gqftXh gqfeqnk iK s[bBk dk fdqPNhe'D BjhA j?.

s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ noE ns/ gfoGkPk s'A fJj ;gPN j? fe s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u fJ; g~Xshdk ftP/P wj~st jh BjhA pbfe ftP/P noE th j?. fJ; g~Xsh dh gqfeqsh d/ ftt/uB Bkb fJj j'o th;gPN j' ikt/rk.

2H2 s[bBkswe g~Xsh dh gqfeqsh 2H2 s[bBkswe g~Xsh dh gqfeqsh 2H2 s[bBkswe g~Xsh dh gqfeqsh 2H2 s[bBkswe g~Xsh dh gqfeqsh 2H2 s[bBkswe g~Xsh dh gqfeqsh (The Nature of Comparative Method)

s[bBkswe g~Xsh dh gqfeqsh dk ;gPNheoB fJ; d/ gq:'r dhnK g{ot^PosK d/ ftt/uB d[nkok ehsk ik;edk j?. fJj fJ; gkm d/ P[o{ ft~u jh d/fynk ik ;edk j? fe s[bBkswe g~Xsh fe;/ th fJ~e t;s{ dhd{ih t;s{ Bkb s[bBk eoBk BjhA j?. fJj f;oiDkswe gqfeqnk j?. fJ; dk s[bBktK ft~u gq:'r sK jh ehskik ;edk j?, id'A fe s[bBk dhnK fJekJhnK ft~u e[M Io{oh b~SD ftfdnwkB j'D noEks s[bBkswe g~Xshdh s[bBk eoB dhnK e[M g{ot^PosK jB. ;zy/g ft~u fJj fJ; soK jB^

s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ gq:'r dhnK g{ot^PosK s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ gq:'r dhnK g{ot^PosK s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ gq:'r dhnK g{ot^PosK s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ gq:'r dhnK g{ot^PosK s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ gq:'r dhnK g{ot^PosK (Pre-requisites of Comparative(Pre-requisites of Comparative(Pre-requisites of Comparative(Pre-requisites of Comparative(Pre-requisites of ComparativeMethod)Method)Method)Method)Method)LLLLLs[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ gq:'r dhnK e[M ftfPPN g{ot^PosK jB. fJBQK d/ g{ok j'J/ fpBK s[bBkswe g~Xshd/ gq:'r Bkb ehshnK rJhnK s[bBktK ;zs[fbs nt;Ek s~e BjhA b? ikJhnK ik ;edhnK. n;b ft~u, fJjUj ftfPPN PosK jB fiBQK Bkb s[bBkswe nfXn?BK Bz{ noE g{oB pDkUD ft~u wdd fwbdh j?. fJBQKPosK dh g{osh d/ nGkt ft~u th s[bBkswe ftPb/PD sK ehsk ik ;edk j?. go s[bBk dhnK fJekJhnKd/ pko/ ft~u T[g:'rh Bshi/ e~YDk ;zGt BjhA j[zdk. fit/A fe;/ d/P d/ ;op^T[u fBnkb/ dh fJ~e fgzv dhfBnK gzukfJs Bkb s[bBk eoB s/ th s[bBk dhnK UjBK d'jK fJekJhnK ft~u'A fe;/ d/ pko/ ft~u th e'Jh;kXkoD fB:w BjhA pDkfJnk ik ;e/rk. fJ~E/ fJBQK fJekJhnK ft~u gqs:Jh nzso j'D d/ ekoD s[bBk jhfBooEe j't/rh. fJ; bJh s[bBkswe g~Xsh dk fe;/ th fJekJh dh fe;/ j'o fJekJh Bkb s[bBk eoB ft~uT[g:'r ;koEe BjhA j[zdk j?. fJ; dh ;koEesk d/ bJh e[M g{ot^PosK dk j'Dk Io{oh j?. fJj ftfPPNPosK fBwB fbfys jB^

(e) s[bBk dh fJekJh d/ u[DkU d/ ekoe d/ o{g ft~u gqs:Jh YKuk iK ftuko pzX (e) s[bBk dh fJekJh d/ u[DkU d/ ekoe d/ o{g ft~u gqs:Jh YKuk iK ftuko pzX (e) s[bBk dh fJekJh d/ u[DkU d/ ekoe d/ o{g ft~u gqs:Jh YKuk iK ftuko pzX (e) s[bBk dh fJekJh d/ u[DkU d/ ekoe d/ o{g ft~u gqs:Jh YKuk iK ftuko pzX (e) s[bBk dh fJekJh d/ u[DkU d/ ekoe d/ o{g ft~u gqs:Jh YKuk iK ftuko pzX (Conceptualframework as a factor in unit selection)^̂̂̂̂s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ gq:'r ft~u s[bBk dhnK fJekJhnK dkgqs:Jh YKuk fJ~e' fijk j'Dk Io{oh j?. fJ~e' fij/ gqs:Jh YKu/ s'A fJ~E/ wsbp j? fe ;kohnK fJekJhnK fJ~ejh gqs:n Bkb ;zpzfXs j'D. T[dkjoD bJh, Gkos dh ;z;d dh s[bBk, fpqN/B dh ;z;d Bkb eoB s/, s[bBkdhnK d't/A fJekJhnK^ Gkos ns/ fpqN/B dhnK ;z;dK, ;wkB gqs:Jh YKu/ tkbhnK ejhnK ikDrhnK. fJ~E/fJj fXnkB o~yDk j? fe s[bBk dhnK fJekJhnK dk fJ~e' fijk gqs:Jh YKuk d'jK dh fJ~eo{gsk iK ;wkBskdk ;ze/se BjhA j?. fJ; T[dkjoD ft~u d'jK dh ;z;dK ft~u ftfGzBsk ns/ ftfu~sosk j'D s/ th gqs:n dh


B ØN


fdqPNh Bkb d'tK dk ftukopzX fJ~e ;wkB j?. noEks d't/A jh okPNoh ;z;dK jB, gqzs{ i/eo oki;EkB dhftXkB ;Gk dh nwohek dh eKro; (ftt;Ekfgek) Bkb s[bBk ehsh ikt/, sK d'jK fJekJhnK dk gqs:JhYKuk nb~r nb~r j' ikt/rk ns/ s[bBk ehsh ik ;e/rh, go fJj f;oiDkswe BjhA j't/rh. fJ~E/ oki;EkBdh ftXkB ;Gk ns/ nwohek dh eKro; gqs:Jh YKu/ dh ;wkBsk BjhA fdydh j?. fJ; bJh fJBQK d'jKdh s[bBk j' ;e/rh ns/ e[M Bshik e~YDk th ;zGt j't/rk, go T[; s'A n~r/ fJ; s[bBk d/ nkXko s/, fJBQKd'jK fJekJhnK ft~u'A fe;/ fJe d/ pko/ ft~u th ;wkB f;XKs BjhA pDkJ/ ik ;eDr/ ns/ Bk jh d'jK d/ pko/e'Jh ;gPNheoB d/Dk ;zGt j' ;e/rk. fJ; bJh s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ gq:'r d/ bJh s[bBk dh fJekJh d/u[Bkt ft~u fJ~e' fijk gqs:Jh YKuk j'Dk Io{oh jh BjhA, pj[s Io{oh j[zdk j?.

(y) nBt/PD d/ e/Ado d/ o{g ft~u s[bBk:'r gqs:Jh ftPk (y) nBt/PD d/ e/Ado d/ o{g ft~u s[bBk:'r gqs:Jh ftPk (y) nBt/PD d/ e/Ado d/ o{g ft~u s[bBk:'r gqs:Jh ftPk (y) nBt/PD d/ e/Ado d/ o{g ft~u s[bBk:'r gqs:Jh ftPk (y) nBt/PD d/ e/Ado d/ o{g ft~u s[bBk:'r gqs:Jh ftPk (Comparable conceptual issueas focus of enquiry)^̂̂̂̂s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ gq:'r dh fJ~e g{ot Pos fJj th j? fe nBt/PD d/ e/Adod/ o{g ft~u s[bBk:'r ns/ ;wkB gqs:nK tkb/ ftP/ jh s[bBkswe nfXn?B bJh u[D/ ikD, BjhA sK nfXn?Bd/ ;zpzX ft~u gfoebgBk eoBk efmB j' ikt/rk. ;wkB gqs:Jh ftP/ Bkb s[bBk dh ftP/ t;s{ dh fJ~eo{gskdk noE BjhA j?, pbfe ftP/ t;s{ ft~u w'Nh ;wkBsk s'A j?.fJ; Bkb P'X ekoi ft~u fdPkJh J/esk(directional unity) oj/rh ns/ noEg{oB s[bBkswe ftPb/PD ;zGt j' ;e/rk.

(r) s[bBk dhnK gqs:Jh fJekJhnK dh gfoGkfPsk (r) s[bBk dhnK gqs:Jh fJekJhnK dh gfoGkfPsk (r) s[bBk dhnK gqs:Jh fJekJhnK dh gfoGkfPsk (r) s[bBk dhnK gqs:Jh fJekJhnK dh gfoGkfPsk (r) s[bBk dhnK gqs:Jh fJekJhnK dh gfoGkfPsk (Definationally conceptual units ofcomparison)^̂̂̂̂s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ gq:'r ft~u e/tb nfijh gqs:Jh fJekJhnK dk jh u[Bkt eoBk ukjhdkj?, fiBQK dh gfoGkPk ehsh ik ;e/. fJekJhnK d/ u[Bkt ft~u fJj fXnkB o~yDk Io{oh j? fe UjBK Bkb;zpzfXs gqs:n ;w/A, ;EkB ns/ ;z;feqsh d/ pzXBK s'A w[es j'D ns/ ;kohnK nt;EktK ns/ gfo;fEshnKft~u bkr{ j'D tkb/ j'D. fJ; Bkb e/tb fJjh wsbp fBebdk j? fe gqs:Jh fJekJhnK nfijhnK j'D fiBQKdh wzBh gfoGkPk ;wkB j't/. fit/A okiBhfse ftt;Ek okiBhfse ftek; iK okiBhfse ;wkiheoB dhgfoGkPk eoBk ;zGt j? T[;/ soK s[bBk dhnK fJekJhnK Bkb ;zpzfXs gqs:n nfij/ BjhA j'D/ ukjhd/ fiBKdh gfoGkPk jh Bk ehsh ik ;e/ ns/ i/eo UjBK Bz{ gfoGkfPs eoBk ;zGt Bk th j't/, sK th jo P'Xeoskdh gfoGkPk, jo d{i/ P'Xeosk dh gfoGkPk s'A fGzB j't/. ‘;wkitkd* ns/ ‘b'eszso* n~i nfij/ jh gqs:npD rJ/ brd/ jB. fJ; bJh s[bBk ft~u nfij/ gqs:nK dk gq:'r ehsk ikt/, fi; dh gfoGkPk ehsh ik;e/ ns/ i' ftukoXkok, ;EkB ns/ w[~bK d/ pzXBK s'A w[es j't/. nfijk j'D s/ jh s[bBkswe ftPb/PDnoEg{oB BshfinK s~e b? ik ;e/rk.

(x) P'X d/ e/Ado dh ;[fBPfussk (x) P'X d/ e/Ado dh ;[fBPfussk (x) P'X d/ e/Ado dh ;[fBPfussk (x) P'X d/ e/Ado dh ;[fBPfussk (x) P'X d/ e/Ado dh ;[fBPfussk (Definiteness of the focus of enquiry)^̂̂̂̂s[bBkswe ftPb/PDKft~u s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ gq:'r T[g:'rh pDkUD bJh nfXn?B dk ;[fBPfus wzst j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ;Bz{ fBooEe s~sK dh s[bBk s'A puDk ;zGt j[zdk j?. i/eo P'X d/ e/Ado dh ;[fBPfussk BjhA j't/rh sKr?oÎo{oh nKefVnK d/ ;zebB dk ysok j't/rk.;[fBPfus T[d/P Bkb nfXn?B dhnK fJekJhnK d/ pko/ ft~ugfoebgBk eoBk th ;ob j' ikdk j?.

(u) gqs:Jh fJekJh d/ x~N s'A x~N T[dkjoDK dh Io{os (u) gqs:Jh fJekJh d/ x~N s'A x~N T[dkjoDK dh Io{os (u) gqs:Jh fJekJh d/ x~N s'A x~N T[dkjoDK dh Io{os (u) gqs:Jh fJekJh d/ x~N s'A x~N T[dkjoDK dh Io{os (u) gqs:Jh fJekJh d/ x~N s'A x~N T[dkjoDK dh Io{os (Necessity of atleast two cases ofconceptual units)^̂̂̂̂s[bBk eoB dk wsbp jh fJj j? fe x~N s'A x~N d' T[dkjoD sK w"i{d j'D. i/eod' iK d' s'A nfXe T[dkjoD BjhA j'Dr/ sK s[bBk ;zGt jh BjhA j' ;e/rh. fi~E/ e/tb fJ~e jh xNBk iKT[dkjoD j?, T[~E/ s[bBkswe g~Xsh dk gq:'r BjhA ehsk ik ;edk.

T[go'es g{ot PosK fJ; g~Xsh d/ T[g:'r ft~u nkXko^wj~st o~ydhnK jB. s[bBktK Bz{ f;oiDkswepDkUD bJh fJBQK PosK dh Io{os nkgD/ nkg jh ;gPN j?. fJBQK ft~u'A fJ~e dk th nGkt j'o PosK dhg{osh Bz{ n;zGt pDk fdzdk j?. fJ; bJh fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe s[bBktK Bz{ noEg{oB pDkUD d/ bJhs[bBkswe g~Xsh dhnK fJj PosK g{ohnK j'DhnK ukjhdhnK jB, BjhA sK s[bBktK e/tb :Ksfoe pD e/ikDrhnK.

s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ gq:'r dhnK g{ot PosK d/ ftt/uB Bkb fJ; g~Xsh dh gqfeqsh dk ;gPNheoB j' iKdkj?. fJ; Bkb fJj th ;wM ft~u nk iKdk j? fe fe;/ th gqeko dhnK fJekJhnK dh nkg;h s[bBk eoBks[bBkswe g~Xsh dk nB[;oD BjhA fejk ik ;edk.fJBQK PosK d/ ftt/uB s'A pknd UjBK uoDK dkT[b/y eoBk Io{oh j? i' fJ; g~Xsh d/ gqs:nK ft~u tos/ iKd/ jB. fJj ;zy/g ft~u fBwB fbfys jB^


B ØN


s[bBkswe g~Xsh dk gfoukbkBkswe ftuko s[bBkswe g~Xsh dk gfoukbkBkswe ftuko s[bBkswe g~Xsh dk gfoukbkBkswe ftuko s[bBkswe g~Xsh dk gfoukbkBkswe ftuko s[bBkswe g~Xsh dk gfoukbkBkswe ftuko (Operational View ofComparative method)s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ gq:'r dhnK g{ot PosK d/ ftt/uB s'A fJj ;ze/s fwbdk j? fe fJ; g~Xsh dk gq:'rftfPPN gqeko Bkb jh j' ;edk j?. fJ; d/ gq:'r d/ e[M fBPfus uoD jB fiBQK dk nB[rwB eoB/ j'J/jh s[bBktK f;oiDkswe pD ;edhnK jB. ;kXkoD s"o s/, fJ; g~Xsh d/ gq:'r d/ fBwB fbfys uoDKdk gkbB j'D s/ jh fJj g~Xsh feqnkswe o{g b? ;edh j?.

(e) gqs:Jh YKu/ d/ nkXko s/ s[bBk dhnK fJekJhnK dk u[Bkt (e) gqs:Jh YKu/ d/ nkXko s/ s[bBk dhnK fJekJhnK dk u[Bkt (e) gqs:Jh YKu/ d/ nkXko s/ s[bBk dhnK fJekJhnK dk u[Bkt (e) gqs:Jh YKu/ d/ nkXko s/ s[bBk dhnK fJekJhnK dk u[Bkt (e) gqs:Jh YKu/ d/ nkXko s/ s[bBk dhnK fJekJhnK dk u[Bkt (Selection of units ofcomparison on the basis of conceptual framework)^̂̂̂̂fJj fJBQK jh d/fynk ik u[ek j? fe s[bBkdhnK fJekJhnK dk u[Bkt eoB/ ;w/A gqs:Jh YKu/ dk nkXko feUA fbnk ikDk ukjhdk j?. fJ~E/ fJBk :kdo~yDk ekch j't/rk fe i/eo s[bBk dhnK fJekJhnK dk nkXko, fJ~e' jh gqeko dk gqs:n BjhA oj/rk, sKs[bBktK ;wkB Bshi/ e~YD ft~u ;cb BjhA j' ;eDrhnK. T[dkjoD bJh fe;/ d/P dh ekoigkfbek dh j'od/P dh fBnKgkfbek Bkb s[bBk eoBk d' fGzB fGzB gqeko d/ gqs:nK d/ ekoD, ;wkB j[zd/ j'J/ th T[g:'rhBjhA j't/rk. fJ~E/ fJj th fXnkB d/D :'r r~b j? fe T[zi sK fJ; g~Xsh bJh e/tb d' jh T[dkjoD j'DBkb th s[bBk ehsh ik ;edh j? go BshfinK Bz{ ;wkB o{g d/D bJh fizB/ fInkdk T[dkjoD j'Dr/ UBhjh gfoP[~Xsk tXdh ikt/rh. T[dkjoD bJh, i/eo ;z;dh Pk;B ftt;Ek ns/ dbh ftt;Ek dh gqfeqsh dknkg;h ;zpzX ikDBk j't/ sK ;z;dh Pk;B ftt;EktK d/ nB/eK j'o T[dkjoD j'D Bkb P[~Xsk :[es Bshi/fB~ebD ft~u ;j{fbns oj/rh. T[dkjoDK dh nfXesk s[bBk Bz{ ftnkgesw pDkUD dk nt;o gqdkB eoBhj?. fJ; bJh gqs:Jh fJekJhnK dk nfXn?B UjBK jh Pq/Pm j't/rk fizBhnK fe T[dkjoDK dh ;zfynk, fiBQKBz{ s[bBk ft~u Pkfwb ehsk frnk j't/.

(y) s[bBk dhnK fJekJhnK dk torheoB (y) s[bBk dhnK fJekJhnK dk torheoB (y) s[bBk dhnK fJekJhnK dk torheoB (y) s[bBk dhnK fJekJhnK dk torheoB (y) s[bBk dhnK fJekJhnK dk torheoB (Classfication of the units of comparison)^s[bBkd/ bJh u[DhnK rJhnK gqs:Jh fJekJhnK dk torheoB eoe/ jh s[bBkswesk dh nt;Ek s~e gj[zfunkik ;edk j?. torheoB Bkb s[bBk dk y/so ns/ fJekJhnK d/ tor dk ;hwKeD j' ikdk j?. fJ; Bkbs[bBk dk y/so ;[fBPfus ns/ ;[;gPN j' iKdk j?. T[dkjoD bJh, i/eo 50 okiBhfse ftt;EktKs[bBkswe nfXn?B ft~u Pkfwb ehshnK rJhnK j'D, sK fJBQK dk ;zGkfts gfoebgBk Bz{ fXnkB ft~u o~yd/j'J/ torheoB eoBk pj[s T[g:'rh ofjzdk j?. i/eo gfoebgBk b'eszo d/ fe;/ gfjb{ Bkb ;zpzfXs j? ns/e/tb b'esKsfoe ftt;EktK dh s[bBk jh eoBh j't/ sK fJBQK 50 okiBhfse ftt;EktK dk d' torK ft~uftGkfis j'Dk Io{oh j?. fJ~e tor b'esKsfoe ftt;Ek dk ns/ d{ik fBoze[P ftt;EktK dk eoBk j't/rk.torheoB Bkb gfoebgBk eoBk ;ob j' iKdk j? ns/ p/eko d/ nKefVnK d/ ;zebB s'A pfunk ik ;edkj?.

(r) s[bBk dhnK ;kohnK fJekJhnK d/ ;zpzX ft~u gfoebgBkswe gq;EkgBktK dh ;EkgBk(r) s[bBk dhnK ;kohnK fJekJhnK d/ ;zpzX ft~u gfoebgBkswe gq;EkgBktK dh ;EkgBk(r) s[bBk dhnK ;kohnK fJekJhnK d/ ;zpzX ft~u gfoebgBkswe gq;EkgBktK dh ;EkgBk(r) s[bBk dhnK ;kohnK fJekJhnK d/ ;zpzX ft~u gfoebgBkswe gq;EkgBktK dh ;EkgBk(r) s[bBk dhnK ;kohnK fJekJhnK d/ ;zpzX ft~u gfoebgBkswe gq;EkgBktK dh ;EkgBk(Formulation of hypothetical propositions about all the units under comparison)^̂̂̂̂gfoebgBkswe gq;EkgBktK dh ;EkgBk Bz{ b? e/ fttkd j? fe fJj fJekJh dhnK u'DK s'A gfjbK j'Dhukjhdh j? iK T[; s'A pknd. e[M b'eK dk ftuko j? fe fJBQK dh ;EkgBk gfjbK j[zdh j? ns/ fJBQK Bz{fXnkB ft~u o~y e/ jh nfXn?B dhnK fJekJhnK dk u[Bkt ehsk ik ;edk j?. d{i/ tor d/ b'eK dk efjDkj? fe gfoebgBk fpBK nkXko d/ BjhA ehsh ik ;edh. fJ; bJh fJekJh dk u[Bkt gfjbK j'Dk ukjhdkj?. PkfJd d{ik ftuko jh mhe j?. feUAfe fJekJhnK d/ u[Bkt s'A pknd gq;EkgBktK dh ;EkgBk ft~unfXe S{N fwb iKdh j?. u[DhnK rJhnK fJekJhnK Bz{ b? e/ jo ;zGt gfoebgBk ehsh ik ;edh j? ns/UjBK ft~u'A fJ~e iK e[M iK ;G dh s[bBkswesk Yzr Bkb goy ehsh ik ;edh j?.

(x) s[bBk dh jo fJekJh Bz{ b? e/ gfoebgBkswe gq;EkgBk dh t?Xsk dh goy (x) s[bBk dh jo fJekJh Bz{ b? e/ gfoebgBkswe gq;EkgBk dh t?Xsk dh goy (x) s[bBk dh jo fJekJh Bz{ b? e/ gfoebgBkswe gq;EkgBk dh t?Xsk dh goy (x) s[bBk dh jo fJekJh Bz{ b? e/ gfoebgBkswe gq;EkgBk dh t?Xsk dh goy (x) s[bBk dh jo fJekJh Bz{ b? e/ gfoebgBkswe gq;EkgBk dh t?Xsk dh goy (Testingthe validity of hypothetical proposition about each instace of comparison)^̂̂̂̂gfoebgBkswegq;EkgBktK dh t?Xsk dh goy fJekJhnK Bkb ;zpzfXs nKefVnK d/ ;zebB s'A ehsh ikdh j?. ;ko/ Io{ohnkefVnK dk, nKeV/ fJ~em/ eoB dhnK ftftX ftXhnK ft~u'A e[M dk iK nB/eK dk gq:'r eoe/, ;zebB eoe/s[bBk dh jo fJekJh d/ ;zpzX ft~u gq;EkgBktK dh t?Xsk dh goy ehsh ikdh j?. gq;EkgBktK dh t?Xskdh fJj goy nKefVnK dh nkg;h s[bBk eo e/ ehsh ikdh j?.


B ØN


(u) BshfinK d/ nB[;ko gq;EkgBk dk ;fsnkgB, fsnkr iK gfowkoiB ;zP'XB eoBk(u) BshfinK d/ nB[;ko gq;EkgBk dk ;fsnkgB, fsnkr iK gfowkoiB ;zP'XB eoBk(u) BshfinK d/ nB[;ko gq;EkgBk dk ;fsnkgB, fsnkr iK gfowkoiB ;zP'XB eoBk(u) BshfinK d/ nB[;ko gq;EkgBk dk ;fsnkgB, fsnkr iK gfowkoiB ;zP'XB eoBk(u) BshfinK d/ nB[;ko gq;EkgBk dk ;fsnkgB, fsnkr iK gfowkoiB ;zP'XB eoBk(Confirming, abandoning or refining the proposition according to results)^̂̂̂̂gq;EkgBktK dhnKefVnK d[nkok goy eo e/ ;fsnkgB, fsnkr iK gfowkoiB ehsk iKdk j?. i/eo ;zefbs nKeV/gq;EkgBk dh g[PNh eod/ jB, sK ;wfMnk iKdk j? fe gq;EkgBk ;Ekfgs j' rJh j?. ftgohs nKeV/ j'FDs/ fJ;dk fsnkr iK gfowkoiB eo e/ T[; Bz{ nKefVnK d/ nB[;ko ;zP'fXs ehsk ik ;edk j?.

(S) nw{osheoB iK f;XKs fBowkD (S) nw{osheoB iK f;XKs fBowkD (S) nw{osheoB iK f;XKs fBowkD (S) nw{osheoB iK f;XKs fBowkD (S) nw{osheoB iK f;XKs fBowkD (Abstraction or theory building)^̂̂̂̂id'A fJ~e nfXn?B d/;kXkoD Bshi/ gqkgs j' iKd/ jB, sK UjBK dh s[bBk j'o nfXn?BK d/ BshfinK Bkb ehsh iKdh j? ns/i/eo nB/eK T[dkjoDK ft~u'A fJ~e jh gqeko d/ Bshi/ fB~ebd/ j'D, sK fJ; nkXko s/ ;zs[bB ehs/ iKd/ jB.fJBQK ;zs[bBK d/ d[nkok f;XKs fBowkD ft~u wdd fwbdh j?. id'A nB/e gqeko dhnK nt;EktK, ftt;EktKns/ fGzB fGzB ;z;feqshnK ft~u th s[bBkswe ftPb/PD d/ Bshi/ fJ~e' fij/ gkJ/ ikd/ j'D, sK f;XKs pDiKd/ jB, i' ;wK, ;EkB ns/ ftukoXkoktK d/ pzXBK s'A w[es ns/ jo okiBhfse ftt;Ek s/ yo/ T[sod/jB. i/eo s[bBkswe ftPb/PD ftnkge g?wkB/ s/ nB/eK ftftXsk tkbhnK gfo;fEshnK ft~u ekozftsofjD tkbhnK fJekJhnK Bz{ b? e/ ehs/ rJ/ j'D, sK fco ftPt ftnkgh f;XKs pDkJ/ ik ;ed/ jB, BjhAsK w~X^;soh (middle-range) iK fBwB^;soh (low-level) f;XKs pD gkUAd/ jB.

s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ gq:'r ft~u nkw s"o s/ T[go'es uoDK d/ nB[;ko s[bBkswe ftPb/PD ehsk iKdk j?.fJ~e T[dkjoD d[nkok fJ; dk ;gPNheoB fJ; gqeko fd~sk ik ;edk j?. wzB fbnk ikt/ fe s[bBksweg~Xsh d/ gq:'r Bkb ;z;dh gqDkbh ns/ dbh ftt;Ek d/ nkg;h ;zpzX dk nfXn?B eoBk j?. fJ; bJh Io{ohj? fe nfij/ nfXn?B Bkb ;zpzfXs ;kohnK fJekJhnK d/ d[nkok fJ; g~Xsh dhnK ;kohnK g{ot PosK g{ohnKj'DhnK ukjhdhnK jB.fJ~E/ s[bBk dh gqs:Jh fJekJh ;z;dh gqDkbh Bkb ;zpzfXs j? fi; Bz{ gfoGkfPs ehskik ;edk j? ns/ dbh ftt;Ek Bkb fJ; dk ;zpzX P'X dk e/Ado ;[fBPfus eo fdzdk j?. fJ; s'A fJj g~XshsK jh fJ;s/wkb j' ;edh j? id'A ;z;dh gqDkbh d/ nB/eK T[dkjoD j'D. fJj ftfGzB ftt;EktK dk, i' nB/eK j' ;edhnK jB, ;z;dh ns/ nfXnePkswe ftt;EktK ft~u torheoB eo e/ ehsk iKdk j?. i/eo fJ;torheoB ft~u e/tb fJ~e jh T[dkjoD nfijk j?, fi~E/ ;z;dh gqDkbh j?, sK s[bBkswe g~Xsh dk fJ;nfXn?B ft~u gq:'r BjhA j' ;fenk. wzB bU fe fJ; nfXn?B ft~u nB/eK ;z;dh gqDkbh dhnK T[dkjoDKjB. fJ; s'A pknd gfoebgBkswe gq;EkgBk iK gq;EkgBktK eoBhnK j[zdhnK jB. fit/A fJ; T[dkjoDft~u fJj gq;EkgBk ehsh ik ;edh j? fe ;z;dh gqDkbh T[ZE/ jh ;cb j[zdh j?, fi~E/ d' dbh ftt;Ekj't/. fJ; gq;EkgBk s'A pknd, jo d/P dh ;z;dh gqDkbh dh ;cbsk d/ ;ze/se (indicator), i' gfjbKjh fBoXkfos ehs/ j[zd/ jB, nKefVnK d/ o{g ft~u ;zefbs ehs/ iKd/ jB ns/ fJBQK ftfGzB ;z;dhgqDkbhnK^fJ~e dbh ftt;Ek, fJ~e dbh gqXkB ftt;Ek (one party dominance system), d' dbhftt;Ek ns/ pj[ dbh ftt;Ek tkbhnK ;z;dh gqDkbhnK d/ ;zpzX ft~u gq;EkgBk dh t?Xsk Bz{ goy d/ bJhgq:'r ehsk ikdk j?. fit/A T[dkjoD ft~u fJj d/fynk ikt/rk fe ;z;dh b'eszso fi~E/ fi~E/ ;cb j?, T[~E/fejVh dbh ftt;Ek j?. i/eo s[bBkswe nKeV/ fJj ;ze/s d/D fe jo ;cb ;z;dh b'eszso ft~u d' dbh ftt;Ekj? sK gq;EkgBk d/ ;~u dh g[PNh j' ikt/rh. ns/ fBu'V e~fYnk ikt/rk fe ;z;dh b'eszso dh ;cbsk bJh d'dbh ftt;Ek Io{oh j?. go i/eo nKeV/ fJj ;gPN eoB fe jo ;cb ;z;dh gqDkbh ft~u pj[ dbh ftt;EkgkJh iKdh j? sK nfijh nt;Ek ft~u gq;EkgBk dk ;fsnkgB BjhA j' ;edk ns/ fJ; dk ;zP'XB eoBk Io{ohj't/rk. i/eo ;kohnK nB/eK T[dkjoDK ft~u nKeV/ fJj ;gPN eoB fe jo T[dkjoD ft~u ;z;dh b'eszso ;cbj? noEks ;G gqeko d/ dbh ftt;EktK ft~u ;z;dh b'eszso ;cbskg{ote ezw eo fojk j?, sK nfijh nt;Ekft~u gfoebgBkswe gq;EkgBk dk fsnkr eoBk j't/rk ns/ fJj fBu'V e~fYnk ikt/rk fe ;z;dh b'eszso dh;cbsk iK n;cbsk dk dbh ftt;Ek dh gqfeqsh Bkb e'Jh ;zpzX BjhA j?. id'A nB/eK T[dkjoD, eJh soK dhnKgfo;fEshnK ns/ t~y t~y ;w/A ft~u nfXn?B bJh ikD ns/ jo tko fBu'V fJ~e jh soK d/ j'D sK fJBQK d/ d[nkokf;XKs dk fBowkD j' ;edk j?, noEks fJj f;XKs jo gfo;fEsh, jo soK dh okiBhfse ftt;Ek ns/ dbKdh nt;Ek ft~u jo d/P dh ;z;dh gqDkbh s/ bkr{ ehsk ik ;e/rk. fJ; T[dkjoD s'A fJj ;gPN j? fe s[bBksweg~Xsh Bz{ f;oiDkswe gqfeqnk d/ o{g ft~u sK jh gq:[es ehsk ik ;edk j?, id'A e[M fBPfus PosK g{ohnK j'Dns/ e[M ftfPPN uoDK dk nB[;oD ehsk ikt/.


B ØN


T[go'es ftt/uB s'A fJ; g~Xsh dh gqfeqsh dk ;gPNheoB j' iKdk j?. fJ; Bkb fJj th ;wM ft~u nkiKdk j? fe fe;/ gqeko dhnK fJekJhnK dh ukj/ fe;/ gqeko Bkb s[bBk eoBk s[bBkswe g~Xsh dk gq:'rBjhA fejk ik ;edk. fJ; dh gqfeqsh d/ fJ; toDB Bkb fJ; g~Xh d/ ftPk y/so dk ;ze/s th fwbdk j?.

s[bBkswe g~Xsh dh T[g:'frsk s[bBkswe g~Xsh dh T[g:'frsk s[bBkswe g~Xsh dh T[g:'frsk s[bBkswe g~Xsh dh T[g:'frsk s[bBkswe g~Xsh dh T[g:'frsk (Utility of Comparative Method)okiBhfse nfXn?BK ns/ ftP/P eo e/ s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u s[bBkswe g~Xsh dh pj[s T[g:'frsk j?.d{i/ ftPt :[ZX s'A pknd okiBhfse ftt;EktK dhnK s[bBktK ft~u eqKshekoh gfotosB nkfJnk j?. j[DokiBhfse ftt;Ek Bz{ ftfGzB go;go fto'Xh dkftnK ns/ wzrK Bz{ ;thfeqs fBofDnK ft~u gfotofss eoBdh ftt;Ek fejk ikD b~rk j?. fJ; gqeko d/ fBofDnK s~e gj[zuD ft~u pj[o{gh ;wkfie ;w{jK, dbK,;zxoPK, fjs ;zrmBK ns/ y/soK d/ go;go fto'Xh ftukoK ft~u ;zs[bB ;Ekfgs eoBk j[zdk j?. fJ~eokiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u fJ~e gk;/ sK ekoigkfbek, ftt;Ekfgek, fBnKgkfbek ns/ B"eoPkjh d/ o{g ft~u;oekoh ;zozuBKtK (structure) j[zdhnK jB ns/ d{i/ gk;/ ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe gqfeqnk Bkb ;zpzfXs ;w{jj[zd/ jB. fJBQK d'jK dh ;z:'iB eVh ;wki d/ w?ApoK d/ Uj ftPtk; ns/ w[~b j[zd/ jB, fijV/ Uj okiBhfseftt;Ek d/ pko/ ft~u o~yd/ jB.ftfGzB ;oekoh nzrK^nkofEe, ;wkfie, ;z;feqfse ;w{jK ns/ ftukoXkoktKd/ ft~u nBzs fefonktK j[zdhnK jB. fJBQK nBzs fefontK d/ nkXko s/ okiBhsh dh rfsnkswe Peshdk fBowkD j[zdk j? ns/ fJjh Pesh ftt;Ek ft~u fBoD/ dh ;fEsh fbnkUAdh j?. fJBQK ;kfonK ft~u;EkfJ~st d/ Bkb Bkb brksko gfotosB ns/ T[~Eb g[~Eb j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB. fJj fJ~e e[Pb ns/ gqGktPkbhokiBhfse ftt;Ek BjhA j? i' gfotosBK ns/ ;EkfJ~st d/ ft~u ;zs[bB pDk e/ o~y/.d{i/ PpdK ft~uokiBhfse ftt;Ek dh gqGktPhbsk dh e;"Nh fJ; r~b ft~u fBfjs j? fe Uj gfotosBK ns/ toswkB;EkfJ~st d/ ft~u ;zs[bB o~yD ft~u fe~E'A s~e ;cb j[zdh j?. s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ gq:'r Bkb toswkB ft~uokiBhfse ftt;EktK dh nfijh gqGktPhbsk iK fJ;d/ nGkt d/ ekoeK Bz{ ;wMD ns/ ;wMkUD ft~u;jkfJsk fwbdh j?.fJ; bJh jh s[bBkswe g~Xsh dk gq:'r wj~stg{oB pD frnk j?. feUAfe, fJ~eokiBhfse ftt;Ek dh j'o okiBhfse ftt;EktK Bkb s[bBk eo e/ jh d'jK ftt;EktK ft~u gfotosB iKiVsk d/ ekoeK d/ ;ze/s fwb ;ed/ jB. fJ; bJh s[bBkswe g~Xsh okiBhfse fttjko dh rfjokJh s~egj[zuD bJh io{oh j?. s[bBktK d/ wkfXnw Bkb jh okiBhfse ;wM tXdh j?.;zy/g ft~u s[bBkswe g~Xshd/ gq:'r dh T[g:'frsk Bz{ fBwB fbfys fpzd{nK Bkb ;gPN eo ;ed/ jK^

(1) okiBhfse fttjko Bz{ ;wMD ft~u ;jkfJe j?.(2) okiBhsh Bz{ ftfrnkfBe nfXn?B pDkUD ft~u ;jkfJe j?.

(3) okiBhsh ft~u f;XKs fBowkD ft~u ;jkfJe j?(4) gqu~fbs okiBhfse f;XKsK dh d[pkok gqwkfDesk f;~X eoB ft~u ;jkfJe j?.

j[D s[bBkswe g~Xsh dk gq:'r xNBk gqtkjK (trends) d/ pko/ ft~u ft;fsqs iK ftnkge Gft~ytkDhnK eoBdh nt;Ek s~e gj[zuD bJh th ehsk ikD b~rk j?. j[D dbh ftt;EktK iK ftfGzB ;wkfie ftt;EktK d/okiBhfse gqshwkBK T[Zs/ gqGkt dh s[bBk, okiBhfse ftt;EktK ft~u n;fEosk dh ;w~f;nk iK Pq/PmokiBhfse ftt;Ek dh ;EkgBk d/ Nhu/ Bkb ehsh ikD b~rh j? fi; Bkb ;oeko ns/ ;wki Bz{ ;zGkftsysfonK s'A nkrkj ehsk ik ;e/ .fJ; ft~u s[bBk jh nkXkG{s j?. s[bBk eoe/ jh nfijhnK u/ktBhnKfd~shnK ik ;ehnK jB. fJ; soK s[bBkswe g~Xsh dh s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u jh BjhA, ;G ;wkfieftfrnkBK ft~u T[g:'frsk tXdh ik ojh j?.

no;s{ B/ okiBhfse ;EkfJ~st ns/ eqKshnK d/ ekoDK Bz{ ;wMD bJh jh :{BkBd/ Bro okiK d/ 158 ;zftXkBK dh s[bBk ehsh ;h. fJ; bJh jh no;s{ Bz{s[bBkswe g~Xsh dk gqtose fejk iKdk j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j'


B ØN


s[bBkswe g~Xsh dhnK ;w~f;nktK s[bBkswe g~Xsh dhnK ;w~f;nktK s[bBkswe g~Xsh dhnK ;w~f;nktK s[bBkswe g~Xsh dhnK ;w~f;nktK s[bBkswe g~Xsh dhnK ;w~f;nktK (Problems of Comparative Method)okiBhfse fttjko Bkb ;zpzfXs s[bBkswe ftPb/PDK ft~u'A s[bBkswe g~Xsh dk gq:'r w[~y o{g ft~u d'ekoBK eoe/ j[zdk j?. fJ~e sK g[PmG{wh gotoseK (back ground variables) dh ;zfynk dh ;w~f;nkofjzdh j? ns/ d{ih ;w~f;nk fJ~e' fij/ gqs:Jh YKu/ d/ nkXko s/ jh T[dkjoDK d/ u[Bkt d/ ekoD e/;/I (cases)dh ;zfynk ft~u pj[s ewh j'Jh j?. okiBhfse ihtB ft~u eo'VK ftneshnK dhnK rshftXhnK PkfwbofjzdhnK jB. fJj rshftXhnK ns/ UjBK ;G ftneshnK dk fttjko gqshwkB nB/e s~sK s'A gqGkftsj[zdk j?. nkofEe ;fEshnK s'A b? e/ ibtk:{ s~e ns/ G{r'fbe ftP/PsktK s'A fJfsjkf;e d[oxNBktK s~edk gqs~y ns/ ngqs~y gqGkt Pk;eK ns/ ;oekoK d/ fttjko s/ g?Adk j?. s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ gq:'r ft~u fJBQKgfotoseK dh ;w~f;nk nfXe ifNb j? feUAfe okiBhfse fttjko, jo ;so s/ jo gb fJBQK s'A gqGkftsj[zdk j?. fJ; bJh s[bBktK Bz{ :EkoEtkdh pDkUD d/ bJh fJBQK g[PmG{wh gfotoseK dh Bk e/tb ikDekohIo{oh j?, pbfe fJBQK dh gfjukD th Io{oh j?. fJj gfotoseK dh n;zfynsk, ifNbsk, fJBQK d/ wkg dhefmBkJh nkfd fJBQK dh ikDekoh ;zGt jh BjhA j'D fdzdh. d{ih efmBkJh T[dkjoDK dh ;zfynk dh j?.s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ gq:'r d/ bJh nB/e BjhA sK ekch T[dkjoD Io{oh jB. fJBQK ;w~f;nktK dk T[Bw{bBsK ;zGt j? jh BjhA, gqzs{ fJBQK s'A puD bJh nkw s"o s/ d' T[gkn ehs/ iKd/ jB. fJ~e sK s[bBksweftPb/PD B{z s[bBkswe ;fEshnK s/ jh e/Adfos ehsk iKdk j? ns/ d{ik, s[bBkswe ftPb/PD Bz{ gqw~[ygfotoseK s/ nkXkfos o~fynk ikt/. fJ; Bkb T[go'es ;w~f;nktK nKfPe o{g Bkb j~b j' ikDrhnK ns/s[bBkswe ftPb/PD eoB ft~u nfXe ;obsk j't/rh. s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ noE, gqfeqsh ns/ y/so d/toDB s'A ;gPN j' iKdk j? fe fJj g~Xsh okiBhfse nfXn?BK ft~u nfXekfXe gq:[es j't/rh. fJ; g~Xshdh ftfrnkfBe, gq:'rkswe ns/ ;Kfyneh ftXhnK Bkb Pq/Pmsk d/ ekoD s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ nfXn?Bft~u fJ; dk gq:'r tXdk ik fojk j?.

2H32H32H32H32H3 s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B d/ gozgokrs T[gkrw s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B d/ gozgokrs T[gkrw s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B d/ gozgokrs T[gkrw s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B d/ gozgokrs T[gkrw s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B d/ gozgokrs T[gkrw (TraditionalApproach to the Study of Comparative Politics)

gozgokrs T[gkrw ̂ okiBhsh d/ w{b^Gkfos nfXn?BK T[Zs/ pb okiBsh d/ nfXn?B d/ T[gkrwK Bz{ w'N/ s"o s/d' torK ft~u tzfvnk ik ;edk j?̂ wkDgoe (normatice) ns/ fttjkogoe (empirical), id'A fe wkDgoeT[gkrw Bz{ w{b^w[es (value free) d/ o{g ft~u ikfDnk iKdk j?. d{i/ PpdK ft~u, id'A fe gfjb/ dh ftP/PskfBnkwesk j?, d{i/ dh ftP/Psk fttjkotkd j?. fJ; bJh fJ; pko/ ft~u torheoB dk nkXko s~E^w{b (factvalue) ;zpzX j?. fJ; d/ nkXko s/ n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe id'A fe gozgokrs T[gkrwK dk M[ekn ‘w[~bK* t~bj[zdk j?, d{ik T[gkrw ‘s~EK* dk ;jkok b?Adk j?. fJ; dk Bshik s~E^w{b fd_zX (dichotomy) fBoXkoe ekoepD iKdk j?. gozgokrs T[gkrwK dk ;o{g fJfsjkf;e, fttoDkswe ns/ nkd/Pskwe j? fi; ft~u w[~bK ns/NhfunK bJh gqw[~y ;EkB j?. UjBK dhnK ftfGzB fe;wK dh uouk fJ; soK j?̂

1H dkoPfBe T[gkrwL1H dkoPfBe T[gkrwL1H dkoPfBe T[gkrwL1H dkoPfBe T[gkrwL1H dkoPfBe T[gkrwL okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B d/ bJh ;G s'A g[okDk T[gkrw dkoPfBe (philosophicalappraoch) j? fi; Bz{ nkuko^Pk;soh T[gkrw d/ BK Bkb th ikfDnk iKdk j?. fJ~E/ oki, ;oeko ns/wkBt dk okiBhfse ;~sk d/ o{g ft~u nfXn?B e[M T[d/PK, B?fse f;fy~nktK, ;~uK ns/ T[~u f;XKsK d/nB[;oD d/ Bkb nfGzB o{g ft~u i[fVnk j'fJnk j? i' ;ko/ frnkB ns/ tk;sftesk ft~u nsfBfjs j[zdkj?. fJ; y/so ft~u okiBhsh dk nfXn?B wBBPhb ;o{g XkoD eo b?Adk j?, feUAfe dkoPfBe Ppd dk;zpzX jh fuzsB Bkb j?.dkoPfBe ftPb/PD fe;/ ftP/ d/ ;o{g d/ ftuko Bz{ ;gPN eoB ns/ T[;d/ ;kXBKns/ ;kXeK d/ nfXn?B dk gqnk; j?. fJ; Bz{ j'o nfXe PpdK ft~u ;gPN ehsk ikt/, sK fJj fejk ik;edk j? fe i' ftnesh fe;/ ftP/ d/ o{g ft~u dkoPfBe T[gkrw Bz{ ngDkUAdk j?, T[; dk T[d/P GkPk;gPNsk Bz{ tXkUDk ns/ GkPkJh n;gPNsk Bz{ x~N eoBk j?. Uj fJj wzB b?Adk j? fe fttoD ft~u fJ;s/wkb ehsh rJh GkPk tk;sftesk dhnK ;zebgBktK Bz{ gfobefPs eoBh j? ns/ Uj tk;sftesk dh;zebgBktK Bz{ :Ek;zGt nfXe s'A nfXe ;gPN, ;zrs, ;jkfJe ns/ ;[;zrs pDkUDk ukj[zdk j?. Uj fuzsBns/ ftuko nfGftnesh Bz{ gqGkfts ns/ T[;dk wkor^doPB eoBk ukj[zdk j? fi; Bkb fJ; ;zGktBk Bz{ nfXes'A nfXe ftnkge ehsk ik ;e/ fe tk;sftesk dk u[fDnk j'fJnk g~y (okiBsh) p'Xrwe pD ikt/.


B ØN


fJ;/ ekoD, dkoPfBe ns/ nkukoPk;soh T[gkrw dk ;woEB eoB tkb/ b/ye ns/ ftukoe Pk;eK ns/okiBhfse ;w[dktK d/ w?ApoK Bz{ fJj ;bkj d/Dk ukj[zd/ jB fe Uj fe;/ T[Zu NhfunK dk nB[;oD eoB.fJ; bJh gb/N', w'o, p/eB, j?forNB, o{;', eKN, jhrb, rqhB, p';Ke/, B?fNbfPg, fbv;/ ns/ fbU ;Nqk;d/ wjkB rqzEK ft~u okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B Bz{ nw{ossk d/ pj[s T[Zu g~Xo s~e T[mkfJnk frnk j? ns/ Bkbjh UjBK w[~bK dh gqDkbh Bz{ nkdoP okiBhfse gqDkbh d/ e[M T[Zu fB:wK Bkb I'V fd~sk frnk j?. fJ~E/wkBgoesk dk gqG[~stPkbh ;EkB j?. gqo;s{, w?fenkt/fb, p'dK, jkt;, bke ns/ wKN/;feT{ fij/ b/yeK d/gqw[~y rqzEK ft~u i' fttjkotkd gkfJnk iKdk j?, Uj iK sK okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B Bz{ nkuko^Pk;so iKfJfsjk; iK wB'ftfrnkB iK ftXhPk;so d/ nfXn?B d/ Bkb ;w/fes eoBk gqhsh j[zdk j? sK fe ;[ftt;fEsokiBhfse ;w[dkJ/ dh s;tho g/P eoB dh e'fPP ehsh ik ;e/.

dkoPfBe T[gkrw dh fJ; nkXko s/ nkb'uBk ehsh iKdh j? fe fJj fuzsBkswe ns/ nw{os j?. fJj fejkiKdk j? fe fJj :EkoE dh d[BhnK s'A pj[s d{o b? iKdk j?. fJ; T[Zs/ gfoebgBkswe j'D dk d'P brkfJnkiKdk j?. eKN ns/ jhrb d/ j~E'A fJj oki Bz{ ofjf;~nkswe T[ukJhnK s~e b? iKdk j?. fJ; bJh okiBhshnkuko Pk;so iK doPB d/ j~EK ft~u emg[sbh pD iKdh j?. :EkoE T[Zs/ t;sK d/ nkdoP o{g dk gqG[~stjkth j' iKdk j?. pfjojkb, nfij/ T[gkrw d/ fbU ;Nqk; fij/ wjkB ;woEe fJ; r~b dh g[PNh eoB/jB, fe w[~b okiBhfse doPB d/ nfGzB nzr jB ns/ UjBK Bz{ okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B s'A pkjo BjhA o~fynkik ;edk, “i/eo fJj fBd/Pesk ;gPN j' iKdh j?, i/eo b'e uzr/ ihtB ns/ uzr/ ;wki Bz{ gqkgs eoBd/ frnkB Bz{ gqkgs eoB d/ Nhu/ Bz{ ;gPN eo b?Ad/ jB, sK okiBhfse doPB dk T[d? j[zdk j?.@

2H fJfsjkf;e T[gkrwL 2H fJfsjkf;e T[gkrwL 2H fJfsjkf;e T[gkrwL 2H fJfsjkf;e T[gkrwL 2H fJfsjkf;e T[gkrwL fJ; T[gkrw dk ftfPPN b~SD nshs iK ekb dh u[Dh j'Jh ntXh ns/ fe;/ftP/P uoD d/ nzdo u[DhnK xNBktK d/ T[Zs/ pb j?, sK fe fJ; r~b dh ftnkfynk ehsh ik ;e/ fe fejVhnK;z;EktK ubhnK nk ojhnK jB, ns/ Uj eh ezw eo ojhnK jB, fJj nkw s"o s/ fJ; frnkB tk;s/ j[zdkj? fe Uj eh eo ojhnK jB, Uj n;fs~st ft~u fe; gqeko GkJh, Uj eh jB, ns/ nkgD/ ftPb/PD d/;zpzX ft~u UjBK dk eh ;EkB j?. fJ~E/ fJ; r~b dk th T[b/y ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? fe nfXn?B eoskfJfsjk; Bz{ nBtzfPe gqfeqnk ;wMdk j?̂ fJ; r~b dk nfXn?B fe wkBt fe; soK n;fs~st ft~u nkfJnk,Uj ed/ eh ;h, ns/ j[D eh j?. fJ; fdqPNh Bkb okiBhsh dk nfXn?B T[; Bz{ fJ; r~b bJh gq/fos eoBkj? fe Uj fJfsjkf;e ;~u ns/ gfotosB ft~u ftneshrs gq/oDktK, ekoiK, T[gbpXhnK, n;cbsktK ns/gq;zfrsktK Bz{ d/y/.

fJfsjkf;e T[gkrw fJ; XkoDk s/ fNfenk j? fe okiBhfse f;XKs dk Gzvko ;wkfie^nkofEe ;zeN ns/UjBK d/ d[nkok wjkB fuzseK d/ wBK s/ S~vhnK rJhnK gqshfefonktK ft~u'A nkT[Adk j?. fJ; bJh,fJfsjkf;e rtkj dk nkgDk jh wj~st j?. gqkuhB :{BkB dhnK gfo;fEshnK B/ gb/N' ns/ gqo;s{ Bz{ ns/fJ;/ soK ;skothA Pskpdh d/ fJzrb?Av B/ jkp; ns/ bke Bz{ iBw fd~sk. T[BhthA Pskpdh dh g{zihtkdhgqDkbh B/ wkoe; ns/ fwb Bz{ iBw fd~sk. Ikfjo j?, fe okiBhfse f;XKs Bz{ ;wMD bJh ;wK, ;EkB ns/gfo;fEshnK Bz{ ;wMDk UjBK jh Io{oh j? fi; ft~u T[;dk ftek; j'fJnk j?. okiBhfse dkoPfBe nkgD/:[r dh okiBhsh ft~u tk;st, ukj/ Gkr Bk b?D, gqzs{ Uj T[; s'A gqGkfts j[zdk j?, ns/ Uj nkgD/ dKUT[Zs/ fJ; Bz{ pj[s nfXe gqGkfts eoB dh e'fPP th eoBk j?. ;?tkJhB id'A fJj efjzd/ jB fe ;ko/ wjkBokiBhfse f;XKs okiBhfse ns/ ;wkfie ;zeNK d/ nzsokbK ft~u'A fB~ebd/ jB, sK Uj fJ;/ s~E s/ pbd/ oj/ j[zd/ jB.

pfjojkb, fJ; EK s/ fJ; r~b dk T[b/y eo d/Dk Io{oh j?, fe pj[s wj~stg{oB gqPBK d/ gqsh fJfsjkf;eT[gkrw dh fGzBsk nfXn?B eosk d[nkok ngDkJ/ rJ/ u[Bkt gq;'ko s/ fBoGo eoBh j?. o'wBK Bz{ tXk uVke/ d~;D ft~u w?fenkt/fb B/ fJfsjk; dk T[g:'r ehsk ns/ fJ; gqeko T[;B/ o'w d/ r"ot dh ;EkgBk eoB

s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u dkoPfBe T[gkrw s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'<Nk;e


B ØN


bJh nkgD/ b'eK d/ ekoBkfwnK dk nktkjB ehsk, ns/ Ue/PkN B/ fJ;Bz{ nB[dkotkd dh gqftq~sh Bkb ;zpzfXseoB bJh. fJj T[; d[nkok okiBsh Bz{ nfij/ pj[s ;ko/ b'eK dhnK ;kXkoD ftt;EktK dhnK rshftXhnK;wMD ft~u fBfjs jB, i' T[; dhnK ftt;EktK t~b fXnkB d/D dh ;wkB wkBsk d/ ekoD fJ~e ;w[dkJ/dk fBowkD eod/ jB. noEks, okiBhfse rshftXh w[~y o{g ft~u Bk sK s/I fJ~SktK s'A g?dk j[zdh j?, ns/Bk ;kXkoD f;XKsK s'A, pbfe Uj sK nkg jh fttjko dhnK w"i{dk gozgoktK s'A T[sgzB j[zdh j?. fit/A UjBKB/ fejk j? fe fe;/ th ghVh ft~u, fJ~E'A s~e fe ;G s'A nfXe eqKshekoh ghVh ft~u th, fiBQK ftt;EktKBz{ T[g:'r ft~u fbnKdk iKdk j?, UjBK dh ;zfynk jw/Pk UjBK s'A nfXe j[zdh j?, fiBQK Bz{ wkBsk dh Io{osj[zdh j? ns/ UjBK d/ w[ekpb/ ft~u fiBQK ft~u ;zP'XB ehsk iKdk j?, UjBK dh ;zfynk x~N j[zdh j?, fiBQKBz{ T[g:'r bJh fsnko ehsk iKdk j?.BftnK dk ;wkB[gks ;ko/ ft~u Bk d/ pokpo j[zdk j?. fco n;hA fi;Bz{;wMD dh e'fPP eo oj/ jK, Uj okiBhfse gozgok iK fttjko dh fJ~e m'; ftXh j?. ns/ fJ;/ ekoD fJjT[g:[es j?, fe f;~fynk ;so s/ okiBhsh dk nfXn?B fJ~e fJfsjkf;e nfXn?B j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

fJfsjkf;e T[gkrw dhnK e[M ewI'ohnK jB. T[dkjoD bJh, fit/A i/w; pqkJhI B/ fejk j?, fJj ne;o ;sjh;wkBsktK Bkb Gkfos j[zdk j?. fJ; Bks/ fJfsjkf;e ;wkBKso e[M j~d s~e frnkBtoXe j' ;ed/ jB, gofInkdkso ;fEshnK ft~u, Uj gEfGqPN eoB tkb/ th j[zd/ jB. fJ;/ soK, gq'H noB?;B pkoeo dk ws j?, eJhXkoktK jB^ e[M i' nukBe o[e iKdhnK jB, e[M i' tkg; w[VdhnK jB, e[M fJ~e d{i/ Bz{ e~NdhnK jB ns/ n;hAnfij/ w[~y wkor pko/ th ;'u ;ed/ jK fi; s/ pj[s ;ko/ o;fsnK dk izikb j?. noEks fJ; T[gkrw dk ;woEenfXn?B eosk fJfsjkf;e nKefVnK dk fJ;s/wkb eoB ft~u nkgDh g;zd d/ ftP/P o;s/ dk nB[;oD ns/ pkndft~u nkgDk ;gPNheoB gq;s[s eo ;edk j?. fJ~E'A s~e fe j'o wj~stg{oB gfjb{nK dh ntj/bDk eo fd~shiKdh j?. fJj th ;zGt j? fe fJ; T[gkrw dk gq:'r eoB/ j'J/ Uj nkgDhnK GktBktK ns/ g~ygksKs'A ezw bt/, fit/A n;hA w?fenkt/fb ns/ Ue/PkN dhnK ;fEshnK ft~u gkUAd/ jK.

fco th fJ; d/ fJfsjkf;e ftek; ns/ tkX/ d/ ;zdoG ft~u okiBhfse f;XKs d/ nfXn?B dk w[~b J/Bhnk;kBh Bkb x~N BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. ihH n?uH ;/pkJhB, nkoH ihH w?Nb, vpb:{H J/H vfBzr, ;hH ;hHw?e;hH, NhH nkJhH e[e, nkoH ihH ekobkJhb, ihH JhH ihH e?NfbB, ;hH JhH tkjK nkfd fijK d/ rqzEK dknkgDk jh wj~st j?. gqkuhB ekb ft~u gb/N' ns/ go;s{ s'A b? e/ w~X :[r ft~u ;/AN nr;skJhB, ;/AN Nkw;ns/ wko;hfrbU s~e ns/ nkX[fBe :[r ft~u w?fenkt/fb, p'fjB jkt;, bke, o{;', jhrb, fwb, wkoe;,ns/ bk;eh fij/ wjkB okiBhfse fuzseK d/ wsbp Bz{ ;wMD bJh nfij/ T[gkrw dh nkgDh jh T[g:'frskj?. i/eo okiBhfse f;XKs dk fJ~Isdko ns/ ;kotG"fwe ;o{g j?, sK fJ; d/ ekoD fJ; g[PNh ft~u b~G/ikD/ ukjhd/ jB fe fJ; dhnK gozgoktK ft~u fBfjs jB.

3H ;z;EkfBe T[gkrw^ 3H ;z;EkfBe T[gkrw^ 3H ;z;EkfBe T[gkrw^ 3H ;z;EkfBe T[gkrw^ 3H ;z;EkfBe T[gkrw^ fJ~E/ okiBhsh dk nfXn?Beosk ftt;Ekfgek, ekoigkfbek ns/ fBnKgkfbekfij/ okiBhfse ;zrmBK dh n"gukfoe ;zoUjBK d/ nfXn?B s/ pb fdzdk j?. fJ; gqftq~sh Bz{ gqkuhB ekbd/ no;s{ s'A b? e/ g'bhfpn; s~e ns/ nkX[fBe :[r ft~u pqkJh; ns/ ckJhBo fij/ eJh oki ftfrnkfBeKdhnK ouBKtK ft~u y'fink ik ;edk j?. pfjojkb, nkX[fBe b/yeK d/ pko/ ft~u i' r~b ;G s'A nfXeftfu~so j?, Uj fJj j? fe Uj okiBhfse ftt;Ek dhnK ;zozuBKtK ft~u db gqDkbh Bz{ th u"E/ tord/ o{g ft~u Pkfwb eod/ jB, id'A fe p?ANb/ (bentely) N{w?B (Latham) ns/ thH UH ehH i{fBno (V.O.Key, Jr.) fij/ ;wekbhB b/ye fJ~e edw j'o n~r/ ik e/ nDfrDs fjs ;w{jK Bz{ th fJ; ft~u Pkfwb eob?Ad/ jB i' fe;/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek dh n;zozuBk jB. fJjh ekoD j? fe fJj T[gkrw ;zozuBkswe T[gkrw(structural approach) d/ BK Bkb ikfDnk ikdk j?.

;z;EkfBe iK ;zozuBkswe T[gkrw Bz{ eJh nwoheh ns/ nzrq/I b/yeK dhnK ouBKtK ft~u d/fynk ik ;edkj?. n;hA tkbNo p/rjkN, n?cH J/H nkr, vpb:{H phH w[Bo', jow/B ckJhBo, n?uH i/H bk;eh, fouovfBT{IvkN, ;hH n?cH ;qNqKr, poBkov feqe, i/w; pqkJh;, j/okbv fize, w'fo; v[p/io ns/ fiUtkBh ;koN/oh d/ rqzEK t~b fBod/P eo ;ed/ jK. UjBK dhnK ouBKtK dh ;G s'A nfXe T[b/y :'r ftP/Psk fJj j?fe okiBhsh dk nfXn?B okiBhfse tgko d/ n"gukfoe ns/ ;z;fBe ;zouBKtK s~e ;hfws j' frnk j?. Bkbjh, fJBQK fBu'VK dh g[PNh bJh, g~Sw d/ e[M T[ZBs d/PK dhnK w[~y Pk;eh gqDkbhnK Bz{ s[bBkswe nfXn?Bdk ftPk pDkfJnk frnk j?.


B ØN


pj[s nfXe ;zehoD j'D d/ ekoD fJ; T[gkrw dh nkb'uBK ehsh rJh j?. fJ; ft~u UjBK ftneshnKdh G{fwek dh T[g/fynk ehsh rJh j?, i' okiBhfse ftt;Ek dh n"gukfoe ns/ nD^n"gukfoe ;zzouBKtKns/ T[g;zouBKtK dk fBowkD ns/ UjBK Bz{ gfoukfbs eoB/ jB.fJjh ekoD j? fe fttjkokswe T[gkrwfJ; T[gkrw dh wj~ssk T[Zs/ Sk frnk j?. fJ~e j'o efmBkJh fJj j? fe ;z;EkfBe T[gkrw dk wsbp ns/gok; nfXn?Beosk d/ ftukoK d/ Bkb Bkb fGzB fGzB j[zdk ik fojk j?. fiBQK B/ ;oekoh ;z;EKtK, gdK ns/nfGeoBK dh ebgBk ehsh j? Uj T[;/ nB[;ko ;oeko d/ pko/ ft~u d~;d/ jB ns/ fbyd/ jBL UjBK d/ pDkJ/j'J/ ;zrmBkswe ukoN T[;/ dk ;[Mkn fdzd/ jB. fJ; ;zebgBk d/ nXhB okiBhsh dk nfXn?B fJ~e nfsT[Zs/ fJ~e j'o s~E dk fJ~e ;zehoD, ftfPPN s~E pD iKdk j?. nzs ft~u fJ; r~b dk th T[b/y ehsk ikDkukjhdk j? fe “fJ; T[gkrw d/ nfXn?Beosk nzsookPNoh okiBhsh dh th nDd/yh eod/ jB, feUAfe pj[s;w/A s~e oki iK ;oeko fijhnK e'Jh ;z;EktK BjhA ;B. fJ; bjh nfijk gqshs j[zdk j? fe oki^ftfrnkfBeKd/ bJh fJ; y/so ft~u nfijk e[M BjhA fwbdk fi; pko/ uouk ehsh ik ;e/.@

4H ekBz{Bh T[gkrw^4H ekBz{Bh T[gkrw^4H ekBz{Bh T[gkrw^4H ekBz{Bh T[gkrw^4H ekBz{Bh T[gkrw^nzs ft~u, gozgokrs T[gkrwK d/ y/so ft~u n;hA ekBz{Bh iK fBnKfJe T[gkrw dkT[b/y eo ;ed/ jk. fJ; d/ nzsors okiBhsh dk nfXn?B ekBz{Bh gqfefonktK ns/ ;z;EktK Bkb x[b^fwbfrnk j?.ekBz{B ns/ fBnK d/ ftfPnK Bz{ fBnK Pk;so d/ wkwb/ jh BjhA ;wfMnk iKdk pbfe okiftfrnkfBe oki Bz{ gqGkth ns/ ;zs[bBg{oB ekBz{B ns/ ftt;Ek Bz{ pDkJ/ o~yD tkbk ;wMd/ jB. fJ; bJhfBnkfJe ;z;EktK d/ ;zrmB, nfXeko y/so ns/ ;[szsosk Bkb ;zpzfXs wkwb/ oki ftfrnkfBe dk fJ~eIo{oh ftPk pD iKd/ jB. gqkuhB ekb ft~u ftPb/PDkswe fBnKPk;soh f;;/o'A (Cicero) s'A b? e/ nkX[fBeekb d/ vkJh;h (Dicey) s~e B/ oki Bz{ gqw[~y o{g Bkb fJ~e fBrw iK fBnkfJe ftnesh ;wfMnk j?. ns/fJ; gqeko fJ; T[gkrw ft~u oki Bz{ gqw[~y o{g Bkb ekBz{B pDkUD ns/ T[; Bz{ bkr{ eoB tkbk ;zrmB fejkfrnk j?.

fJ; ;zdoG ft~u n;hA gqkozfGe :[r d/ ihB p'fvB, fjT{r' rq'fPn; ns/ Nkw; jKp; dhnK oUjBKtK dkT[b/y eo ;ed/ jK, fiBQK B/ gqG{;~sk (servereginty) d/ f;XKs dk gqtosB ehsk ;h. jkp; dh gqDkbh ft~uokig~y T[Zusw ekBz{Bh nfXekoh j? ns/ T[;dk nkd/P jh ekBz{B j?, fi; dk gkbD iK sK ;Ik s'A puD bJhiK fGnkBe gqkfeqfse nt;Ek Bz{ d{o o~yD bJh ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. fJ; ;zpzX ft~u p?Ew, ikB nkofNB,;/ftrBh, ;o j?Boh w/B ns/ J/H thH vkJh;h dhnK ouBKtK t~b th fBod/fPs ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJ; dkBshik fJj j'fJnk j? fe okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B Bz{ fGzB o{g Bkb ekBz{Bh gqfefonktK Bkb i'V fd~sk frnkj? ns/ ;[szsosk ns/ ;wkBsk dh ;kwzi;g{oB ;fEsh Bz{ ftXhPk;B (rule of law) d/ PkBdko BK BkbikfDnk iKdk j?.

okPNoh ns/ nzsookPNoh okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B s/ bkr{ ehsk frnk fJj ekBz{Bh T[gkrw fJ; ebgBk s/;fEs j? fe ekBz{B ft~u fJj ftt;Ek ehsh iKdh j? fe fe;/ ftP/P nt;Ek ft~u eh ekotkJh ehshikt/, ns/ fJj ftt;Ek th ehsh iKdh j? fe feBK gfo;fEshnK ft~u fJj ekotkJh ehsh iKdh j?, Bkbjh fJ; ft~u T[; ekotkJh dhnK ;hwktK dk fBoXkoD th ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; ft~u fJ; s~E T[~s/ th pbfd~sk iKdk j? fe fi~E/ Bkrfoe ekBz{BK dk gkbD eoB tkb/ j'D, T[ZE/ b'eK d/ okiBhfse fttjko Bkb ;zpzfXsg{otkB[wkB eoB ft~u ekBz{B dk frnkB pj[s wj~stg{oB nkXko gqdkB eoBk j?. fJ; T[gkrw dk i/b/fBefijk fJ~e ftfPPN nfXn?Beosk ;kBz{ ;bkj fdzdk j? fe ;zrfms ;wko Bz{ wkso ;wkfie iK okiBhfsegfoxNBk jh BjhA pbfe T[;Bz{ ;kotifBe ekBz{B, nfXekoK ns/ eos~tK dk ;w[~u ;wfMnk ikt/ fi; dhBhAj ftP[~X soe ns/ ekoD T[Zs/ gk fd~sh rJh j?. fJ; dk wsbp fJj j? fe tkX/ ns/ ftek; d/ ihtd/ o{g ft~u ftXhso ns/ ;wkfie PeshnK d/ ftuko Bz{ ;wM/ fpBK, oki Bz{ BjhA ;wfMnk ik ;edk i' fJ;ftuko dh g[PmG{wh ft~u fBfjs j?. ns/ fJ; ekoD Uj fJ; dhnK pj[s ;kohnK feqnktK ns/ nkg;hgqshfeqnktK bJh fIzw/tko jB. pfjojkb, fJ~E/ fJ; r~b dk T[b/y eo d/Dk ukjhdk j? fe fJ; T[gkrw dkgfog~y pj[s jh ;zehoD j?. ekBz{B d/ nXhB ;kotifBe ihtB dk fJ~e jh g~y j?, ns/ fJ;/ ekoD fJ;d/ nzsor okiBhfse ezwK dk g{oB fttjko BjhA nk ;edk. fit/A nkdoPtkdhnK dh fJ; nkXko s/nkb'UjBK ehsh ik ;edh j? fe oki fJ~e B/fse ;~sk s'A fJBQKtk e[M BjhA j?. fJ;/ soK ftPb/PDkswefBnKtkdhnK d[nkok th fjj rbsh ehsh iKdh j? fe Uj jo okiBhfse gqDkbh d/ jo g~y Bz{ fJ~e fBnkfJe


B ØN


;~sk dk o{g gqdkB eoB/ jB. ekBz{B dh nzsot;s{ dk ftXkJh Pesh d/ wkfXnw Bkb fBoXkoD eoBkokiBhfse ezw j?. nkw s"o s/ fJ; dh ftnkfynk ftfXe T[gkrw s'A fJBQKtk j'o T[gkrw d/ nkXko s/ j'Dhukjhdh j?.

fit/A T[Zgo uouk ehsh rJh j? fe gozgokrs T[gkrwK dhnK uko w[~y fe;wK jB. UjBK dk T[b/y:'r NhukfJj j? fe UjBK ft~u w{b^Gkfos gqDkbh dk gqG[~st j?. fBnkwesktkd UjBK Bz{ ftfu~so ns/ ftfPPN b~SDgqdkB eoBk j?. cb;o{g, okiBhfse f;XKs Bz{ fszBw{osh, ekbgfBe, fuzskswe ns/ fJ~E'A s~e fe dkoPfBefejk iKdk j?. fBnkwesktkd T[b/y:'r uouk s/ pb fdzdk j?. fJj okiBhfse nkuoD d/ B?fse wkgdzvdh ;EkgBk eobk ukj[zdk j?. ns/ fJj oki d/ ;o{g ns/ T[;d/ T[d/PK, nkd/PK dk gkbD eoB bJh fe;/d/ fe; ;hwk s~e nkGko, ftnesh d/ nfXekoK ns/ ;[szsosk dk nkXko ns/ UjBK dh nzst;s{, uzr/ ihtBdk o{g nkfd d/ gqPBK pko/ g[~Sdk j?.

;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD (Self Assesment)

ykbh ;EkB Go' ykbh ;EkB Go' ykbh ;EkB Go' ykbh ;EkB Go' ykbh ;EkB Go' (Fill in the Blanks)1H okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B bJh ;G s'A g[okDk T[gkrw HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH j?.2H HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH fJ; XkoDk s/ fNfenk j? fe okiBhfse f;XKs dk Gzvko, ;wkfie nkofEe ;zeN

ns/ UjBK d[nkok wjkB fuzseK d/ wBK s/ S~vhnK rJhnK gqshfefonktK ft~u'A nkT[Adk j?.

3H HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Bz{ eJh nwoheh ns/ nzrq/I b/yeK dhnK ouBKtK ft~u d/fynk ik ;edk j?.4H okPNoh ns/ nzookPNoh okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B T[Zs/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH bkr{ ehsk iKdk j?.5H oki Bz{ gqw[~y o{g Bkb ekBz{B pDkUD ns/ T[; Bz{ bkr{ eoB tkbk ;zrmB HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ft~u fejk

frnk j?.

2H42H42H42H42H4 ;ko nzP ;ko nzP ;ko nzP ;ko nzP ;ko nzP (Summary)

• s[bBkswe g~Xsh dk gq:'r okiBhsh Pk;so d/ nfXn?B ft~u okiBhsh Pk;so d/ iBe no;s{ d/ ;w/A s'Aj[zdk nkfJnk j?. f;;/o', g'bhfpn; N/;hN;, w?fenkt/bh, w"AN/;feT{, Nkeftb, p/ijkN, ;o j?Boh w/Bns/ pqkJh; nkfd nB/eK okiBhfse dkoPfBeK ns/ okiBhsh Pk;sohnK B/ nkgD/ nfXn?B ft~u fJ;g~Xsh dk T[g:'r ehsk j?. fJ; g~Xsh d/ gq:'r Bkb nfXn?B eosk, ftfGzB okiK, UjBK d/ ;zrmBK,UjBK dhnK BhshnK ns/ ekoiebkgK dk s[bBkswe nfXn?B eoBk j? ns/ fJ; soK s[bBktK d/ nkXkos/ okiBhfse Bshi/ e~YD dh e'fPP eoBk j?.

• s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u s[bBkswe g~Xsh nkXkoG{s j?. s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk ;zpzX okiBhfse;z;EktK dh ekoi ftXh ns/ okiBhfse fttjko dhnK wj~stg{oD fBozsosktK, ;wkBsktK ns/ n;wkBsktKBkb j'D d/ ekoD, fJ; g~Xsh d/ d[nkok jh fJj fBozsosktK, ;wkBsktK ns/ n;wkBsktK ;wMhnK ns/y'ihnK ik ;edhnK jB. fJjh ekoD j? fe eJh tko s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ s[bBkswe g~Xsh Bz{ ;wkBnoEK (synonyms) iK fJ~e d{i/ dk d{ik BK wzB fbnk iKdk j?.

• okiBhfse nfXn?BK ns/ ftP/P eo e/ s[bBkswe okiBhsh ft~u s[bBkswe g~Xsh dh pj[s T[g:'frskj?. d{i/ ftPt :[ZX s'A pknd okiBhfse ftt;EktK dhnK s[bBktK ft~u eqKshekoh gfotosB nkfJnkj?. j[D okiBhfse ftt;Ek Bz{ ftfGzB go;go fto'Xh dkftnK ns/ wzrK Bz{ ;thfeqs fBofDnK ft~ugfotofss eoB dh ftt;Ek fejk ikD b~rk j?.

• ;zy/g ft~u s[bBkswe g~Xsh d/ gq:'r dh T[g:'frsk Bz{ fBwB fbfys fpzd{nK Bkb ;gPN eo ;ed/ jK^• okiBhfse fttjko Bz{ ;wMD ft~u ;jkfJe j?.

• okiBhsh Bz{ ftfrnkfBe nfXn?B pDkUD ft~u ;jkfJe j?.• okiBhsh ft~u f;XKs fBowkD ft~u ;jkfJe j?• gqu~fbs okiBhfse f;XKsK dh d[pkok gqwkfDesk f;~X eoB ft~u ;jkfJe j?.


B ØN


• okiBsh d/ nfXn?B d/ T[gkrwK Bz{ w'N/ s"o s/ d' torK ft~u tzfvnk ik ;edk j?̂ wkDgoe (normatice)ns/ fttjkogoe (empirical), id'A fe wkDgoe T[gkrw Bz{ w{b^w[es (value free) d/ o{g ft~u ikfDnkiKdk j?. d{i/ PpdK ft~u, id'A fe gfjb/ dh ftP/Psk fBnkwesk j?, d{i/ dh ftP/Psk fttjkotkd j?.

• okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B d/ bJh ;G s'A g[okDk T[gkrw dkoPfBe (philosophical appraoch) j? fi; Bz{nkuko^Pk;soh T[gkrw d/ BK Bkb th ikfDnk iKdk j?. fJ~E/ oki, ;oeko ns/ wkBt dk okiBhfse;~sk d/ o{g ft~u nfXn?B e[M T[d/PK, B?fse f;fy~nktK, ;~uK ns/ T[~u f;XKsK d/ nB[;oD d/ Bkb nfGzBo{g ft~u i[fVnk j'fJnk j? i' ;ko/ frnkB ns/ tk;sftesk ft~u nsfBfjs j[zdk j?. fJ; y/so ft~uokiBhsh dk nfXn?B wBBPhb ;o{g XkoD eo b?Adk j?, feUAfe dkoPfBe Ppd dk ;zpzX jh fuzsB Bkbj?.

• fJ;/ ekoD, dkoPfBe ns/ nkukoPk;soh T[gkrw dk ;woEB eoB tkb/ b/ye ns/ ftukoe Pk;eK ns/okiBhfse ;w[dktK d/ w?ApoK Bz{ fJj ;bkj d/Dk ukj[zd/ jB fe Uj fe;/ T[Zu NhfunK dk nB[;oD eoB.

• dkoPfBe T[gkrw dh fJ; nkXko s/ nkb'uBk ehsh iKdh j? fe fJj fuzsBkswe ns/ nw{os j?. fJjfejk iKdk j? fe fJj :EkoE dh d[BhnK s'A pj[s d{o b? iKdk j?. fJ; T[Zs/ gfoebgBkswe j'D dk d'PbrkfJnk iKdk j?. eKN ns/ jhrb d/ j~E'A fJj oki Bz{ ofjf;~nkswe T[ukJhnK s~e b? iKdk j?.

• fJ; T[gkrw dk ftfPPN b~SD nshs iK ekb dh u[Dh j'Jh ntXh ns/ fe;/ ftP/P uoD d/ nzdo u[DhnKxNBktK d/ T[Zs/ pb j?, sK fe fJ; r~b dh ftnkfynk ehsh ik ;e/ fe fejVhnK ;z;EktK ubhnK nkojhnK jB, ns/ Uj eh ezw eo ojhnK jB, fJj nkw s"o s/ fJ; frnkB tk;s/ j[zdk j? fe Uj eh eoojhnK jB, Uj n;fs~st ft~u fe; gqeko GkJh, Uj eh jB, ns/ nkgD/ ftPb/PD d/ ;zpzX ft~u UjBKdk eh ;EkB j?.

• fJfsjkf;e T[gkrw fJ; XkoDk s/ fNfenk j? fe okiBhfse f;XKs dk Gzvko ;wkfie^nkofEe ;zeNns/ UjBK d/ d[nkok wjkB fuzseK d/ wBK s/ S~vhnK rJhnK gqshfefonktK ft~u'A nkT[Adk j?. fJ; bJh,fJfsjkf;e rtkj dk nkgDk jh wj~st j?. gqkuhB :{BkB dhnK gfo;fEshnK B/ gb/N' ns/ gqo;s{ Bz{ ns/fJ;/ soK ;skothA Pskpdh d/ fJzrb?Av B/ jkp; ns/ bke Bz{ iBw fd~sk. T[BhthA Pskpdh dh g{zihtkdhgqDkbh B/ wkoe; ns/ fwb Bz{ iBw fd~sk.

• fJfsjkf;e T[gkrw dhnK e[M ewI'ohnK jB. T[dkjoD bJh, fit/A i/w; pqkJhI B/ fejk j?, fJj ne;o;sjh ;wkBsktK Bkb Gkfos j[zdk j?. fJ; Bks/ fJfsjkf;e ;wkBKso e[M j~d s~e frnkBtoXe j' ;ed/jB, go fInkdkso ;fEshnK ft~u, Uj gEfGqPN eoB tkb/ th j[zd/ jB.

• fJ~E/ okiBhsh dk nfXn?Beosk ftt;Ekfgek, ekoigkfbek ns/ fBnKgkfbek fij/ okiBhfse ;zrmBK dhn"gukfoe ;zoUjBK d/ nfXn?B s/ pb fdzdk j?. fJ; gqftq~sh Bz{ gqkuhB ekb d/ no;s{ s'A b? e/ g'bhfpn;s~e ns/ nkX[fBe :[r ft~u pqkJh; ns/ ckJhBo fij/ eJh oki ftfrnkfBeK dhnK ouBKtK ft~u y'finkik ;edk j?.

• ;z;EkfBe iK ;zozuBkswe T[gkrw Bz{ eJh nwoheh ns/ nzrq/I b/yeK dhnK ouBKtK ft~u d/fynk ik;edk j?. n;hA tkbNo p/rjkN, n?cH J/H nkr, vpb:{H phH w[Bo', jow/B ckJhBo, n?uH i/H bk;eh,fouov fBT{IvkN, ;hH n?cH ;qNqKr, poBkov feqe, i/w; pqkJh;, j/okbv fize, w'fo; v[p/io ns/fiUtkBh ;koN/oh d/ rqzEK t~b fBod/P eo ;ed/ jK. UjBK dhnK ouBKtK dh ;G s'A nfXe T[b/y :'rftP/Psk fJj j? fe okiBhsh dk nfXn?B okiBhfse tgko d/ n"gukfoe ns/ ;z;fBe ;zouBKtK s~e;hfws j' frnk j?.

• pj[s nfXe ;zehoD j'D d/ ekoD fJ; T[gkrw dh nkb'uBK ehsh rJh j?. fJ; ft~u UjBK ftneshnKdh G{fwek dh T[g/fynk ehsh rJh j?, i' okiBhfse ftt;Ek dh n"gukfoe ns/ nD^n"gukfoe ;zzouBKtKns/ T[g;zouBKtK dk fBowkD ns/ UjBK Bz{ gfoukfbs eoB/ jB.

• nzs ft~u, gozgokrs T[gkrwK d/ y/so ft~u n;hA ekBz{Bh iK fBnKfJe T[gkrw dk T[b/y eo ;ed/ jk.fJ; d/ nzsors okiBhsh dk nfXn?B ekBz{Bh gqfefonktK ns/ ;z;EktK Bkb x[b^fwb frnk j?.ekBz{Bns/ fBnK d/ ftfPnK Bz{ fBnK Pk;so d/ wkwb/ jh BjhA ;wfMnk iKdk pbfe oki ftfrnkfBe oki Bz{gqGkth ns/ ;zs[bBg{oB ekBz{B ns/ ftt;Ek Bz{ pDkJ/ o~yD tkbk ;wMd/ jB.

• fit/A T[Zgo uouk ehsh rJh j? fe gozgokrs T[gkrwK dhnK uko w[~y fe;wK jB. UjBK dk T[b/y:'rNhuk fJj j? fe UjBK ft~u w{b^Gkfos gqDkbh dk gqG[~st j?. fBnkwesktkd UjBK Bz{ ftfu~so ns/


B ØN


ftfPPN b~SD gqdkB eoBk j?. cb;o{g, okiBhfse f;XKs Bz{ fszBw{osh, ekbgfBe, fuzskswe ns/fJ~E'A s~e fe dkoPfBe fejk iKdk j?.

2H52H52H52H52H5 Ppde'P Ppde'P Ppde'P Ppde'P Ppde'P (Keywords)

• ;[ftnes L ;obsk Bkb ftnes eoB tkbk.• nftnes L fi; Bz{ ftnes Bk ehsk ik ;e/.• ftfeqs L fi; dk w{b ;o{g ftrV e/ yokp j' frnk j?.

2H62H62H62H62H6 nfGnk; gqPB nfGnk; gqPB nfGnk; gqPB nfGnk; gqPB nfGnk; gqPB (Review Questions)

1H s[bBkswe g~Xsh ns okiBhsh d/ go;go ;zpzXK dk ftt/uB eo'.2H s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B d/ gozgokrs T[gkrwK dk ftPb/PDkswe ftt/uB eo'.3H s[bBkswe g~Xsh dh gqfeqsh dh ftnkfynk eo'.

T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment)(1) dkoPfBe T[gkrw (2) fJfsjkf;e T[gkrw (3) ;z;EkfBe T[gkrw(4) ekBz{Bh T[gkrw (5) ekBz{Bh T[gkrw

2H72H72H72H72H7 ;zdoG g[;seK ;zdoG g[;seK ;zdoG g[;seK ;zdoG g[;seK ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)

p[e; 1H s[bBkswe Pk;B ns/ okiBhsh^vkH phoe/Pto gq;kd f;zx, frnkB dk gqekPB(ghH n?Av vhH) 24, dfonkrzi, nz;koh o'v, fd~bh.




fJekJh^3L ;zftXkB ns/ ;zftXkBtkdfJekJh^3L ;zftXkB ns/ ;zftXkBtkdfJekJh^3L ;zftXkB ns/ ;zftXkBtkdfJekJh^3L ;zftXkB ns/ ;zftXkBtkdfJekJh^3L ;zftXkB ns/ ;zftXkBtkd

B ØN


fJekJh^3 ;zftXkB ns/ ;zftXkBtkdfJekJh^3 ;zftXkB ns/ ;zftXkBtkdfJekJh^3 ;zftXkB ns/ ;zftXkBtkdfJekJh^3 ;zftXkB ns/ ;zftXkBtkdfJekJh^3 ;zftXkB ns/ ;zftXkBtkd(Constitution and Constitutionalism)



3H1 ;zftXkB dk noE ns/ ftek; (Meaning and Development of Constitution)

3H2 ;zftXkBtkd dhnK ntXkoDkL T[dkotkdh ns/ wkoe;tkdh XkoDk (Concept ofconstitutionalism : Liberal and Marxist nation)







• ;zftXkB ns/ ;zftXkBtkd d/ noE ns/ T[; dhnK ntXkoBktK dh ftnkfynk eoD ft~u


wB[~yh ;wki ft~u ‘okiBhse Pesh’ dh P[o{nks ed'A ns/ fejVhnK jkbsK ft~u j'Jh fJj ni/ s~e ebgBkdk jh ftPk j?< wB[~y B/ ed'A \[d ƒ ‘okiBhse Pesh’ d/ nXhB ehsk, fJ; pko/ fBPfus o{g ft~u e[MBjhA fejk ik ;edk, go id'A s'A w[ZYb/ ;wki dh P[o{nks j'Jh, PkfJd T[d'A s'A jh ‘okiBhse Pesh’ ƒiBw d/D tkbhnK jkbsK g?dk j'JhnK. ;zGt j? fe fJ; Pesh dh tos'A Bkb nkfd ekbhB wB[~y ;wki ft~ue[M ftt;Ek ns/ ;fEosk dh ;EkgBk j'Jh. fJ; bJh ‘okiBhse Pesh’ dk jo ;wki ft~u nkozG s'A jhwj~st wzfBnk ik ;edk j?.go fit/A fit/A wB[~y ft~u ;wkfiesk tXdh rJh ns/ ;zrfms ihtB dk wj~stns/ T[g:'rsk ;gPN j'D b~rh, fst/A fst/A ftt;fEs ihtB Bz{ fttjkfoe pDkUD tkbh ‘okiBhfse Pesh*ft~u gkpzdhnK d/ bkIwh j'D dk s~s Pkwb j[zdk frnk.fJj fJ~E'A s~e tXdk frnk fe w"i{dk ;w/A ft~u fJ;Pesh okjhA j'oBK ;G soQK dhnK PeshnK (nkofEe, ;wkfie s/ ;?fBe) T[~s/ Bk f;o| ekp{ jh o~fynk iKdkj?, pbfe T[jBK dhnK ;hwktK th s?n j[zdhnK jB.

‘okiBhse Pesh’ ft~u fJj bkIwhnsk s/ Io{oh j'D dk s~s fJ; dh tos'A ns/ d[otos'A d/ y/so ƒ ftnkgepDk fdzdk j?. fJ; dh ;ot T[Zusk fJ; dh d[o^tos'A dhnK j'o th ;zGktBktK tXk fdzdh j?. oki, i' fJ;Pesh dk gqshe j?, fes/ nkgD/ nkg ft~u ;kXBk Bk pD ikt/ s/ oki dh Pesh ƒ nwb ft~u tosD tkbh;oeko iK Pk;e, skBkPkj pD e/ T[jBK ;ko/ T[d/PK s/ NhfunK dh T[bzxDk Bk eo/, fizBK dh gqkgsh bJhwB[~y B/ okiBhse ;~sk fsnko ehsh s/ nokie jkbks dhnK IzihoK s'A puD bJh okiBhse Pesh d/bkIwhgD (coercive) d/ pzXB ;theko ehs/, fJ; bJh Io{oh j? fe ;oeko ns/ Pk;eK ƒ ekp{ ft~u ns/


B ØN


;hws o~fynk ikt/. e'Jh th Pk;e i' ftt;Ek dh ;EkgBk bJh bkIwh PeshnK ;w/s j't/, fJ;/ Peshdh tos'A ftnesh dh nkIkdh dk nkXko j[zdh j?. fJ; dh ;wkgsh wB[~yh ihtB ft~u o[ektN g?dk eodhj?. fJ; bJh fJe gk;/ sK wB[~y B/ okiBhse Pesh dh ;ot T[Zusk ;theko ehsh ns/ d{i/ gk;/ T[jBKgqGktPkbh brkwK dh ftt;Ek th ehsh fi; Bkb Pk;e, ftnesh dh nkIkdh dh ftt;Ek s/ ;[o~fynk bJhnZr/ nk ;e/ ns/ Bkb jh fJ; d/ j'D d/ bkbu ƒ o'fenk ik ;e/. fJjh ekoB j? gqkuhB ekb s'A jh Pk;eKƒ ftXhnK, gqfefonkswe ;[o~fynk s/ ;zs[bBksfwe PeshnK okjh ekp{ ft~u ns/ gkpzd ehsk iKdk fojkj?.

;zftXkBtkd dk noE, nkXko, s~s s/ t~y t~y ntXkoBktK ƒ ;wMD s'A gfjbK fJj bkIwh j? fe ;~ftXkBs/ ;zftXkfBe ;oeko dk noE ;g~PN ehsk ikt/, feT[Afe ;zftXkBtkd dk noE, ;zftXkB s/ ;zftXkfBe;oeko d/ noE d/ ;zdoG ft~u jh ;g~PN j' ;edk j?. n;b ft~u ;zftXkB s/ ;zftXkfBe ;oeko,;zftXkBtkd dhnK gfjbhnK ;fEshnK jB. ;zftXkBtkd f;o| T[;/ okiBhse ftt;Ek ft~u jh ;zGt j?,fi~E/ ;zftXkB j't/ ns/ fJ; ;zftXkB okjhA okiBhse Pesh dh tos'A eoB tkfbnK dh Bk f;o| G{fwek s?nj[zdh j? pbfe fJ; G{fwek dh ftntjkfoesk ’u ftt;Ek th ehsh ikt/, wsbp ;oeko, ;zftXkB dhftt;Ek w[skpe jh u~b/ ns/ fJ; fttjko ƒ ;zGt pDkT[D bJh ;zftXkfBe fB:zsoDK s/ gkpzdhnK dhgqGktPkbh ftt;Ek j't/. fJj fB:zsoD ftt;Ek fet/A ns/ fejVhnK fejVhnK gqfefonktK s/ ;zouBktK Bkbj't/, fJ; pko/ ftuko eoB s'A gfjbK ;zftXkB, ;zftXkfBe ;oeko ns/ ;zftXkBtkd dk noE ;wMDk bkIwhj?.

3H13H13H13H13H1 ;zftXkB dk noE ns/ ftek; ;zftXkB dk noE ns/ ftek; ;zftXkB dk noE ns/ ftek; ;zftXkB dk noE ns/ ftek; ;zftXkB dk noE ns/ ftek; (Meaning and Development ofConstitution)

jo oki bJh ;zftXkB dk j'Dk bkIwh j?. ;zftXkB fpBK fe;/ th oki dk Pk;B ubDk w[Pfeb j?. fJfsjk;dk nfXn?B eoB wro'A fejk ik ;edk j? fe jo oki ft~u Pk;B ƒ ubkT[D bJh e[M Bk e[M fB:w ;dkjh fe;/ Bk fe;/ o{g ft~u ofjzd/ jB. jo oki ft~u Gkt/A T[j b'esKsfoe j't/ iK nfXBkfJe tkdh, e[M nfij/fB:wK ƒ ;theko ehsk ikDk bkIwh j? i' ;wki ƒ nokiesk s'A w[es o~y ;eD. fJ~E'A s~e fe skBkPkjhs/ ;t?^fJ~Skukoh okiK ft~u th e[M fB:wK dk gkfJnk ikDk bkIwh j?. ;oekoK Gkt/A skBkPkj j'D iKb'esKsfoe, T[jBK ƒ ubkT[D bJh e[M f;~XKsK dk j'Dk jw/Pk ;jkfJe j[~dk j?. feT[Afe jo ;zftXkB ft~u;oeko d/ t~y t~y n~rK ns/ T[jBK d/ nkg;h ;~p~XK dk fIeo j[~dk j?. fJ; bJh fJjBK ;zpzXK dk toDBeoB tkb/ fB:wK d/ j'D Bkb ;oeko d/ t~y t~y nzr fJ~e d{i/ d/ ;fj:'r Bkb e[Pb o{g ft~u ezw eo ;ed/jB ns/ T[jBK ftukb/ ;zxoP s/ fto'X dhnK ;zGktBktK th x~N j' iKdh jB. ;zftXkB ft~u BkrfoeK d/nfXekoK dk th toDB j[zdk j?. fJj toDB jh fJjBK dh ;[o~fynk j?, feT[Afe fJj ;oeko s'A gj[zu s'AgoK j' iKd/ jB. fJ; soQK ;zftXkB okjhA fe;/ th oki dk w[~Ybk YKuk ;z;Ekrs o{g ft~u yVQk ehsk iKdkj?, fi; Bkb jo ftnesh, ;z;Ek s/ ;w{j dh G{fwek s?n j' iKdh j?.

;kXkoB s"o ’s/ fJj ;wfMnk iKdk j? fe ;zftXkB fJe nfijk d;skt/I j? (document) i' fBPfus;w/A ft~u fsnko s/ ;theko j't/, go fJj ;zftXkB dk ;jh noE BjhA j?. ;zftXkB dk nb/y wsbp fbysho{g ft~u j'Dk Io{oh BjhA. fe;/ th oki ft~u gozgokrs fB:wK dh nfijh ftt;Ek j' ;edh j?, fi; ƒftXh p~X edh fbfynk jh BjhA frnk. fco i' Pk;eK s/ BkrfoeK d/ fdb^fdwkr ft~u fJzBh rfjokJh Bkbizw rJhnK j'D fe fJ; Bkb ;oeko T[~s/ Bk f;o| gqGktPkbh fB:zsoD ofjzdk j't/ pbfe g{oh okiBhseftt;Ek ft~u jo fJ~e dh G{fwek fBoXkfos ofjzdh j't/. nfij/ okiBhse ;wki ft~u fJj gozgokrs fB:wjh ;zftXkB ejkT[Ad/ jB.

;zy/g ft~u, “;zftXkB fB:wK dk T[j ;zrqfj j? i' T[jBK T[d/PK dh gqkgsh eodk j? fizBK bJh Pk;B Peshg?dk ehsh iKdh j? ns/ Pk;B d/ T[jBK t~y t~y nzrK ƒ g?dk eodk j? fizBK okjhA ;oeko nkgDh Pesh dhtos'A eodh j?.”


B ØN


go eJh okiBhse jkbsK ft~u T[jBK s'A pknd nfijk th d/fynk iKdk j? fe ;zftXkB ft~u ftt;Ek e[Mj'o s/ ;oeko fttjko ft~u e[M j'o eo ojh j[zdh j?. nfijh jkbs ft~u ;zftXkB d/ nfXn?B Bb Pk;Bszso okjhA okiBhse PeshnK dh tos'A pko/ e[M th frnkB gqkgs BjhA j[zdk. fJ; bJh ;zftXkB dk noE;wMd/ ;w/A fJj fXnkB o~yDk bkIwh j? fe fbysh YKuk dh ftt;Ek eodk j? ns/ fttjko ft~u Pk;B fe;soQK ;zukfbs j[zdk j?< id'A ;zftXkB w[skpe PeshnK dh tos'A BjhA j[zdh sK fJ; ƒ ‘fbysh’ ;zftXkB fejkikt/rk. nfijk ;zftXkB ftP/P o{g ft~u ns/ ;g~PN ekƒBK, nfXfB:wK s/ x'PDk g~soK ft~u toDB ehskfrnk j[zdk j? ns/ f;ZXKs ft~u jh okiBhse ftt;Ek d ;zrmB fejk ik ;edk j?. d{i/ gk;/, fttjkoft~u ekƒB ns/ fbysh ;zftXkB d/ gqshe okiBhse PeshnK dh tos'A j[zdh j? sK nfijk okiBhsenkuko ‘gqGkth’ ;zftXkB fejk iKdk j?. fJj Pk;B d/ n;b ;zukbB Bkb ;pzfXs j?. fJ; soQK dhnKokiBhse ftt;EktK ft~u Pk;e dk fttjko, wjZstg{oD okiBhse wkwfbnK ft~u ;zftXkB okjhAfBoXkos gqfefonk s/ ekƒB w[skpe BjhA j[zdk. fit/A fbysh ;zftXkB nB[;ko fpqN/B ft~u okiszsoj?, go okiBhse PeshnK dh ftjko ft~u n;b tos'A fJ; ƒ b'eszso dh Pq/Dh ft~u fbnk fdzdk j?.;'thns o{; ft~u Pk;B dk ;zukbB fbysh s/ gqGkth ;zftXkB d/ nzso ƒ ;g~PN eodk j?. fbyshfdqPNh Bk ;zftXkB ;ot'sw ;z;dh b'eszso s/ ;zxksfwe Pk;B dh ;EkgBk eodk j?, go fttjko ft~ufJ~E/ Pk;B ;zftXkB dhnK XkoktK w[skpe Bk j' e/ ;kwtkdh dbK d/ j[ewK nB[;ko ubdk j?. fJ; dbdh fttjko ft~u skBkPkjh s/ J/ekfXeko ‘fbysh’ ;zftXkB ’u toDB ehs/ okiBhse Pesh dh;zftXkfBe ftt;Ek nB[;ko Pk;B^;zukbB B/V/ BjhA j'D fdzzdk. fJ~E/ ;kok Pk;B szso, ;kwtkdh dbKd/ j[ewK nB[;ko ubdk j?, ;zftXkB dhnK ftt;EktK nB[;ko BjhA. fJj fbysh s/ gqGkth ;zftXkBKd/ coe ƒ ;g~PN BjhA eodk go fJj th ;ze/s fdzdk j? fe d'tK ft~u fe;/ soQK dh ;wkBsk th BjhAj[zdh. ftek;Phb d/PK ft~u nfijhnK nB/eK T[dkjoDK fwbdhnK jB. BthAnK nkIkd j'JhnK okiBhseftt;EktK ft~u okiBhsh siopk xZN j? s/ ibdh Bkb ngDkJ/ rJ/ ;zftXkBK dk s/Ih Bkb pdbdhnKjkbsK ns/ BthAnK b'VK w[skpe Bk pD ;eD ekoB fJjBK ;zftXkBK ƒ Beko d/ okiBhse nkr{nK dknkuoD fttjko ft~u t~y soQK dk j[zdk ofjzdk j?. fJjBK d/PK ft~u ne;o nkofEe ftek; dhnKwip{ohnK s/ w[ZYb/ okiBhse ;tkbK T[~s/ ;fjwsh dh xkN ekoB ftek; s/ J/esk dh ftt;Ek bJh e[Mnkr{ f;o| okiBhse Pesh ƒ tosd/ oj/ jB. nfijh jkbs ft~u Pk;B ftt;Ek fbysh ;zftXkBw[skpe BjhA ofj iKdh s/ gqGkth ;zftXkB fbysh ;zftXkB s'A t~y j' iKdk j?.

fJ; bJh ;zftXkB dk noE ;wMD bJh fJj fXnkB o~yDk Io{oh j? fe fbysh ;zftXkB eh ftt;Ek eodkj? ns/ fttjko ft~u fJj fe; jZd s~e okiBhse nkuoD dk nkXko pDdk j?< ;zftXkB okiBhse ftt;Ekdk ufo~so iK gqfeosh ;g~PN eodk j?, feT[Afe ;zftXkB oki bJh mhe nfijk j? fit/A dk ftnesh dkufo~so. fJj Bk f;o| okiBhse y/v dk nkXko g/P eodk j? pbfe t~y t~y okiBhse ftukoK s/ wzrK ƒth g/P eodk j?. fe;/ okiBhse ftt;Ek dk dh tk;sfte gqfeosh ƒ ;wMD bJh ;zftXkB d/ fJ; YKu/s/ s~s (substance) f;ZXKs s/ fttjko, d'tK ƒ ;wMDk Io{oh j?. feT[Afe ;zftXkBtkd T[~E/ jh ;zGt j?fi~E/ ;zftXkB d/ YKu/ s/ s~sK ’u ;wkBsk j't/. wsbp ;zftXkfBe ;oeko j't/. jo oki ft~u ;zzftXkB j'DksK bkIwh j? go ;zftXkfBe ;oeko th j' fJj bkIwh BjhA. ;zftXkfBe ;oeko Bk j'D ’s/ ;zftXkBtkddh ftt;Ek fttjkfoe BjhA j' ;edh. fJ; bJh ;zftXkBtkd dk noE ;wMD bJh Bk f;o| ;zftXkB dknoE ;g~PN eoBk jh ek|h j't/rk pbfe fJ; dk w{b nkXko, ;zftXkfBe ;oeko dk ftt/uB eoBk thbkIwh j?. ;zy/g ft~u ;zftXkBe ;oeko dk ftt/uB fJ; soQK j?.

;zftXkB T[jBK ;ko/ fbfys ns/ nfbys (gozgoktK) fB:wK ns/ ekƒBK dk ;w{j j? fizBKd/ nXko T[~s/ fe;/ th d/P dh Pk;B ftt;Ek ;zrfms ehsh iKdh j? ns/ T[jBK f;ZXKsKdk fBoXkoD j[zdk j? fizBK nB[;ko PeshnK toshnK iKdhnK jB.

B'N;


B ØN


;zftXkfBe ;oeko dk noE ;zftXkfBe ;oeko dk noE ;zftXkfBe ;oeko dk noE ;zftXkfBe ;oeko dk noE ;zftXkfBe ;oeko dk noE (The Meaning of Constitutional Government);kXkoB s"o T[~s/ fJj ;wfMnk iKdk j? fe fi; oki ft~u ;zftXkB j't/ T[E/ ;zftXkfBe ;oeko th j[zdh j?, gon;b ft~u fJj ;jh BjhA j?. jo oki ft~u fe;/ Bk fe;/ soQK dk ;zftXkB dk bkIwh j[zdk j? go jo irk ft~u;zftXkfBe ;oeko j'Dk Io{oh BjhA j?. ;zftXkfBe ;oeko s'A ;hws noE dk gsk bZrdk j?. feT[Afe ;zftXkfBe;oeko T[j ;oeko j[zdh j? i' ;zftXkB dhnK ftt;EktK nB[;ko ;zrfms, ;hws ns/ ezNo'b j[zdh j't' ns/ joftnesh ftP/P dhnK fJ~SktK dh EK f;o| ekƒB w[skpe jh uZbdh j't/. fjNbo s/ ;NkfbB d/ ;w/A ft~u iowBhs/ o{; ;zftXkB sK ;h go ;zftXkfBe ;oekoK th ;h, nfijk BjhA fejk ik ;edk. fJ; ft~u okiBhse nkuoDdk nkXko ;zftXkB BjhA j't/rk, ftnesh iK db dhnK fJ~SktK jh ejhnK ik ;edhnK jB. fJ; bJh oki ft~uf;o| ;zftXkB dk j'Dk jh f;o| ;oeko ƒ ;zftXkfBe BjhA pDkT[Adk. f;o| T[jh ;oeko jh ;zftXkfBe ejhikt/rh i' ;zftXkB T[~s/ nXkfos j't/rh, ;zftXkB okjhA ;fwsh ns/ ezNo'b j't/ s/ ;t? fJ~Sk dh EK f;o| ekƒBw[skpe uZbdh j't/. ;zy/g ft~u ;zftXkfBe ;oeko ekƒB okiBhse ftt;Ek ft~u jh ;zftXkBtkd ;zGt j?,feT[Afe ;zftXkBtkd T[jBK wkBsktK, nk;EktK ns/ wB[~yh w[~bK dk BK j? fi; dk ;zftXkB ft~u toDB ns/;woEB j[zdk j? ns/ fizBK dh T[gbpXh s/ ;[o~fynk bJh okiBhse Pesh T[~s/ gqGktPkbh ezNo'b ns/ o'eK(restraints) dh ftt;Ek j[zdh j?. ;zftXkB s/ ;zftXkfBe ;oeko d/ T[go'es ftt/uB d/ ;zdoG ft~u ;zftXkBtkddk noE ;wMDk n;kB j' iKdk j?.

;zftXkBtkd dk noE ;zftXkBtkd dk noE ;zftXkBtkd dk noE ;zftXkBtkd dk noE ;zftXkBtkd dk noE (The Meaning of Constitutionalism);zftXkBtkd T[jBK ftukoK s/ f;ZXKsK t~b ;ze/s eodk j? i' T[; ;zftXkB dk fttoB s/ ;woEB eod/ jB,fizBK okjhA okiBhse Pesh T[~s/ gqGktPkbh ezNo'b ;Ekfgs ehsk ik ;e/. fJj ;zftXkB T[~s/ nXkfosftukoXkok j?, fi; dk w{b noE fJjh j? fe Pk;B ;zftXkB ft~u fbysh fB:wK s/ ekƒBK nB[;ko jh uZbdkj't/ s/ T[; T[~s/ gqGktPkbh ezNo'b ;Ekfgs oj/, fi; ft~u T[j w[~b s/ okiBhse nkdoP ;[o~fyns ofjDfizBK bJh ;wki oki d/ pzXB ;theko eodk j?. go fJ; dk noE fJj BjhA ;zftXkB d/ fB:wK nB[;koPk;B wkso jh ;zftXkBtkd j?. nfijk sK fe;/ th skBkPkjh oki ft~u j' ;edk j?.fJ~e skBkPkj nkgDhfJ~Sk nB[;ko ;zftXkB pDk e/ iBsk dhnK fJ~SktK s/ ;[XoK ƒ fbskVdk j'fJnk T[jBK T[~s/ ;zftXkB ipohbkr{ eo ;edk j?. nfij/ ;zftXkB ft~u iBsk d/ nkdoPK s/ w[~bK dk e'Jh noE BjhA j[zdk ns/ fJ; ekoBfJj ftt;Ek ;zftXkBtkd s'A T[bN jh j't/rh. fJ; bJh ;zftXkBtkd ;zftXkB d/ fB:wK w[skpe Pk;BubkT[D s'A t~X j?. fJ; dk noE j? skBkPkj Pk;B d/ T[bN fB:w nB[;ko, fi; ft~u wB[~y dhnK w[ZYbhnKwkBsktK, nk;EktK ns/ w[~bK dh fttjko ft~u T[gbpXh ;zGt j't/.fJ; s'A fJj f;ZNk fBebdk j? fe;zftXkBtkd Pk;B dh T[j g~Xsh j? fi; ft~u Pk;B iBsk dhnK nk;EktK, w[~bK s/ nkdoPK dh fJ~Is eoBtkb/ ;zftXkB d/ fB:wK s/ f;ZXKsK d/ nkXko T[~s/ jh ehsk ikt/ s/ nfij/ ;zftXkB okjhA jh Pk;eK ƒgqshpzfds s/ ;hws o~fynk ikt/, fi; Bkb okiBhse ftt;Ek dhnK w{b ftt;EktK ;[o~fyns ofjD ns/fttjko ft~u jo ftnesh ƒ T[gbpX j' ;e/.

e[M ftukoe Pk;B ƒ ;hws s/ ezNo'b eoB bJh ns/ wB[~yh w[~bK dh ;[o~fynk ;zGt pDkT[D bJh Peshdh tzv ƒ wjZst fdzd/ jB s/ T[; ƒ ;zftXkBtkd dk w{b nkXko wzBd/ jB. T[jBK dk wzBDk j? fe;zftXkBtkd okiBhse PeshnK dh tzv eod/ ;oeko d/ ezwK ƒ gqGktPkbh Yzr Bkb ezNo'b eoBk j?. fJ;bJh ;zftXkBtkd sK jh ;zGt j? i/ fe;/ okiBhse ftt;Ek ft~u Pesh tzv okjhA ;oekoh ezwK T[~s/ ezNo'behsk ik ;e/.

T[go'es s'A ;g~PN j? fe ;zftXkB s/ ;zftXkBtkd fJ~e d{i/ d/ gokfJtkuh BjhA jB. fJ; s'A fJj th ;g~PNj? fe fi~E/ ;zftXkB j? T[E/ ;zftXkBtkd bkIwh o{g ft~u gkfJnk iKdk j't/ fJj Io{oh BjhA. ;zftXkB okjhAsK n;hA fe;/ th d/P dh okiBhse ftt;Ek wsbp ;oeko d/ ;o{g, T[; dhnK PeshnK s/ BkrfoeK ns/;oekoK d/ ;zpzXK Bkb jh ;pzfXs f;XKsK s/ fB:wK dk ;ze/s jk;b eod/ jB. idfe ;zftXkBtkd fJenfijh ftt;Ek j? fi; ft~u ;zftXkB okjhA jh ;oeko dhnK PeshnK T[Zs/ Pesh tzv okjhA ezNo'b ehskiKdk j?. fi; Bkb e[M neKfynktK s/ w[~b ;[o~fyns ofjD fizBk dh T[gbpXh d/ ;kXB d/ o{g ft~u ;zftXkBƒ ngDkfJnk d/ ;woEB fdZsk frnk s/ n~i th ;woEB nZi th fd~sk iKdk j?.


B ØN


fJ; soQK fgB'e s/ ;fwE d/ PpdK ft~u, “;zftXkBtkd f;o| gqfefonk s/ s~EK (substance) dk BK jh BjhApbfe okiBhse ;Zsk d/ ft;fsqs ;w{jK, dbK s/ torK T[Zs/ ezNo'b, nw{os ns/ ftnkge gqshfBXkswew[~bK, gqsheK, G{sekbh gozgoktK ns/ Gkth bkb;ktK Bkb ;pzX th jB.” wB[~y ;ot g~yh ftek; ft~udh fJ~Sk o~ydk j? ns/ fJ; dh ftt;Ek eoB bJh jw/Pk :sBPhb fojk j?. fJj pj[w[yh ftek; dh ftt;Ek,nkX[fBe okiK ft~u ;zftXkB okjhA ;zGt pDdh j?. go Pk;e ;zftXkB dh T[bzxDk eoe/, ftek; d/ Nhu/ns/ nkdoP ;wkgs jh Bk eo d/t/, fJ; bJh ;wki okiBhse ;Zsk ƒ ;zrfms jh BjhA T[; ƒ ezNo'b,gqshpzfds s/ ;hws o~yD bJh ;kXB th i[NkT[Adk j?. wB[~yh ;wki dhnK wkBsktK s/ nkdoPK dh T[gbpXhbJh fe;/ okiBhse ftt;Ek ft~u ;[o~fynkswe ezNo'b ftt;Ek jh ;zftXkBtkd j?. ekob i/H co?vfoe B/mhe jh fejk j? fe, “ftt;fEs spdhbh dh ifNb gqfefonk ftt;Ek jh ;zftXkBtkd j?”. fJ; spdhbhƒ ;oeko s/ Bkrfoe jh ;zGt pDkT[Ad/ jB. ftbhnw ihH n?AvfoT{I nB[;ko ;zftXkBtkd fJjBK d' soQKd/ ;oeko s/ Bkrfoe, sK i' fJ~e ;oekoh ;Zsk d/ d{ih ;oekoh ;Zsk Bkb ;zpzXK dk ;zukbB wkso j?. wsbp;zftXkBtkd ;oeko s/ Bkrfoe ns/ fJ~e ;oekoh ;Zsk d/ d{ih ;oekoh ;Zsk d/ ;zpzXK dh m'; ftt;Ek j?fi; Bkb fJj ;koh Nhu/ Gog{o ftt;fEs spdhbh ;zGt pD/ ns/ okiBhse ftt;Ek ftP/P eoe/, wB[~yhnkdoPK, okiBhse w[~bK s/ nk;EktK ƒ fttjkfoesk gqdkB j[zdh oj/.

;zftXkBtkd ns/ ;zftXkB d/ noE ;g~PN j? fe fJjBK d'tK ft~u ek|h coe j?. fJjBK dk nzso ;wMDkIo{oh j?, BjhA sK ;zftXkfBe ftt;Ek wkso ƒ ;zftXkBtkd ;wMD dk Gow g?dk j'Dk ;[Gkfte j?. fJ;bJh fJjBK ft~u eoBk Io{oh j?. ;zy/g ft~u fJj fJ; soQK j?.

;zftXkB s/ ;zftXkBtkd ft~u nzso ;zftXkB s/ ;zftXkBtkd ft~u nzso ;zftXkB s/ ;zftXkBtkd ft~u nzso ;zftXkB s/ ;zftXkBtkd ft~u nzso ;zftXkB s/ ;zftXkBtkd ft~u nzso (Difference Between Constitution andConstitutionlism);zftXkB, ;zftXkBtkd dh nfGftnesh eodk j?. fJ;/ T[~s/ ;zftXkBtkd nkXkfos j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh d'tKftukb/ coe dh o/yk fyZuDk w[Pfeb ezw j?. go d'tK dk nzso ;wMDk Io{oh j? feT[Afe d'tK dk nzso eoBT[~s/ jh T[jBK jkbsK ƒ gSkfDnk ik ;edk j? i' ;zftXkB ns/ ;zftXkBtkd dhnK t~y t~y fdPktK t~b;ze/s eodhnK jB. fit/A eqKshnK okjhA ipoh ;Ekfgs ;?fBe skBkPkjh ftt;EktK ft~u ;zftXkB s/;zftXkBtkd ft~u nzso d/ ;zdoG ft~u jh ;g~PN j' ;edh j?. fJ; bJh d'tK dk coe ;wM b?Dk ukjhdkj?. ;zy/g ft~u d'tK dk coe fJ; soQK j? L^

(e) gfoGkPk dh fdqPNh s'A ;zftXkBtkd ftukoXkok dk gqshe j?. fJ; ft~u okPNo d/ w[~b, ftPtk; s/okiBhse nkdoP nkT[Ad/ jB, fizBK Bkb fwb e/ ftukoXkok pDdh j? ns/ T[; ftukoXkok (ideology) dkgqshe ;zftXkBtkd ejkT[Adk j?. ;zftXkB ;zrmB dk gqshe j?. fJj T[jBK f;ZXKsK dk ;zebB fejk ik ;edkj? fi; nB[;ko ;oeko dh PeshnK s/ Pkf;sK d/ nfXekoK okjhA ;pzX pDd/ jB. fJ; Bkb ;oeko,ftnesh s/ ;wki d/ ;zrmB d/ nkg;h ;zpzXK dk gsk bZrdk j?. fJ; ft~u pokposk ns/ g{oesk dk ;pzXj? fJ; ftu pokpoh, ;wki ft~u ftt;Ek, ;EkJhgD s/ gqrshPhbsk dk ;{ue j?. d'tK ft~u ;wkBsk BkofjD T[~s/, wsbp d'tK dhnK fdPktK t~y t~y j'Dk eqKshnK dh fg~m^G{wh fsnko eodk j?.

fJ;/ soQK ;hHn?|H ;zNo'"Ar d/ PpdK ft~u, “;zftXkB T[jBK f;ZXKsK dk ;w{j j? fizBK okjhA oki d/ nfXeko,BkrfoeK d/ nfXeko, BkrfoeK ns/ d'tK d/ ;zpzXK ft~u skbw/b ;Ekfgs ehsk iKdk j?.” n;b ft~u ;zftXkBfi~E/ fJ~e gk;/ ;oeko T[~s/ ezNo'b o~ydk j?, T[~E/ fJj d{i/ gk;/ ;wki ft~u J/esk fbnkT[D tkbh Pesh d/gqshe d/ o{g th ezw eodk j?. ckJhBo B/ fJ; bJh jh ;zftXkB ƒ fe;/ okiBhse ftt;Ek ft~u Peshd/ ;zpzXK dh nksweEk fejk j?. okiBhse gqfefonk d/ o{g ft~u ;zftXkB fBnK tkb/ y/v dh rkozNh eoB

“;zftXkBtkd T[; fBPmk dk BK j? i' wB[~y ;zftXkB ftubhnK PeshnK o~yd/ jB,fi; ft~u ;zrfms okiBhse ;Zsk ezNo'b ft~u ofjzdh j?,” wsbp T[j fBPmkns/ nk;Ek dh Pesh fi; ftu ;[;zrms okiBhfse ;~sk fB:zsos ofjzdh j?,‘;zftXkBtkd’ j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j'


B ØN


tkb/ fB:wK ƒ fejk frnk j?. ;zftXkBtkd T[jBK ftukoK ns/ f;ZXKsK t~b ;ze/s eodk j? i' ;zftXkB dkt/otk ns/ ;woEB eod/ jB ns/ fizBK okjhA okiBhse Pesh T[~s/ ezNo'b ;Ekfgs eoBk ;zGt j[zdk j?. e"ohns/ npokjw d/ PpdK ft~u, “;Ekfgs ;zftXkB d/ fBod/PK d/ nB[o{g Pk;B ƒ ;zftXkBtkd wzfBnk iKdk j?.”

(y) T[sgsh dh fdqPNh s'A th d'tK ft~u nzso j?. ;zftXkBtkd jw/Pk jh ftek; dk Bshik fojk j?. jod/P d/ w[~b, ftPtk; s/ nkdoPK dk ftek; ;dhnK d/ ;w/A ft~u ns/ ;w/A d"okB j"bh j"bh j'fJnk j?/gozgokrs, ;z;Ekrs s/ wB[~y ;pzXh s~sK s'A okPNo d/ ftPtk; s/ nkdoP ftef;s j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB ns/iB^;XkoB d/ ihtB ft~u fJzB/ x[b fwb iKd/ jB fe fJjBK dh gqkgsh ns/ o~fynk bJh ;wki t~v/ s'A t~vkpbdkB d/D bJh fsnko ofjzdk j?. ;zftXkB f;o| fpqN/B d/ ;zftXkB ƒ S~v e/ ;kXkoB s"o T[~s/ fsnkoehs/ iKd/ jB ns/ pknd ft~u gozgoktK okjhA ;zftXkBtkd dhnK b'VK w[skpe pdbd/ ofjzd/ jB. fJj nkgBjhA pdbd/ go o;wh ;'XK Bkb ;zftXkBK ƒ ;zftXkBtkd w[skpe pDkJ/ o~fynk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK T[sgshdh fdqPNh s'A ;zftXkB ;[fBPfus e'fPPK Bkb fBPfus ;w/A ft~u fsnko j[zd/ jB, idfe ;zftXkBtkd, okPNoft~u w[~bK dh ftt;Ek j'D ekoB bzp/ ;w/A ft~u ftef;s j[zdk j?.

(r) ;zftXkB s/ ;zftXkBtkd ft~u gqfeosh dk th w"fbe coe j?. ;zftXkBtkd ft~u gqXkBsk fe;/ okiBhse;wki d/ NhfunK s/ T[d/PK dh j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh jo ;wki fJ~e we;d dh gqkgsh bJh Nhuk o~ydk j? ns/NhfunK dh gqkgsh bJh ftt;EktK jh ;zftXkBtkd dk w{b nXko j?.idfe ;zftXkBtkd gqw[ysk Bkb T[jBKNhfunK s~e d/ ;kXBK dh ftt;Ek j?.fJj ;zftXkBtkd d/ T[d/PK dh gqkgsh bJh ;kXB i[NkT[D dk BK j?.fJ;bJh ;zftXkBtkd ;kXB gqXkB ns/ ;zftXkB gqXkB XkoDk j? .

(x) fJ; y/so ftu th d'tK ft~u nzso dk nXko wzfBnk iKdk j?. ;zftXkBtkd nzso G{sekoh(Inclusive) ns/ ;zftXkB ngtoie (exclusive) XkoDk j?. ;zftXkBtkd eJh d/PK dk fJ~e' torkj' ;edk j?.fJ~e okPNo d/ w[~b, ftPtk; ns/ okiBhfse nkdoP ns/ ;z;feqsh d/ gqsh j'o d/P thfBPmk o~y ;ed/ jB.;z;feqsh, w[~b, ftPtk; ns/ okiBhfse nkdoP eJh d/PK d/ fJ~e' tor/ j' ;ed/jB. fJ; bJh fJj BjhA ;wMDk ukjhdk fe jo d/P dk nkgDk w"fbe ;zftXkBtkd j[zdk j?.nKrb^nwoheB fi; Bz{ g~Swh ;z;feqsh efjzd/ jB, fJBQK okPNoK d/ ;zftXkBtkd ft~u ;wkBsk dk ;ze/s eodh j?. ;kwtkdh irs ft~u th eJh d/PK ft~u okiBhfse w[~bK ns/ nkdoPK dk fJ~e' fijk j'Dk,;zftXkBtkd dh fJeo{gsk gfobefPs eodk j?. gqzs{ nB/e okPNoK ft~u ;zftXkBtkd dh ;wkBsk ft~ugqeko dk sK BjhA go wksok dk nzso Io{o j' ;edk j?. g~Swh okPNoK ft~u cqK; ns/ iowBh ns/;kwtkdh irs ft~u uhB ns/ nbpkBhnk fJ; wksokswe nzso dk T[dkjoD fdykJh fdzd/ jB.ftek;Phb d/PK ft~u fJj nzso fInkdk gkfJnk iKdk j?, feUAfe fJBQK okPNoK ft~u, okPNoh njz(national ego) pDkUD bJh w"fbe ihtB doPB dh y'i fJBQK Bz{ nfXe fGzBsk Bkb :[es pDk fdzdhj?. fJBQK d/PK dh ;z;feqsh ft~u fGzBsk dk g[~N nfXe gkfJnk iKdk j?, ns/ fJj th ;zftXkBtkd ft~uwksokswe nzso dk nkXko pD iKdk j?. fJ; s'A fJj ;gPN j? fe ;zftXkBtkd ftnkge XkoDk j?,ns/ nB/eK okPNoK ft~u ;wkB o{g ft~u gkJh ik ;edh j?. ;zftXkB jo d/P dk nb~r jz[dk j?. ukj/;zftXkBtkd dh eJh d/PK ft~u ;wkBsk ;zftXkBK Bz{ th ;wkBsk dk T[Zgobk nktoD gfjBk fdzdh j?,go fJ; d/ pkti{d ;zftXkB fGzBsk nfXe o~yd/ jB. ftfGzB okiK d/ ;zftXkBK ft~u wksok ns/ gqekod'tK dk jh nzso d/yD Bz{ fwbdk j?.;zftXkB, w[~y s"o s/ ;kXBK dh ftt;Ek j'D d/ ekoD fJ~e' tor/;kXeK Bz{ th oki ftP/P dhnK ftfPPN gfo;fEshnK d/ ekoD nb~r nb~r gqeko d/ ;kXBK Bkb gqkgseoB dk gqktXkB wkso j[zd/ jB ns/ fJ; Bkb jo d/P dk ;zftXkB fGzB j' iKdk j/. fJ; soK, ;zftXkBBkb ;hfws XkoDk dk p'X j[zdk j?. fJj oki ftP/P dk jh ofjzdk j?. eJh okiK dk fJ~e' fijk BjhApD ;edk. fi; soK jo wB[~y dk ;oho nb~r nb~r j[zdk j?, mhe fj;/ soK jo oki dk ;zftXkB nb~rns/ ftfPPN j[zdk j?. go jo wB[~y ft~u gqkD nkswk w'N/ o{g ft~u ;wkB jh j[zdh j/. fj;/ soK nB/e okiKft~u ;zftXkBtkd dh ;wkBsk th fdykJh fdzdh j?.

(u) ;zftXkB ns/ ;zftXkBtkd dk nzso n"fus: iK t?Xsk (legitimacy) d/ nkXko s/ th ehsk iKdkj?. ;zftXkBtkd ft~u nkdoPK d/ n"fus: dk gqshgkdB w[~y o{g ft~uL ftukoXkok (ideology) d/nkXko s/ j[zdk j? id'A fe ;zftXkB dh t?Xsk ftXh iK ekBz{B d/ nkXko s/ mfjokJh iKdh j?.


B ØN


T[go'es ftt/uB s'A ;gPN j? fe ;zftXkB ns/ ;zftXkBtkd ft~u rfjok ;zpzX j[zd/ j'J/ th d'jK ft~u nkXkoG{snzso j[zdk j?. fJj nzso jh fJj ;gPN eodk j? fe ed/ ed/ okiK ft~u fJBQK d'jk dhnK fdPktK fGzB fGzBfeUA j' iKdhnK jB< ns/ fJ; fdPk fGzBsk dk eh Bshik j' ;edk j?< fJ; toDB s'A fJ~e r~b j'o ;gPNj[zdh j? fe fe;/ oki ft~u ;zftXkBtkd e[M nkXkoG{s fJ~e wsK (consensus) d/ j'D s/ ;zGt j?, feUAfe;oeko, Bkrfoe ns/ ftfGzB ;oekoh ;~sktK ft~u ;kwzi;, ;fj:'r ns/ gko;gfoesk fJBQK nkXkoK dhr?ojkIoh ft~u noEg{oD BjhA pD ;edh. fJ; bJh ;zftXkBtkd d/ fJBQK w{b nkXkoK Bz{ ;zy/g ft~u ;wMDkIo{oh j?, feUAfe fJBQK dh BhAj s/ ;zftXkBtkd dk GtB yVQk ofjzdk j?.

;zftXkBtkd d/ nkXko ;zftXkBtkd d/ nkXko ;zftXkBtkd d/ nkXko ;zftXkBtkd d/ nkXko ;zftXkBtkd d/ nkXko (Foundations of constitutionalism)nkw s"o s/ ;kohnK ;oekoK UBk dk fto'X eoB tkfbnK dk dwB,jo oki ft~u Pesh d/ gq:'r Bkb jheodhnK jB. gqzs{ ;oekoK Bz{ Pesh dk gq:'r ed/ ed/ jh eoBk j[zdk j?. nkw s"o s/ jo okiBhfse ;wkift~u fJzBk ftnkge ns/ m'; J/ek j[zdk j? fe ;oeko Bz{ Pesh d/ gq:'r dh Io{os BjhA g?Adh ns/ iBsk ;oekod/ nkdoPK dk nkg jh gkbDk eodh ofjzdh j?. fJj fJ~e ws dh gfo;fEsh ;zftXkBtkd dh Io{oh Posj?. fJj fJ~e ws, g{oD fto'X iK g{oD ;fjwsh d/ d' Xo[tK Bz{ i'VB tkbh fBozso o/yk s/ fe;/ ;EkB s/j[zdk j?, fu~so 3H1 s'A j'o th ;gPN j' ikdk j?.

fu~so 3H1 ft~u Pk;e^Pkf;sK d/ ;zpzXK Bz{ ;wMD dh e'fPP ehsh rJh j?. ;oeko d/ fto'X^;woEBfBozso s/ gfjbhnK ns/ u"EhnK nt;EktK e/tb ekbgfBe jh jB, feUAfe fe;/ okiBhfse ;wki ft~uPk;eK dk g{oD fto'X eqKsh dh nt;Ek Bz{ S~v e/ BjhA j[zdk j?. fJ;/ soK Pk;eK d/ jo nkd/P dk, jo nkdwh,jo gfo;fEsh ft~u gkbD eodk j?, fJj th gow^nkdoP nt;Ek jh j't/rh. fJBQK d' Xo[tK d/ ftuekofe;/ Bk fe;/ ;EkB s/ ;kohnK okiBhfse ftt;EktK nzfes ehshnK ik ;edhnK jB. g{oD fto'X ns/ g{oD;woEB d/ Xo[tK d/ ft~u fJ~e nftnkfynk :'r fijh nfijh nt;Ek th j[zdh j?, i' fu~so ft~u gzi s/ nzfesehsh rJh j?, fi; d/ y~p/ gk;/ okiBhfse ftt;EktK Bz{ fBoze[P (fpzd{ d') ns/ ;~i/ gk;/ okiBhfseftt;EktK Bz{ b'esKsfoe (fpzd{ fszB) fejk ik ;edk j?. ;zftXkBtkd dh T[g;fEsh e/tb b'esKsfoeftt;EktK ft~u jh ;zGt j?, fit/A fe fu~so s'A ;gPN j?. okiBhfse ftt;EktK dh fJj Uj nt;Ek j?fi; ft~u ;wki ft~u fJzBk ftnkge ns/ m'; J/ek j[zdk j? fe ;oeko Bz{ Pesh dk gq:'r ed/ ed/ ns/ ftfPPNgfo;fEshnK ft~u jh eoBk j[zdk j? ns/ ;kXkoD ;w/A ft~u ;oeko Bz{ Pesh d/ gq:'r dh Io{os BjhA g?Adh.fJj fJ~e ws dh gfo;fEsh, ;zftXkBtkd dh nkXkoG{s ns/ Io{oh Pos j?. fJj J/ek fizBk jh g{oD ;fjwsh

;zftXkfBe ;oeko dk eh noE j?<Nk;e

fto'X ;woEBfto'X ;woEBfto'X ;woEBfto'X ;woEBfto'X ;woEB

g{oD fto'Xg{oD fto'Xg{oD fto'Xg{oD fto'Xg{oD fto'X Pesh ;fjwsh Pesh ;fjwsh Pesh ;fjwsh Pesh ;fjwsh Pesh ;fjwsh g{oD ;woEB g{oD ;woEB g{oD ;woEB g{oD ;woEB g{oD ;woEB

skBkPkjhskBkPkjhskBkPkjhskBkPkjhskBkPkjh b'eszso b'eszso b'eszso b'eszso b'eszso

;zftXkBtkd;zftXkBtkd;zftXkBtkd;zftXkBtkd;zftXkBtkd

;oeko dk fto'X^;woEB fBozso;oeko dk fto'X^;woEB fBozso;oeko dk fto'X^;woEB fBozso;oeko dk fto'X^;woEB fBozso;oeko dk fto'X^;woEB fBozso

fu~so 3H1 Pk;e^Pkf;sK dk ;zpzX fusoDfu~so 3H1 Pk;e^Pkf;sK dk ;zpzX fusoDfu~so 3H1 Pk;e^Pkf;sK dk ;zpzX fusoDfu~so 3H1 Pk;e^Pkf;sK dk ;zpzX fusoDfu~so 3H1 Pk;e^Pkf;sK dk ;zpzX fusoD


B ØN


iK ;woEB d/ Xo[t d/ B/V/ j't/rk UBk jh ;zftXkBtkd ft~u m';sk ns/ fttjkfoesk j't/rh. ;zy/g ft~u fJjJ/ek fBwB gqeko dk j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ftbhnw ihH n?Avo{I B/ fJj uko gqeko dk wzfBnk j?.

(e) ;z;EktK d/ YKu/ ns/ gqfeqnk ft~u fJ~ews (e) ;z;EktK d/ YKu/ ns/ gqfeqnk ft~u fJ~ews (e) ;z;EktK d/ YKu/ ns/ gqfeqnk ft~u fJ~ews (e) ;z;EktK d/ YKu/ ns/ gqfeqnk ft~u fJ~ews (e) ;z;EktK d/ YKu/ ns/ gqfeqnk ft~u fJ~ews (consensus on the form of institutions andprocedures) ^ n?Avo{I dh wkBsk j? fe okiBhfse ;z;EktK d/ YKu/ ns/ gqsh fefonktK s/ fJ~ews;zftXkfBe ;oeko bJh ftP/P wj~st o~ydk j?. i/eo BkrfoeK dh t~vh ;zfynk fJj nB[Gt eodh j't/ fe;oeko dk szso UBK d/ nfj~s ft~u, nfBnKg{oD Yzr Bkb ;zukfbs j[zdk j?, sK Uj ;wkfie ;zxoPK d/j~b dh ns/ nkgD/ nkdoPK dh gqkgsh dh, ;oekoh ftt;Ek ;theko BjhA eoBr/.fJ; Bkb ;oekoh ;~skewI'o j' ikt/rh ns/ ;oeko Bz{ iBsk dk ;woEB BjhA, fto'X fwb/rk. fJ; bJh ;z;EktK d/ YKu/ ns/gqsh fefonktK s/ BkrfoeK ft~u ;kXkoD J/ek Io{oh jh BjhA, pj[s Io{oh j?. ;oekoh ftt;Ek d/ gqshn;zs'P dh ;fEsh ;zftXkBtkd d/ nB[e{b BjhA j't/rh. ;zftXkBtkd bJh fJj Io{oh j? fe ;z;EktK dhgqfeqsh T[Zs/ iBsk ft~u w'Nh ;fjwsh j't/. fJ; ;kXkoD ;fjwsh d/ nGkt ft~u ;zftXkB ns/ ;zftXkBtkdft~u ;zs[bB BjhA oj/rk, ns/ ;zftXkB, ;zftXkBtkd dh ;[o~fynk dk ;kXe Bk ofj e/ T[; ft~u pkXe pDikt/rk ns/ eqKsh dk o;sk fsnko eo/rk. fJ; bJh ;zftXkB ns/ ;zftXkBtkd ft~u ;zs[bB pDkJ/ o~yDbJh fJj Io{oh j? fe ;z;EktK ns/ gqshfeqnktK T[Zs/ okiBhfse ;wki d/ BkrfoeK ft~u fJ~ews j't/.

(y) ;oeko d/ nkXko d/ o{g ft~u ftXh Pk;B dh Io{os T[Zs/ ;fjwsh (y) ;oeko d/ nkXko d/ o{g ft~u ftXh Pk;B dh Io{os T[Zs/ ;fjwsh (y) ;oeko d/ nkXko d/ o{g ft~u ftXh Pk;B dh Io{os T[Zs/ ;fjwsh (y) ;oeko d/ nkXko d/ o{g ft~u ftXh Pk;B dh Io{os T[Zs/ ;fjwsh (y) ;oeko d/ nkXko d/ o{g ft~u ftXh Pk;B dh Io{os T[Zs/ ;fjwsh (Agreement on thedesirability of the rule of law as basis of government) ̂ ;zftXkBtkd dk d{ik wj~stg{oD nkXkoPk;B ;zukbB d/ fB:wK s/ ;fjwsh Bkb ;zpzfXs j?. okiBhfse ;wki d/ BkrfoeK ft~u fJ; r~b s/ ;fjwshIo{oh j? fe ;oeko d/ ;zukbB dk nkXko ftXh dk Pk;B jh j't/. jKbkfe e[M n;kXkoB gfo;fEshnK ft~u;wki ft~u fJ; d/ gqshe{b ws th j' ;ek j?. fit/A d/P ft~u ;zeN d/ ;w/A nfijk B/sk T[ZGo ;edk j?,fi; ft~u nfijh :'rsk ns/ nB'yh ;{M^p{M j' ;edh j? fe iB^;kXkoD T[; Bz{ ;zftXkBtkd d/ pzXBK s'Aw[es j'D d/t/. iowB tk;hnK B/ 1933 ft~u fjNbo d/ bJh ns/ cqK; tk;hnK B/ 1958 ft~u ukob; fvrkbd/ ;w/A nfijk ehsk, jKbkfe cqK; ft~u ;zftXkBtkd d/ YKu/ dh n"gukfoesk pDh ojh ;h. gqzs{ fJj sK jhj[zdk j? id'A nfXeKP iB^;kXkoD dh nk;Ek ;zeN ftP/P dk ;kjwDk eoB bJh ;zftXkB d[nkok ftt;fEsgqshfeqnktK s'A T[m ikt/. nfijh nt;Ek ft~u, ;wki, oki d/ ;zg{oD ;kXBK Bz{ i[NkT[D bJh ;zftXkB d/fB:zsoDK ns/ fBod/PK dh ntj/bBk j'D bJh ;fjws jh BjhA j' iKdk, pbfe nfijk eoB bJh ;oekos/ dpkn th gkUAdk j?. nfijk rqfj^:[~X d/ ;w/A nwohek ft~u j'fJnk ;h ns/ ftrs wjK^:[~X d/ ;w/A fpqN/B ft~u ehsk frnk. go fJj ;zftXkBtkd dk nzs eoBk BjhA, pbfe T[; T[Zs/ nkJ/ j'J/ \so/ s'A T[; Bz{pukUD dh ;[o~fynk ftt;Ek j?. fJj ;zeN d/ Bkb jh ysw j' iKdh j?. fJ; bJh fJj ftfPPNgfo;fEshnK ns/ ;zeN dh r~b j'Jh. ;kXkoD s"o s/, ;oeko d/ ;zukbB ns/ fBod/PB dk nkXko ftXhjh j't/, fJ; T[Zs/ ;fjwsh dh nt;Ek ft~u jh ;zftXkBtkd ;zGt j?.

(r) ;wki d/ ;kXkoD T[d/PK T[Zs/ ;fjwsh (r) ;wki d/ ;kXkoD T[d/PK T[Zs/ ;fjwsh (r) ;wki d/ ;kXkoD T[d/PK T[Zs/ ;fjwsh (r) ;wki d/ ;kXkoD T[d/PK T[Zs/ ;fjwsh (r) ;wki d/ ;kXkoD T[d/PK T[Zs/ ;fjwsh ( Agreement on the general goals of the society)^̂̂̂̂;zftXkBtkd d/ ftek; bJh fJj th Io{oh j? fe okiBhfse ;wki d/ BkrfoeK ft~u ;wki d/ ;kXkoD T[d/PK T[Zs/ ;fjwsh gkJh ikt/. gqzs{ ;zftXkBtkd d/ g{ot^tofDs nkXkoK fizBk wj~stg{oD fJj nkXko BjhAj?, feUAfe id'A ;z;EktK dh gqfeqsh ns/ gqshfeqnktK T[Zs/ ;fjwsh j't/ sK ;wki d/ NhfunK ns/ BshfinKdk ;zP'XB ns/ d[pkok fBoXkoD r~bpks ns/ ;wM"s/ d[nkok ehsk ikDk ;zGt j?.gqzs{ fco th, ;wki d/;kXkoD T[d/PK T[Zs/ oIkwzdh dk nGkt okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u nfij/ sBkU, fyzukt ns/ dpkn T[sgzBeo ;edk j? fe fJ; Bkb d{i/ y/soK dk fJ~ews \so/ ft~u g? e/, ;zg{oD ;zftXkfBe szso Bz{ u"gN eoBdk ;{sogks eo ;edk j?. fJ; soK, ;wki d/ ;kXkoD T[d/PK T[Zs/ ;fjwsh Bk j'D dh gfo;fEsh, ;zg{oD;zftXkfBe YKu/ Bz{ n;s ftn;s eo ;edh j/. fJ; bJh jh ftbhnw ih n?Avo{I dh wkBsk j? fe, “T[d/PK T[Zs/ ;fjwsh ns/ ;wkB okiBhfse doPB ft~u nk;Ek ;zftXkBtkd ft~u m';sk fbnkT[D bJh Io{ohj?.@

(x) x~NÎo{oh NhfunK ns/ ftfPPN Bhsh^gqPBK T[Zs/ ;fjwsh (x) x~NÎo{oh NhfunK ns/ ftfPPN Bhsh^gqPBK T[Zs/ ;fjwsh (x) x~NÎo{oh NhfunK ns/ ftfPPN Bhsh^gqPBK T[Zs/ ;fjwsh (x) x~NÎo{oh NhfunK ns/ ftfPPN Bhsh^gqPBK T[Zs/ ;fjwsh (x) x~NÎo{oh NhfunK ns/ ftfPPN Bhsh^gqPBK T[Zs/ ;fjwsh (Concurrence in lessergoals and on specific policy questions)^x~NÎo{oh NhfunK ns/ ftfPPN Bhsh^gqPBK T[Zs/ ;fjwshBz{ ;zftXkBtkd dk w{b nkXko wzfBnk ikt/ iK BjhA, fJ; s/ b'eK ft~u wsG/d j?. i/eo fJj ;zftXkBtkd


B ØN


d/ bJh Io{oh nkXko Bk th wzfBnk ikt/, sK th fJj sK ;theko eoBk jh j't/rk fe ;zftXkBtkd dh fttjkoft~u T[gbpXh bJh fJj Io{oh j? fe x~NÎo{oh T[d/PK ns/ ftfPPN Bhsh gqPBK s/ th ;wki ft~u ;fjwshj't/. feUAfe fJBQK T[Zs/ n;fjwsh, Uj gqkozfGe dPk j?, i' ;zftXkBtkd d/ GtB bz{ Ykj[D dh o{g o/yk fsnkoeodh j?. ftfPPN Bhsh gqPBK T[Zs/ n;fjwsh Bkb n;zs'P dh Uj ;fEsh T[sgzB j' ;edh j?, i' ;fjwshd/ j'o y/soK ft~u th sBkU, P~e ns/ fto'X d/ phi p' d/t/, fi; Bkb ;zftXkBtkd d/ ;zg{oD GtB ft~udokoK g?D b~rD, i' nzs ft~u T[; Bz{ ewI'o eo e/ XkokPkJh eoB dk ekoD pD ikD. i/eo fJj wzB thfbnk ikt/ fe fJj ;zftXkBtkd dk pj[s Io{oh nkXko BjhA j?, sK th fJj sK ;theko eoBk jh j't/rk fefJ; Bkb ;zftXkBtkd o{gh GtB dh ;hw/AN ft~u m';sk nkT[Adh j? ns/ okiBhfse YKuk jbe/ c[be/ sBktKBkb fjZb BjhA gkT[Adk.

;zftXkBtkd d/ T[go'es uko/ nkXko fe;/ th oki ft~u fJ; dh fttjkfoe T[gbpXh dh Io{oh Pos jB.i/eo fe;/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u fJj nkXko T[g;fEs Bk j'D sK ;zftXkBtkd dh ftt;Ek nfXe fdB;EkJh BjhA ofj ;edh j/. dhoxekbhB ns/ ;dhnK s'A ;Ekfgs ;zftXkBtkd th fJBQK nkXkoK d/ nGktft~u ysw j' iKd/ jB. ;wki ft~u fJBQK ukoK nkXkoK T[Zs/ n;fjwsh m'; ;zftXkBtkd dh th ;wkgsh dkekoD pD iKdh j?. fJ; bJh fJBQK dk ;zftXkBtkdh ftt;Ek ft~u nkXkoG{s :'rdkB j?.

;zftXkBtkd dk noE ns/ nkXko ;wMD s'A pknd fJ; d/ ftfGzB s~sK Bz{ ;wMDk Io{oh j?. ;zftXkB ft~ufJzBk s~sK dk fBfjs j'Dk iK Bk j'Dk jh ;zftXkB d[nkok ;Ekfgs ;oeko Bz{ ;zftXkfBe iK n;zftXkfBepDkT[Adk j? ns/ fJj ;zftXkBtkd dh nfGftnesh j[zdh j? iK BjhA, fJ; dk fBoDkfJe pDdk j?.

;zftXkBtkd d/ s~s ;zftXkBtkd d/ s~s ;zftXkBtkd d/ s~s ;zftXkBtkd d/ s~s ;zftXkBtkd d/ s~s (Elements of Constitutionalism)fgB"e ns/ ;few B/ nkgDh g[;se g'fbNheb ;kfJz; L n?B fJzNo'vePBg'fbNheb ;kfJz; L n?B fJzNo'vePBg'fbNheb ;kfJz; L n?B fJzNo'vePBg'fbNheb ;kfJz; L n?B fJzNo'vePBg'fbNheb ;kfJz; L n?B fJzNo'vePB ft~u ;zftXkBtkd d/ uko s~sKdk T[b/y ehsk j?. fJBQK dh wkBsk j? fe fe;/ d/P ft~u ;zftXkBtkd dh fttjkfoesk d/ bJh T[; d/ ;zftXkBft~u fJBQK s~sK dk j'Dk iK fe;/ oki d/ ;zftXkB ft~u fJBQK dk Bk gkfJnk ikDk fJ; r~b dk ;{ue j? fenfijh okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u ;zftXkB d/ j[zd/ j'J/ th ;zftXkB d[nkok ;zftXkBtkd dk gqekPB ns/fttjkoheoD BjhA j[zdk j? ns/ fJj nt;Ek ;zftXkB ns/ ;zftXkBtkd ft~u Bk e/tb n;zs[bB dk ;ze/s j?pbfe d'jK dh fGzB fGzB fdPktK dk ;{ue j?, i' nzs ft~u ;zftXkB Bz{ ;zftXkBtkd d/ nB[o{g pDkT[D bJhiB eqKsh dh g[PmG{wh fsnko eodk j?.

fJ; bJh, ;zftXkBtkd d/ s~sK d/ ;zdoG ft~u fJj ;wMDk ;zGt j? fe fe;/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u;zftXkB, ;zftXkBtkd dk gqshe ns/ gqshfpzp j? iK BjhA. i/eo fe;/ oki d/ ;zftXkB ft~u ;zftXkBtkd d/fJBQK s~sK dk ;wkt/P BjhA j[zdk sK Uj ;zftXkB, ;zftXkBtkd dh nfGftnesh dk wkfXnw BjhA ofjzdkj?, ns/ nfijh okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u ;zftXkB e/tb n"gukfoe o{g ft~u ofjzdk j? ns/ d/P dh tk;sftePk;B ftt;Ek dk ;zgoge BjhA j[zdk j?. fJzBk jh BjhA, fes/ fes/ ;zftXkB ft~u ;zftXkBtkd d/ s~s sKfBfjs j[zd/ jB gqzs{ fttjko ft~u ;zftXkB gqGkth BjhA j[zdk, pbfe n"gukfoe jh ofjzdk j?. nfijhnt;EktK ft~u okiBhfse ;z;EktK dh ;EkgBk ns/ ;zukbB ;zftXkB d/ nB[o{g Bk j' e/, T[; s'A fGzB gqekodk j[zdk j?. fJ; nzso Bz{ ;zftXkBtkd d/ s~sK d/ ;zdoG ft~u ;jh ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?.

(e) ;zftXkB bkIwh ;z;EktK dh g/Pekoh (e) ;zftXkB bkIwh ;z;EktK dh g/Pekoh (e) ;zftXkB bkIwh ;z;EktK dh g/Pekoh (e) ;zftXkB bkIwh ;z;EktK dh g/Pekoh (e) ;zftXkB bkIwh ;z;EktK dh g/Pekoh (The Constitution as an embodiment of essentialinstitutions)^̂̂̂̂;kXkoB s"o T[~s/ ;ko/ fbysh ;zftXkBK ftZu ;oeko d/ w[Zy nfXekohnK, T[jBK d/ tZy tZynzrK, T[jBK dhnK PeshnK ns/ T[jBK T[~s/ bZrhnK ;hwktK dk fIeo j[zdk j?. fiZE/ fbysh ;zftXkB BjhAj[zdk ns/ i/eo ;zftXkBe oki j? sK nfij/ oki ftZu gqw[Zy ;oekoh ;z;EktK dh ;EkgBk s/ T[jBk dhnKPeshnK s/ ;hwktK sk s?n j'Dk fJfsjkf;esk Bkb j[zdk j?. ;zftXkB Gkt/A fbysh j't/ iK ftef;s s/nfbysh, T[; ftZu ftXkBgkfbek, ekoigkfbek ns/ fBnKgkfbek dhnK iE/pzdhnK, ezw s/ T[jBK d/ nkg;h;pzX dh ;gZPN ftt;Ek, ;zftXkBtkd dh nfGftnesh bJh bkIwh j?. ;zftXkB ftZu ;oeko d/ tZytZy gZXoK s/ nzrK dhnK PeshnK dh ftnkfynk jh BjhA pbfe T[jBK d/ nkg;h ;zpzXK dk, T[jBK T[~s/bZrhnK ;hwktK ns/ T[jBK dh ekoi ftXh dk ;gZPN fIeo th j'Dk ukjhdk j?, BjhA sK ;zftXkB,;zftXkBtkd dh g/Pekoh dk ;kXB BjhA pD ;edk. w"i{dk ;w/A ftZu ;zftXkB dh ;ihtsk dk wkg dzv


B ØN


jh fJj j? fe ;zftXkB feZE'A sZe ;oeko dh nXkoG{s ;z;EktK^ ftXkB gkfbek, ekoigkfbek s/fBnKgkfbek ns/ okiBhse dbK, ;w{jK ns/ gqPk;Bh ;/tktK dh w[ezwb ftt;Ek s/ ;EkgBk eodk j?.i/eo fe;/ ;zftXkB tZb'A nkXkoG{s okiBhse ;z;EktK dh ;EkgBk s/ T[jBK dhnK PeshnK dh ;gZPNftnkfynk BjhA j[zdh sK nfijh jkbs ftZu ;zftXkBtkd ;iht BjhA j[zdk. nfij/ okiK ftZu okiBhsePeshnK dh tos'A eoB tkb/ nkgd/ nfXeko y/so ftZu fJZSk nB[;ko tkXk eoe/ Pk;B PeshnK dhd[otos'A dk w"ek gqdkB eo b?Ad/ jB. fJ; bJh ;zftXkB dhnK w{b ;z;EktK dh ;gZPN ftt;Ek,;zftXkBtkd dk wjZstg{oB sZs j?.

(y) ;zftXkB okiBhse Pesh dk gqsh pzXe (y) ;zftXkB okiBhse Pesh dk gqsh pzXe (y) ;zftXkB okiBhse Pesh dk gqsh pzXe (y) ;zftXkB okiBhse Pesh dk gqsh pzXe (y) ;zftXkB okiBhse Pesh dk gqsh pzXe (The constitution as restraint upon politicalpower)^fgB'e ns/ ;fwE sK gqshpzXK ƒ ;zftXkBtkd dk w{b wzso wzBd/ jB. jo oki ftZu ;oeko;zftXkBe pDkT[D bJh T[jBK dk fe;/ Bk fe;/ soQK ezNo'b ftt;Ek nXhB j[zdk j?. T[;/ soQK dh ;zftXkBokjhA fe;/ ;oeko d/ szso dh ;EkgBk wkso jh Pesh d/ ezNo'b dh ftt;Ek pD iKdh j?. fco th ;zftXkB;gZPN o{g ftu ;oeko dh PeshnK dh ;hwk s?n eo/ fJj bkIwh j?. fJ; Bkb ;oekoh fefonk fBPfusj' iKdh j?. fi; Bkb Pk;e, Pk;eK dh ;t?^fJZSkukoh s'A pu/ ofjD ns/ Pk;B f;o| ekƒB w[skpe jhubdk oj/. fJ; bJh jo b'esKsfoe okiBhse ftt;Ek ;zftXkB ftZu e[M nfij/ gqktXkB fBPfus ehs/iKd/ jB i' ;oeko ƒ jo ;w/A s/ jo edw T[~s/ ezNo'b, gqshpzfXs eod/ j'J/ nkgD/ nfXeko y/so ftZu;hws oZyd/ jB ns/ ;zftXkB dk fttjko ftZu fe;/ th nfXekoh tZb'A T[bzxD BjhA ehsk iKdk. ;kXkoBs"o T[~s/ jo b'esKsfoe oki ftZu e[M Bk e[M ezNo'b Pk;eK T[~s/ brkJ/ iKd/ jB. w'N/ s"o T[~s/ fJj ezNo'b(1) ekƒB dh Pk;B ftt;Ek, (2) w"fbe nfXekoK dh ftt;Ek, (3) oki dhnK PeshnK dh tzv, tZy tZyeoB dh ftt;Ek ns/ (4) ;wkfie pj[bsktkd dh jkbs ƒ pDkJ/ oZyD dh ftt;Ek eod/ brkJ/ iKd/ jB.

fJ; ezNo'b ftt;Ek okjhA ;oeko d/ Bkrfoe d't/A jh nkgD/ nfXeko s/ ekoi y/so ftZu ;hws ofjD bJhwip{o j' iKd/ jB. fJe okjhA nfXeko y/so dh T[bzxDk nkgD/ nkg jh d{i/ fJ; ezNo'b okjhA o[ektN gkfdzdh j?. nfijh jkbs ftZu ;zftXkB ;wki d/ nkdoPK, nk;EktK ns/ okiBhse w[ZbK dh gqkgsh dk ;kXBpfDnk ofjzdk j?. i/eo fe;/ oki ftZu ;zftXkB okjhA nfij/ gqsh pzX ;Ekfgs BjhA ehs/ iKd/ sK fJj;zftXkB okiBhse nkuoD dk fBd/Pe s/ ezNo'b eosk BjhA ofj ;edk. nfijh ezNo'b w[es okiBhseftt;Ek ftZu Pk;e nkgDh fJZSk Bkb ;G e[M eo ;ed/ jB ns/ fi; oki ftZu Pk;e w[es j' e/ ;Ge[M eo ;e/ T[~E/ ;zftXkBtkd ;zGt BjhA j' ;edk. fJ; bJh ;zftXkB dk okiBhse Pesh dk gqsh pzXej'Dk ;zftXkBtkd dk w{b sZs j?.

(r) ;zftXkB ftek; fBod/Pe (r) ;zftXkB ftek; fBod/Pe (r) ;zftXkB ftek; fBod/Pe (r) ;zftXkB ftek; fBod/Pe (r) ;zftXkB ftek; fBod/Pe (The constitution as the Director Development)^ ;zftXkBfJe gqGkth okiBhse Pesh f;o| w"i{dk ;w/A jh Bk j' e/ pbfe d{o GftZy ftZu th gqGkth okiBhsePesh pDh oj/. fJ; fgZS/ Io{oh j? fe ;zftXkB okiBhse ;zxoP dk gqGktPkbh Yzr Bkb ;hwk s/ YKuk;Ekfgs eo/ s/ Gfty gqrsh bJh ftek; dhnK :'iBktK g/P eo/. ;w/A, jkbks ns/ b'VK ftZu spdhbhd/ Bkb jh ;wkfie wkBsktK, w[ZbK s/ nkdoPK ftZu j/o c/o th j[zdk ofjzdk j?. ;w/A d"okB bzxdk j'fJnk;wki Bt/A ns/ nkX[fBe wzfIbK ƒ gqkgs eoB dk Nhuk s?n eodk iKdk j?. fJjBK BthnK jkbsK dhfttjko ftZu gqkgsh dh :'iBk jo ;zftXkB ftZu Pkwb j'Dh ukjhdh j?. fi; Bkb ;wki ƒ fe;/ fdPktZb ;gZPN oZfynk ik ;e/. i/eo fe;/ oki dk ;zftXkB nfijh ftt;Ek BjhA oZydk sK spdhb s/n;gZPN jkbsK ftZu T[j ;wki dhnK pdbdhnK j'JhnK wkBsktK dk gqshe BjhA ofj ikt/rk. fJ;bJh bkIwh j? fe jo ;zftXkB ftZu nfijh ftt;Ek j't/ fe fi; Bkb ;woEB ;wkgs j' ikt/ sK T[jBKdh EK b?D d/t/ i' j[D sZe ;Zsk dh jZd s'A pkjo ;h. fJ; bJh fJj Io{oh j? fe ;zftXkB ;zftXkBGftZy d/ ;zGkth ftek; dk ;ot Pq/Pm ;kXB BjhA pDdk sK T[j ibdh jh ;wki dhnK w{b wkBsktKs'A nbZr j' iKdk j?. nfijk ;zftXkB ;wki dhnK neKfynktK dh gqkgsh dk ;kXB Bk ofj e/ T[;d/ okj ftZu nfVZek pD iKdk j?. fJj jkbs ;zftXkBtkd dh ;wkgsh dh P[o{nks j?. ;zftXkBtkddh rshjhDsk dk ;{ue j?. fJj ;wki ƒ pzBQ e/ soZeh d/ okj ftZu o[ektN gkT[Adk j? ns/ ;zftXkBtkddk rbk x[ZNdk j?. fJ; bJh ;zftXkB dk ftek; d/ fBod/PeK d/ o{g ftZu j'Dk ;zftXkBtkd dhfttjkfoesk jo ;w/A pDkJ/ oZyD bJh bkIwh j?. fJj ;zftXkBtkd ;ihtsk fbnkT[D tkbk sZs j?,


B ØN


i' ;w/A pdbD Bkb nkJ/ ;wki d/ w[ZbK ftZu spdhbh d/ nB[e{b ;zg{oB ;zftXkfBe ftt;Ek ƒ YkbDdh nkg jh ftt;Ek pD iKdk j?.

(x) ;zftXkB okiBhse Pesh dk ;zrmB (x) ;zftXkB okiBhse Pesh dk ;zrmB (x) ;zftXkB okiBhse Pesh dk ;zrmB (x) ;zftXkB okiBhse Pesh dk ;zrmB (x) ;zftXkB okiBhse Pesh dk ;zrmB (The constitution as an organiser of politicalauthority)^̂̂̂̂;zftXkB f;o| ;oeko dhnK ;hwktK dh ;EkgBk jh BjhA eodk pbfe ;oeko dhnK tZy tZy;z;EktK dhnK PeshnK dh tzv th eodk j?. ;zftXkB fJj ftt;Ek th eodk j? fe ;oeko d/ wze nfXeko:[es ofjD ns/ nkg ;oeko th wkBsk tkbh (Legitimate) oj/. i/eo e'Jh ;zftXkB ;oeko d/ ezwK ƒnfXeko :[es s/ y[d ;oeko Bz{ wkBsk tkbh BjhA pDkT[Adh sK nfijh ;oeko s/ ;zftXkB tX/o/ fdB ;EkJhBjhA ofj ;edh ns/ nfijh okiBhse ftt;Ek ftZu ;zftXkBtkd okiBhse Pesh dk ;zrmB BjhA ofjzdk.fJ; s'A ;gZPN j? fe ;zftXkB okjhA jo okiBhse ftt;Ek ftZu okiBhse Pesh dk ;zrmB j'Dk bkIwhj?. feT[Afe ;zftXkBtkd dh nfGftnesh ;zftXkB okjhA s/ fJ; dh fttjko ftZu gqkgsh ;oeko okjhA ;zGtj?.

e'Jh th ;zftXkB okiBhse Pesh dk ;zrmB T[;/ jkbs ftZu ofjzdk j? idfe ;zftXkB okjhA fJjftt;Ek j't/ fe ;oeko d/ ezw nfXeko :[es j'D ns/ ;oeko wkBsk gqkgs oj/. ;zftXkB ;oeko ƒnfXeko :[es T[;/ jkbs ftZu pD ;edh j? id'A fJj ;oeko d/ gZe/ nkXkoK ns/ ;fjws tkbhnKgqfefonktK dk ftt/uB s/ gqshe j't/. nfijk Bk j'D T[~s/ okiBhse ;wki fto'XK ƒ g?dk eod/ ;oekodh Pesh ƒ ewI'o eodk j?. id'A edh ;zftXkB ;wki d/ w{b w[Zb ;ot ;zwsh T[~s/ nXkfos j'D ns/fJ; soQK dh ;ot ;zwsh dk gqshe ofjD ns/ nfijh ;ot ;zwsh dk g'Pe pDB sK ;oeko nfXeko:[es pDdh j?. nfijh ;zftXkfBe ftt;Ek T[~s/ nXkfos ;oeko dk fto'X BjhA j[zdk. ;wki, ;zftXkBns/ ;oeko ftZu skbw/b s/ ;fj:'r ofjzdk j?. ;oeko d/ ezw nfXekos (authoriative) ofjzd/ jBns/ ;zftXkB iBsk d/ fdbK ftZu t;hnK wkBsktK ƒ gqshfpzps eodk j?. fJ; dk noE fJj BjhA fe;oeko nfXeko :[es pDh ofjD bJh w{b w;fbnK T[~s/ iBsk dh ;ot ;zwsh nfGftnesh wkso jhoj/, BjhA sK ;oeko ƒ fJ; s'A tX/o/ th e[M eoBk j[zdk j?. ;oeko ƒ nfijh ekoi P?bh dh ;EkgBkeoBh j[zdh j? fi; Bkb fJ; gqsh ftPtk; g?dk j't/ ns/ b'eK ftZu fJ; gqsh oki Grsh pDh oj/.;oeko ƒ fJ; soQK ezw eoBk ukjhdk j? fi; Bkb fJ; dhnK fefonktK okjhA ;zftXkB ftZu PkwbXkoDktK s/ w[ZbK ƒ gqGktPkbh s/ gqsheksfwe (symbolic) ofjzdh j? s/ ;oeko dh nfXekoesk pDhofjzdh j?. fJj sK jh ;zGt j? id'A ;oeko dk ;zrmB ;zftXkB f;o| wkBsk tkb/ f;ZXKsK dk ;kXkoBftt/uB jh Bk eoB pbfe ;oeko dh n;b ekoi gqDkbh dh th ;gZPN ftnkfynk s/ ftt;Ek theoB. Bkb jh ;zftXkB ;oeko Bk ;pzfXs gqshwkBK, w[ZbK s/ ntXkoDktK dk gqGkth gqshe th pD/fi; Bkb b'eK d/ fdbK ns/ fdwkr ftZu ;oeko gqsh fBPmk pDh ofjzdh j?. f;o| T[jh ;oeko wkBsktkbh pD ;edh j? i' iBsk dk Go';k jk;b eoe/ ubdh ofjzdh j?.

i/eo ;oeko nfXeko Gog{o s/ wkBsk tkbh BjhA ofjzdh sK ;zftXkB Bk okiBhse Pesh dk ;zrmB oj/s/ Bk jh nfijh ftt;Ek ftZu ;zftXkBtkd ;iht j't/rk fJ; bJh ;zftXkBtkd d/ b'VhAd/ sZe d/ o{g ftZu;zftXkB dk okiBhse Pesh dk ;zrmB ofjDk Io{oh j? fi; Bkb ;oeko wkBsk tkbh oj/ ns/ ;zftXkBtkd,nfGftnesh fttjkfoe o{g ftZu okiBhse ;wki ftZu w"i{d oj/.

f;ZN/ ftZu fJj efjDk mhe oj/rk fe ;zftXkBtkd d/ T[go'es fIeo ehs/ uko sZs ;zftXkB ftZu Pkwbj'D/ ukjhd/ jB. i/eo fe;/ oki d/ ;zftXkB ftZu ;zftXkBtkd d/ fJj sZs Pkwb BjhA j[zd/ sK T[j ;zftXkB;zftXkBtkd ;zGt BjhA j' ;edk.

;zftXkBtkd d/ noE, nXko ns/ sZsK ƒ ftukoB Bkb ;gZPN j? fe ;zftXkBtkd dhnK e[M ftP/PsktKj[zdhnK jB. i/eo jo okiBhse ftt;Ek ftZu tfuZsosk w"i{d j[zdh j? ns/ fJ; Bkb ;zftXkB dk ftP/Pj'Dk bkIwh j' iKdk j?. ;zftXkB dk nB'yk gD, ;zftXkBtkd ftZu th ftP/Psk b? nkT[Adk j?, nfijk BjhA;wMDk ukjhdk. feT[Afe ;zftXkBtkd sK okiBhse ;wki d/ w[ZbK, wkBsktK ns/ nk;EktK ƒ ;[oZfynkgqdkB eoB dh ezNo'b ftt;Ek j?. fJ; bJh ;zftXkBtkd nzsoG{sekoh XkoDk j?, i' nfijhnK ftP/PsktKBkb :[es fdykJh fdzdh j?, i' xZN iK tZX wksok ftZu jo okiBhse ;wki d/ ;zftXkBtkd ftZu gkJhnKiKdhnK jB.


B ØN


;zftXkBtkd dhnK ;kXkoB ftP/PsktK ;zftXkBtkd dhnK ;kXkoB ftP/PsktK ;zftXkBtkd dhnK ;kXkoB ftP/PsktK ;zftXkBtkd dhnK ;kXkoB ftP/PsktK ;zftXkBtkd dhnK ;kXkoB ftP/PsktK (General Characteristics ofconstitutionalism);zftXkB fe;/ th d/P iK ;wki ftP/P dk j't/ T[; dhnK e[M ;kXkoB ftP/PsktK j[zdhnK jB i' xZN iK tZXwksok ftZu jo ;zftXkBtkd ftZu gfjbK jh s?n j[zdhnK jB. ;zftXkBtkd dh XkoDk ƒ j'o tX/o/ uzrh soQK;wMD bJh fJj ;jh j't/rk fe e[M ;kXkoB ftP/PsktK ƒ th d/\ fbnk ikt/.

(e) ;zftXkBtkd w[Zb ;pzfXs ntXkoDk (e) ;zftXkBtkd w[Zb ;pzfXs ntXkoDk (e) ;zftXkBtkd w[Zb ;pzfXs ntXkoDk (e) ;zftXkBtkd w[Zb ;pzfXs ntXkoDk (e) ;zftXkBtkd w[Zb ;pzfXs ntXkoDk (Constitutionalism is a value based concept)-;zftXkBtkd dk ;pzX okPNo d/ ihtB doPB s'A j?. fJj T[jBK w[ZbK, ftPtk;K s/ okiBhse nkdoPK tZb;ze/s eodk j? i' okPNo d/ jo Bkrfoe ƒ fgnko j?. i' jo okPNo dk nXko j[zd/ jB. fJj ;zftXkfBedoPB, okiBhse ;wki ƒ nfGiBK (elites) okjhA gqdkB ehsk iKdk j?. go fJj doPB nfGiBK sZe jh;hws BjhA ofjzdk. ;wki dk ftukoPhb tor fJ; ƒ iBsk sZe gj[zukT[Adk j? ns/ ;wki ;theko eoe/fJ; ƒ Bk f;o| skes gqdkB eodk j? ;r'A fJ; ƒ ;jh noEK ftZu ‘okPNo doPB’ pDkT[Adk j?. gofJ; Bkb fJj BjhA ;wMDk ukjhdk fe ;zftXkBtkd d/ w[ZbK ftZu d/P dhnK gozgoktK, jkbsK, b'VK s/;wZf;nktK dk e'Jh o'b BjhA j[zdk. f;o| nfGiB jh ;wki ƒ w[Zb gqdkB BjhA eodk, feT[Afe p[ZXhihthnkg tksktoD dh g?dktko j[zd/ jB. T[jBK d/ w[ZbK T[~s/ tksktoD dh Skg j[zdh j?. fJ; soQK ;zftXkBtkdjo d/P ftZu fJZe BjhA nB/eK ;'fwnK Bkb pDh w[ZbK Bkb :[es XkoDk j?. fJj T[j w[Zb jB i' ;wkiƒ g;zd jB ns/ fizBK dh oZfynk, gqkgsh ns/ b'V gqrsh bJh ;wki tZv/ s'A tZvk pfbdkB eoB bJh fsnkoofjzdk j?. fJjBK Bkb i[VhnK XkoDktK ;zftXkBtkd ejkT[AdhnK jB. fJ; Bkb fJj f;ZNk fBebdk j? fejo ;zftXkBtkd dk ;pzX w[ZbK Bkb j? ns/ fJ; bJh w[Zb ;zpzX ntXkoDk ejh iKdh j?.

(y) ;zftXkBtkd ;z;feqsh ;zpzX ntXkoDk j? (y) ;zftXkBtkd ;z;feqsh ;zpzX ntXkoDk j? (y) ;zftXkBtkd ;z;feqsh ;zpzX ntXkoDk j? (y) ;zftXkBtkd ;z;feqsh ;zpzX ntXkoDk j? (y) ;zftXkBtkd ;z;feqsh ;zpzX ntXkoDk j? (Constitutionalism is a culture-boundconcept)^fe;/ th okiBhfse ;wki d/ w[~bK dk ftek; ns/ fBowkD f;o ft~u BjhA j[zdk j?.fJj ;wki dh;z;feqsh Bkb ;zpzfXs j[zd/ jB. jo d/P d/ nkdoP w[~b ns/ ftukoXkoktK T[; d/P dh ;z;feqsh Bkb jh;zpzfXs j[zd/ jB ns/ ;z;feqsh Bkb jh rmpzfXs ofjzd/ jB. Uj ;wK, ;EkB ns/ iBsk Bkb pzB/ j[zd/ jB.;zftXkBtkd fJBQK s/ nkXkfos fejk ik ;edk j?. fJ; Bkb fJj Bshik fBebdk j? fe ;zftXkBtkd dh XkoDkjo irk ns/ ;EkB ftP/P dh ;z;feqsh Bkb ;zpzfXs gkJh iKdh j?. ;zftXkBtkd dk ;z;feqsh ;zpzX j'Dk fJ;ft~u tk;sftesk fbnkT[Adk j? ns/ fJ; Bz{ noE:[es pDkT[Adk j?.toswkB :[r ft~u eJh okiBhfse ;wkifJzB/ ftPkb j[zd/ jB fe UjBK ft~u ;z;feqshnK dh ftftXsk ns/ fGzBsk gkJh iKdh j?. nfij/ okPNoK ft~u;zftXkBtkd fJBQK ftfGzB ;z;feqshnK d/ fwbD dk ;{ue j?. UjBK ft~u ;zxoP ns/ fto'X dh EK s/ ;fj:'rns/ ;zs[bB dh ftt;Ek ;zftXkBtkd d[nkok jh j[zdh j?. fJj fJ~e oki dhnK ;kohnK ;z;feqshnK d/ ftek;ns/ ;[o~fynk dh ;G s'A nfXe ;[ftt;Ek j?, feUAfe ;zftXkBtkd fJBQK ;kohnK ;z;feqshnK Bkb ;zpzfXsj[zdk j? ns/ fJBQK Bkb ;fwq~X ns/ PeshtkB pDdk j?. fJ; bJh fJj fejk ikDk ukjhdk j? fe ;zftXkBtkddk skD^pkDk jo d/P dh ;z;feqsh Bkb p[fDnk j[zdk j?.

(r) ;zftXkBtkd rfsnkswe ntXkoDk j? (r) ;zftXkBtkd rfsnkswe ntXkoDk j? (r) ;zftXkBtkd rfsnkswe ntXkoDk j? (r) ;zftXkBtkd rfsnkswe ntXkoDk j? (r) ;zftXkBtkd rfsnkswe ntXkoDk j? (Constitutionalism is a dynamic Concept)^;zftXkBtkd rshjhD XkoDk BjhA j?. go fJ; dk noE fJj th BjhA j? fe ;zftXkBtkd ft~u ;fEosk BjhAj[zdh j?. ;zftXkBtkd ft~u fJjh ;G s'A ftP/P r~b j? fe fJ; ft~u ;EkJhst d/ Bkb Bkb rfsnksweskth gkJh iKdh j?. fJjh ekoD j? fe fJj gqrsh ft~u pkXe BjhA, gqrsh dk ;kXe pfDnk ofjzdk j?. ftek;d/ bJh ;EkJhst th pj[s Io{oh j?, BjhA sK ftek; dhnK fdPktK dk eqw BjhA oj/rk. fJ; bJh ;zftXkBtkddh XkoDk ;fEosk :[es rfsnkswesk dk ;{ue j?. fJ; dh rshPhb gqfeqsh pj[s Io{oh j?, feUAfe ;wKgfotosB d/ Bkb w[~bK ft~u gfotosB nkT[Adk j?, ns/ ;z;feqsh ftef;s j[zdh j?. fJ;/ Bkb ;zftXkBtkdrfsnkswesk gqkgs eodk j?. fJ; s'A ;gPN j? fe ;zftXkBtkd rfsnkswe ntXkoDk j?. fJ~E/ fJj;wMDk th Io{oh j? fe ;zftXkBtkd fe;/ ;wki d/ UjBK w[~bK ns/ ntXkoBktK dk, i' iBsk Bz{ fJ~e ;wKftP/P ft~u fgqn jB, gqshe wkso jh BjhA j?, pbfe fJj Bt/A w[~bK dh ;EkgBk ns/ gqkgsh dk wkfXnwth j?. fJj ;wki d/ toswkB ft~u fgqn w[~bK d/ Bkb jh UjBK dhnK Gft~y dhnK fJ~SktK dk gqshe thj[zdk j?. fJ; Bkb fJj rfsnkswe ntXkoDk pD iKdk j?. fJ; bJh ekob i/H cq?vfoe B/ ;zftXkBtkdBz{ ftek; dh gqfeqnk fejk j?.


B ØN


(x) ;zftXkBtkd ;wGkrh ntXkoDk j? (x) ;zftXkBtkd ;wGkrh ntXkoDk j? (x) ;zftXkBtkd ;wGkrh ntXkoDk j? (x) ;zftXkBtkd ;wGkrh ntXkoDk j? (x) ;zftXkBtkd ;wGkrh ntXkoDk j? (Constitutionalism is a shared concept) ^fJ~e okPNod/ w[~b, ftPtk; ns/ okiBhfse nkdoP ns/ ;z;feqsh d/ gqsh j'o d/PK dh th fBPmk j' ;edh j?. fJ;bJh eJh d/PK d/ okiBhfse nkdoP, nk;EktK ns/ wkBsktK ;wkB j' ;edhnK jB. nfij/ d/PK ft~u;zftXkBtkd nkXkoG{s ;wkBsktK o~ydk j?. fit/A g~Swh ;z;feqsh tkb/ d/PK ft~u ;zftXkBtkd ft~u ;wkBskgkJh iKdh j?. fJ; gqeko dh ;wkBsk ft~u gqeko dk nzso BjhA j[zdk, ukj/ wksok dk nzso jo d/P d/;zftXkBtkd ft~u fdykJh fdzdk j?. fJj nzso ;kwtkdh d/PK ft~u th gkfJnk iKdk j?, go fJ~E/ th nzsoe/tb wksok dk jh j[zdk j?, gqeko dk BjhA j[zdk. fJ; s'A ;gPN j? fe jo d/P dk nkgDk nb~r w"fbe;zftXkBtkd BjhA j[zdk j?. ftek;Phb b'esKsfoe d/PK ft~u, ukj/ n;wkBsktK nfXe j[zdhnK jB, sK fejo d/P nkgDk nb~r okPNoh nfjw (national ego) pDkUD d/ bJh w"fbe ihtB doPB dh ;EkgBk dhe'fPP eodk j?, ns/ fJBQK d/PK ft~u ;z;feqsh ft~u th fGzBsk dk g[N j[zdk j?, fco th fJBQK d/PK ft~u w'N/o{g Bkb ;zftXkBtkd fJ~e' fijk jh fejk ik ;edk j?. fJ; s'A ;gPN j? fe ;zftXkBtkd ;wGkrh XkoDkj?.

(u) ;zftXkBtkd gqXkB o{g Bkb ;kXe w{ie ntXkoDk j? (u) ;zftXkBtkd gqXkB o{g Bkb ;kXe w{ie ntXkoDk j? (u) ;zftXkBtkd gqXkB o{g Bkb ;kXe w{ie ntXkoDk j? (u) ;zftXkBtkd gqXkB o{g Bkb ;kXe w{ie ntXkoDk j? (u) ;zftXkBtkd gqXkB o{g Bkb ;kXe w{ie ntXkoDk j? (Constitutionalism is predomi-nantly an ends concept)^ ;zftXkBtkd ;kXeK Bkb ;zpzfXs ftuko j?. gqzs{ ;kXe w{be ftuko g[oh soK;kXBK dh ntj/bDk BjhA eo ;edk. fJ; bJh fJBQK ft~u th nzso gqeko dk BjhA e/tb wksok dk jh ofjiKdk j?. T[zi th ;kXBK ns/ ;kXeK Bz{ fJ~e d{i/ s'A nb~r BjhA ehsk iK ;edk. fco th ;zftXkBtkd s'ANhfunK dk jh ;ze/s fwbdk j?. id'A n;hA fJj efjzd/ jK fe ;zftXkBtkd ;kXB gqXkB ftuko j? sK T[;dk noE nkdoPK s'A j?, fiBQK Bz{ ;wki ;kXe d/ o{g ft~u nzrheko eodk j?. fJ; soK ;zftXkBtkd dk ;kXeKt~b gqw[~y ;ze/s j[zdk j? ns/ ;kXBK t~b r"D ;ze/s j[zdk j?.

(S) ;zftXkBtkd ;kXkoD s"o s/ ;zftXkBîB ntXkoDk j? (S) ;zftXkBtkd ;kXkoD s"o s/ ;zftXkBîB ntXkoDk j? (S) ;zftXkBtkd ;kXkoD s"o s/ ;zftXkBîB ntXkoDk j? (S) ;zftXkBtkd ;kXkoD s"o s/ ;zftXkBîB ntXkoDk j? (S) ;zftXkBtkd ;kXkoD s"o s/ ;zftXkBîB ntXkoDk j? (Constitutionalism is generallya constitution based concept)^;kXkoD gfo;fEshnK ft~u jo d/P dhnK w{bG{s nk;EktK dk T[; d/P d/ ;zftXkB ft~u jh T[b/y j[zdk j/. go eJh tko nfijk th j[zdk j? fe ;zftXkBtkd d/ nkdoPK dk gqshfpzp;zftXkB ft~u BjhA fwbdk j?. d'jK ft~u, noEks ;zftXkB ns/ ;zftXkBtkd ft~u, ;zs[bB BjhA j[zdk j?. d'jKdh nfijh nt;Ek ft~u, nb~r nb~r fdPktK j[zdhnK jB. fJj nt;Ek d/P ft~u Pk;eK ns/ Pkf;sK dhokiBhfse wkBsktK ft~u fto'X ns/ wsG/d dk ;ze/s eodh j?. fJ; nt;Ek ft~u okiBhfse T[Eb g[EbIo{oh j' iKdh j?. fJj okiBhfse ;zeN dk ;ze/s j?, gqzs{ fJj sK n;kXkoD gfo;fEshnK ft~u j[zdk j?.;kXkoD gfo;fEshnK ft~u jo b'esKsfoe ;wki d/ w[~bK ns/ rzstK dk ;zftXkB ft~u ;gPN T[b/y ehskiKdk j?. nfij/ ;zftXkB s/ jh ;zftXkBtkd nkXkfos j[zdk j?. fJjh UjBK ;z;Ekrs gqsh feqnktK dk ;zrmBns/ ;EkgBk eod/ jB fiBQK Bkb ;zftXkBtkd fttjkfoe ns/ tk;sfte pDdk j?. fJ; bJh ;zftXkB,;zftXkBtkd d/ bJh Uj nkXkofPbk gq;s[s eodk j? fi; ;zftXkB dh BhAj m';sk Bkb iwh ofj ;edh j?.

jo ;zftXkBtkd ft~u fJj ;kXkoD ftfPPNsktK ftfdnwkB j[zdhnK jB. fJj ftP/PsktK jo d/P ft~u x~NiK nfXe wksok ft~u ;zftXkBtkd d/ nkXko d/ o{g ft~u gkJhnK iKdhnK jB. fJ~e ;zftXkBtkd s'A d{i/;zftXkBtkd ft~u fJBQK ftfPPNsktK ft~u fGzBsk e/tb wksok dh jh j[zdh j?, gqeko dh BjhA.

;zftXkBtkd d/ noE, nkXko, s~sK ns/ ;kXkoD ftP/PsktK dh ikDekoh s'A pknd fJ; dhnK ftfGzBntXkoDktK dh ikDekoh Io{oh j?. e[M okiK ft~u ;zftXkBtkd ftnesh dh ;[szsosk, okiBhfse ;wkBsk,;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse fBnK ns/ b'eêfbnkD dh ;kXBk dk nkdoP o~ydk j?, sK e[M okik ft~u nkofEe;wkBsk ns/ ;wki d/ fJ~e jh rzst ft~u nk;Ek nkXkoG{s w{b wzfBnk iKdk j?. fJBQK dh gqkgsh bJhngDkJ/ rJ/ ;kXB th nb~r nb~r okiK ft~u nb~r nb~r j[zd/ jB.

3H23H23H23H23H2 ;zftXkBtkd dh ntXkoDkL T[dkotkdh ns/ wkoe;tkdh XkoDk;zftXkBtkd dh ntXkoDkL T[dkotkdh ns/ wkoe;tkdh XkoDk;zftXkBtkd dh ntXkoDkL T[dkotkdh ns/ wkoe;tkdh XkoDk;zftXkBtkd dh ntXkoDkL T[dkotkdh ns/ wkoe;tkdh XkoDk;zftXkBtkd dh ntXkoDkL T[dkotkdh ns/ wkoe;tkdh XkoDk(Concept of Constitutionalism: Liberal and Marxistnotions)

fgB"e ns/ ;few, ekob i/H cq?vfoe ns/ e[M j'o g~Swh ftukoeK dk wzBDk j? fe ;zftXkBtkd dh e/tb fJ~ejh XkoDk j?. UjBK d/ nB[;ko T[dko b'eszsoK dh ntXkoDk jh ;zftXkBtkd dh XkoDk j?. fJ;/ Bkb


B ØN


;zftXkBtkd dh ;jh ftnkfynk j[zdh j?, gqzs{ fJj wkBsk mhe BjhA j?. i/eo ;zftXkBtkd, okiBhfse ;wkid/ nkdoPK, okiBhfse wkBsktK ns/ w[~bK dk, i' fe;/ okPNo dk nkXko jB, ns/ fiBQK Bz{ okPNo fttjkoft~u gqkgsh dk Nhuk o~ydk j?, dk jh p'X eokT[Adk j?. sK fJj nkdoP ns/ fJBQK nkdoPK dh gqkgsh bJhgq:'r ft~u nkUD tkb/ ;kXB, nbZr nb~r gqeko d/ j'Dk ;[Gkfte j?. fJBQK dh fGzBsk ns/ fJBQK dh gqkgshbJh ngDkJ/ ikD tkb/ ;kXBK dh fGzBsk d/ nkXko s/ ;zftXkBtkd dh fGzBsk ;gPN ehsh ik ;edh j?.w'N/ s"o s/ T[d/PK ns/ T[d/PK dh gqkgsh d/ ;kXBK d/ nkXko s/ ;zftXkBtkd dhnK fszB ntXkoDktK j';edhnK jB^ (1) T[dko b'eszsoK dh XkoDk, (2) ;kwtkdh iK ;wkitkdh b'eszsoK dh ntXkoDk, ns/(3) Bt'fds iK ftek;Phb b'eszsoK dh XkoDk.

T[dkotkdh XkoDk T[dkotkdh XkoDk T[dkotkdh XkoDk T[dkotkdh XkoDk T[dkotkdh XkoDk (Liberal Notions)T[dko b'eszsoK dh ntXkoDk Bz{ g~Swh ;zftXkBtkd th fejk iKdk j?. fJ; dh w[~y ftP/Psk ftnesh dh;[szsosk dh ;kXBk j?. ftnesh dh ;[szsosk s'A fJbktk, okiBhfse ;wkBsk, ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe fBnKns/ b'e efbnkD dh ;kXBk g~Swh ;zftXkBtkd d/ nkXkoG{s ;kXe jB. fJj ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe ;wkBskns/ ;[szsosk s/ pdb BjhA iKdk j?. ;[szsosk ns/ ;wkBsk d/ ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe gfjb{nK g~Swh;zftXkBtkd d/ ;kXeK ft~u nGkt jh fJ; Bz{ ;kwtkdh ntXkoDk s'A nb~r pDkT[Adk j?. ;kwtkdh XkoDkft~u fJj w[~b gqXkBsk o~yd/ jB.gqzs{ g~Swh ntXkoDk ft~u sK ftnesh dh ;[szsosk Bz{ w"fbe w[~b wzfBnkiKdk j?. fJ; bJh g~Swh ;zftXkBtkd Bz{ ‘T[dkotkd dk doPB* th fejk iKdk j?.

g~Swh ntXkoDk ft~u ;zftXkBtkd d/ nkXkoG{s ;kXeK dh fttjkfoesk d/ bJh ;oeko dhnK PeshnK Bz{ftGkfis eo e/ okiBhfse feqnk Bz{ gqGktPkbh Yzr Bkb gqshpzfXs ns/ fB:zsfos eoB dh ftt;Ek ehsh iKdhj?, fi; Bkb ;oeko dk e'Jh th nzr, okiBhfse Pesh dk d[oT[g:'r Bk eo ;e/, ns/ okPNo d/ okiBhfsew[~b ;[o~fyns ns/ ;EkJh pD/ ofj ;eD. fgB"e ns/ ;fwE sK “g~Swh ;zftXkBtkd dk nzso Gkr (core)gqshpzXK dh ftt;Ek@ Bz{ jh wzBd/ jB. fJBQK gqshpzXK dh ;EkgBk T[dko b'esKsfoe okiK ft~u okiBhfse Peshdk ;z;EkeoD eo e/ ehsh iKdh j?, noEks okiBhfse Pesh ftneshnK d/ ;EkB s/ ;z;EktK ft~u fBfjs ehshiKdh j?. g~Swh ;wkiK dh fJj wkBsk j? fe Pesh, ftnesh d/ ;ekB s/ ;z;EktK ft~u fBfjs j'D Bkb T[;dk gq:'r fe;/ ftnesh ftP/P dh fJ~Sk Bkb BjhA j't/rk, ;z;Ekrs ftXhnK ns/ gqsh feqnktK d[nkok j't/rk ns/Pesh dk ftXh d/ nB[o{g gq:'r, fJ; d/ d[oT[g:'r dh gqGktPkbh pukn ftt;Ek pD ikt/rh. fJ; s'A fJjhBshik fBebdk j? fe T[dko b'eszsoK ft~u ;zftXkBtkd dk gqw[~y nkXko ;z;Ekrs ns/ gqshfeqnkswe gqshpzXKBkb fB:zsfos ;oeko j?. fJj gqshpzX jh okiBhfse Pesh d[nkok ftnesh dh ;[szsosk d/ jBD s'A pukneod/ jB. fJ; bJh g~Swh ;zftXkBtkd ft~u okiBhfse Pesh s/ ;[fBPfus fB:zsoD ftt;Ek jh w{b s~s j?.g~Swh ;zftXkBtkd ft~u ;kXe s~s *ftnesh dh ;[szsosk* ns/ ;kXB s~s ‘;fwsh ;oeko* j?. T[dko b'eszsoKft~u ;zftXkBtkd Bz{ ftnesh dh ;[szsosk dh X[oh d/ fJod frod x[zwdk j'fJnk fejk ikt/, sK e'Jh t~vh r~bBjhA j't/rh. ;zftXkBtkd dh fJ; ntXkoDk d/ e[M ftfPPN nkXko jB.

;kwtkdh ns/ wkoe;tkdh ntXkoDk ;kwtkdh ns/ wkoe;tkdh ntXkoDk ;kwtkdh ns/ wkoe;tkdh ntXkoDk ;kwtkdh ns/ wkoe;tkdh ntXkoDk ;kwtkdh ns/ wkoe;tkdh ntXkoDk (Socialist or Marxist Notions)okiBhfse Pesh d/ d[oT[g:'r Bz{ o'eD bJh ;oeko T[Zs/ fB:zsoD dhnK ftt;EktK, ;zftXkBtkd dh g~SwhntXkoDk dk w{b j?. fJ; s~E Bz{ ;kwtkdh oki th ;theko eod/ jB, go fB:zsoDK d/ bJh UjBK dhnK;z;Ekswe ftt;EktK ;zftXkfBe nkXko BjhA o~ydhnK jB. fJ; ntXkoDk ft~u fB:zsoD ftt;EktK dhfGzBsk Bz{ ;wMD bJh fJj ;wMDk Io{oh j? fe ;kwtkdh ;oeko ns/ okiBhfse Pesh dk eh noE b?Ad/jB. ;kwtkd dh ;oeko ns/ Pesh dh nb~r XkoDk jh, ;kwtkdh ntXkoDk Bz{, ;zftXkBtkd dh g~SwhntXkoDk s'A fGzB pDkT[Adh j?.

;kwtkdh ‘;oeko* Bz{ g{zihgshnK d/ j~E dh emg[sbh wzBd/ jB, i' nwho tor dh rohp tor s'A o~fynkdk jh ezw eodh j?. UjBK d/ nB[;ko okiBhfse Pesh dk nkXko nkofEe Pesh j?. fiBQK d/ j~EK ft~unkofEe Pesh j't/rh, T[;/ d/ j~E ft~u okiBhfse Pesh th nk ikt/rh. fJ; bJh g{zihgsh jh okiBhfsePesh d/ Xkoe ns/ ;zukbe j[zd/ jB. T[sgkdB d/ gqw[~y ;kXB ns/ nkofEe Pesh, g{zihtkdh ftt;Ek ft~ue/tb e[M b'eK d/ j~E ft~u ofjzdh j?, i' fJ; dk gq:'r nkgD/ jh fjsK dh o~fynk ns/ XB dh ftq~Xh bJh


B ØN


eod/ jB. fJ; bJh ;kwtkdh fJj wzBd/ jB fe g~Swh d/PK ft~u okiBhfse PeshnK dk gq:'r ns/ w"fbenfXekoK d/ o{g ft~u T[gbpX ;[ftXktK dk T[g:'r, iB^;kXkoD BjhA, pbfe XfBe tor eodk j?. fJj;zftXkBtkd dh, g~Swh irs ft~u n"gukfoesk wkso dk ;{ue j?, feUAfe nkofEe Pesh :[es tor,;zg{oD okiBhfse szso dk ;zukbe ns/ fB:zsoe j[zdk j?. okiBhfse Pesh n;b ft~u fJ;/ tor d/ nXhBofjzdh j?. fJ; bJh g~Swh ;zftXkBtkdh okiK ft~u okiBhfse Pesh T[Zs/ fB:zsoD ftt;EktK y'ybhnKj[zdhnK jB.

;kwtkdh, fJ; ekoD nfijhnK fB:zsoD ftt;EktK ns/ ;z;EktK dh ;EkgBk eod/ jB fi; Bkb nkofEePesh e[M torK d/ ;EkB s/ ;G ftneshnK d/ j~EK ft~u oj/. UjBK dh XkoDk j? fe, i/eo nkofEePesh wj~stg{oD ;wki ft~u fBfjs j't/rh sK okiBhfse Pesh th ;zg{oD ;wki d/ fB:zsoD ft~unk ikt/rh. ;kwtkdhnK d/ nB[;ko nkofEe Pesh, j'o ;koh gqeko dhnK PeshnK s'A ;op^T[u j[zdh j?ns/ okiBhfse Pesh d/ ;zg{oD ;z;Ekrs ns/ gqshfeqnkswe ;kXB fJ;/ d/ nXhB ofjzd/ jB. ;zftXkBtkddh fttjkfoesk sK jh ;zGt j' ;edh j? id'A fB:zsoD nkofEe Pesh s/ b~rk j't/. UjBK d/ nB[;konkofEe Pesh T[Zs/ fB:zsoD nkgD/ nkg jh okiBhfse Pesh Bz{ th fB:zsfos eo fdzd/ jB. fJ; bJh;zftXkBtkd dh ;kwtkdh ntXkoDk dk ;gPNheoD ;kwtkd dhnK nkXkoG{s wkBsktK d/ ;zdoG ft~u jhehsk ik ;edk j?. fJj wkBsktK fBwB fbfys jB^ (1) ;wkfie ihtB ft~u Pesh d/ nkofEe gfjb{ dh;ot'usk (2) ;wki ft~u nkofEe Pesh Bkb ;zgzB tor dk gqG[~st (3) okiBhfse Pesh dk nkofEe Peshd/ nXhB j'Dk.

(1) ;kwtkdhnK dh wkBsk j? fe ;wkfie ihtB ft~u Pesh d/ nkofEe gfjb{ dh ;ot'gkfosk jh wj~stg{oDj[zdh j?. fJ; Bkb wkBt dk ;zg{oD ;wkfie ihtB ;zukfbs j[zdk j?. ns/ fi; tor d/ j~E ft~u nkofEePesh j[zdh j? Uj tor j'o torK T[Zs/ ;tkfw~st iwk e/, UjBK Bz{ nkgD/ ezw eoB bJh wip{o eodk j?.fJj nt;Ek tor^;zxoP ns/ P'PD dk nkXko pDdh j?. ;kwtkdhnK Bz{ g~Swh ;wki dh soK nkofEePesh T[Zs/ e[M torK dk fB:zsoD ;theko BjhA j?. UjBK d/ nB[;ko fJj Pesh ;G ftneshnK d/ j~EKft~u ofjDh ukjhdh j? fi; Bkb tor^;zxoP, P'PD nkfd dhnK ;fEshnK T[sgzB Bk j'D.

(2) nkofEe Pesh dh ;ot'usk dk soe;zrs Bshik nkofEe Pesh :[es tor dk gqG[st h nt;Ek ft~uj'Dk j?.fJj okiBhfse Pesh dh r"Dsk dk ;{ue j?. fJ; bJh fttjko ft~u okiBhfse Pesh gqG[sk:[esBjhA ofjzdh j?. fttjko ft~u ;zg{oD ;wki nkofEe Pesh d/ fBod/PB ft~u u~bD bJh wip{o j' iKdk j?.ns/ nkofEe Pesh ;zg{oD ;wki s/ SkJh ofjzdh j/.

(3) nkofEe Pesh dh ;ot'usk ns/ ;wki ft~u fJ; Bkb ;zgzB tor dk gqG[st, okiBhfse Pesh Bz{ thfJ; d/ nXhB pDk fdzdk j?. ;wki ft~u ftfdnwkB ;kohnK ;z;EktK nkofEe Pesh d/ n~r/ Bsw;seofjzdhnK jB. fJ; bJh fB:zsoD okiBhfse Pesh T[Zs/ BjhA, pbfe nkofEe Pesh T[Zs/ brkfJnk ikDkukjhdk j?. fJjh ekoD j? fe ;kwtkdh ;oeko Bz{, ;wkfie ftt;Ek ft~u ftP/P wj~ssk gqdkB BjhAeod/. ns/ fJ; Bz{ nkofEe Pesh :[es tor d/ j~EK dh emg[sbh wzBd/ jB.

;kwtkd dhnK gqw[~y XkoDktK d/ ftt/uB s'A ;gPN j? fe ;kwtkdh okiBhfse Pesh d/ fB:zsoD dh EKs/ nkofEe Pesh d/ fB:zsoD Bz{ fInkdk Io{oh wzBd/ jB. fJ; bJh fJBQK d/ fB:zsoDK dh ftt;Ek ns/;kXB g~Swh okiBhfse ;wkiK ft~u ftt;fEs fB:zsoDK dh ftt;Ek ns/ ;kXBK s'A fGzB jB. ;kwtkdh;wkiK ft~u gqshpzXK ns/ fB:zsoDK dh ;z;Eksfwe ftnkfynk dk w[~y Nhuk nkofEe Pesh Bz{ ;kotifBe;~sk d/ nXhB o~yDk j?. fJ; bJh ;kwtkdh ;wkiK ft~u fJBQK ;z;Ekrs ftt;EktK Bz{ gqw[~ysk fd~shiKdh j?^ (e) T[sgkdB ns/ ftsoB d/ ;kXBK s/ ;kotifBe gqG[st (y) ;zgsh dk ;wkB ftsoB ns/(r) ;kwtkdh db dk J/ekfXeko.

(e) ;kwtkdh ftukoXkok dh nkXkoG{s wkBsk j? fe T[sgkdB ns/ ftsoB d/ ;kXBK T[Zs/ ftneshrsgqG[st nkofEe Pesh Bz{ nzs ft~u e[M ftneshnK ft~u e/Adfos eo fdzdk j?. nkofEe Pesh d/ fJ; gqekod/ e/AdoD Bkb tor^;zxoP T[sgzB j[zdk j?. fJ; Bkb nkofEe Pesh :[es tor fJ; Pesh s'A ofjstor dk P'PD ns/ dwB eoB brdk j?. okiBhfse Pesh th fJBQK d/ j~EK ft~u e/Adfos j'D d/ ekoD,;wki d/ pj[^;zfyne Bkrfoe nkgDhnK okiBhfse wkBsktK, nkdoPK ns/ w[~bK dh EK s/ g{zihgshnK


B ØN


d[nkok nko'fgs nkdoPK ns/ w[~bK Bz{ wzBD ns/ ngDkT[D bJh wip{o j' iKd/ jB. nfijh ;wkfie nt;EkBz{ ;kwtkdh, ;zftXkB dh ;jh nfGftnesh BjhA wzBd/ jB. fJ; bJh UjBK dk efjDk j? fe ;zftXkBtkdBz{ tk;st ft~u fttjkfoe pDkT[D d/ bJh, ;zftXkBtkd dhnK wkBsktK d/ gqekPB d/ o;s/ ft~u nkT[DtkbhnK o[ektNK d{o ehshnK ikDhnK ukjhdhnK jB. UjBK dh XkoDk j? fe fJj o[ektNK T[sgkdB ns/ftsoB d/ ;kXBK T[Zs/ ;kotifBe gqG[st dh ftt;Ek eoB Bkb jh d{o j' ;edhnK jB. fJ; bJh ;kwtkddh wkBsk ft~u ;zftXkBtkd d/ w{b Nhu/ ns/ ;kXe T[d'A s~e fttjkfoe BjhA pD ;ed/, id'A s~e T[sgkdBns/ ftsoB d/ ;kXBK dk gqG[st ;zg{oD ;wki ft~u fBfjs Bk j' ikt/. T[sgkdB ns/ ftsoB d/ ;kXBKdk ;wkfie gqG[st Pesh d/ nkXkoK Bz{ ;wkfie o{g fdzdk j? fi; Bkb ;zg{oD ;wki Pesh d/ d[oT[g:'rs'A pukn dh ftt;Ek pD iKdk j?.

(y) T[sgkdB ns/ ftsoB d/ ;kXBK dk ;wkfie gqG[st ;zgsh d/ ;wki ftsoB dh ftt;Ek Io{oh pDkfdzdk j?. ;zgsh dk pokpo ftsoB j'D Bkb, ;zgsh ;zxoP dk ekoD BjhA pDdh j? ns/ ;wki ft~u n;wkBskBz{ iBw BjhA d/ gkT[Adh j?. nkofEe ;kXBK dk ;zg{oD ;wki ft~u ftfdnwkB j'Dk, ;wki Bz{ UjBK pzXBKs'A w[es eodk j?, i' ;zftXkB dhnK wkBsktK dhnK T[gbpXh ft~u o[ektNK gkT[Ad/ jB. nkofEe fdqPNhBkb nfijh ;wkBsk tkb/ ;wki ft~u jh ;zftXkBtkd fttjkfoe pDdk j?.

(r) nkofEe ;wkBsk tkb/ ;wki ft~u e'Jh tor iK nb~r nb~r fjs BjhA j[zd/ jB. fJ; bJh torK /ftfPPN fjsK dk gqshfBfX~st ns/ ;[o~fynk eoB bJh nB/eK okiBhfse db pDB dhnK gfo;fEshnK BjhAj[zdhnK jB. tor^ftjhD ;wki ft~u okiBhfse dbK dh Io{os BjhA ofj iKdh j?. fJjh ekoD j? fe;kwtkd okiBhfse dbK dh nB/esk Bz{ ;theko BjhA eodk gqzs{ ;kwtkdh ;wki d/ NhfunK dh gqkgsh bJh;wki dh nrtkJh ns/ fBod/PB j'Dk Io{oh j?. fi; Bkb ;wki d/ ;zg{oD ;kXBK ns/ PeshnK ft~u ;zs[bBo~fynk ik ;e/ ns/ ;kXeK dh g{osh dh ;[ftt;Ek ehsh ik ;e/. fJ; bJh fJ~e jh okiBhfse db dh Io{osj[zdh j?. fi; Bz{ okiBhfse PeshnK d/ gq:'r, fBod/PB ns/ fB:zsoD dk J/ekfXeko gqkgs j't/. ;kwtkdhdb dh ;EkgBk ns/ T[; dk J/ekfXeko fJ;/ bJh ;kwtkdh ;wkiK dk fJ~e gqw[~y b~SD j?. Bkrfoe ns/;wki ns/ ;oeko ft~u T[d/PK ns/ NhfunK dk e'Jh fto'X iK fGzB fdPk Bk j'D d/ ekoD, nfij/ jhT[d/P^Nhu/ o~yD tkbk ;kwtkdh db, fJBQK ;GBK dh ;~uh nrtkJh eodk j?. ns/ ;G d/ fjs ft~uokiBhfse PeshnK dk gq:'r ;zGt pDkT[Adk j?. nfijk okiBhfse db, P'PD ns/ dwB dk gqshe BjhAj[zdk, pbfe ;kotifBe fjs dh ;kXBk dk ;kXB ofjzdk j?. fJ; soK ;kwtkdh ;wki ftt;Ek ft~u tor^G/d Bk j'D d/ ekoD db^G/d th BjhA j[zdk. ;wki dk fJ~e jh tor j[zdk j?^fe;kBK ns/ wId{oK dk torns/ fJ; d/ fBod/Pe fJ~e jh db^;kwtkdh db j?.

;gPN j? fe ;zftXkBtkd dh ;kwtkdh ntXkoDk ft~u ;wki d/ w[~bK, okiBhfse nkdoPK ns/ nk;EktKdh gqkgsh d/ ;kXB, g~Swh ;zftXkB dh ntXkoDk s'A Bk e/tb fGzB gqeko d/ jB, pbfe UjBK nkXkoG{sekoDK dk, fiBQK Bkb ;wki ft~u n;wkBsk dk T[d/ j[zdk j?, nzs eoB tkb/ th jB.;kwtkdhnK dhwkBsk j? fe ;zftXkBtkd B{z tk;sftesk d/ gZ[N Bkb :[es eoB bJh T[Zgo fd~shnK rJhnK fB:zsoDftt;EktK gqGktPkbh BjhA j' ;edhnK. fJBQK bJh T[Zgobh o[ektNK Bz{ d{o eoB dh EK s/ nkXkoG{sftt;Ek ft~u jh gfotosB Io{oh j?. UjBK d/ nB[;ko T[sgkdB ns/ ftsoB d/ ;kXBK s/ ;kotifBegqG[st ns/ ;zgsh dk ;wki ft~u ftsoB nfijhnK nkXkoG{s ftt;EktK jB i' okiBhfse Pesh d/d[oT[g:'r Bz{ gqGktPkbh Yzr Bkb o'edhnK jB, ns/ ;zftXkBtkd d/ nkdoPK Bz{ fttjko ft~u e[M b'eKBz{ BjhA, ;G BkrfoeK Bz{ T[gbpX eokUAdhnK jB. fJ; s'A fJbktk th, ;kwtkdh irs ft~u UjBK;G n"gukfoe ;z;EktK Bz{, i' g~Swh ;zftXkBtkdh ftt;Ek tkb/ ;wkiK ft~u, okiBhfse Pesh T[Zs/fB:zsoD ;EkgBk d/ bJh ftt;fEs ehsh iKdh j?, ;zftXkB ft~u ngDkfJnk frnk j?. fit/A ;zftXkBBz{ fbfys, nub ns/ ;ot^T[Zu pDkfJnk iKdk j?. okiBhfse PeshnK dk ftGkiB ns/ fgqEeheoDgkfJnk iKdk j?. BkrfoeK Bz{ w"fbe nfXeko ns/ eos~t ;zftXkB d[nkok gqdkB ehs/ iKd/ jB, ns/;oeko dk brksko T[ZsodkfJst oj/ fJ; d/ bJh ;z;Ekrs ftt;Ek ehsh iKdh j?. fJzBk jh BjhA,‘ftXh d/ Pk;B* dk fdyktk th ekBz{Bh fdqPNh Bkb ;z;Ekfgs ehsk iKdk j?. fJj ;zftXkfBe ftt;EktKokiBhfse Pesh T[Zs/ gqGktPkbh fB:zsoD brk e/ T[; d/ d[oT[g:'r T[Zs/ nze[P o~yD dk ezw eoB


B ØN


tkbhnK jB. fJ; bJh fJj fejk iKdk j? fe ;kwtkdh okiK ft~u jh tk;sfte b'eszso j?. ns/;zftXkB dh fttjkfoesk dh m'; ftt;Ek j?. ftbhnw ihH n?AfvqT{I fbyd/ jB fe “gqshfeqnkswe;zftXkBtkd dh fdqPNh Bkb o{; dk ;zftXkB, UjBK ;kohnK ;z;dh ;z;EktK dh i' g~Swh d/PK ft~ugqu~fbs jB, ;EkgBk eodk j?, ns/ UBk d/ nkg;h ;zpzXK Bz{ th mhe fJ;/ soK wo:kfds eodk j?.;zftXkB ft~u eJh nfijhnK ftt;EktK jB i' g~Sw d/ nB[o{g jh Pesh fB:zsoD d/ wkDe ns/gqshfeqnkswe fB:fwssktK ;Ekfgs eodh j?. o{; d/ ;zftXkB ft~u BkrfoeK d/ w"fbe nfXekoK ns/;[szsosktK dh o~fynk ftt;Ek j?, ftfGzB Pk;B ;~sktK d/ nkg;h ;zpzXK dh ;gPN ftnkfynk j?, ns/;kotiBe Bhsh d/ fBoXkoD ns/ feqnKfts eoB dk gqshfeqnkswe nB[pzX j?. fJBQK ;G r~bK ft~ug~Swh b'esKsfoe ;zftXkBK s'A fpbe[b th fGzB BjhA j?.@

o{; ns/ j'o ;kwtkdh ;zftXkBK ft~u gkJhnK ikD tkbhnK ;kohnK ;z;Eksfwe ftt;EktK ;zftXkBtkd dh;EkgBk eodhnK fdykJh fdzdhnK jB. go n;b ft~u, ;'ftns o{; ft~u ;zftXkBtkd dk nB[;oD BjhAj[zdk j?. o{; ft~u okiBhfse Pesh d/ XkoeK T[Zs/ ;zftXkfBe fB:zsoDK dhnK ;kohnK ;z;Eksfwe ftt;EktKe/tb ‘n"gukfoesk* wkso jh jB. o{; ft~u B/sktK T[Zs/ gqGktPkbh fB:zsoD ;zftXkfBe BjhA j?. T[ZE/fB:zsoDK dhnK tk;sfte ftt;EktK ;zftXkB d[nkok ;Ekfgs ftt;EktK s'A fpbe[b fGzB jB. ftbhnwihH n?AfvqT{I B/ mhe jh fbfynk j? fe “nkg ;zftXkB ft~u jh nB/eK nfijhnK XkoktK jB. db Bz{;zftXkfBe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d[nkok J/ekfXeko gqkgs j?. fJ; B/ Pk;B Bhsh dk ;kotifBe fB:zsoD,;zftXkB gqsh feqnktK d/ wkfXnw Bkb th db ft~u fBfjs j' iKdk j?. ;kwtkdh db jh ;wkfie ;[szsosktKd/ T[d/PK dh ftnkfynk eodk j? ns/ UjBK dh T[gbpXh d/ ;kXB i[NkUAdk j?.@ fJ; bJh ;zftXkB ;oekoT[Zs/ gqGkth, fB:zsoDK dh ;EkgBk dh ftt;Ek BjhA eodk j?. ;zftXkB ft~u T[b/fys fB:zsoDK dhnK;z;Ekrs ftt;EktK ;kwtkdh db dh ;ot'gkfosk ns/ nze[P d/ ekoD e/tb ‘n"gukfoe* ofj iKdhnK jB.fJj ;G ;zftXkBtkd d/ ftuko Bkb p/w/b g?AdhnK jB. fJ; bJh Bshi/ ti'A, ftbhnw ihH n?AfvqT{I dkfJj efjDk ;~u brdk j? fe “o{; dk ;zftXkB jh, ;zftXkBtkd dh ntXkoDk d/ nB[o{g BjhA j?.@ ihH w/no B/ sK fJ; Bz{ “;zftXkB d/ ftuko dk jh shyD fBP/X@ d~f;nk j?.

;kwtkdh db o{; ft~u fBoDk b?D tkbk ;zrmB j?, i' ;zg{oD ;wki d/ bJh Bk e/tb w{b G{s BhshnKdk fBoXkoD eodk j?. pbfe ;wki d/ NhfunK dh th ftnkfynk eodk j?. db jh UjBK gqsh feqnktKns/ ;zouBktK dk fBoDkfJe j?, fiBQK Bkb ;wki d/ ;kXeK dh gqkgsh ns/ BhshnK dk ;zukbB ehskiKdk j?. n?bcq?v ihH w/no B/ mhe jh fbfynk j? fe “;kwtkdh db jh ;oeko, gqPk;B ns/ ;wkid/ ;zg{oD ;z;Eksfwe ihtB Bz{ ;zrfms ns/ d[pkok ;zrfms eodk j?.@ fJj ;G ezw ;kwtkdh db;ot^T[Zu o{g ft~u eodk j?. fJj UjBK ;kohnK ;z;EktK d/ gqshpzXK s'A th w[es ofjzdk j?, i' ;zftXkBd[nkok ;Ekfgs j[zdhnK jB. o{; ft~u ;zg{oD okiBhfse, nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie ;~sk dk ;o's ;kwtkdhdb jh jB.fJjh okiBhfse B/sktK Bz{ Pesh fdzdk j? ns/ UjBK s'A y'Ajdk th j? ns/ ‘okiBhfse y/b* d/fB:wK dk fBoXkoD ns/ UjBK ft~u gfotosB eodk j?. w/no B/ sK fJ~E'A s~e fejk j? fe ‘;kwtkdhdb ;zgqG{ dh soK fttjko eodk j?, nkgDh fJ~Sk Bkb fJj B/sktK Bz{ feokJ/ s// o~ydk ns/ jNkT[Adkj?.* Bshi/ ti'A, w/no d/ PpdK ft~u jh fejk ik ;edk j? fe “o{; dk ;zg{oD ;zftXkB fJ~e X'yk j?,;G feqnKfts BjhA j[zdk j?, ns/ fJ; Bkb okiBhfse ftt;Ek dh gqfeqsh dk ;jh fusoD th BjhA j[zdkj?.@ o{; dk tk;sfte ;zftXkB sK nfbfys ns/ nfdqP jh ofjzdk j?. nzs ft~u fJjh fejk ik ;edkj? fe o{; dk ;zftXkB sK ;zftXkBtkd dk jh fBP/X j?, feUAfe ;zftXkBtkd sK ‘okiBhfse ;wki ft~u jh;zGt j' ;edk j?. o{; dk ;kwtkdh db, T[; dk gqG[st ns/ J/ekfXeko fJBQK ;G dh ;EkgBk dk wkoro'e e/ ;zftXkBtkd Bz{ n;zGt pDk fdzdk j?.*

ftek;Phb b'eszsoK dh ntXkoDk ftek;Phb b'eszsoK dh ntXkoDk ftek;Phb b'eszsoK dh ntXkoDk ftek;Phb b'eszsoK dh ntXkoDk ftek;Phb b'eszsoK dh ntXkoDk (The Concept of Developing DemocreticNations)ftek;Phb d/PK ft~u ;zftXkBtkd j[D s~e n;EfJ~st d/ d"o s'A r[Io fojk j?. fJBQK d/PK ft~u okiBhfsegqshfeqntK ;zeowD dh nt;Ek ft~u j'D d/ ekoD, ;zftXkBtkd d/ nkXko ;[fBPfus BjhA j' gkJ/ jB.


B ØN


ftek;Phb b'esKsfoe ;wkiK ft~u ;zftXkBtkd dhnK ftP/PsktK dk T[b/y eoB s'A gfjbK, UjBKftfPPN ;w~f;nktK dk ftt/uB eoBk Io{oh j?, fiBQK Bkb ;zftXkBtkd dh ntXkoDk fGzB pDdh j?.fJBQK d/PK dhnK ;w~f;nktK fJzBhnK ftftX ns/ nfXe jB, fe fJBQK ;GBK dh ;{uh pDkT[Dk pj[sefmB j?. gqzs{ w'N/ s"o s// ;kohnK ftek;Phb okiBhfse ftt;EktK ft~u fBT{BkfXe wksok ft~u e[M;w~f;nktK ftnkgs jB. fJBQK dk ;zy/g ftt/uB eo e/ jh ;zftXkBtkd dh fJ; ntXkoDk dhnK ftP/PsktK Bz{ ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. jo Bt'fds okiBhfse ;wki ft~u fBwB ;w~f;nktK gkJhnK iKdhnKjB^ (1) okiBhfse ;EkJhst dh ;w~f;nkl (2) nkofEe ftek; dh ;w~f;nkl (3) ;[o~fynk dh y'idh y'il (4) okiBhfse ;~sk dh t?Xsk dh ;w~f;nkl (5) ;wkfie^ ;K;feqfse ;zs[bB dk Nhukl (6)nkX[fBeheoD ft~u o[ektNK dh ;w~f;nkl (7) okiBhfse ;zozuBK ftebgK d/ u[DkU dh ;w~f;nkl (8)nzsookPNoh gqfsPmk ns/ nfGfrnkB dh sbkP.

(1) nfXeKP ftek;Phb oki, ;kwokitkdh PeshnK d/ dwB ns/ P'PD dk fPeko oj/ jB. fJBQK okiK ft~u;[szsosk dh gqkgsh d/ nB/eK wkor oj/ jB. fes/ ;~sk dk j;sKsoD bzp/ okPNoh nzd'bB s'A pknd j'fJnksK fes/ nukBe jh PKshg{oB Yzr Bkb ;~sk j;sKsfos eo fd~sh rJh. Gkos gfjb/ dk ns/ ;qhbzek d{i/dk T[dkjoD ej/ ik ;ed/ jB. e[M okiK ft~u ;P;so ;zxoP ns/ ;?fBe nzd'bBK d/ cb;o{g, ;[szsoskfwbh, fit/A fJzv/B/fPnk ns/ nbihohnk ft~u j'fJnk. nB/eK oki nfij/ th jB fi~E/ eqKshnK d[nkok ;?bkB/ ;~sk jfEnk bJh. e[M okiK B/ nkXko ft~u gqt/P ehsk fit/A fJE'ghnk, B/gkb, n|rkfB;skB ns/ ;kT{dhnop nkfd. nshs ekbhB nB[GtK dh fGzBsk ns/ ;[szsosk gqkgsh d/ wkorK ft~u nkJhnK o[ektNK dhftftXsk d/ ekoD ;ko/ Bt'fds okiK ft~u g/uhdrhnK T[sgzB j' rJhnK ns/ nkozG s'A jh okiBhfse ;~skdh ShBk MgNh d/ ekoD Bt'fds okiK ft~u'A nfXeKP, okiBhfse n;EkfJ~st s'A rq;s j' rJ/. *okiBhfsey/b* d/ nkXkoG{s fB:wK s/ fJZe ws dk nGkt, okiBhfse dbK dh nB/esk ns/ iBsk d/ n;zs'P d/ ekoDfJBQK okiK ft~u okiBhfse n;EkfJ~st ftnkgs j' frnk. fJ; Bkb fJBQK ft~u ;zftXkBtkd d/ fuo ;EkJhw[~b iBw BjhA b? gkT[Ad/ jB.

(2) nkofEe ftek; dh ;w~f;nk, okiBhfse n;EkJhst dh nt;Ek ft~u j'o th ifNb j' iKdh j?. fJ~egk;/ iBsk T[ZBs ;so d/ bJh jo gqeko dh wzr eodh j?, ns/ d{i/ gk;/ seBheh ns/ ftfrnkfBe ikDekohd/ nGkt ft~u d/P d/ ;kXBK dk ;w[fus T[g:'r BjhA j' gkT[Adk. fJ; Bkb iBsk ft~u n;zs'P T[sgzBj[zdk j?, i' ;oekoK Bz{ pko pko pdb e/ ;zftXkBtkdh nkXkoK Bz{ jh XokPkJh eo fdzdk j?.

(3) Bt'fds okiBhfse ;wkiK ft~u nfXeKP pj[b ;wki jB. nB/eK Xow, ;z;feqshnK ns/ okPNohsktKj'D d/ ekoD okiBhfse ftt;Ek T[Zs/ go;go fto'Xh dpkn g?Ad/ ofjzd/ jB fi; Bkb ;wki ft~u sBkT[dhnK gfo;fEshnK T[sgzB j[zdhnK jB. fJ; ekoD ;oekoK T[Zs/ nzdo{Bh ;[o~fynk ftt;Ek dk wj~stg{oDdkfJ~st J/Bk nfXe p'M pD iKdk j? fe pj[s ;ko/ okiK ft~u ;oekoK fJ;/ ftt;Ek ft~u T[bM e/ ofj iKdhnKjB. pkjoh jwfbnK d/ \so/ th x~N BjhA j[zd/. eJh tko nzdo{Bh ;[o~fynk ft~u iBsk dk ;fj:'r gqkgseoB bJh d/PK d[nkok gV';h okiK T[Zs/ jwb/ s~e ehs/ iKd/ jB. fJ; soK nB/e ftek;Phb okiK ft~u;oekoK ;[o~fynk dh ftt;Ek ft~u jh b~rhnK ofj iKdhnK jB. ns/ ;wki d/ ftP/P rzstK, NhfunK iKwkBsktK dh ftt;Ek ;[o~fynk d/ gqPB d/ ;kjwD/ r"D jh ofj iKdh j?. fJ; bJh ;zftXkBtkd dh;z;Eksfwe ftt;EktK Bz{ wIp{s pDkT[D iK UjBK d/ ;wki ft~u fJZe ws ;Ekfgs eoB d/ Bk nt;oofjzd/ jB ns/ Bk jh ;kXB i[N gkT[Ad/ jB.

(4) ;wki d/ fInkdkso b'eK d[nkok fJj wfj;{; ehsk ikDk fe Pk;B dhnK gqsh feqnktK ns/ ftt;EktKT[fus jB, ;oeko Bz{ t?X pDkT[Adk j?. n~i th ftek;Phb ;wkiK ft~u, Pk;B eosktK Bz{ nkgDh ;~sk dht?Xsk ft~u P~e jh fInkdk fdykJh fdzd/ jB. ;[szso ns/ fBog~y u[DkT[ iK sK j[zd/ jh BjhA iK fco i/eoj[zd/ jB sK fJBQK d/ gfoDkwK Bz{ jkoB tkb/ tor iK db ;theko jh BjhA eod/. fJ; Bkb ;oeko dh ;~skewI'o g? iKdh j? ns/ ;oekoK ;wki d/ w[~bK Bz{ feqnKfts eoB dk ;kXB BjhA pD gkT[AdhnK jB.

(5) ftek;Phb okiK ft~u ftnkgs pj[bsk d/ ekoD fJj ;wki, ;zxoPos ;wki j' iKd/ jB. ;wkidk jo tor, jo ;z;feqfse ;w{j okiBhfse ;~sk dh gqkgsh dh jo ;zGt e'fPP eodk j?. ;~sk gqkgs;w{j j'o ;w{jK Bz{ T[ZGoB s'A o'eD bJh okiBhfse Pesh s~e gq:'r eodk j?. fi; Bkb nkg;h eN[sk


B ØN


tXdh j? ns/ fJ~e ;z;feqfse ;w{j j'o ;z;feqfse ;w{jK d/ fto'X ft~u yVQk fdykJh fdzdk j?. nfijhnt;Ek ft~u ;wki fJ~e' fij/ w[~bK ft~u ftPtk; o~y ;e/, nfijk ;zGt BjhA, sK x~N s'A x~N w[PfebIo{o j' iKdk j?.

(6) nkX[fBeheoD dh ;w~f;nk Bt'fds ;wkiK dh ;G s'A ftyw ;w~f;nk j?.nfij/ ;wki d' GkrK ft~utzv/ fdykJh fdzd/ jB. fJ~e tor gozgoktkdhnK d/ ns/ d{ik tor nfGiBK ns/ nkX[fBeheoD ft~u nk;Eko~yD tkfbnK dk pD iKdk j?. tkov ns/ w?eohfv; B/ fbfynk j? fe “gozgokrs b'e ns/ nkX[fBeheoDeoB tkb/ nfGiB ns/ ftukoe T[Zs/ gj[zuD ft~u n;woE jB.@ fJ; ekoD eohp eohp ;ko/ ftek;Phbd/PK ft~u ;zxoP ns/ nokiesk dhnK ;zGktBktK nfXe jB. fJ~E/ gqkuhB ns/ BthB w[~bK ft~u ni/ th;zxoP, nfBPfussk ns/ Gow ftnkgs j? i' ;zftXkBtkd d/ o;s/ dh ;G s'A t~vh o[ektN j?.

(7) Bt'fds okiBhfse ;wkiK d/ ;kjwD/ okiBhfse ;zouBK^ftebgK d/ u[DkU dh ;w~f;nk pj[s rzGhoj?. nkX[fBeheoD, ;EkJhst, ;[o~fynk ns/ gqfsPmk dhnK ;w~f;nktK d/ gqsh ibd ;wkXkB bJh Ujfe; soK dhnK ftt;EktK Bz{ ngBkT[D< fJ; tk;s/ b'esKsfoe ns/ fBoze[P ns/ g{zihtkdh ns/;kwtkdh gqshwkB fJBQK s'A jh wkor doPB ns/ nkeoPD gq;s[s eod/ jB. nshs dk nB[Gt,b'esKsfoe ftt;EktK Bz{ ngDkT[D bJh gq/fos eodk j? sK d{i/ gk;/ ftek;, m';sk ns/ J/esk dhnKIo{osK fe;/ gqeko dh fBod/fPs iK fBoze[P ftt;Ek ngDkT[D bJh dpkn gkT[Adk j?. fJ; gqeko dhnt;Ek ft~u ftek;Phb oki fJBQK ftftX ftebgK ft~u'A fe;/ fJ~e dk u[DkU th eo b?Ad/ jB ns/ pkndft~u UjBK Bz{ fsnkrD ns/ BthA ;z;Eksfwe ftt;Ek ngDkT[D bJh wip{o j' iKd/ jB. fJ; ekoDe[M nB[tkdK Bz{ S~v e/, ;ko/ ftek;Phb okiBhfse ;wki, okiBhfse ;zouBKtK T[Zs/ nzfsw o{g Bkbc?;bk eo gkUD nfijk BjhA fejk ik ;edk. okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;z;Ekswe wkorK dk nfBPuk,fJBQK d/PK ft~u ;zftXkBtkd dh ;fEsh Bz{ ;gPN jh BjhA j'D fdzdk j?.

(8) nzsookPNoh gqfsPmk ns/ nkgD/ okPNoh nfGfrnkB dh sbkP ft~u, ftek;Phb oki jo ;zGt e'fPPeod/ gkJ/ rJ/ jB. fJ; d/ bJh, d' go;go rZ[NK ft~u'A fe;/ ft~u Pkfwb j'D d/ Ipod;s dpktK s'A puDkns/ Gos d[nkok ngDkJ/ rJ/ n;zbrBsk d/ wkor dk Nhuk eJh ekoDK eoe/ ;zGt BjhA brdk. fJ~e gk;/okPNoh nfjw Bz{ gqekPB d/D dk gqw[~y Nhuk j? sK d{i/ gk;/ nzdo{Bh Io{osK d/ dpkn s'A fJ; Bz{ ske ft~uo~y e/ fe;/ r[N ftP/P Bkb rmpzXB dhnK wip{ohnK jB. nfijh nt;Ek ft~u ;wki d/ ;[fBPfus w[~bdp e/ ofj iKd/ jB.

ftek;Phb b'eszsoK dhnK ftP/P ;wZf;nktK ns/ Io{osK, ;zftXkBtkd dh ntXkoDk Bz{ n;gPN ns/nfBPfussk dh nt;Ek ft~u fbnk o~ydhnK jB. fJBQK d/PK ft~u ftnkgs ftfGzB GkPktK, XowK,;zgodktK ns/ ftukoXkoktK ft~u ;zs[bB dk nGkt, T[fus ;[fdqV ;zftXkBtkd nkXko ;Ekfgs BjhA j'Dfdzdk. fco th ;zftXkBtkd dh XkoDk d/ e[M b~SD ;gPN gfobefPs j'D brd/ jB. ;zy/g ft~u fJj fBwBjB^ (1) ;zftXkBtkd fBowkD dh nt;Ek ft~u j?. (2) ;zftXkBtkd fwPfos gqfeqsh o~ydk j?. (3);zftXkBtkd gqtkj d/ d"o ft~u j?. (4) ;zftXkBtkd fdPk ofjs uoD ft~u j?.

(1) ftek;Phb okiBhfse ;wkiK ft~u (d/y' ;zftXkBtkd d/ nkXko) ftek; dhnK gfo;fEshnK jh BjhAgkJhnK iKdhnK.;wkiK ft~u nB/e r~bK s/ fJZe ws dk nGkt gkfJnk iKdk j/. fJ~E'A s~e fe okiBhfse;z;EktK dhnK ;zouBKtK ns/ gqsh feqnktK T[Zs/ th fJZe ws BjhA j' gkT[Adk j?. fJ; bJh nfXeKPftek;Phb d/P fBowkD dh nt;Ek ft~u ej/ ik ;ed/ jB.

(2) Bt'fds okiK ft~u ;zftXkBtkd fwPfos gqfeqsh dk j?. e[M d/P g~Swh ns/ ;'ftns ftukoXkoktK Bz{fwbkUD dh e'fPP eo oj/ jB. Uj ;[szsosk, ;wkBsk ,fBnK ns/ ;wkitkd Bz{ fJeZm/ jh ;Ekfgs eoBdh e'fPP eo oj/ jB. nzdo{Bh gfo;fEshnK ns/ Io{osK, ;zftXkBtkd dhnK g~Swh ntXkoDktK d/ w"fbes~sK Bz{ fpBK Pos d/ ngBkUD dk dpkn gkUAdh j?. fit/A ;[szsosk d/ Bkb jh nkofEe ;wkBsk fbnkUDbJh ;zgsh T[Zs/ fInkdk s'A fInkdk ;zftXkfBe fB:zsoD dh e'fPP ;zftXkBtkd B{z fwPfos o{g gqdkB eodkj?. ;zftXkB gqshpzXe dk ezw th eodk j? ns/ fB:zsoDK s'A w[esh fdbkUD d/ ;z;Ekrs gqktXkBK BkbGog{o ofjzdk j?. fJ; fdqPNh Bkb Gkos ft~u w"fbe nfXekoK dh ftt;Ek ns/ UjBK T[Zs/ T[fus gqpzXKdh ;zftXkB ft~u jh ftt;Ek, fwPfossk dk ;ze/se j?.


B ØN


(3) ftek;Phb okiK ft~u ;zftXkBtkd gqtkj d/ d"o ft~u j?. fJj ;fEosk gqkgs BjhA eo gkfJnk j?.okiBhfse ftek; d/ wkor ft~u id'A s~e bzph ntXh dk ;EkfJ~st fJj Gow T[sgzB eodk j? fe;zftXkBtkdh w[[~b ;[fBPfus dh nt;Ek ft~u nk rJ/ jB. gqzs{ nukBe T[sgzB ;fEshnK, ;wkiK d/ ftek;gE ft~u gfotosB eo e/, ;zftXkBtkd Bz{ gqtkj dh nt;Ek ft~u Xe/bdh fdykJh fdzdh j?.

(4) T[go'es fszB ftP/PsktK d/ toDB s'A ;gPN j? fe ftek;Phb okiBhfse ;wkiK ft~u ;zftXkBtkd fdPkofjs uoD ft~u j?. fJBQK ;wkiK ft~u ed/ b'esszoK dk nkdoP nkeoPe pD iKdk j? ns/ ed/ ;kwtkdh ftukoKft~u fBPmk fdqV j'D brdh j?. e[M oki BthB nkdoP y'id/ gkJ/ iKd/ jB. okPNoh ns/ nzsookPNohgfo;fEshnK d/ ekoD, ftek;Phb okiK ft~u ;zftXkBtkd dhnK fdPktK ft~u id^sd gfotosB, fJ~e soK BkbfdPk^f;oco jh brdk j?. ;zftXkBtkd d/ nkXkoK dk nGkt ns/ w[~bK dh nfBPfussk ;zftXkBtkd dh ;[;gPNfdPk fBoXkoD ft~u pkXe j?. fJ; bJh ftek;Phb okiK ft~u, ;zftXkBtkd T[d'A s~e fdPk :[es BjhA pD ;edk,id'A s~e ;zftXkBtkd d/ nkXkoK dh ;[;fEo g[PmG{wh gq;s[s BjhA j' iKdh.

;zftXkBtkd dhnK fJBQK ftP/PsktK d/ toDB s'A ;gPN j? fe ;zftXkBtkd dh ftek;Phb okiK dh ntXkoDkft~u ;kXe sK, g~Swh ntXkoDk d/ ;wkB, ;[szsosk, okiBhfse ;wkBsk, ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe fBnK ns/b'eêfbnkD dh ;kXBk d/ jh jB. ;oeko dh gqshpzXsk ns/ nB/e y/soK ft~u ezw d/ bJh pj[s e[M ;[szsoskns/ ;zftXkB dh n"gukfoek, fJ; Bz{ ;kwtkdh ntXkoDk dh ;z;Ekrs ftt;EktK Bz{ ngBkUD bJh gq's;kfjseoBk jh j?. Bshi/ ti'A, jktkov ohrhBI d/ eEB dk T[b/y eoBk ftek;Phb okiK d/ ;zftXkBtkd dk ;jhfusoD eodk j?. ohrhBI B/ fbfynk j? fe @oki Bt/A jB ns/ okiBhfse y/b d/ fB:w gqtkj ft~u jB. fJ;bJh ;zftXkBtkd ni/ s~e ;[;fEo BjhA j' ;fenk j?. fJ~E/ tkov ns/ w?eokfv; dk efjDk j? fe @ftek;Phb;zftXkBtkd d/ bJh g~Swh ;zftXkBtkd dh ;hfws ;oeko dh gozgok, ftneshrs ns/ ;w{j nfXeko ns/okiBhfse gqpzXK dh ;EkgBk gqshwkB ns/ nB[eofFDe T[dkjoD jB. mhe BjhA brdk j?, feUAfe fJBQK okiKft~u ;kwtkdh w[~bK ns/ ;z;Ekr ftt;EktK d/ gqsh nk;Ek th pbtkB pDdh ik ojh j?. nzs ft~u fJjh fejkik ;edk j? fe ftek;Phb okiK ft~u ;zftXkBtkd dh ;[;fEosk bzph ntXh pknd jh nk gkJ/rh.

;zftXkBtkd dhnK ftfGzB ntXkoDktK d/ ftt/uB s'A ;gPN j? fe “;zftXkBtkd dk fuo^;EkJh w[~b ukj/ Ujg~Swh j't/ iK ;kwtkd, ftef;s d/PK dk j't/ iK ftek;Phb d/PK dk, g{oh soK ;Ekfgs j't/ iK ;EkgBk dhnKe'fPPK s~e ;hfws fojk j't/, T[; dhnK gqkgsh dhnK gqsh fefonktK ns/ ;z;Eksfwe ftt;EktK d/ ;kXBK s'Afes/ d{o gkfJnk iKdk j?. fJj ;wkfie ftt;Ek d/ UjBK B?fse T[d/PK ft~u, fiBQK dh fJj o~fynk eodk j?,ftukoXkoktK d/ UjBK w[~bK ft~u, fijV/ fJ; Bz{ g;zd jB ns/ Pk;eK dh T[; PhB ft~u, fi; Bz{ fJj ;EkJhstgqdkB eodk j?, gkfJnk iKdk j?. fJ; bJh ;zftXkBtkd dk w[bKeD, pj[ gquZfbs fB:zsoD gqshfeqnktK d/ nkXkos/ BjhA ehsk ikDk ukjhdk. fJBQK fB:zsoD gqsh fefonktK Bz{ gqGkt jhDsk ns/ gqGkt:[essk dk fttkd thfBokoEe j?. ;zftXkBtkd dk w[bKeD eod/ ;w/A fJj d/yDk ukjhdk j? fe ;wki d/ B?fse w[~b eh jB< ftek;d/ fe; wkor ns/ ftukoXkok ft~u ;wki dh nk;Ek j?< ftek; eoB dh fIzw/tkoh b?D tkb/ B/sktK ft~u eh r[DjB< fJjh ;zdoG, ;zftXkBtkd dhnK tk;sftesktK Bz{ gfobefPs eodk j?, feUAfe nzs ft~u, ;zftXkBtkdftt;fEs ;wki ft~u ftt;fEs gfotosB dh gqshfeqnkswe ;[ftt;Ek jh sK j?.

T[go'es Bshi/ d/ ;zdoG ft~u jh s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ ftfdnkoEh Bz{ g~Swh, ;kwtkdh ns/ ftek;Phb;wkiK d/ ;zftXkBtkd dk nfXn?B ns/ w[bKeD eoBk j?. gqsh fefonktK d[nkok ;Ekfgs fB:zsoD ftt;Ek,;zftXkB ns/ ;z;EktK d[nkok nkdoPK ns/ nk;EktK dk r[DrkB, ;zftXkBtkd dk fdyktk gq;s[s eod/ jBiK ;wki d/ tk;sfte B?fse w[~bK dh ;EkgBk ns/ gqkgsh dk ;kXB i[NkUAd/ jB. fJjh nzso ;wMDk,;zftXkBtkd dk ;jh noE ns/ fe;/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u fJ; dh n;bhns Bz{ ;wMDk j?.

;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD (Self Assessment)ykbh ;EkB Go' ykbh ;EkB Go' ykbh ;EkB Go' ykbh ;EkB Go' ykbh ;EkB Go' (Fill in the Blanks)

1H T[dkotkdh XkoDk ft~u HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ns/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH fBnK dk nkXko pj[s wj~stg{oD j?.2H b'e efbnkD dh ;kXBK dk Nhuk HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH d/ T[d/ d/ Bkb jh ftef;s j'fJnk j?.

3H b'esKsfoe Yzr Bkb rfms ;wki HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ;wki j[zdk j?.


B ØN


4H ;kwtkdh HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Bz{ g{zihgshnK d/ j~E dh emg[sbh wzBd/ jB.5H ;kwtkdhnK dh wkBsk j? fe ;wkfie ihtB ft~u Pesh d/ nkofEe gfjb{ dh HHHHHHHHHHHHH jh

wj~stg{oD j[zdh j?.

3.3 ;ko nzP;ko nzP;ko nzP;ko nzP;ko nzP (Summary)

;oekoK Gkt/A skBkPkj j'D iK b'esKsfoe, T[jBK ƒ ubkT[D bJh e[M f;~XKsK dk j'Dk jw/Pk ;jkfJej[~dk j?. feT[Afe jo ;~ftXkB ft~u ;oeko d/ t~y t~y n~rK ns/ T[jBK d/ nkg;h ;~p~XK dk fIeo j[~dkj?. fJ; bJh fJjBK ;~pzXK dk toDB eoB tkb/ fB:wK d/ j'D Bkb ;oeko d/ t~y t~y nzr fJ~e d{i/d/ ;fj:'r Bkb e[Pb o{g ft~u ezw eo ;ed/ jB ns/ T[jBK ftukb/ ;zxoP s/ fto'X dhnK ;zGktBktKth x~N j' iKdh jB. ;zftXkB ft~u BkrfoeK d/ nfXekoK dk th toDB j[zdk j?. fJj toDB jh fJjBKdh ;[o~fynk j?, feT[Afe fJj ;oeko s'A gj[zu s'A goK j' iKd/ jB. fJ; soQK ;zftXkB okjhA fe;/ thoki dk w[~Ybk YKuk ;z;Ekrs o{g ft~u yVQk ehsk iKdk j?, fi; Bkb jo ftnesh, ;z;Ek s/ ;w{jdh G{fwek s?n j' iKdh j?.

;zy/g ft~u, “;zftXkB fB:wK dk T[j ;zrqfj j? i' T[jBK T[d/PK dh gqkgsh eodk j? fizBK bJh Pk;BPesh g?dk ehsh iKdh j? ns/ Pk;B d/ T[jBK t~y t~y nzrK ƒ g?dk eodk j? fizBK okjhA ;oeko nkgDhPesh dh tos'A eodh j?.”

fJ; bJh ;zftXkB dk noE ;wMD bJh fJj fXnkB o~yDk Io{oh j? fe fbysh ;zftXkB eh ftt;Ekeodk j? ns/ fttjko ft~u fJj fe; jZd s~e okiBhse nkuoD dk nkXko pDdk j?< ;zftXkBokiBhse ftt;Ek dk ufo~so iK gqfeosh ;g~PN eodk j?, feT[Afe ;zftXkB oki bJh mhe nfijkj? fit/A dk ftnesh dk ufo~so. fJj Bk f;o| okiBhse y/v dk nkXko g/P eodk j? pbfe t~y t~yokiBhse ftukoK s/ wzrK ƒ th g/P eodk j?. fe;/ okiBhse ftt;Ek dk dh tk;sfte gqfeosh ƒ;wMD bJh ;zftXkB d/ fJ; YKu/ s/ s~s (substance) f;ZXKs s/ fttjko, d'tK ƒ ;wMDk Io{oh j?.feT[Afe ;zftXkBtkd T[~E/ jh ;zGt j? fi~E/ ;zftXkB d/ YKu/ s/ s~sK ’u ;wkBsk j't/. wsbp ;zftXkfBe;oeko j't/.

jo oki ft~u fe;/ Bk soQK dk ;zftXkB dk bkIwh j[zdk j? go jo irk ft~u ;zftXkfBe ;oeko j'DkIo{oh BjhA j?. ;zftXkfBe ;oeko s'A ;hws noE dk gsk bZrdk j?. feT[Afe ;zftXkfBe ;oeko T[j;oeko j[zdh j? i' ;zftXkB dhnK ftt;EktK nB[;ko ;zrfms, ;hws ns/ ezNo'b j[zdh j't' ns/ joftnesh ftP/P dhnK fJ~SktK dh EK f;o| ekƒB w[skpe jh uZbdh j't/. fjNbo s/ ;NkfbB B/ nkgD/;w/A ft~u iowBh s/ o{; ;zftXkB sK ;h go ;zftXkfBe ;oekoK th ;h, nfijk BjhA fejk ik ;edk.

f;o| T[jh ;oeko jh ;zftXkfBe ejh ikt/rh i' ;zftXkB T[~s/ nXkfos j't/rh, ;zftXkB okjhA ;fwshns/ ezNo'b j't/ s/ ;t? fJ~Sk dh EK f;o| ekƒB w[skpe uZbdh j't/. ;zy/g ft~u ;zftXkfBe ;oekoekƒB okiBhse ftt;Ek ft~u jh ;zftXkBtkd ;zGt j?, feT[Afe ;zftXkBtkd T[jBK wkBsktK,nk;EktK ns/ wB[~yh w[~bK dk BK j? fi; dk ;zftXkB ft~u toDB ns/ ;woEB j[zdk j? ns/ fizBK dhT[gbpXh s/ ;[o~fynk bJh okiBhse Pesh T[~s/ gqGktPkbh ezNo'b ns/ o'eK (restraints) dh ftt;Ekj[zdh j?.

;zftXkBtkd T[jBK ftukoK s/ f;ZXKsK t~b ;ze/s eodk j? i' T[; ;zftXkB dk fttoB s/ ;woEB eod/jB, fizBK okjhA okiBhse Pesh T[~s/ gqGktPkbh ezNo'b ;Ekfgs ehsk ik ;e/.

;zftXkBtkd Pk;B dh T[j g~Xsh j? fi; ft~u Pk;B iBsk dhnK nk;EktK, w[~bK s/ nkdoPK dh fJ~IseoB tkb/ ;zftXkB d/ fB:wK s/ f;ZXKsK d/ nkXko T[~s/ jh ehsk ikt/ s/ nfij/ ;zftXkB okjhA jh Pk;eKƒ gqshpzfds s/ ;hws o~fynk ikt/, fi; Bkb okiBhse ftt;Ek dhnK w{b ftt;EktK ;[o~fyns ofjDns/ fttjko ft~u jo ftnesh ƒ T[gbpX j' ;e/.

e[M ftukoe Pk;B ƒ ;hws s/ ezNo'b eoB bJh ns/ wB[~yh w[~bK dh ;[o~fynk ;zGt pDkT[D bJhPesh dh tzv ƒ wjZst fdzd/ jB s/ T[; ƒ ;zftXkBtkd dk w{b nkXko wzBd/ jB. T[jBK dk wzBDk


B ØN


j? fe ;zftXkBtkd okiBhse PeshnK dh tzv eod/ ;oeko d/ ezwK ƒ gqGktPkbh Yzr Bkb ezNo'b eoBkj?. fJ; bJh ;zftXkBtkd sK jh ;zGt j? i/ fe;/ okiBhse ftt;Ek ft~u Pesh tzv okjhA ;oekohezwK T[~s/ ezNo'b ehsk ik ;e/.

fJ; s'A fJj th ;g~PN j? fe fi~E/ ;zftXkB j? T[E/ ;zftXkBtkd bkIwh o{g ft~u gkfJnk iKdk j't/fJj Io{oh BjhA. ;zftXkB okjhA sK n;hA fe;/ th d/P dh okiBhse ftt;Ek wsbp ;oeko d/ ;o{g,T[; dhnK PeshnK s/ BkrfoeK ns/ ;oekoK d/ ;zpzXK Bkb jh ;pzfXs f;XKsK s/ fB:wK dk ;ze/sjk;b eod/ jB. idfe ;zftXkBtkd fJe nfijh ftt;Ek j? fi; ft~u ;zftXkB okjhA jh ;oeko dhnKPeshnK T[Zs/ Pesh tzv okjhA ezNo'b ehsk iKdk j?.

gfoGkPk dh fdqPNh s'A ;zftXkBtkd ftukoXkok dk gqshe j?. fJ; ft~u okPNo d/ w[~b, ftPtk; s/okiBhse nkdoP nkT[Ad/ jB, fizBK Bkb fwb e/ ftukoXkok pDdh j? ns/ T[; ftukoXkok (ideology)dk gqshe ;zftXkBtkd ejkT[Adk j?. ;zftXkB ;zrmB dk gqshe j?. fJj T[jBK f;ZXKsK dk ;zebB fejkik ;edk j? fi; nB[;ko ;oeko dh PeshnK s/ Pkf;sK d/ nfXekoK okjhA ;pzX pDd/ jB.

T[sgsh dh fdqPNh s'A th d'tK ft~u nzso j?. ;zftXkBtkd jw/Pk jh ftek; dk Bshik fojk j?. jod/P d/ w[~b, ftPtk; s/ nkdoPK dk ftek; ;dhnK d/ ;w/A ft~u ns/ ;w/A d"okB j"bh j"bh j'fJnk j?/gozgokrs, ;z;Ekrs s/ wB[~y ;pzXh s~sK s'A okPNo d/ ftPtk; s/ nkdoP ftef;s j[zd/ ofjzd/ jBns/ iB^;XkoB d/ ihtB ft~u fJzB/ x[b fwb iKd/ jB fe fJjBK dh gqkgsh ns/ o~fynk bJh ;wkit~v/ s'A t~vk pbdkB d/D bJh fsnko ofjzdk j?. ;zftXkB f;o| fpqN/B d/ ;zftXkB ƒ S~v e/ ;kXkoBs"o T[~s/ fsnko ehs/ iKd/ jB ns/ pknd ft~u gozgoktK okjhA ;zftXkBtkd dhnK b'VK w[skpe pdbd/ofjzd/ jB.

;zftXkB s/ ;zftXkBtkd ft~u gqfeosh dk th w"fbe coe j?. ;zftXkBtkd ft~u gqXkBsk fe;/okiBhse ;wki d/ NhfunK s/ T[d/PK dh j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh jo ;wki fJ~e we;d dh gqkgsh bJhNhuk o~ydk j? ns/ NhfunK dh gqkgsh bJh ftt;EktK jh ;zftXkBtkd dk w{b nXko j?.idfe;zftXkBtkd gqw[ysk Bkb T[jBK NhfunK s~e d/ ;kXBK dh ftt;Ek j?.fJj ;zftXkBtkd d/ T[d/PK dhgqkgsh bJh ;kXB i[NkT[D dk BK j?.fJ; bJh ;zftXkBtkd ;kXB gqXkB ns/ ;zftXkB gqXkB XkoDkj? .

;zftXkBtkd dk ;zpzX okPNo d/ ihtB doPB s'A j?. fJj T[jBK w[ZbK, ftPtk;K s/ okiBhse nkdoPKtZb ;ze/s eodk j? i' okPNo d/ jo Bkrfoe ƒ fgnko j?. i' jo okPNo dk nXko j[zd/ jB. fJj;zftXkfBe doPB, okiBhse ;wki ƒ nfGiBK (elites) okjhA gqdkB ehsk iKdk j?. go fJj doPBnfGiBK sZe jh ;hws BjhA ofjzdk. ;wki dk ftukoPhb tor fJ; ƒ iBsk sZe gj[zukT[Adk j? ns/;wki ;theko eoe/ fJ; ƒ Bk f;o| skes gqdkB eodk j? ;r'A fJ; ƒ ;jh noEK ftZu ‘okPNodoPB’ pDkT[Adk j?.

;zftXkBtkd rshjhD XkoDk BjhA j?. go fJ; dk noE fJj th BjhA j? fe ;zftXkBtkd ft~u ;fEoskBjhA j[zdh j?. ;zftXkBtkd ft~u fJjh ;G s'A ftP/P r~b j? fe fJ; ft~u ;EkJhst d/ Bkb Bkbrfsnkswesk th gkJh iKdh j?. fJjh ekoD j? fe fJj gqrsh ft~u pkXe BjhA, gqrsh dk ;kXepfDnk ofjzdk j?.

;zftXkBtkd ;kXeK Bkb ;zpzfXs ftuko j?. gqzs{ ;kXe w{be ftuko g[oh soK ;kXBK dh ntj/bDkBjhA eo ;edk. fJ; bJh fJBQK ft~u th nzso gqeko dk BjhA e/tb wksok dk jh ofj iKdk j?. T[zith ;kXBK ns/ ;kXeK Bz{ fJ~e d{i/ s'A nb~r BjhA ehsk iK ;edk. fco th ;zftXkBtkd s'A NhfunKdk jh ;ze/s fwbdk j?.

T[dko b'eszsoK dh ntXkoDk Bz{ g~Swh ;zftXkBtkd th fejk iKdk j?. fJ; dh w[~y ftP/Psk ftneshdh ;[szsosk dh ;kXBk j?. ftnesh dh ;[szsosk s'A fJbktk, okiBhfse ;wkBsk, ;wkfie ns/nkofEe fBnK ns/ b'e efbnkD dh ;kXBk g~Swh ;zftXkBtkd d/ nkXkoG{s ;kXe jB. fJj ;wkfiens/ nkofEe ;wkBsk ns/ ;[szsosk s/ pdb BjhA iKdk j?. ;[szsosk ns/ ;wkBsk d/ ;wkfie ns/


B ØN


nkofEe gfjb{nK g~Swh ;zftXkBtkd d/ ;kXeK ft~u nGkt jh fJ; Bz{ ;kwtkdh ntXkoDk s'A nb~rpDkT[Adk j?.

;kwtkd dh ;oeko ns/ Pesh dh nb~r XkoDk jh, ;kwtkdh ntXkoDk Bz{, ;zftXkBtkd dh g~SwhntXkoDk s'A fGzB pDkT[Adh j?.

;kwtkdh ‘;oeko* Bz{ g{zihgshnK d/ j~E dh emg[sbh wzBd/ jB, i' nwho tor dh rohp tor s'Ao~fynk dk jh ezw eodh j?. UjBK d/ nB[;ko okiBhfse Pesh dk nkXko nkofEe Pesh j?. fiBQKd/ j~EK ft~u nkofEe Pesh j't/rh, T[;/ d/ j~E ft~u okiBhfse Pesh th nk ikt/rh. fJ; bJhg{zihgsh jh okiBhfse Pesh d/ Xkoe ns/ ;zukbe j[zd/ jB.

;kwtkdhnK dh wkBsk j? fe ;wkfie ihtB ft~u Pesh d/ nkofEe gfjb{ dh ;ot'gkfosk jhwj~stg{oD j[zdh j?. fJ; Bkb wkBt dk ;zg{oD ;wkfie ihtB ;zukfbs j[zdk j?. ns/ fi; tor d/j~E ft~u nkofEe Pesh j[zdh j? Uj tor j'o torK T[Zs/ ;tkfw~st iwk e/, UjBK Bz{ nkgD/ ezweoB bJh wip{o eodk j?. fJj nt;Ek tor^;zxoP ns/ P'PD dk nkXko pDdh j?.

nkofEe Pesh dh ;ot'usk dk soe;zrs Bshik nkofEe Pesh :[es tor dk gqG{sth nt;Ek ft~uj'Dk j?.fJj okiBhfse Pesh dh r"Dsk dk ;{ue j?.

nkofEe Pesh dh ;ot'usk ns/ ;wki ft~u fJ; Bkb ;zgzB tor dk gqG[st, okiBhfse Pesh Bz{th fJ; d/ nXhB pDk fdzdk j?. ;wki ft~u ftfdnwkB ;kohnK ;z;EktK nkofEe Pesh d/ n~r/Bsw;se ofjzdhnK jB. fJ; bJh fB:zsoD okiBhfse Pesh T[Zs/ BjhA, pbfe nkofEe Pesh T[Zs/brkfJnk ikDk ukjhdk j?.

;kwtkdh ftukoXkok dh nkXkoG{s wkBsk j? fe T[sgkdB ns/ ftsoB d/ ;kXBK T[Zs/ ftneshrsgqG[st nkofEe Pesh Bz{ nzs ft~u e[M ftneshnK ft~u e/Adfos eo fdzdk j?. nkofEe Pesh d/fJ; gqeko d/ e/AdoD Bkb tor^;zxoP T[sgzB j[zdk j?. fJ; Bkb nkofEe Pesh :[es tor fJ;Pesh s'A ofjs tor dk P'PD ns/ dwB eoB brdk j?.

nkofEe ;wkBsk tkb/ ;wki ft~u e'Jh tor iK nb~r nb~r fjs BjhA j[zd/ jB. fJ; bJh torKd/ ftfPPN fjsK dk gqshfBfX~st ns/ ;[o~fynk eoB bJh nB/eK okiBhfse db pDB dhnKgfo;fEshnK BjhA j[zdhnK jB. tor^ftjhD ;wki ft~u okiBhfse dbK dh Io{os BjhA ofj iKdhj?. fJjh ekoD j? fe ;kwtkd okiBhfse dbK dh nB/esk Bz{ ;theko BjhA eodk gqzs{ ;kwtkdh ;wki d/NhfunK dh gqkgsh bJh ;wki dh nrtkJh ns/ fBod/PB j'Dk Io{oh j?. fi; Bkb ;wki d/ ;zg{oD ;kXBKns/ PeshnK ft~u ;zs[bB o~fynk ik ;e/ ns/ ;kXeK dh g{osh dh ;[ftt;Ek ehsh ik ;e/.

;kwtkdh ntXkoDk ft~u ;wki d/ w[~bK, okiBhfse nkdoPK ns/ nk;EktK dh gqkgsh d/ ;kXB, g~Swh;zftXkB dh ntXkoDk s'A Bk e/tb fGzB gqeko d/ jB, pbfe UjBK nkXkoG{s ekoDK dk, fiBQK Bkb;wki ft~u n;wkBsk dk T[d/ j[zdk j?, nzs eoB tkb/ th jB.


• ;ot'usk L gqw[~ysk, ;otPq/Pmsk• ntghVB L gqskfVs eoBk, P'PD eoBk, T[sghVB eoBk• ;wkftPN L Pkfwb eoBk


1H ;zftXkBtkd s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< ftnkfynk eo'.2H ;zftXkBtkd dhnK w[~y ntXkoDktK dk toDB eo'.

3H ;zftXkBtkd d/ T[dkotkdh fdqPNhe'D dk ftPb/PDkswe ftt/uB eo'.


B ØN


4H ;zftXkBtkd dhnK T[dkotkdh ns/ ;kwtkdh ntXkoDktK ft~u w{bG{s eh ftfGzBsktK gkJhnKiKdhnK jB< toDB eo'.

T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment)(1) ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe (2) b'eszsoK

(3) y[~bk (4) ;oeko

(5) ;ot'usk

3H6 ;zdoG g[;seK 3H6 ;zdoG g[;seK 3H6 ;zdoG g[;seK 3H6 ;zdoG g[;seK 3H6 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)





fJekJh^4L okiBhfse ;z;feqshfJekJh^4L okiBhfse ;z;feqshfJekJh^4L okiBhfse ;z;feqshfJekJh^4L okiBhfse ;z;feqshfJekJh^4L okiBhfse ;z;feqsh

B ØN


fJekJh–4L okiBhfse ;z;feqsh fJekJh–4L okiBhfse ;z;feqsh fJekJh–4L okiBhfse ;z;feqsh fJekJh–4L okiBhfse ;z;feqsh fJekJh–4L okiBhfse ;z;feqsh (Political Culture)



4H1 okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk noE ns/ fszB gZXoh w[bKeD (Meaning and Mapping thethree levels of Political Culture)

4H2 ;wekbhB okiBhse ;z;feqshnK dh gqftosh (Trends in Contemporary Political Culture)



4H5 nfGnk;–gqPB (Review Questions)




• okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ noE ns/ sq?–gZXoh w[bKeD B{z ;wMD ns/ ;wekbhB okiBhfse gqftoshnK dhftnkfynk eoB ftu.


okiBhfse ;z;feqsh (Political Culture) dh ;zebgBk dk nfXn?B okiBhfse ftek; d/ ftP/ d/ ;wki ftfrnkBhgfjb{nK dk gohyD eoBk j?. id s'A e[M nwoheh b/yeK, fit/A T[bw (Ulam), tho (Beer) nkwzv (Almond)B/ fJ; Ppd Bz{ b'efgqnsk gqdkB ehsh j?, fJj okiBhfse ftnt;EktK d/ nkekfoehJ/ nfXn?B (morphologicalstudy) d/ bJh fJe wjsZtg{oB e;"Nh pD frnk j?. fJ;B/ ;wki f;XKs Pk;sohnK Bz{ fJ; rZb dk nkrqjeoB d/ bJh gqGkfts ehsk j? fe fJe okiBhfse ftnt;Ek d{ih okiBhfse ftnt;Ek s'A Bk f;oc ;zouBkdh fdqPNh Bkb pbfe nkgDh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh fdqPNh s'A th fGzB j[zdh j? fi; ftu fJj ;fEs j[zdh j?.fJ;/ s~E d/ ekoB ;z;dh Pk;B gqDkbh fpqN/B tor/ d/P ftu n~Sh soQK Bkb ezw eo ;eh j?, go shih d[BhnKd/ eJh fgSV/ d/PK ftu fJ; Bz{ T[ABh ;cbsk BjhA fwb ;edh j?. ;' j[D fJj nfj;k; i'o cVdk ik fojk j?fe i' nfGftqshnK (attitudes), ;zt/dBKtK (sentiments) ns/ ;zfrnkB (cognitions) fe;/ ;wki ftuokiBhfse ftntjko Bz{ gqGkfts eo T[;dk ;zukbB eodh j?, T[j nke;fwe GhV jh BjhA pbfe T[j T[BQ ;zrsgqfswkBK dk gqshfBXhst eodh j? i' fJe d{i/ d/ T[g:[es j' ;ed/ jB ns/ fJe d{i/ Bz{ gqfspfbs eoB tkb/jBl fe;/ ;w[dkJ/ ftP/P ftu fJe ;whsh ns/ ftfPo{N okiBhfse ;z;feqsh j[zdh j? i' okiBhfse gqfeqnk B{z;koEsesk, g{ot nB[wkBsk ns/ nkeko gqdkB eodh j?l jo fJe ftnesh Bz{ nkgD/ fJfsjk;e ;zdoG ftunkgDh iBsk ns/ nkgD/ ;wki d/ pko/ ftu ikDekoh ns/ GktBktK d/ pko/ ftu frnkB gqkgs eo e/ T[;B{z nkgD/ftneshst dk nzr pDk b?Dk ukjhdk j?.”

4H14H14H14H14H1 okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk noE ns/ fszB–g~Xoh w[bKeD okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk noE ns/ fszB–g~Xoh w[bKeD okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk noE ns/ fszB–g~Xoh w[bKeD okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk noE ns/ fszB–g~Xoh w[bKeD okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk noE ns/ fszB–g~Xoh w[bKeD (Meaning andMapping the three Levels of Political Culture)

okiBhfse ;z;feqsh nkws"o s/ ;K;feqse ftnt;Ek dk Gkr j?, gozs{ fJj fJ; s'A e[M nkIkd th oydhj?. nkws"o s/ ;z;fesh dh soQK jh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh th okiBhfse ;wkiheoD d/ wkfXnw Bkb ;zgq/fys


B ØN


iK j;sKsfos jz[dh j?. fJ; soQK fJj f;fynk j'fJnk okiBhfse ftntjko j? i' ftneshnK iK ;w{jK ftu;kwkfie gfotosD iK ;z;feqse ;zxoP dh u[D"shnK iK Bth gfo;fEshnK d/ nB[e{b pDB dh gqfeqnk ftuT[sgzB iK fBofws j' ;edk j?. okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk noE eod/ j'J/ fbT[fPnB gkJh B/ nkgD/ fJefBpzXK ‘g'bhfNeb ebuo n?Av g'bhfNeb fvt/bw?AN’ i' fJ;d/ ns/ topk d[nkok ;zgkfds g[;se fi;dkBkw th ‘g'bhfNeb ebuo n?Av g'bhfNeb fvt/bw?AN’ j?, ftu fbfynk j? fe “okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dhntXkoDk d~;dh j? fe fe;/ ;wki dh gozgoKtK, T[;dh ;kotifBe ;z;EktK dh nkswk, T[;d/ BkrfoeKdh nkeKPktK ns/ T[BQK dk ;kw{fje ftt/e ns/ T[;d/ B/sktK d/ sohe/ ns/ ekoiPhb j'D d/ ;kXB s/ fBnwnkfd e/tb fJfsjk;e nB[Gt dh T{N–gNKr T[gi BjhA j?, pbfe fJj ;G fJe noEg{oB ftnt;Ek d/nzr jB ns/ ;zg{oB ;zpzXK dk fJe p'Xkrfwn ns/ ;gPN gqfswkB T[g;fEs eod/ jB. ftnesh d/ bJhokiBhfse ;z;feqsh gqGktPhb okiBhfse ftntjko dh fdPk ftu wkor–fBod/PD eodh j? ns/ ;wki d/bJh fJj T[BQK w[~bK ns/ ftt/eg{oB ftukoK dh ftnt;fEs o{g–ouBK gqdkB eodh j? i' fe ;z;EKtK ns/;zrmBK dh rshftXhnK ftu ;zrsh fpmkT[Ad/ jB.”

fbT{fPnB gkJh dk nfGws j? fe “fJe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh fJe okiBhfse ftnt;Ek d/ ;kw{fjefJfsjk; dh th T[gi j? ns/ T[BQK ftneshnK d/ ihtB–fJfsjk;K dh th T[gi j? fiBQK B/ jkb jh ftufJ; ftnt;Ek Bz{ pDkfJnk j?. fJ; gqeko, okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dhnK iVK ;kotifBe xNBktK ns/ftneshrs nB[GtK ftu ;wkB o{g Bkb fBfjs ofjzdh j?. okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh ntXkoDk Bkb okiBhshftfrnkB ftu ftntjkotkdh fdqPNhe'D d/ y/so ftu, ftnesh d/ okiBhfse ftntjko dh wB'ftfrnkfBeftnkfynktK T[s/ nkXkos ftnPNh–ftPb/PD (macro-analysis) d/ ftu d/ yZv/ Bz{ Gfonk frnk j?. fJ;gqeko, okihfse ;z;feqsh wB'ftfrnkBe ns/ ;wki Pk;soh nfXn?B fdqPNhe'DK ftu skbw/b eoe/ fJBQKdh seBheK ftu nkX[fBe gqrshnK Bz{ rshPhb okiBhfse ftPb/D d/ bJh gq:'r eoB dk wkfXnw gq;s[seodh j?.

T[go'es ftt/uB s'A ;gPN j? fe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh fJe nkX[fBe ntXkoDk j?. fJj okPNoh okiBhfsewB'ftfrnkB s/ b'eK d/ nkXkoG{s w[~bK Bkb ;zpzXs frnkB Bz{ fInkdk ftnt;fEs o{g ftu oyD dh e'fPPeodh j?. fJ; Bkb ;gPN j? fe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh ntXkoDk gqw[~y s"o s/ okiBhfse j?. B/sktK ns/BkrfoeK d/ okiBshfse nfGw[yheoDK Bkb ;zpzXs j'D d/ ekoD, okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ‘okiBhsh–P?bh’ ns/‘gqukbB–;zfjsk’ (operational code) nkfd ntXkoDktK Bkb, i' fe ftfPPN tor d/ ftntjko T[s/gqekP gkT[Adh j?, fInkdk T[g:[es ns/ fJBQK ntXkoDktK s'A fInkdk rfjok noE oydh j?. fJ;h soQKfJj ‘iBws’ ns/ okPNoh ufo~so torh ntXkoDktK dh s[bBK ftu fInkdk ;hws ns/ fB:'fis s/nB[Gkfte ftPb/PD :'r j?.

okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ nkw noE d/ pknd fJ;dh gfoGkPK eoBk nk;kB j' iKdk j?. fJ~E/ n;hA e[M gqw[~yftdtkBK d[nkok fd~shnK rJhnK gfoGkPktK d/ oj/ jK fi; Bkb fJ;dk noE ns/ gqfeqosh j'o th ;gPNj' ;e/. ‘okiBhsh ;z;feqsh’ Ppd dk, fi; noE ftu fJ; Bz{ n~ieb ;wfMnk iKdk j?, ;G s'A gfjbKnkowzv B/ jh nkgD/ fJe fBpzX ‘ezgo/fNt g'bhfNeb f;;Nw;’ ftu 1956 ftu ehsk ;h fJ; bJh n;hAnkwzv d[nkok fdZsh rJh gfoGkPk jh gfjbK d/ oj/ jK.

nkwzv ns/ gkt/b B/ fJ;dh gfoGkPk eod/ j'J/ fbfynk j?L ‘okiBhfse ;z;feqsh, okiBhfse ftnt;Ek d/w?ApoK dh okiBhsh d/ gqsh ftneshe nfGftqshnK s/ nfGw[yheoDK d/ gqfswkB j?.’ fJBQK B/ fJ; gfoGkPkBz{ ;gPN eod/ j'J/ fbfynk j? fe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ftneshfBPm y/so j? i' okiBhfse feqnk d/ w{bftu j[zdk j? ns/ fJ;dh noE gqdkB eodk j?.

okiBhfse ;z;feqsh fJe ;[fBPfus ns/ nkB[Gkfte gohyD :'r s~EK Bkb ;zpXntXkoDk j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j'


B ØN


f;vBh topk B/ okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ ftfGzB gfjb{nK Bz{ fXnkB ftu oyd/ j'J/ fJ;dh ftnkge gfoGkPkfdZsh j?. T[;d/ nB[;ko “okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ftu nkB[Gkfte ftPtk;K, nfGftnekswe gqsheK ns/ w[~bKdh T[j ftnt;Ek ;zBhfjs j? i' T[; gfo;fEsh ns/ dPk Bz{ gfoGkfPs eodh j? fi; ftu okiBhfse feqnk;zgzB j[zdh j?.” fJ; gqeko topk B/ okiBhfse ;z;feqsh Bz{ okiBhfse ftnt;Ek ns/ T[;d/ nt;tK ns/ftnt;Ek ftu Pesh d/ ftnesh ekoiK d/ gqsh ftfPPN okiBhfse nfGw[yheoDK ns/ nfGftqshnK dk;z:[es o{g fejk j?.

fbT{fPnB gkJh d/ nB[;ko “okiBhfse ;z;feqsh nfGftqshnK, ftPtk;K ns/ wB'GktK dk nfijk gz[i j? i'okiBhfse feqnk Bz{ noE ns/ ftnt;Ek gqdkB eodk j? ns/ okiBhfse ftnt;Ek Bz{ fBnzfsqs eoB tkbhnzsofBBfjs g{ot XkoBktK ns/ fBnwK Bz{ pDkT[Adk j?.”

T[go'es gfoGkPktK s'A ;gPN j? fe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ftnt;Ek ftu okiBhsh d/ gqsh ftnesnfGftqshnk ns/ nfGw[yheoDK dk gqshwkB j?, noEks okiBhfse ftnt;Ek ns/ okiBhfse w[~fdnk Bkb;zpzXs ;wkfie fdqPNhe'DK, ftPtk;K ns/ w[~bK Bkb okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk fBowkD j[zdk j?. eJh tko fJjj' ;edk j? fe fJj nfGftqshnK ;u/sB o{g s'A Xkfos Bk j'D ns/ okiBhfse ftnt;Ek ftu fe;/ ftneshiK r[N d/ ;zpzXK ftu fJj fBfjs j'D. fJ; soQK, fJ;dk pj[s jh ;"yk noE bJhJ/ sK okiBhfse ;z;feqsh,okiBhsh d/ gqsh b'eK dh XkoBktK jB, noEks fe~E/ se Bkrfoe fJj wfj;{; eod/ jB fe T[j fBoD/ekohgqfeqnk (Decision making process) ftu Gkr b? e/ T[;Bz{ gqGkfts eo ;ed/ jB, d/ Gkt Bkb ;zpXsnfGftqsh j?.

okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ noE ns/ gfoGkPk Bkb fJj ;gPN j'fJnk j? fe okihfse ;z;feqsh ftu e/tb T[BQK;whfynkswe, gozs{ ftnkge o{g Bkb gqufbs ftPtk;K ns/ wB'GktK Bz{ jh fbnk iKdk j? i' nfGw[yheoDd/ T[BQK ftfPPN gqfswkBK dk fBowkD eo ;e/ i' fe okiBhfse gqfeqnk Bz{ ftnt;ek ns/ ;o{g gqdkB eod/jB. ;koKP o{g ftu okiBhfse ;z;feqsh, okiBhfse y/so Bz{ T[;h gqeko ;ozuBk ns/ noE gqdkB eodhj? fi; gqeko ;z;feqsh (General culture) ;wkfie ihtB Bz{ w/b ns/ J/eheoD gqdkB eodh j?. ;'okiBhfse ;z;feqsh fJe fBPfus ns/ ;hfws ntXkoDk j? i' ;kwkfBn ;z;feqsh Bkb ;zpzfXs ns/ gqGkftsofjzd/ j'J/ th T[; Bkb e[M ;tkfJ~ssk oydh j?. ;zy/g ftu fJj okiBhsh d/ gqsh b'eK dh XkoBktK ns/nfGftqshnK dk Bkw j?.

okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh ftP/PsktK ns/ beP okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh ftP/PsktK ns/ beP okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh ftP/PsktK ns/ beP okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh ftP/PsktK ns/ beP okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh ftP/PsktK ns/ beP (The Characteristics or Featursof Political Culture)okiBhfse ;z;feqsh fJe okiBhfse ftnt;Ek s'A d{ih okiBhfse ftnt;Ek ftu wksqkswe nzso oy ;edhj?. ;kXkoD s"o s/ okiBhfse ;wki dh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d{i/ okiBhfse ;wki dh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh s'Awksok dh fdqPNh s'A fGzB jh j[zdh j?. fJj ;wki ftu ft~dwkB ftPtk; iK nftPtk; dh wksok, ;wkBsk iKgdkB[eqw T[s/ fds/ ikD tkb/ i'o, ;[szsosk iK pkfXnekfosk dh Pesh Bz{ ;fjD eoB Bz{ fds/ ikD tkb/ wj~stns/ ftneshnK d/ ;zg{oB okPNo iK S'N/–S'N/ ;w{jK nkfd d/ gqsh fBPmk dh wksok T[s/ fBoGo eoB d/ ekoD,jo okiBhfse ;wki ftu wksokswe nzsoK s'A :[es j[zdh j?. fezs{ ftfGzB okiBhfse ;wkiK dh okiBhfse;z;feqsh ftu fJ; gqeko d/ nzso BjhA j[zd/ jB. ukj/ fe;/ soQK dh jh okiBhfse ftnt;Ek j't/ T[;d/ okiBhfse;z;feqsh ftu ns/ d{ih, T[;s'A fGzB gqeko dh okiBhfse ftnt;Ek dh ;z;feqsh ftu, wksok d/ rfjo/ nzsoj' ;ed/ jB gozs{ T[BQK ftu gqeko d/ nzso BjhA j[zd/ jB. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, ;t/Skukoh Pk;B ftnt;Ek ftuokiBhfse ;z;feqsh, b'esKsfoe ftnt;EktK dh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh s'A ;otkfXe wksokswe nzso oydh j?.fJe jh okiBhfse ;wki ftu T[BQK d/ T[g–;z;feqsh th w"i{d j' ;edh j? i' fJe d{i/ Bkb skbw/b iK fto'XoyD dh ;fEsh ftu j' ;edh j?. fJ; ;G s'A fJj ;gPN j[zdk j? fe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ e[M bePD nfij/j[zd/ jB fiBQK Bkb okiBhfse ftnt;Ek dh ;z;feqsh ftu fGzBsk gkJh iKdh j?. gozs{ ntXkoDk dh fdqPNh s'Ajo d/P dh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ftu e[M ftP/PsktK nt~P d/yD B{z fwbDrhnK. fJBQK ftu'A fszB ftP/PsktK Bz{gqw[Zy wzfBnk iKdk j?. fJj ftP/PsktK (e) nkB[Gkfte nk;EktK iK ftPtk;K, (y) w[~b nfGo{uhnK, ns/ (r)gqGkth nB[feqnktK dh j?.


B ØN


okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk fszB–gZXoh w[bKeD okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk fszB–gZXoh w[bKeD okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk fszB–gZXoh w[bKeD okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk fszB–gZXoh w[bKeD okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk fszB–gZXoh w[bKeD (Three levels mapping ofPolitical Culture)nkwzv nXhB;E–;fjGkrhnK d/ nkXko T[s/ okiBhfse ;z;feqshnK ns/ Bkb jh ftfGzB okiBhfse;z;feqshnK d/ nkXko T[s/ okiBhfse ftnt;EktK dk torheoD gq;s[s eod/ jB. okiBhfse ;z;feqshnKd/ torheoD ftu p[fBnkdh e;"Nh nXhB;EK ns/ ;fjGkrhnK dh G{fwek T[s/ pb d/Dk j?. okiBhfseftnt;Ek d/ gaqsh nfGftfBn;s j? ns/ nkgD/ ihtB T[s/ fJBQK d/ nkrsK ns/ fBorsK d/ gqGkt tor/efbnkD ;zpzXh fjs bkG, ekBz{B nkfd s'A gfofus jB, gozs{ T[BQK Bz{ nkrs ;ozuBktK ftu Gkrhdko j'Dd/ bJh nfGw[y BjhA ehsk iKdk j? ns/ ;fjGkrh iK Gkrhdko (T[j ftnesh fiBQK B/ nkrs ;ozuBktK ns/gqfeqnktK d/ gqsh nfGftfBn;s ehsk iKdk j? ns/ fiBQK B/ fBoD/ ns/ wzrK dh nfGftnesh ftu brkfJnkiKdk j?, iK i' nkgD/ pko/ ftu fJj ;wMd/ jB fe T[j fJBQK ezwK ftu br/ j'J/ jB), j' ;ed/ jB. nkwzvn~r/ efjzd/ jB fe okiBhsh d/ gqsh nfGftfBnk; ftu ftnesh d/ okiBhfse nfGB/sk d/ o{g ftu T[;d/nkgD/ pko/ ftu ftuko Pkwb j?.

fJ; fdqPNhe'D Bkb nkwzv okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk fszB g~yh tzv gq;s[s eod/ jB fi;Bz{ ;zy/g ftu fJ;gqeko ftnes ehsk ik ;edk j?L

1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H ;zehoD okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ;zehoD okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ;zehoD okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ;zehoD okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ;zehoD okiBhfse ;z;feqsh (Parochial Political Culture) – – – – – fJj f;~X/–;kd/ gozgokrs ;zgiKftu ft~dwkB j[zdh j? fi~E/ pj[s jh x~N ftP/PheoD j[zdk j? ns/ fi~E/ nfGB/sktK dh okiBhfse, nkofEe

Bkrfoe ;z;feqsh okiBhfse ftnt;Ek

nfwPfos okiBhfse fwPfos okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ;z;feqsh

;zehoD– nXhB;E– ;fjGkih–okiBhfse okiBhfse okiBhfse;z;feqsh ;z;feqsh ;z;feqsh

;zehoD– nXhB;E– ;fjGkih–nXhB;E– ;fjGkih– ;fjGkih–okiBhfse okiBhfse okiBhfse;z;feqsh ;z;feqsh ;z;feqsh

n?Arb'–nwoheh wjkdthghJ/ T[fd:'re iK nKfPe ;ot^nfXekotkdhokiBhfse :[o'g okiBhfse o{g ftu T[fd:'re okiBhfseftnt;EktK ftnt;EktK okiBhfse ftnt;EktK ftnt;EktK

okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ns/ okiBhfse ftnt;Ek dk nkekoehJ/ fus~qDokiBhfse ;z;feqsh ns/ okiBhfse ftnt;Ek dk nkekoehJ/ fus~qDokiBhfse ;z;feqsh ns/ okiBhfse ftnt;Ek dk nkekoehJ/ fus~qDokiBhfse ;z;feqsh ns/ okiBhfse ftnt;Ek dk nkekoehJ/ fus~qDokiBhfse ;z;feqsh ns/ okiBhfse ftnt;Ek dk nkekoehJ/ fus~qD nkwzv dk ftPb/PD nkwzv dk ftPb/PD nkwzv dk ftPb/PD nkwzv dk ftPb/PD nkwzv dk ftPb/PD


B ØN


ns/ Xkofwe G{fwektK dk fJe ;kE fBotkj eoBk g?Adk j?. fJE/ n;hA fe;/ ephb/ d/ ;odko d/ o{g ftunftfGzB G{fwek ;ozuBk dk gqfswkB d/yd/ jK i' fJe ;kE gqPk;e, gkdoh iK g[o'fjs d/ ezwK d/ nbktknkofEe ekoiK Bz{ ;zgzB eodk j? gozs{ T[;d/ nXhB ofjD tkb/ b'e okiBhfse ftnt;Ek d/ pko/ ftue'Jh nfijh ikro[esk gqdofPs BjhA eod/ Gkt/A g{o/ ;w[dkJ/ d/ pko/ ftu T[BQK ftu ikro[esk j' ;edhj?. j' ;edk j? fe ftek; d/ ekoB e[M ftneshnK Bz{ e/Adoh okiBhfse gqkfXeoD dh j'Ad d/ pko/ ftuio{o gsk ub ikJ/ gozs{ ;cb ftnt;Ek d/ pko/ ftu T[BQK dhnK GktBktK dk w[bKeD ;gPN o{g ftuT[BQK d/ ;kjwD/ BjhA nkfJnk j?, fi; Bkb T[/BQK d/ bJh wkBeK dh ;EkgBk ehsh ik ;e/ ns/ fi; ftuftnt;Ek d/ Bkb T[BQK d/ ;zpzXK dk ftfB:wB ehsk ik ;e/.

2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H nXhB;E–okiBhfse ;z;feqsh nXhB;E–okiBhfse ;z;feqsh nXhB;E–okiBhfse ;z;feqsh nXhB;E–okiBhfse ;z;feqsh nXhB;E–okiBhfse ;z;feqsh (Subject–Political Culture)^fJj T[E/ ft~dwkB j[zdh j? fi~E/;zg{oB ftnt;Ek d/ gqsh ns/ ftfPPN o{g ftu fJ;d/ fBors gfjb{nK d/ pko/ ftu nfGftfB:k;dh pj[s T[Zuh nktosh j[zdh j?. fJj nXhB;E iK nkfPqs T[gfBt/PK ftu d/yh ik ;edh j? fi~E/b'e nkgDh okiBhfse ftnt;Ek d/ gqsh iK sK rot wfj;{; eod/ jB iK d[PwDh. noEks T[jnkgD/ Pk;eK d/ fBofDnK Bz{ Ufusg{oB wzB e/ ;theko eo b?Ad/ jB iK nkgD/ nksw–fBoD/ d/nfXeko d/ Bkw T[s/ T[BQK d/ fybkc ;zxoP eod/ jB. fJj d{ih r~b j? fe nkwzv b'eK Bz{ okiBhfseftnt;Ek dh nzX n;thfeqsh Bz{ Ufusg{oB ;wMD T[s/ e[M fInkdk jh pb fdzd/ jB ns/ T[j T[BQKdh d[PwDh ;pzXh Gkr dh ntj/bDk eo fdzd/ jB fiBQK d/ Bshi/ ti'A nfij/ nzd'bB j[zd/ jB i'fBoD/–fBowksktK d/ pDkJ/ ekBz{BK Bz{ ‘ekb/ ekBz{B’ efj e/ T[BQK d/ gqkfXeko dk yzvB eod/ jB ns/g{oB ;toki dh wzr eod/ jB.

3 H3 H3 H3 H3 H ;fjGkih–okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ;fjGkih–okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ;fjGkih–okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ;fjGkih–okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ;fjGkih–okiBhfse ;z;feqsh (Participant–Political Culture)L L L L L fJj T[BQK ftef;s ;wkiKftu j[zdh j? fiE/ b'e nkgD/ nkg Bz{ db d/ ekoiPhb w?Apo wzB e/ okiBhfse y/so ftu ekoiPhb YzrBkb Gkr b?Ad/ jB. T[j nfXekoK ns/ eosZtK d/ pko/ ftu uzrh soQK gfofus j[zd/ jB. “jo g~Xo T[s/ftnt;Ek dk w[bKeD ns/ T[;dh nkb'uBk ehsh iKdh j? ns/ nkw s"o s/ fJ;Bz{ ftt/eg{oB ;wM e/;theko ehsk iKdk j? fe okiBhfse feqnkebkg Bz{ ;wki d/ nzdo ftneshnK ns/ torK dh xfBPm;whfynk d/ nXhB j'Dk ukjhdk j?. pfjojkb, nkwzv fJ; rb B{z ;gPN eo d/Dk ukjz[d/ jB fe feT[AfeokiBhfse ;z;feqshnK okiBhfse fdqPNh s'A fInkdk ;ikshJ/ jz[zdh j?, fJ; bJh ftneshnK d/ pko/ ftufJj BjhA ;wMDk ukjhdk fe T[j okiBhfse ekoi d/ gqsh ;wkB Yzr Bkb nfGw[y jB.

fJ;d/ nbktk, nkwzv d' ns/ uoK dh soc ;ze/s eod/ jB fiBQK d/ pko/ ftu FfXnkB ofynk ikDk ukjhdkj?. fJe, nfwfPqs okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dhnK ;kohnK fe;wK d/ nbktk, nkwzv ftnt;fEs o{g ftu fwfPqsfe;w dh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh soc th fBod/P eod/ jB. fJE'A T[j T[BQK ;fEshnK dk fBo{gD eod/jB fiZE/ nfGftfBnk;K dk fJe s'A fInkdk gqshwkBK dk T[b/yBhJ/ nB[gkd T[gbpX j?. fJ; gqeko, T[jfszB fe;wK dk fBoXkoD eod/ jBL (1) ;zehoD–nXhB;E–;fjGkih okiBhfse ;z;feqsh (Parochial–subject–Political Culture), (2) gqXhB;E–;fjGkih–okiBhfse ;z;feqsh (Subject-Participant-PoliticalCulture), (3) ;zehoD–;fjGkih–okiBhfse ;z;feqsh (Parochial-Participant-Political Culture)ns/ Bkrfoe ;z;feqsh (Civil Culture). d{i/, okiBhfse ;z;feqshnK ns/ okiBhfse ;ozuBktK edh ;EkJh;w/A d/ Bkb ubdh ofjzdh j?. nkgD/ nkg Bz{ g{oB eoB d/ bJh ;ot ;wsk dh soc iK fJ;s'A d"o ;zubBdh gqftosh ngfojkfo: BjhA j?. ;zGt j? fe ;ot;wsk Bkb E'Vk gfjb/ ;z;feqsh d/ gqshwkB fe;/ ;EkBT[s/ ;fEo j' ikD, noEks nfij/ ;EkB T[s/ fi~E/ okiBhfse ftnt;Ek d/ pko/ ftu ftneshnK dh mheikDekoh j[zdh j? T[;Bz{ T[j podkPs th eoBk ukjz[d/ jB gozs{ T[; Bkb ;zpzXs j'D dh T[BQK ftu e'Jh fJZSkBjhA j[zdh, ns/ T[;d/ pko/ ftu T[BQK dh e'Jh ;ekokswe ns/ nB[e{b GktBk th BjhA j[zdh. fJ; Bkb ftebgd/ o{g ftu, fJe n?;/ ftek; gqshwkB dh ;EkgBk ehsh ik ;edh j? i' T[BQK ftu ;ot ;wsk fbnk BjhA;edk go, fJ; fdPk d/ pj[s jh B/V// gj[zuk fdzdk j?. ftek; d/ fJ; gqshwkB d/, ftP/P o{g ftu, n?;/;wkiK ftu gqrN j'D dh ;zGktBk j[zdh j? fiBQK ftu ftneshnK dk nkrs gqfeqnk d/ bJh ;ekokswe o{gftu nfGftfBnk; j[zdk j?, noEks nfijh ;fEshnK ftu, fi; ftu b'eK dh fJ~Sk nkgD/ nkg Bz{ nB[Gteok ;edh j?, iK fi~E/, xZN s'A x~N b'eK dh okJ/ okiBhfse fdqPNh s'A ekch gqGktPkbh j' iKdh j? id fto'XhB/sktK d[nkok fJ; soQK dk nkjtkB ehsk iKdk j?.


B ØN


4H24H24H24H24H2 ;wekbhB okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh gqftosh ;wekbhB okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh gqftosh ;wekbhB okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh gqftosh ;wekbhB okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh gqftosh ;wekbhB okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh gqftosh (Trends in contemporaryPolitical Culture)

nkwzv okiBhfse ftnt;EkttK dk gqko{gkswe fus~qD gq;s[s eod/ jB fi; Bz{ fJ; gqeko, ;zy/g ftu,tofDs ehsk ik ;edk j?L

J/Arb'–nwoheh ftnt;EktK– J/Arb'–nwoheh ftnt;EktK– J/Arb'–nwoheh ftnt;EktK– J/Arb'–nwoheh ftnt;EktK– J/Arb'–nwoheh ftnt;EktK– T[ABs g~Swh d/PK fit/A fpqN/B ns/ nwohek ftu w"i{d fJj gfjbh fe;wj? fi;d/ w[~y bePDK dk fJ; gqeko toDB ehsk ik ;edk j?L

(e) fJBQK ftnt;EktK dh ftP/Psk pj[w[~bXkoh okiBhfse ;z;feqshnK jB i' fJ; noE ftu ;ikshJ/ noEftu ;ikshJ/ ns/ ;ksstg{oB jB fe T[BQK Bz{ gqkgs eoB d/ pko/ ftu okiBhfse ;kfXnK ns/ ;kXBK d/pko/ ftu nkw ;fjwsh gkJh iKdh j?L

(y) okiBhsh fJe y/v dh soQK j? fi; ftu eJh fyvkoh Gkr b?Ad/ jB, Gkt/A T[j fJe d{i/ d/ fto'Xh j[zd/ jB,T[j nkgDh G{fwek ndk eod/ jB, gozs{ T[j nkgD/ nzsoK Bz{ fJzBk fInkdk BjhA tXk b?Ad/ fe fi; Bkby/v dk wkj"b bVkJh d/ w?dkB dk wkj"b pD ikJ/L

(r) okiBhsh pkiko dh soQK brdh j? fi; irkj T[s/ fBoD/–fBowksk t'N gqkgs eoB ns/ nkgD/ bJh b'eKdk ;woEB gqkgs eoB d/ bJh fBfBwnK d/ o{g ftu nkgDk wzst gq;s[s eod/ jB. fJ; gqeko, Pk;eKs/ Pkf;sK, fBotkueK ns/ fBotkfus ns/ B/sktK s/ T[BQK d/ nB[:kJhnK d/ ftu ;"d/pkih dh gqfeqnknkozG j' iKdk j?L

(x) ;wki dh pj[btkdh ;tfgn j[zdk j? fi; ftu eJh ewo/ ns/ fjspZX ;w{b fJ;bJh ezw eod/ jB fenkgD/–nkgD/ fjsK dh nB[feqnk ftu fBoD/–fBowkD gqfeqnk Bz{ gqGkfts eo ;eDl

(C) fJ~E/ ;~sk ns/ gqGkt dk ftoD j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh T[E/ fBnzsoD ns/ ;zs[bB dk g{oB ns/ ;[uko{ Yzr Bkbezw eoB tkbh ftnt;Ek gkJh iKdh j?. ftXh ;z;EktK T[s/ iB–;zuko ns/ ;kotifBe f;fynk d/wkfXnwK Bkb fBnzsoD ofynk iKdk j? fi; Bkb ;~sktkdh Pk;B dh ;zGktBktK x~N iK ysw eofdZshnK iKdhnK jB. ns/

(u) nzs ftu, fJ~E/ ftfGzB G{fwektK dk ;EkJhst j[zdk j?. nbr–nbr ;z;EktK nkgD/–nkgD/ nbr ezweodhnK jB T[j j'o ;z;Ek d/ ezw th eo ;edhnK jB fi;s/ Bshi/ ti'A gqPk;e fJe ;fEsh ftuftXkfJe ns/ d{ih ftu fBnK–fBoDkfJe pD iKd/ jBl ns/ B"eoPkj fJe fbjki Bkb ftXkfJe ns/ d{i/fbjki Bkb fBnK–fBoDkfJe j' iKd/ jB, ns/ fJ;/ soQK fJBQK dh G{fwektK ftu gfotosD j[zdk ofjzdkj?.

wjkdthgh/ :[o'gh okiBhfse ftnt;EktKL fwjkdthgh/ :[o'gh okiBhfse ftnt;EktKL fwjkdthgh/ :[o'gh okiBhfse ftnt;EktKL fwjkdthgh/ :[o'gh okiBhfse ftnt;EktKL fwjkdthgh/ :[o'gh okiBhfse ftnt;EktKL fJj d{ih fe;w j? i' caqK;, fJNbh, ;thvB, Bkot/ nkfd:[o'g d/ x~N ftef;s g~Swh b'esKsfoe d/PK ftu ezw eod/ jB. fJ;d/ w[~y bePDK dk T[b/y fJ; gqekoehsk ik ;edk j?L

(e) fi~E/ ;wki d/ ftfGzB tor ;K;feqse ftek; d/ ftfGzB gqshwkBK dh ;EkgBk eod/ jB, T[ZE/ okiBhfse;z;feqsh yzfvs j' iKdh j?, feT[Afe eJh tor j'o torK dh ng/ePk fInkdk ftef;s j[zd/ jB. fJ;/ekoB okiBhsh ;z;feqsh d/ Bkb eJh okiBhfse T[g;z;feqshnK dk fJe f;bf;bk pD iKdk j? i' :k s/ftfrnkBe ns/ gq'fd:'re Bt'Bw/PK Bkb gqGkfts j[zdk j? i' j[D se fJe nkfPqs d/P d/ b'e ;B. nfijh;z;feqsh dk fInkdkso nshs ;kwzstkdh :[r Bkb j[zdk j? ns/ T[j T[g:[es tor d/ d/PK d/ T[Zuso w[ZbKdk nB[;oD eoB dh e'fPP eodk j?l

(y) jo/e okiBhfse T[g;z;feqsh G{fwektK dh nbr T[gftnt;Ek dk ftek; eo b?Adh j? fi;d/ gfoDkw;o{gftfGzB ;z;feqshnK ;zg{oB ftnt;Ek dk e/Ado fpzd{ pD iKdh j?. ;' ftXh–;z;EkBrs YKu/ dk nfXn?BeoB d/ pknd fJj th io{oh j? fe fJ;dh nt;zouBk T[s/ fJe BIo gkJh ikt/l ns/

(r) okiBhfse ;"d/pkIh dh gqfeqnk tk;st ftu ft~dwkB BjhA j[zdh. fJ; Bkb nfijh ;fEsh g?dk j' iKdh j?fi; ftu okiBhsh fJe fybtkV pD iKdh j?. fJ;dk Bshik fJj j[zdk j? fe eJh T[g;z;feqshnK nkg;ftu :[~Xos j' iKdhnK jB ns/ fJe d{i/ dh ng/ePk nkgD/ Bz{ tfoPm ;wMdhnK jB s/ fJ; gqeoDnkgD/ wkBeK Bz{ j'o T[g ;z;feqshnK d/ wkBeK T[s/ nko'fgs eoB dh e'fPP eodhnK jB. fJ; gqeko,;"d/pkih dh pikJ/ fJ~E/ Pesh d/ bJh ftfGzB gqfs:'rh r[NK ftu :[~X j'D brdk j?.


B ØN


T[fd:'rheoB s'A g{ot dh iK nKfPe o{g ftu T[fd:'rhfeqs okiBhfse ftnt;EktK L T[fd:'rheoB s'A g{ot dh iK nKfPe o{g ftu T[fd:'rhfeqs okiBhfse ftnt;EktK L T[fd:'rheoB s'A g{ot dh iK nKfPe o{g ftu T[fd:'rhfeqs okiBhfse ftnt;EktK L T[fd:'rheoB s'A g{ot dh iK nKfPe o{g ftu T[fd:'rhfeqs okiBhfse ftnt;EktK L T[fd:'rheoB s'A g{ot dh iK nKfPe o{g ftu T[fd:'rhfeqs okiBhfse ftnt;EktK L fJ;tor ftu T[BQK d/PK dh pj[s t~vh ;zfynk nkT[Adh j? i' bzp/ no;/ se T[gfBt/Ph nkfXgfsn ftu ofjDd/ pknd j[D ;[szso o{g ftu ;kwQD/ nkJ/ jB. nfijh okiBhfse ftnt;Ek ftu Pk;e dh okiBhfse;z;feqsh Bz{ Pkf;sK dh okiBhfse ;z;feqs T[s/ nko'fgs eo fd~sk iKdk j?. fJ;dh w[~y ftP/PsktK fJ; gqekojBL

(e) ;tkwhnK dh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh Bz{ nXhB;E (gqik) dh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[s/ nko'fgs eo fdZskiKdk j?. fJ;d/ Bshi/ ti'A, Pkf;s b'eK dh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ;wkgs j' iKdh j? ns/ Pk;eK dhokiBhfse ;z;feqsh, fi; Bz{ jo jkbs ftu tfoPm ;fwMnk iKdk j?, Bz{ T[;d/ ;EkB T[s/ nko'fgs eofd~sk iKdk j?l

(y) B/skrD g[okD/ ns/ Bt/A d/ ftu skbw/b ;Ekfgs eoB dh e'fPP eo ;ed/ jB ns/ fJ; gqeko T[; ftunfijh ftP/PsktK dk ftek; eo ;ed/ jB fe fJ; ftnt;Ek Bz{ Ufus g{oBsK dk BtK ;'qs fwb ;e/.pfjojkb, fJ; r~b dh ;zGktBk j[zdh j? fe fjz;k GVe T[m/ ns/ nro uwsekoh B/sktK dk eZuk fuZmk y'bfd~sk ikt/ iK T[BQK d/ ;EkB T[s/ T[;/ gqeko d/ ns/ B/skrD nk ikD sK T[; s'A ;koh ftnt;Ek jh n;EkJhj' iKdh j?l ns/

(r) G{fwektK dh fJe jh ;zouBk d/ nzdo fJE/ d' iK fJ; s'A th fInkdk okiBhfse ;z;feqshnK ezw eo;edhnK jB. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, ftP/P gozgoktK dk ;BwkB ns/ g~Swh b'eszso d/ sohfenK dknB[;oD eod/ j'J/ fJe ftP/P gfotko ns/ ftP/P iksh ;~sko{V ofj ;edh j?l

;otkfXekoh okiBhfse ftnt;EktK L ;otkfXekoh okiBhfse ftnt;EktK L ;otkfXekoh okiBhfse ftnt;EktK L ;otkfXekoh okiBhfse ftnt;EktK L ;otkfXekoh okiBhfse ftnt;EktK L nzs ftu, nkwzv ;'thns ;zx ns/ uhB tor/ ;otkfXekohd/P dh ;fEsh T[s/ ftuko eod/ jB. fJBQK ftnt;EktK dh j/m fbyhnK ftP/PsktK j' ;edhnK jBL

(e) fJBQK dh Ufusg{oBsk dh ;thekosk Bz{ Bebh sohe/ Bkb fsnko ehsk iKdk j?. gqkfXeko d/ gqshftfPPN nzsoftfBnk; nB[o{gsk ns/ T[dk;hBsk dk fwPqD j[zdk j? fi; Bz{ e/Adoh fBnzsoE iK ;zuko;kXBK ns/ fjz;kswe nfGeoBK d[nkok g?dk ehsk iKdk j?l

(y) i'o Ipod;sh gqkfXeko d/ T[g:'r dk ;G s'A t~vk ;kXB j' iKdk j?. ;ko/ ;zrmBK d/ uko'A soc i'oIpod;sh dk wkj"b SkfJnk j[zdk j? fi; Bz{ fJe ;op PeshwkB oki fsnko eodk j?, ns/

(r) Pesh dk ;op e/AdoD jz[dk j? i' gqkfXeko d/ ftoD d/ f;XKs Bz{ Bekodk j?. ;~sko{V ftnesh B"eoPkjh,g[fb; ns/ ;?Bk d/ ;woED T[s/ fBoGo ofjzd/ jB.

okiBhsh ;z;feqsh ftu “Bk e/tb okiBhsh d/ gqsh nktoshnK, okiBhfse w[~b, ftukoXkoktK, okPNohufo~so ns/ ;K;feqse nkukosst Pkwb jB, pbfe T[; ftu okiBhsh dh P?bh, ftXhnK ns/ ;kotkB o{gth nkT[Ad/ jB.” fJ;/ ekoB okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh nbr–nbr fe;wK dh y'i ehsh ik ;edh j?. d/P d/ okiBhfse ihtB ftu ;?Bk dh G{fwek dh soc ftP/P fXnkB fdzd/ j'J/ g'qH ckJhBo B/ okiBhfse;z;feqsh d/ fszB uoK dk ;[Mkn fd~sk j?L

1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H gfoget okiBhfse ;z;feqsh Lgfoget okiBhfse ;z;feqsh Lgfoget okiBhfse ;z;feqsh Lgfoget okiBhfse ;z;feqsh Lgfoget okiBhfse ;z;feqsh L fi; o{g ftu fJj fpqN/B, nk;N/qbhnk ns/ Bhdob?Av; ftu T[gbpXj?, T[; s'A gsk ubdk j? fe okiBhfse ;ot;zwsh ns/ fJ;d/ ;zrmB dh wksqk pj[s T[Zuh j?l fJ; rZbdh io{os pj[s x~N j[zdh j? fe ;oeko ;P;sq ;?BktK d/ ;woED T[s/ fBoGo oj/l ns/ fJ; gfo;fEshBkb pj[s d/o se nfGn;s j'D d/ ekoB Bk e/tb iBsk B/ pbfe ;P;sq ;?BktK B/ th n;?fBe ;~sk dh;otT[Zusk d/ f;XKs ftu g{oB ftPtk; eoBk nkozG eo fd~sk j?.

2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H ftef;s okiBhfse ;z;feqsh L ftef;s okiBhfse ;z;feqsh L ftef;s okiBhfse ;z;feqsh L ftef;s okiBhfse ;z;feqsh L ftef;s okiBhfse ;z;feqsh L fJj nfij/ ;wki dh soc fBod/P eodh j? fi~E/ iBsk ;[;zrms j?,gozs{ ;w/A–;w/A T[s/ fJj iK s/ fJ;dh ;z;EktK ns/ gqfeqnktK dh Ufusg{oBsk T[s/ iK i' fJBQK d/ ekoBgdK T[s/ p?m/ ftnesh j[zd/ jB, ftukokswe fdqPNh s'A tzv iKd/ jB. n;hA d/yd/ jK fe ;?fBe dpktK d/ekoB n;?fbe ;oekoK Bzz{ iK s/ ysok pfDnk ofjzdk j? iK eJh tko T[BQK Bz{ B[e;kB th gj[zukfJnk ikdkj? ns/ iB;kXkoD B{z iK sK P;sqK dh skes Bkb ykw'P eo fd~sk iKdk j? iK T[j okiBhfse fdqPNh s'ApfjPfeqs ;wM/ ikD ftu ;[y ;wMd/ jB. fw;o, nbihohnk ns/ feT[pk tor/ d/PK Bz{ fJ; tor ftuofynk ik ;edk j?.

3H j/mbh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh L fj/mbh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh L fj/mbh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh L fj/mbh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh L fj/mbh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh L fJj T[BQK d/PK ftu gkJh iKdh j? fi~E/ dh iBsk ;zehoDwBk ns/nbgrfms j[zdh j? ns/ Pk;B s/ ;~sko{V ftneshnK d/ Ufus: T[s/ ftGes j[zdh j?. nfij/ d/PK ftu


B ØN


iBws fJzBk fInkdk ewI'o ns/ tzfvnk j'fJnk jz[dk j? fe iBsk gqkfXekotkdhnK d/ fBnwK d/ gqsh e'Jhfto'X gqdofPs BjhA eo ;edh. fJ; tor ftu d~yD ftnsBkw, ;hohnk, powk, ns/ fJzv'B/Phnktor/ d/P oy/ ik ;ed/ Jb.

okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk ;to{g ns/ T[g–;z;feqsh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk ;to{g ns/ T[g–;z;feqsh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk ;to{g ns/ T[g–;z;feqsh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk ;to{g ns/ T[g–;z;feqsh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk ;to{g ns/ T[g–;z;feqsh (The Nature of PoliticalCulture and Sub-Culture)nkw s"o s/ fJj XkoDk gqufbs j? fe ;fEo ns/ ftef;s ;wkiK ftu okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ;wo{g j[zdh j?.tk;st ftu fJj XkoDk GqKshg{oB j?. nfij/ d/PK ftu th ftfGzB r[N gkJ/ iKd/ jB. fiZE/ fJe r[N ns/j'o r[NK ftu G/d ;gPN T[Go nkT[Ad/ jB, T[ZE/ okiBhfse T[g/–;z;feqsh dk w"i{d j'Dk wzfBnk ik ;edkj?. T[g–;z;feqsh g[oBsk nbr nfGftqshnK, ftPtk;K ns/ w[~bK dk ;w{b BjhA j[zdh j? pbfe nfij/fdqPNhe'DK dk ;w{j j[zdh j? fiBQK d/ e[M s~s d{ih T[g–;z;feqshnK ftu w"i{d ofjzd/ jB. fJ; soQK Gkosftu d~yD d/ oki ftP/Peo sfwbBkv{ ftu sfwb b'eK dh fJj wkBsk j? fe T[BQK dh nkgDh nbr ;z;feqshj?. fJ; ;z;fqsh Bz{ T[g–;z;feqsh fejk ik ;edk j? ns/ fJe jh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ftu nfijh nB/e T[g–;z;feqshnK j' ;edhnK jB. nwohek ftu Bhrq' b'e th nfijh jh nkgDh nbr ;z;feqsh wzBd/ jB. fe;/d/P ftu nB/e T[g–;z;feqshnK dk j'Dk ftGkiBekoh gqftoshnK Bz{ g'qs;kfjs eo/ fJj io{oh BjhA j?.tk;st ftu fInkdkso okiBhfse ;z;feqshnK ftPw o{g ftu jh ofjzdhnK jB. fbT[fPnB gkJh B/ mhefejk j? fe fe;h th ;wki ftu fJe' fijh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh BjhA gkJh iKdh j?.

nfijk j' ;edk j? fe fe;h okiBhfse ;wki ftu e'Jh T[g–;z;feqsh Bk j't/. nkX[fBe ftPt ftunB/e pj[s S'N/–S'N/ oki jB, fiBQK ftu T[g–;z;feqshnK dh gfo;fEshnK jh BjhA j[zdhnK jB. fco thjo okiBhfse ftnt;Ek ftu, ukj/ T[j S'Nh j't/ iK tZvh Pk;eK dh ;z;feqsh ns/ iB;kXkoD dh ;z;feqshftu fJe nkXkoG{s gkfJnk iKdk j?. fIBQK b'eK d/ j~E ftu ;~sk BjhA j[zdh j?. fJ; nkXko T[s/ d' gqekodh T[g–;z;feqshnK – (e) nfGiBK dh T[g–;z;feqsh (Elite sub-culture) ns/ (y) iB–;kXkoD dh T[g–;z;feqsh (mass sub-culture) d/ Bkw s'A ikDhnK iKdhnK jB.

fInkdkso ftukeoD fJ; ftGkiB Bz{ fe;/ Bk fe;/ o{g ftu ;theko eod/ jB, gozs{ ;ko/ fJBQK d'tK;z;feqshnK T[s/ ;wkB o{g Bkb pb BjhA fdzd/ jB. ftef;s okiK ftu nro T[j b'esKsfoe ftu nzsoKd/ yZv/ fInkdk rfjo/ BjhA j[zd/ jB. gozs{ ftek;Phb okiK ftu fJBQK d'tK T[g–;z;feqshnK ftgohs fdPkftu iKdhnK d/yhnK ik ;edhnK jB. Gkos dk jh T[dkjoD bJhJ/ sK fJj ;gPN d/yD Bz{ fwb/rk fe T[ZE/nfGiB tor dh ;z;feqsh nkw iBsk dh ;z;feqash s'A pj[s fGzBsk oyD br rJh ;h. ;zftXkB dk 1976dk 42tK ;zP'XB fJBQK d'tK T[g–;z;feqshnK d/ ftu s/ih Bkb tXdh j'Jh doko Bz{ GoD dk isB fejk ik;edk j?. ftek;Phb okiK ftu nB/e okiBhfse ;wf;nktK e/tb fJ; ekoB jh T[sgzB j' ojhnK jB fenfGiB nkgDh ;z;feqsh d/ nbrgB Bz{ pDkJ/ oyDk ukj[zd/ jB, noEks ;~sk Bkb fuge/ ofjDk ukjz[d/ jB.

J/bB pkb B/ okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ ;to{g Bz{ ;gPN eod/ j'J/ fbfynk j? fe “eh ;wki d/ w?Apo okiBhfsegqfeqnk ftu ekoiPhb G{fwek fBGkT[Ad/ jB ns/ ;oekoh ;feqnsk s'A bkG gqkgs eoB dh nkPk oyd/ jBns/ eh e'Jh nfijk w{d s/ fBPfeqn ;zpzX j? fi; Bkb ftnesh ;oeko dh ;feqnsk d/ pko/ ftu pj[sE'Vk ikDd/ jB ns/ fBoD/ekoh gqfeqnk ftu Gkr b?D dh nkPk BjhA oyd/, fJ;d/ nB[;ko okiBhfse;z;feqshnK dk torheoD ehsk ik ;edk j?. nkwzv ns/ topk B/ okiBhfse ;z;feqshnK d/ nkgD/s[bBkswe nfXn?B ftu fJBQK Bz{ ;fjGkrh okiBhfse ;z;feqshnK (Participating Political Culture)ns/ nksw–;kg/y okiBhfse ;z;feqshnK (Subject Political Culutre) efj e/ gfoGkPs ehsk j?. t?;/fJBQK B/ okiBhfse ;z;feqsh Bz{ – (e) y/soh (y) nksw–;kg/y ns/ (r) ;fjGkrh efj e/ fJBQK d/ fszB P[~XgqekoK Bz{ th gfoGkPs ehsk j?. T[BQK ws j? fe fInkdkso ;wktK ftu fJj ftftX ;z;feqshnK fwfPqs o{gftu jh gkJhnK iKdhnK jB. fJBQK d/ nB[;ko fe;h okiBhfse ;wki ftu ftfPPN w[~bK ns/ nfGftqshnKT[s/ fezBk pb fd~sk iKdk j? fJ;d/ nkXko T[s/ ;zg{oB ;K;feqse gqsho{g d/ pko/ ikfDnk ik ;edk j?.

ftek;Phb okiK ftu finkdkso gozgokrs ns/ nkX[fBe ;z;feqshnK dk fwPqD gkfJnk iKdk j?. fezs{fJBQK d/PK dh okiBhfse ;z;feqshnK dk fJj bePD fJ;Bz{ fpqN/B dh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ nB[o{gBjhA pDk gkT[Adk. T[ZE/ ;z;feqsh ftu J/esk s/ skbw/b j? idfe ftek;Phb okiK ftu gozgokrs


B ØN


;z;feqsh dk ;zpzX iB;kXkoD Bkb j? ns/ nkX[fBe ;z;feqsh dk ;zpzX nfGiBh Pk;eK Bkb j?. fJBQKd/PK ftu fJBQK d'tK ftu ;zxoP, fdPk fto'X, ns/ n;zrsh d/ ekoD fJj okiBhfse ftnt;EktK Bz{s'VD dh Pesh pD rJh j?.

;z;feqshnK ftu pkeh d/ nzso ftP/P BjhA wzB/ rJ/ jB. fJBQK d/ j'o torheoD ftu e'Jh s~Ekswe nzsoBjhA jB. gozs{ fInkdkso d/PK ftu nfGiBK ns/ ;ot;kXkoD dh T[g–;z;feqshnK T[Zso'so nbr ns/ftfPPN byPDK Bkb :[es j[zdh ik ojh j?. fJ; ekoB, fJBQK d/ nbr–nbr nfXn?B d/ sohe/ th fGzBjB. nfGiBK dh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk ;w[fus nfXn?B eoB d/ bJh ;kBz{ ftukoXkotK dh ftnkfynkeoBh j't/rh, ekoi ;zukbB ;zfjsktK dh ftfPPNsktK Bz{ nKeDk j'J/rk ns/ T[Zu g~Xoh okiBhfse;z;feqshnK dk nfXn?B iBws Bz{ wkgD d/ nkX[fBe sohfenK ns/ ;ot/yD P'X dhnK T[ABs seBheK T[s/fBoGo eodk j?. fJBQK d'tK jh gqeko dh ;z;feqshnK dk, i' okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ GkrK d/ o{g ftu ;ko/;wkiK ftu d/yD Bz{ fwbdh j?, ekch wjZst j? fJBQK d'tK ftu'A i' T[g–;z;feqsh fInkdk pbPkbh j[zdh j?T[;/ T[Zs/ okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh gqfeosh fBoGo eodh j?. fiT[A–fiT[A iBsk ftu okiBhfse u/sBknkT[Adh iKdh j? fsT[–fsT[A iB T[g–;z;feqsh nfGiBh T[g–;z;feqsh d/ bSDK Bkb :[es j'D brdhj?, fit/A fe wkJhBo thBo B/ Gkos d/ ;zdoG ftu fbfynk j? fe “fJ~E/ okiBhfse gqfeqnk ftu pj[;zfyneiB–;w[dkJ/ dh ;z;feqsh dh nkX[fBe ftP/PsktK Bz{ T[j rqfjD eo bJ/rh ns/ fJ; gqeko T[j Gkos d/ftfPPN tor dh ;z;feqsh Gkos ftu ;z;feqsh dh ;z;feqsh Gkos ftu nbr pDh oj/rh, PkfJd fBeNGftZy ftu ftntjkfoe BjhA oj/rk. nro Gkos nkgD/ okiBhfse ;zouBkswe YKu/ Bz{ g~Swh irs dhw[Zb–ftnt;Ek T[s/ jh nkXkfos oyD d/ pikJ/ ;wkitkdh w[Zb–ftnt;Ek ngDk e/ okiBhfse ftek; d/wkor T[s/ n~r/ tXdk j? sK fJj d' gqeko dh T[g–;z;feqshnK fInkdk ;w/A se nbr–nbr BjhA ofjgkT[DrhnK. Gkos d/ ;zftXkB ftu ehsk frnk 42tK ;zP'XB fJ; gqftosh dk wjZstg{oB gq/oe pD ;e/rk nfijh ;zGktBktK jB.

okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh gqfeqsh ns/ T[g–;z;feqshnK d/ ftt/uB s'A fJj ;gPN j[zdk j? fe okiBhfse ;z;feqshftu eJh T[g–;z;feqshnK j' ;edhnK jB. fJBQK T[g–;z;feqshnK ftu ;wkBsk iK ftPwsk j' ;edh j?.gozs{, fJ; ;zdoG ftu e[M r~bK ftP/P o{g Bkb fXnkB d/D dhnK jB i' ;zy/g ftu fJ; gqeko jB – (e)okiBhfse fdqPNh s'A ftef;s ;wkiK ftu okiBhfse ;wo{gsk j't/ fJj io{oh BjhA j?. nkws"o s/ ;ko/;wkiK ftu okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ;wo{g BjhA j[zdh j?. (e) nwohek ftu Bhrq' ns/ j'o r'o/ b'eK dh T[g–;z;feqshnK fGzB–fGzB jB. (y) okiBhfse ;z;feqsh nkw s"o s/ nB/e T[g–;z;feqshnK dk fwPqD jh j[zdhj?. (r) okiBhfse ;z;feqshnK ftu T[g–;z;feqshnK dk fwPqD ;wkBsk s/ ftPwsk iK fto'X d'tK ftu'A fe;/th gqeko dk o{g oy ;edk j?. (x) T[g–;z;feqshnK ftu fto'X okiBhfse ftek; ftu ;jkfJe ns/ T[;dkgq/oe j[zdk j? ns/ (C) okiBhfse ;z;feqsh fJe okiBhfse ftnt;Ek s'A d{ih okiBhfse ftnt;Ek ftus~s dh fdqPNh s'A fGzBsk BjhA oydh j?. fJj nzso e/tb wksqkswe jh j[zd/ jB.

okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ nkXko okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ nkXko okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ nkXko okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ nkXko okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ nkXko (The Foundation of Political Culture)fe;h okiBhfse ftnt;Ek ftu okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh ftP/P gqfeosh fe; gqeko pDdh j?, fJ; T[s/fXnkB d/Dk io{oh j?. okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk fes/ ;wo{g d/yD Bz{ fwbdk j? s/ fes/ ftftX o{g tkbh j[zdhj?. fJ; Bkb fJj gqPB wjs~tg{oB pD iKdk j? fe okiBhfse ;z;feqshnK d/ nfij/ fejV/ nkXko jB fiBQKBkb T[BQK dh gqfeosh dk fBoXkoD j[zdk j?. ukj/ okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ftftX o{g tkbh iK ;wo{g gqfeoshBkb :[es j't/, T[j eJh go;go ;zpzXs ekoeK Bz{ iBw fdzdh j?. fJBQK ftu'A e[M gqw[Zy ekoeK iK nkXkoKdk fJ~E/ T[b/y eoBk gqK;fre j'J/rk.

;z;feqshnK Bz{ gozgokrssk ns/ nkX[fBesk d/ o{g ftu th d/fynk iKdk j?. fpqfNPokiBhfse ;z;feqsh, gozgok ns/ nkX[fBesk dk fwPqD j?.

B'N;


B ØN


(e) fJfsjk;e nkXko ((e) fJfsjk;e nkXko ((e) fJfsjk;e nkXko ((e) fJfsjk;e nkXko ((e) fJfsjk;e nkXko (Historical Foundations)–)–)–)–)–okiBhfse ftek; d/ ftt/uB ftu n;hA fJjuouk eo u[~e/ jK fe fe;h th okiBhfse ftnt;Ek d/ bJh nshs s'A g{oBsk Bksk s'V b?Dk ;zGt BjhAj?. ;'thns o{; ns/ uhB tor/ ;kfwntkdh oki nkgDh ;zg{oB oki Pesh d/ gq:'r d/ pkti{d nshs d/gqGktK s'A nkgD/ ;wkiK Bz{ T[Bw[es BjhA eo gkJ/ jB. ;' okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh gqfeosh Bz{ ftP/P ozrgqdkB eoB tkbk gqw[~y nkXko, ;zpzfXs okiBhfse ftnt;Ek dk fJfsjk; iK nshs fejk ik ;edk j?.fpqN/B ns/ cqK; d/ T[dkjoD b? e/ J/bB pkb B/ fJ; s~E B{z ;wMkT[D dh e'fPP ehsh j?. fpqN/B ftuokiBhfse fBozsosk, T[ZE/ g[okDhnK edoK–ehwsK B{z Bt/A fdqPNhe'DK ftu fwb ikD d/D dh ;fji gqfeqnkBkb jh pDh ojh j?. fJ;d/ nbktk fpqN/B fjz;kswe nKsfoe ebfj iK ftd/Ph Pesh d/ gqG[st s'A th w[esofjD d/ ekoB okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh fBozsosk pDkJ/ o~yD ftu ;cb fojk j?. “fJfsjk;e ftek; dhfdqPNh s'A cqK; fJ; s'A ;dk fGzB T[dkjoD gq;s[s eodk j?. 1789 dh eqKsh B/ T[;/ ;w/A w'i{d okiBhfse;zouBktK Bz{ fJe MNe/ Bkb g[~N ;[ZfNnk ns/ n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe T[ABhthA ns/ thjthA PskpdhnK d/okiBhfse ;zxoP ns/ gqshdtzdh nzd'bB fInkdkso ftu T[; eqKsheko T[Eb–g[Eb s'A fBofws nfGftqshnK,edoK–ehwsK ns/ ftPtk;K d[nkok fBPfsu ehs/ rJ/.” cqK; ftu fJ; gqeko d/ ftP/P fJfsjk; d/ ekoBnZi th okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ftu T[g–;z;feqshnK ;zxoPPhb o{g XkoD ehs/ j'J/ jB. T[ZE/ 1789 d/ pknd;'bQK tko ;zftXkB pDkJ/ rJ/, gozs{ ;K;feqse ;kfwn ni/ BjhA ;Ekfgs j' gkfJnk j?. fJ; fJfsjk;egqPmG{wh B/ cqK; ftu okiBhfse ;z;feqsh Bz{ nfijh ftbZyDsk gqdkB eo fd~sh fe ;oekoK dh j'Ad dhbk–fJbki phwkoh Bkb cqK; 1958 se rq;s fojk. e/tb 1946 s'A 1958 se d/ nzsokb ftu 245 tkowzsoh wzvb pdb/ ns/ gzit/ rDszso d/ 1958 d/ ;zftxkB ftu e[M ngozgokrs ftnt;EktK d/ T[gozsth okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ ;zxoP okiBhfse ftnt;Ek d/ wzu T[s/ id se gqrN j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB.

“ncqhek ns/ J/Phnk d/ eJh Bt/A okiK T[s/ :[o'ghJ/ UgfBt/fPe gqG[st dk gqGkt T[j wjs~tg{oB ekoej? i' ;kBz{ fJBQK okiK dh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ e[M gfjb{n d/ pko/ ftu frnkB gqdkB eodk j?. fJ;UgfBt/fPe gqGkt d/ ft;sko d/ ftP/ ftu fttkd j?, gozs{ T[dkjoD d/ bJh, fpqfNP ns/ cqK;h;h fBnzsoDs'A T[sgzB fGzB–fGzB gqGktK Bz{ gSkfDnk ik ;edk j?.” Gkos ns/ nbihohnk d/ nshs d/ ;zdoG ftud't/A d/PK ftu okiBhfse ;z;feqshnK dh fGzBsktK Bz{ ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?.

e/tb UgfBt/fPe nshs jh s'A nokiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk tfusqgB BjhA ;wfMnk ik ;edk. Gkos ns/;qhbzek d't/A jh fpqN/B d/ T[gfBt/P ;B, fezs{ Gkos ftu bzwk okPNoh nzd'bB ;zxoP d/ o{g ftu ubdk fojksd T[;Bz{ ;cbsk fwbhl idfe ;qhbzek ftu fJe fdB nukBe jh (4 cotoh 1948) b'e ;[szso eo fd~s/rJ/. fJ~E/ fe;/ gqeko dk okPNoh nzd'bB BjhA ubkfJnk frnk. fJ; ekoB, d't/A d/PK dh okiBhfse;z;feqshnK fGzB–fGzB gqeko dh pD rJhnK jB. fJ; Bkb Bshik fBebdk j? fe fe;h th d/P dh okiBhfse;z;feqsh dk wjZstg{oB nkXko T[;dk fJfsjk; j[zdk j?. ftek;Phb okiK ftu ;K;feqse ftftXktK fJ;/nkXko T[s/ ;wMh ik ;edh j?.

(y) G"r'fbe nkXko ((y) G"r'fbe nkXko ((y) G"r'fbe nkXko ((y) G"r'fbe nkXko ((y) G"r'fbe nkXko (Geographical Functions)–)–)–)–)–fJfsjk;e ftek; d/ nbktk okiBhfse ;z;feqshd/ fBowkD ftu ;jkfJe d{ik wj~stg{oB ekoe G[r'b j?. “fpqN/B dÍhg j? ns/ fJ; dÍhghJ/ nbrktB/ fpqN/B Bz{ ftd/Ph jwfbnK s'A ;[o~fyns ofynk ;h. ftek;Phb ;z:[es oki nwohek d/ n;hw ;hwKsd/ ftP/ ftu fejk iKdk j? fe T[;B/ ;ziksh fGzBskt d/ pkti{d ;[szso ;wsktkdh okiBhfse edoK–ehwsKdh ouBk ehsh, gozs{ T[;d/ e'b gqkfeosh ;z;kXBK dh pj[sks th ;h ns/ d[PwD gV";hnK s'A T[j ;[o~fyns;h. g~Swh iowBh d/ fBtk;hnK d/ pko/ ftu fejk iKdk j? fe T[j ;zxhJ/ rDszso dh w"i{dk okiBhfse;zouBktK B{z b? e/ ;theko eod/ jB, feT[Afe G"r'fbe fdqPNh s'A T[j o{; ns/ nwohek d[nkok fBod/fPsnzsookPNoh rmpzXBK d/ w~X ;fEs j?. T[j ikDd/ jB fe g~Swh iowBh dh okiBhsh ftu fe;/ th gqekodh n;fEosk dk Bshik nzsookPNoh sDkn ftu tkXk j'J/rk.

Gkosh T[g–wjkdÍhg dh G"r'fbe ;fEsh s'A okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ fBowkD ftu G"r'fbe ekoe d/ gqGkt Bz{fInkdk uzrh soQK ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. Gkos dh tzv d/ pknd gkfe;skB d/ d' GkrK B{z G"r'fbe d{oh fJBQKBz{ nbr oki pDk e/ ojh, feT[Afe fJBQK d'tK GkrK dh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh fJzBh fto'Xh pD rJh ;h fefe;/ gqeko dk th :sB fJ~E'A se fe Gkos dk vo ns/ Xkofwe J/esk–;{so th fJBQK dh okiBhfse


B ØN


;z;feqshnK Bz{ ;kfwn dh nt;Ek ftu BjhA fbnk ;fenk. B/gkb dh ftP/P G"r'fbe ;fEsh B/ nfijhokiBhfse ;z;feqsh pDk fdZsh fe Gkos ftu ;zgoeK ns/ Gkos ftu b'esKsfoe gqftoshnK dk e[M ;wKgqGkt jh fojk j? okiBhfse ftnt;Ek ;z;feqsh d/ dpktK d/ ekoB d[pkok o;s/ T[Zs/ ub fBebh. ;' fe;/d/P dh okiBhsh ;z;feqsh dk G[r'b th wjZstg{oB fBnkwe ekoe pD iKdk j?.

(r) ;kwkfie–nkofEe ;zouBk dk nkXko ((r) ;kwkfie–nkofEe ;zouBk dk nkXko ((r) ;kwkfie–nkofEe ;zouBk dk nkXko ((r) ;kwkfie–nkofEe ;zouBk dk nkXko ((r) ;kwkfie–nkofEe ;zouBk dk nkXko (The Foundation of Socioeconomic structures)–)–)–)–)–okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh gqfeosh ftu, i' fJfsjk;e ns/ G"r'fbe ekoDK s'A ftP/P gqeko dh pD iKdh j?,gfotosD fbnkT[D iK T[;Bz{ T[;/ o{g ftu pDk e/ o~yD d/ bJh ;wki ftP/P dh ;wkfie–nkofEe ;zouBkjh fInkdk fizw/tko j[zdh j?. w[~y o{g s'A Pfjoh ns/ T[fd:'re ;wki fInkdk ;'Pfb;N iK ifNb ;wkij[zdk j? fi~E/ s/I ;zuko ;kXBK Bz{ tkXk fwbdk j?. nfij/ ;wki ftu f;fyne g~Xo T[Zuso j[zd/ jB, r[NKns/ ;w{jK dh ;zfynk ftu tkXk j' iKdk j? ns/ fBoD/ekoh gqfeqnk ftu Gkr b?D tkfbnK dh ;zfynk fInkdkftnkge jz[dh j?. g/Av{ ;wki gfotosD ns/ nfGBtheoD d/ gqsh T[Bw[y BjhA j[zd/ ns/ fiBQK okiK dhiB;zfynk dk fInkdk fe;kB tor j[zdk j?, T[j fInkdk nB[dko j[zd/ jB, ns/ fJBK byPDK tkb/ ;wkiKdk b'eK dh okiBhfse nfGftqshnK ns/ edoK–ehwsk T[s/ rfjok gqGkt g?Adk j?. fe;/ gqd/P ftP/P d/ftgohs ;zg{oB okPNo d/ gqsh fBPmk T[fd:'fre ;wki dk byPD jB Gkt/A nfijk jw/Pk BjhA j[zdk j? fcoth fJj nkws"o s/ d/yD ftu nkT[Adk j?. fezs{ fiBQK ;wkiK ftu iB;zfynk dk fInkdkso fe;kBh eodkj?, T[ZE/ d/ b'eK dh nB[dko nfGftqshnK d/ Bkb ;oekoh rshftXhnK d/ gqsh wBw[Nkt ns/ T[;d/ y/so d/pko/ ftu nfrnkb i[V iKd/ jB. nfij/ ;wkiK ftu e/Adoh gqPk;B i' e[M eodk j? T[;/ dk wj~st j[zdkj? ns/ Pk;B dh BhshnK fet/A pdbh ns/ gqGkfts ehshnK iKdhnk jB, T[;d/ pko/ ftu x~N ikDekoh j[zdhj?.

okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ fBowkD ftu nkofEe ;zouBk s'A th fInkdk wjZst ;wkfie ;zouBk dk jz[dk j?.;wki ftu pj[bsk ns/ ftftXsk tkb/ torK dk j'Dk okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ftu nB/e T[g–;z;feqshnK ;Ekgseo fdzdk j?, fiBQK ftu ;wo{gsk iK ftPwsk d/ byPD ;zgoB okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[s/ fBoD/ekoh Yzr BKbgqGkt gkT[Ad/ jB. nro ;wki GkPk, Xow, ikshnsk, ;zikshns ns/ nshs d/ nbr–nbr nB[GtK d/ekoB nbrkt dh gqftosh oydk j? sK okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[s/ fJBQK byPDK d/ dpkt gJ/ fpBk BjhA oy;ed/ jB. 1947 s'A gfjbK Gkos d' gqeko dk Gkos ;h. fJe fpqfNP Gkos ns/ d{ik Gkosh Gkos (fi~E/okik wjkokiktK dk Pk;B ;h) ;h. ;[szsosk d/ pknd 1956 d/ okiK d/ w[V rmB d/ pkti{d ni/ e[M d/;h fonk;sK tkb/ gqd/PK ftu nfijh T[g–;z;feqshnK Bz{ ;wkgs eoBk ;zGt BjhA j'fJnk j?. fJ;d/ nbktkth Gkos ftu nB/e T[g–;z;feqshnK ns/ ftP/Peo d~yD d/ b'eK dh T[g–;z;feqsh fi; Bz{ T[j T[g–okPNohsk se efjzd/ jB, Gkos dh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ftu nB/e tko sDkn s/ ;zeN d/ gb fbnkT[Dftu ;cb ojh j?. ftek;Phb okiK ftu okiBhfse ftnt;EktK dh T[Eb–g[Eb, fJ;/ gqeko dh T[g–;z;feqshnK dh ft~dwkBsk s'A, fJe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ ftef;s Bk j' ;eD d/ ekoB j[zdh ofjzdh j?.

(x) ;wki dh ;kwkfBnk ;z;feqsh dk nkXko ((x) ;wki dh ;kwkfBnk ;z;feqsh dk nkXko ((x) ;wki dh ;kwkfBnk ;z;feqsh dk nkXko ((x) ;wki dh ;kwkfBnk ;z;feqsh dk nkXko ((x) ;wki dh ;kwkfBnk ;z;feqsh dk nkXko (The Foundations of General Culture ofSociety)–)–)–)–)–okiBhfse ;z;feqash dk g'PD nkw ;z;feqsh Bkb jh j[zdk j?. okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ;wki dh;z;feqsh Bkb ;zpzXs, T[; T[s/ nkfPqs ns/ edh–edh g{oBsk nkXkfos j' iKdh j?. fJ;dk fJj noE BjhAj? fe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk, ;z;feqsh s'A e'Jh nbrkt iK T[;dh ;tkfJ~ssk BjhA j[zdh j?. okiBhfse;z;feqsh d/ noE ftu n;hA t/y u[~e/ jK fe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ;wki dh ;z;feqsh dk Gkr j[zd/ jh th T[;s'A ;tkfJ~ssk oydh j?. ;' okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk w"fbe ns/ ;EkJh nkXko ;wki dh nkw gqfeosh jhejh ik ;edh j?.

fInkdkso ftek;Phb okiK ftu okiBhfse rVpV dk gqw[~y ekoB fJjh j? fe T[BQK ftu nkw ;z;feqsh d/ ftgohsnkX[fBe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[go/ s'A b~d fdZsh rJh i' ;wki d/ d[nkok g'PD gqkgs Bk eo gkT[D d/ ekoBgqGkth BjhA ofj ;eh j?. fJ; Bkb ftek;Phb okiK ftu okiBhfse ftntjko d/ ;[fBPfus gqshwkB ftef;sBjhA j' gkJ/ ns/ fJBQK d/PK ftu okiBhfse n;EkJhst ns/ eqKshnK dk p'bpkbk ofjD b~rk. ;z;feqsh ns/okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk n;hA tyo/ f;ob/y d/ nzsors ft;sko Bkb ftt/uB eoKr/. ;' fJ~E/ fJj efjDk ekchoj/rk fe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh T[sg~sh dk fJe ekoe d/P dh nkw ;z;feqsh th j[zdk j?.


B ØN


(u) ftukoXkoktK dk nkXko ((u) ftukoXkoktK dk nkXko ((u) ftukoXkoktK dk nkXko ((u) ftukoXkoktK dk nkXko ((u) ftukoXkoktK dk nkXko (The ideological foundation)–)–)–)–)–toswkB Pskpdh ftukoXkoktK dhPskpdh j?. 1848 s'A gfjbK ftfGzB ftukoXkoktK sK ;h go T[BQK ftu gko;gfoe fto'X dh ;fEsh BjhA;h. fezs{ ;kfwntkdh x'PDk–g~so d/ 1848 ftu gqekPB ns/ 1917 ftu ;'thns o{; ftu ;kfwntkd dh;EkgBk, fJNbh ns/ iowBh ftu d' ftPt :[~XK d/ ftu d/ nzsokb ftu ckf;Iw ns/ BkfiIw dk gqG[st,nB/e fto'Xh ftukoXkoktK Bz{ Neokn dh ;fEsh ftu fbnk fd~sk j?. r[N fBog/y okiK dk ;wkitkdh Bkokns/ g{zihtkd ns/ ;kfwntkd dk ftPt wzu T[s/ jo irkj Neokn, wkUtkd dk uhB ftu gquko (wkUs;/s[zr dh 1976 ftu w's d/ pknd th fJ; ftu e'Jh gfotosD nkT[Adk j? iK BjhA fJj ni/ efj ;eDkw[Pfeb j?) okiBhfse ;z;feqshnK d/ f;oiB dh BthA Pesh pD frnk j?. nZi nB/e d/PK ftu ;?fBepb d/ gq:'r Bkb g{o/ ;wkiK ftu ipod;sh BthA okiBhfse ;z;feqshnK nko'fgs ehsh ik ojhnK jB i'nro fJe ghVh se pDh ofj ;ehnK sK ;EkfJst gqkgs eo b?DrhnK. ;' ftukoXkok, okiBhfse ;z;feqshdk nkX[fBe ekoe pD rJh j?. ftek;Phb okiK ftu j[D ftukoXkoktK d/ ;EkB T[s/ ftukoXkoktK d/ nB[e{bokiBhfse ;z;feqshnK dk gqfsnko'gD ehsk ikD b~rk j?. fJ; soQK, ftukoXkok th okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dknkXko pD rJh j?.

okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh T[sgsh d/ ekoe iK nkXko fJe BjhA nB/e jB. fiBQK ekoeK dk n;hA T[Zs/T[b/y ehsk j? T[j jh fJ;d/ nkXko j'D nfijk fBPeoP BjhA e~YDk j?. nkX[fe ;w/A d/ ifNb ;wkiK ftuftnesh d/ okiBhfse ftPtk; fJzB/ ;q'sK s'A gqGkts ns/ fBofws j[zd/ jB fe ;G dh ;{uh pDk ;eDk ;zGtjh BjhA fdykJh fdzdk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh Xow nZi th okiBhfse feqnk d/ pko/ ftu b'eK d/ ftPtk;KBz{ pDkT[D ftu nkXkoG{s jB Gkos d/ rDszso pDD d/ pknd d/ gzi okPNogshnK ftu'A d' dk w[;bwkBj'Dk wkso Gkosh w[;bwkBK dh okiBhfse nt;EktK ftu gfotosD dk ekoe wzfBnk ik ;edk j?. ;'okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ nB/e nkXko s/ ekoe jB fiBQK ftu'A T[go'es Bz{ n;hA gqw[~y wzB e/ fJ; ftt/uBftu Pkwb ehsk j?.

okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ns/ ;z;feqsh (okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ns/ ;z;feqsh (okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ns/ ;z;feqsh (okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ns/ ;z;feqsh (okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ns/ ;z;feqsh (Political Culture and Culture) –) –) –) –) –

topk B/ fbfynk j? fe ‘okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ns/ ;wki dh ng/ePkfeqs fInkdk nkw ;K;feqse ftnt;Ekd/ ftu nzso ftPb/PDswe j?. okiBhfse ;z;feqsh nkw ;z;feqsh dk fJe nfGzB gfjb{ j?.” okiBhfse;z;feqsh ftu ftnesh d/ okiBhfse ftPtk;K Bz{ gqw[Zysk gqkgs ofjzdh j?. idfe nkw ;z;feqsh ftu wkBtd/ ;ko/ ftPtk;K Bz{ Pkwb ehsk iKdk j?. n;hA T[Zs/ fJ; rZb dk toDB eo u[~e/ jK fe fe;/ ;wki dh nkw;z;feqsh d/ d[nkok okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk fBoXkoD ns/ g'PD jz[dk j?. ;z;feqsh d/ nkXkoG{s ftPtk; ns/w[~b nkdoP jh nkw s"o s/ okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ fBowkD ftu w[~y G{fwek ndk eod/ jB. jo ftneshdh okiBhsh d/ pko/ ftu nk;EktK, wkBsktK, ns/ ftPtk; T[;d/ j'o ftPtk;K, nk;EktK ns/ wkBsktKd[nkok jh fBoXkos j[zd/ jB. ftnesh d/ nfij/ nkw ftPtk;K Bz{ jh ;wki dh nkw ;z;feqsh fejk iKdkj?.

okiBhfse ;z;EktK s/ gqfeqnktK d/ pko/ ftu ftnesh, okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh gqfeqnk ftu nkgD/ftPtk; pDkT[Adk j?. fJj ;wkiheoB pj[s e[M ;wki dh ;K;feqse ftnt;Ek d/ d[nkok gq/fos iK ;hfwsj[zdk j?. fJ;d/ j'o th nfGeoD jB, fezs{ T[BQK ftu'A gqw[Zy dk ;zpzX ;wki dh nkw ;z;feqsh Bkb jh j?.;' okiBhfse nk;EktK, nkw ;z;feqsh ftu wkBsk gqkgs edoK–ehwsK ns/ nk;EktK d/ d[nkok jh gq/fosns/ fBofws j[zdh j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, nkgD/ nkw ihtB ftu fJe ftnesh dh gqftosh d{finK T[s/nkfXgfsn iwkT[D dh j? sK T[;dk okiBhfse ihtB th fJ;h soK dh gqftosh Bkb ;feqJ/ j'J/rk. fJ;Bkb T[;dh okiBhfse nk;EktK th fJ;d/ nB[o{g j' ikDrhnK. ;' nkw ;z;feqsh dhnK edoK–ehwsK ns/ftPtk;K s'A okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ngqGkfts BjhA ofj ;edh. wkBt gqfeosh d/ ;zpzX ftu ftnesh d/fdqPNhe'D dk okiBhfse nfGB/sktK d/ gqsh T[;d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A fBeN dk ;zpzX j[zdk j?.

nkw ;z;feqsh ns/ okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ fJ; toDB s'A fJj BjhA ;wMDk j? fe nkw ;z;feqsh jh okiBhfse;z;feqsh Bz{ nkXko, g'PD ns/ o{g gqdkB eodh j?. t?;/ fJBQK d'tK ftu ;zpzX jh BjhA gko;gfoesk thofjzdh j?. eJh ;wkiK ftu okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk ;wki dh nkw ;z;feqsh T[s/ th fBoD/ekoh gqGktd/fynk frnk j?. nB/e ;t/Skukoh ns/ ;otkfXekoh Pk;B ftnt;EktK ftu ;[szso o{g Bkb okiBhfse


B ØN


;z;feqsh dk f;oiB eoe/ T[; Bz{ ;wkiK T[s/ gqsho'fgs eo fdZsk frnk j? fi; Bkb Bk e/tb fJj BthBokiBhfse ;z;feqsh, ftnesh dh w[~b ftnt;Ek pD rJh, s/ fJ; Bkb ;zg{oB ;wki ftu w[~b ftnt;EktKBz{ pdbD ftu gq/oDk bJh rJh, fi; Bkb nkw ;z;feqsh dk fJ; BthA okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ nB[o{go{gKsoD j' frnk. ;'thns o{; ftu fJjh ehsk frnk j?. ;' fJj BjhA ;wMDk j? fe okiBhfse ;z;feqshnkw ;z;feqsh dh fJe nfijh T[g–;z;feqsh j? i' T[;d/ T[go jh nkfPqs ofjzdh j?. fJj sK b'esKsfoeftnt;EktK ftu th BjhA j[zdk j?. nkw ;z;feqsh nro gozgoktkdh gqfeosh oydh j? sd'A fJ;h okiBhfsePesh d/ gq:'r Bkb pbg{ope nkX[fBe pDkT[D dh e'fPP ehsh ik ;edh j?. fJ; gqeko d/ isBK BkbokiBhfse ns/ ;wkfie d't/A jh gqeko dh ;z;feqshnK ftu gfotosD fbnkT[D dh e'fPP ehsh ik ;edhj?. fjNbo, w[;kfbBh, ;NkfbB ns/ wkUs;/ s[zr B/ nfij/ jh isB ehs/ fi; ftu T[j T[; ekbktXh ftunt~P ;cb th oj/ ;B. e/;Nq', feT{pk ftu PkfJd fJjh isB eo fojk j?.

Bshi/ ftu n;hA fJjh efj ;ed/ jK fe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh nkw ;z;feqsh dk nfGzB Gkr j[zd/ j'J/ th T[;s'A pj[s ;tkfJ~ssk oydh j?. fJBQK d'tK ftu r{Vk ;zpzX j? ns/ d't/A fJe d{i/ Bz{ x~N ik fInkdk wksqk ftugqGkfts eodh ofjzdh j?. nkw ;z;feqsh ftnkge ntXkoDk j?, idfe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh pj[s ;hfwsntXkoDk j?. gfjbh ftu ftnesh dh ;zg{ob w[~b ftnt;Ek, nk;EktK, ns/ ftPtk; Pkwb j[zd/ jB.idfe, d{ih ftu, ftnesh d/ e/tb okiBhfse feqnk Bkb iK okiBhfse t;s{nK Bkb ;zpzfXs w~[b,nk;EktK ns/ ftPtk; nkT[Ad/ jB. fi; gqeko okiBhfse ftnt;E, ;wkfie ftnt;Ek dh fJe ftP/PT[g–ftnt;Ek j? mhe T[;/ gqeko, okiBhfse ;z;feqsh th nkw ;z;feqsh dh T[g–;z;feqsh j?. fJBQQK d'tKftu gko;gfoesk j?, fezs{ fJ; gko;gfoesk dk e'Jh fBPfus gqshwkB BjhA j[zdk j?. fJj gko;gfoesknB/e r~bK T[Zs/ fBoGo eodh j?. okiBhfse ftnt;Ek dh gqfeqosh d/ nbktk ;wkfie ns/ nkofEeftnt;EktK d/ d[nkok th fJ;dk fBPu/ j[zdk j?.

okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk ftek; okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk ftek; okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk ftek; okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk ftek; okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk ftek; (Development of Political Culture)okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh ntXkoDk s'A fJj noE BjhA b?Dk j/ fe fJj ;E?fse ns/ ;fEo j?. fJ; ftu pokpogfotosB j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB. okiBhfse ftek;, okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ gfotosK dk jh gfoDkw j' ;edk j?.J/bB pkb B/ okiBhfse ;z;feaqsh d/ ftek; d/ ;zpzX ftu mhe jh fbfynk j? fe “okiBhfse ;z;feqshngfotosBhJ/ BjhA j[zdh, fezs{ T[j okiBhfse ftnt;Ek d/ nzdo jh iBw b?D tkb/ ns/ pkjo s'A b~d/ rJ/(nfXo'fgs) iK nk:kfss ftukoK d/ gqsh ikro[e j[zdh j?.” okiBhfse ;z;feqsh, okiBhfse ftnt;EktKftu nkT[D tkb/ MzMktksK ftu vktKv'b j[zdh ;z;EktK Bz{ Pesh gqdkB eoe/ okiBhfse ;EkfJst Bz{ pDke/ oZyD ftu ;jkfJe j[zdh j?. fJ; gqeko okiBhfse ;z;feqsh okiBhfse ftnt;EktK d/ g?o T[yVD s'Apuk dh ftnt;Ek eodh j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, “ikgkB dh 1945 ftu j'Jh jko, 1952 se ftd/PhnK dkepik ns/ 1946 ftu nwohehnK d[nkok T[dkotkdh gqikszsoh ;zftXkB d/ nfXo'gD B/ T[; T[s/ ipod;sn;o gk e/ T[;Bz{ j'o th pdbD d/ bJh wip{o ehsk. Bshik fJj j'fJnk fe nZi fJE/ gozgokrs ihtBw[~b ns nkX[fBeheoD eoB tkb/ g~Swh bSD fJem/ jh w"i{d jB. fJj g{oh soQK okiBhfse ;fEsoskdk ;q's gqdkB ehsk j?.” fJ; Bkb ;gPN j? fe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh, okiBhfse ftnt;Ek ftu nkT[Dtkb/ pdbktK Bz{ ;zGt pDkT[Ad/ j'J/ th ftnt;Ek Bz{ pDk e/ oyD dk wkfXnw gq;s[s eodh j?. okiBhfse;z;feqsh dk ;zpzX wB[~yK dh ;zg{oB okiBhfse nk;EktK Bkb j[zdk j? ns/ T[;d/ d[nkok jh ;wkiK ftu nkT[Dtkb/ s[ckBK Bkb w[ekpbk eoBk ;zGt j[zdk j?.

fJj okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh Pesh ns/ T[;dh frnkswesk dk gZy fejk ik ;edk j?. okiBhfse ;z;feqsh;wkiK B{z pzBQD ns/ ftek; wkor T[s/ tXkT[D tkbh Pesh d/ o{g ftu jh ezw eodh j? nfijk jw/Pk jhBjhA j[zdk j?. fJj edh–edh ftek; Bz{ nto'fXs th eodh j?. nkw s"o s/ fJ; ftu gfotosD, nB[e{bB

okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ns/ ;z;feqsh ftu eh nzso j?<Nk;e


B ØN


ns/ ;w/A dh wzrK d/ nB[;ko ftek; th j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB. fJj d/P d/ nzdo ns/ d/P d/ pkjo j'D tkb/ ;ko/gfotosDK d/ gqsh ;u/s ns/ ikro{e j[zdh j?. fJBQK ftu nBktPe iVsk BjhA j[zdh. fJ; ftu buhbkgBns/ T[g:'rh gfotosDK d/ nB[;ko YbB ns/ pdbD dh :'rsk j[zdh j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, 1947 s'A gfjbKGkos ftu d/;h fonk;sK ns/ fpqfNP Gkos ftu nB/eK gqeko dh ftfusq okiBhfse ;z;feqshnK ssekbhBokiBhfse fJekJhnK d/ fJod–frod gkJh iKdh ;h, fezs{ ;[szsosk d/ pknd fJBKQ ;G ftu gfotosDjh BjhA nkfJnk, go skbw/b ;Ekfgs j' e/ fJe okPNoh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh ouBk j'D brh j?. fJ;Bkb ;gPN j? fe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ftu gfotosD dh :'rsktK ft~dwkB ofjzdh j?.

d/P ftu j'D tkb/ T[fd:'rheoD, edoK–ehwsK ns/ nfGftqshnK d/ gfotosD ftu wjZstg{oB ekoe j[zd/jB. ngqtk;hnK dk Gkoh ;zfynk ftu nkrwB, :[ZX ns/ ftP/P o{g ftu tZv/ :[~X ftu jko nkfd ;ko/ekoe okiBhfse edoK–ehwsK ns/ ftPtk; ftu gfotosD fbnk fdzd/ jB ns/ fJBQK gfotosDk d/ ekoBokiBhfse ftnt;Ek T[s/ dpkn g?D brd/ jB. w"i{dK w[~b–;zouBk ftu BthnK edoK–ehwsK d/ fwb ikDdh ;kg/y ;cbsk ns/ n;cbsk T[s/ okiBhfse ftnt;Ek dh ;fEosk nkXkfos j[zdh j? ns/ fJj pj[s e[MokiBhfse ;z;feqsh ftu gfotosD iK fInkdk eqKshekoh edoK–ehwsK Bz{ nksw;ks eoB dh :'rsk T[s/fBoGo eodk j?.

okiBhfse ;z;feqsh Bz{ fJe ghVh s'A d{ih ghVh se gqGkt'sgkde Yzr Bkb gj[zukT[D d/ wkfXnwK ftu;otkfXe wj~stg{oB okiBhfse ;wkiheoB j?. fJ; Bkb okiBhfse ;z;feqsh Bk e/tb fJe ghVh s'A d{ihghVh Bz{ j;sKsfos j[zd j?, ;r'A ;z;feqsh ftu ;ihtsk pDh ofjzdh j?. nkwzv ns/ topk B/ okiBhfse;wkiheoB dh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh Bz{ pdbD ns/ pDk e/ o~yD ftu G{fwek dk T[b/y eod/ j'J/ mhe jhfbfynk j? fe “okiBhfse ;wkiheoD fJj gqfeqnk j? fi;d/ d[nkok okiBhfse ;z;feqshnK Bz{ pDkJ/ o~yDkiK gfotofss ehsk iKdk j?.” fJ; gqeko “okiBhfse ftnt;Ek d/ ;zpzX ftu e[M XkoDktK dk j'Dk ns/T[BQK dk ftek; ns/ ftnt;Ek Bkb ;zpzfXs ftPtk; jh okiBhfse ;wkiheoB j?.” i' ;jh noEK ftuokiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ fBowkD dh gq/oe Pesh fejk ik ;edk j?. ;' okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ ftek; ftuokiBhsh ;wkiheoD dh wjs~tg{oB G{fwek ofjzdh j?. fJj gqfeqnk okPNo d/ gqsh fBPmk ns/ ftfPPNedoK–ehwsK Bz{ gBgkT[D ftu ;jkfJsk fdzdh j? ns/ fJj okiBhfse ftnt;Ek d/ bJh ;woEB iK T[;d/d[okt ftu tkXk eo ;edh j?. ;w{jK ns/ ftneshnK d/ fe; nzP dk okiBhfse ihtB ftu Gkr b?D dhnkPk ehsh iKdh j?, fJ; gqfeqnk dk wj~stg{oB gqGkt g?Adk j?. okiBhfse ;wkiheoB e/tb T[BQK pugBd/ ;kbK se jh ;hfws BjhA j?, id pkbe T[Zs/ S/sh gqGkt g?Ad/ jB ns/ T[;d/ f;~yD dk ;wK j[zdk j?. ;jhnoEK ftu sK fJj gqfeqnk ihtB Go ubdh ofjzdh j?. fezs{ pugB d/ ;w/A s'A B"itkBh se fJ;dk gqGktrfjok ofjzdk j? ns/ pknd ftu fJ; ftu fPfEbsk nk iKdh j?. okiBhfse ;wkiheoD d/ d[nkokokiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk ftek; j[zdk j? ns/ fJ; ftu eJh nfGeoD nbr–nbr ;w/A ftu nkgDh G{fwekfBGkT[Ad/ jB. gfotko, f;fynB ;z;EktK, ;t?w ;/te ;w{j, iB ;zgoe wkfXnw, ;oeko ns/ okiBhfseftnt;Ek s'A j'D tkb/ ;zgoe nkfd d/ d[nkok ftnesh dk okiBhfse ;wkiheoD j[zdk j? i' okiBhfse;z;feqsh d/ ftek; ftu ;jkfJe j[zdk j?.

okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[gkrw dh s[bBkswe okiBhsh ftu T[g:'frsk okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[gkrw dh s[bBkswe okiBhsh ftu T[g:'frsk okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[gkrw dh s[bBkswe okiBhsh ftu T[g:'frsk okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[gkrw dh s[bBkswe okiBhsh ftu T[g:'frsk okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[gkrw dh s[bBkswe okiBhsh ftu T[g:'frsk (TheUtility of Political Culture Approach in Comparative Politics)s[bBkswe okiBhsh ftu okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh ntXkoDk dh nkw T[g:'frsk Bz{ ;gPN eod/ j'J/ f;vBhtopk B/ fbfynk j? fe “nkX[fBe Pskpdh ftu okiBhfse irs ns/ okiBhfse nfXn?B y/so d'tK jhftu fszB gfotosD j'J/ jB. Bt/A okPNoK dk T[d/ j'fJnk j?, g[okfDnK ftu gfotosD j'J/ jB ns/ T[BQKftu nfijhnK ;wZf;nktK T[m yVhnK j'JhnK jB i' okiBhsh Pk;so d/ ftdtkBK ns/ toswkB ;z;EktKdh :'rsktK Bz{ fJe u[D"sh j?.” nfijh u[D'sh dk ;kwQDk eoB dh :'rsktK dk frnkB okiBhfse ;z;feqshdh ntXkoDk d/ nkXko T[s/ jh ehsk ik ;edk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, Bt/A okPNoK d/ T[d/ B/ fJj gqPB gqw[ZypDk fdZs/ jB fe fJe ;EkJh okiBhfse ftnt;Ek dk fBowkD fe; soQK ehsk ikJ/ sK fe T[j nkgD/ nzdoT[mD tkbhnK wzrK dk ;cbskg{ote ;kwQDk eoB dh ;woEk gaqkgs eo ;e/. okiBhfse ftnt;EktK Bz{s/ih Bkb pdbdh gfo;fEshnK s'A nB[e{fbs fet/A ofynk ikt/< e[M okPNo ;cb sK e[M n;cb feT[A


B ØN


j' iKd/ jB< okPNo fe; gqeko pdbd/ jB< fe; gqeko dh okiBhfse ftnt;Ek Bz{ fe; fdPk ftu ftef;sehsk ik ;edk j?< T[dkjoD d/ bJh, n;hA fJj ikDBk ukjz[d/ jK fe Gkos ns/ gkfe;skB ftu okiBhfseftek; dh fdPktK nbr–nbr feT[A j' rJhnK. pzrbk d/P ftu b'eszso izwD s'A gfjbK jh feT[A T[yVfrnk< powk ftu b'eszso Bz{ d[pkok ;Ekfgs eoB d/ bJh iBob B/ fpB (j[D okPNogsh) d[nkok:{–B{ B{z fdZsk frnk nt;o feT[A ;cb BjhA j' ;fenk< B/gkb ftu gqGkth okiszso ni/ feT[A fdqVQsk Bkb;Ekfgs j?< ftek;Phb fdPk ftu okiBhfse db, Pk;B ;zukbB d/ gqGkth nfGeoD feT[A BjhA pD iKd/jB< feT[A ;qhbzek ftu jo nkw u'DK ftu ;~skXkoh db jko iKdk j? idfe Gkos ftu nfijk BjhA j[zdkj?< (;qhbzek ftu 1970 se ;~s nkw u'D j' u[e/ jB ns/ jo u'D ftu ;~skXkoh db dh jko j'Jh j?.)

nfij/ jh gqPBK ns/ ;wZf;nktK d/ ;wkXkB T[s/ ftuko eoB d/ bJh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[grw dk T[g:'reoe/ ‘okiBhfse ;z;feqsh’ Bkb ;zpzXs gfotosDK d/ nkXko T[s/ ;gPNheoD gq;s[s eoB dk isB ehskikD b~rk j?. topk dk nfGws j? fe “fe;h th ;wki dh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ftu T[;d/ nkB[GkfteftPtk;K Bz{ ftnt;Ek, nfGtes j'D tkb/ gqshe ns/ T[j w[b i' fe T[; ;fEsh Bz{ gfoGkfPs eod/ jBfi; ftu okiBhfse rshftXhnK j[zdhnK jB, ;zBhfjs jz[zd/ jB.” fJ; ekoB, okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dhntXkoDk T[s/ pb d/D s'A nB/e gqPBK ns/ okiBhfse w[~fdnK Bz{ ;wMDk ;zGt j?. topk B/ ;K;feqse gfjb{T[s/ ftP/P fXnkb d/D d/ d' ekoB wzB/ jB. gfjbk sK fJj fe Gkt/A okiBhfse ftnt;EktK fe;h okiBhfseftnt;Ek d/ Ugukfoe ns/ nB'gukfoe gfjb{nK d/ Bkb jh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ ifNb skB/–pkB/ dkgqshfBXhst eodh j?, nfXn?Beosk d/ e'b i' ;hws ;kXB T[gbpX jB T[BQK d/ nkXko T[s/ okiBhfseftnt;EktK dh ;zg{oDsk dk fJepkorh jh nfXn?B BjhA ehsk ik ;edk j?. d{i/ fJj fe fe;h th ;wkidh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[ZE'A dh okiBhfse ftnt;Ek dk fJe pj[s jh wjZstg{oB gfjb{ j?.” fJ; ekoD,okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh ntXkoDk d/ wkfXnw s'A okiBhfse ftnt;Ek Bkb ;zpzXs nfij/ gZyK dk nfXn?Behsk ik ;edk j? i' ;zg{oB ftnt;Ek Bkb ;zpzXs nfij/ g~yK dk nfXn?B ehsk ik ;edk i' ;zg{oBftnt;Ek d/ ;zukbB ftu w"fbe gqGkt oyd/ jB. fJ; soQK, fJ;dh T[g:'frsk eJh sZEK s'A ;gPN ehshik ;edh j?.

ghNo woeb B/ nkgDh g[;se wkvoB ezfgno/fNt g'bhfNe;wkvoB ezfgno/fNt g'bhfNe;wkvoB ezfgno/fNt g'bhfNe;wkvoB ezfgno/fNt g'bhfNe;wkvoB ezfgno/fNt g'bhfNe; ftu okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[grw dh j'onfXn?B T[grwK s'A fInkdk bkGgqdsk wzBh j?. T[;d/ nB[;ko okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[gkrw T[s/ nkXkfosokiBhsh d/ j'o T[gkrwK ftu BjhA ikD/ iKd/. ghNo woeb B/ fJ; T[gkrw d/ fszB bkGk Bz{ w"fbe wzfBnkj?. ;zy/g ftu fJj fJ; gqeko j?–

(1) okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk nkB[Gkfte ;~fsnkgB iK iKu ;zGt j?. fJ;dk noE fJj j? fe okiBhfse;z;feqsh d/ ;ze/seK (Indicators) Bz{ edh th iKfunk iK gofynk ik ;edk j?. woeb dh wkBsk j? fefJ; ntXkoDk Bkb ;zpzfXs nk;EktK ftPtk;K dk wkg ns/ T[; wkg dk nkB[Gkfte ;~fsnkgB iK goyeoBk, ;zGt j?. idfe okiBhfse ftnt;Ek, ;zouBkswe–gqekokswe, okiBhfse ftek; iKokiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD d/ ;ze/seK Bz{ wkgBk iK iKuBk fJzBk ;"yk BjhA j?.

(2) okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[s/ nkXkos P'X s', b'efgqn s/ iBsk dh ‘;~sk’ ‘;[szsosk’ iK ‘nfGfrnkB’ dhXkoDktK ftu'A fJe ekbktXh ftu nkT[D tkb/ gfotosDK Bz{ ;gPN o{g ftu fJzrs ehsk ik ;edk j?.woeb wzBd/ jB fe fe;/ d/P dh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh io{oh o{g s'A e'Jh ftP/P ;EkfJst tkbh BjhA j[zdhj?. T[; ftu gfotosD j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB. fJ;dh Gkth fdPk dk ;ze/s j'Dk ;zGt j?. fJ; Bkb ;z;feqshnKns/ T[g;z;feqshnK d/ nzso th ;gPN i' iKd/ jB.

(3) fJ; Bkb gqfs–okPNoh s[bBktK i' j[D se w[ys"o s/ gqekokswe (Inqualitative term) nkXko T[s/ehsh iKdh ojh j? T[j j[D sN;E (neutral) ns/ gfoDkswe (quantitative) nkXko T[s ehsh ik ;edhj? feT[A okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ ;ze/se wkBhnsk (measurability) d/ :'r j[zd/ jB.

(4) okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ftftX nbr–nbr gqfs:K Bz{ okiBhfse ftnt;Ek dh nkgDh ntXkoDk ftu J/ehfeqs eoB dk nt;o gqdkB eodh j?.

fJB ekoBK Bkb ghNo woeb okiBhfse ;z;feqs dh ntXkoDk T[s/ nkXkos nfXn?B Bz{ fInkdk mhe wzBd/jB.


B ØN


n?;HghH towk B/ nkgDh g[;se wkvoB g'bhfNeb fEUohwkvoB g'bhfNeb fEUohwkvoB g'bhfNeb fEUohwkvoB g'bhfNeb fEUohwkvoB g'bhfNeb fEUoh ftu okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh ntXkoDk dhnkX[fBe okiBhfse f;XKs d/ ftek; ftu nfsnkfXe s/ wjs~tg{oB d/D wzBh iKdh j?. T[BQK d/ nB[;kookiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ gqfs: d/ nkXko T[s/ ehs/ rJ/ nfXn?BK ftu nB/e r[D gfobyfPs j[zd/ jB, fiBQKdk n;hA ;zy/g ftu T[b/y eo oj/ jK.

(e) frnkswe ;K;feqse fJekJh d/ o{g ftu ;zg{oB okiBhfse ftnt;Ek T[s/ fXnkB e/Afdqs(e) frnkswe ;K;feqse fJekJh d/ o{g ftu ;zg{oB okiBhfse ftnt;Ek T[s/ fXnkB e/Afdqs(e) frnkswe ;K;feqse fJekJh d/ o{g ftu ;zg{oB okiBhfse ftnt;Ek T[s/ fXnkB e/Afdqs(e) frnkswe ;K;feqse fJekJh d/ o{g ftu ;zg{oB okiBhfse ftnt;Ek T[s/ fXnkB e/Afdqs(e) frnkswe ;K;feqse fJekJh d/ o{g ftu ;zg{oB okiBhfse ftnt;Ek T[s/ fXnkB e/Afdqsehsk (ehsk (ehsk (ehsk (ehsk (Focussed attention on the total political system as a dynamic cultural entity)–)–)–)–)–n?;HghH towk dk nfGws j? fe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ gqfs: s'A okiBhfse ;w[dkJ/ iK ;wki T[s/ fJefrnkswe ;w{fjs ;~sk d/ o{g ftu nfXn?B eoB d/ bJh nkeofPs j'fJnk j?. fJ; Bkb ftnesh d/ ;EkBT[s/ ;zg{oB okiBhfse ftnt;Ek nfXn?B dk e//Ado pfDnk j?. T[BQK dk efjDk j? fe ftntjkotkdh eqKshd/ Bkb jh okiBhsh ftfrnkB d/ ftdtkBK dk nfXn?B nfXekfXe t?nfese okiBhfse ftntjko T[s/e/Afdqs j'D brk ;h ns/ okiBhsh ftfrnkB s/Ih Bkb wB'ftfrnkB d/ Bkb nfGfrnkfBs j'D bZrk ;h.fJZE'A se fe ftnt;Ek fdqPNhe'N d/ ftek; d/ pknd th okiBhfse ftPb/PD fJe xNBk iK fJe fBoD/Bz{ fJekJh d/ o{g ftu fXnkB s/ nfXn?B dk e/Ado pfDnk fojk ;h. fJj fJekJh fBoD/eosk, B/sk, wsdkskiK ws Xkoe d/ o{g ftu okiBhfse ftPb/PD dk e/Ado pDh ojh ;h. fezs{ okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ gqfs:s'A ;zg{oB okiBhfse ftnt;Ek, nfXn?B ftPb/PD dh fJekJh pD rJh.

(y) ftnPNh ns/ ;wPNh T[gkrwK Bz{ ;z:[es ehsk ((y) ftnPNh ns/ ;wPNh T[gkrwK Bz{ ;z:[es ehsk ((y) ftnPNh ns/ ;wPNh T[gkrwK Bz{ ;z:[es ehsk ((y) ftnPNh ns/ ;wPNh T[gkrwK Bz{ ;z:[es ehsk ((y) ftnPNh ns/ ;wPNh T[gkrwK Bz{ ;z:[es ehsk (Combined Micro and Macro approaches)–)–)–)–)–okiBhfse ;z;feqsh fdqPNhe'D d/ fJ; r~b T[s/ pb d/D s/, fe ;zg{oB okiBhfse ftnt;Ek ftu gfotosDns/ fBozsosk dh frnkswesk dk nfXn?B ehsk ikJ/, ftnPNh ns/ ;wPNh nfXn?B B{z fwbkT[Dk io{oh j'frnk. fJ; gqeko, okiBhfse ;z;feqsh fdqPNhe'D, ftnPNh ns/ ;wPNh T[gkrwK Bz{ ;z:[es eoB T[s/i'o d/D d/ ekoD okiBhsh–Pk;so Bz{ j'o fInkdk g{oB ;wkfie ftfrnkB pDkT[D ftu ;jkfJe fojk j?.

(r) okiBhsh Pk;so dk ftP/ y/so ft;fsqs eoB ftu ;jkfJe ((r) okiBhsh Pk;so dk ftP/ y/so ft;fsqs eoB ftu ;jkfJe ((r) okiBhsh Pk;so dk ftP/ y/so ft;fsqs eoB ftu ;jkfJe ((r) okiBhsh Pk;so dk ftP/ y/so ft;fsqs eoB ftu ;jkfJe ((r) okiBhsh Pk;so dk ftP/ y/so ft;fsqs eoB ftu ;jkfJe (Helped the process ofbroadening the scope of Political Science)–)–)–)–)–okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ftu, gqw[Zy s"o okiBhfse;wkiheoD dk nfXn/b eoBk j[zdk j?. okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh gqfeqnktK ftu Bk e/tb okiBhfse sZsjh Pkwb ofjzd/ jb, fJ; ekoB, okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[gkrw B/ okiBhsh Pk;sqhnK Bz{ T[BQK ;wkfie ns/nkofEe ekoeK dk th nfXn?B eoB d/ bJh gq/fos ehsk, fi; Bkb fe;/ fdPk dh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dko{g fBoXkfos j[zdk j?.

(x) ftntjko d/ p[~Xh;zrs ns/ nftteh fBnkweK d/ nfXn?B B{z ;z:[es ehsk ((x) ftntjko d/ p[~Xh;zrs ns/ nftteh fBnkweK d/ nfXn?B B{z ;z:[es ehsk ((x) ftntjko d/ p[~Xh;zrs ns/ nftteh fBnkweK d/ nfXn?B B{z ;z:[es ehsk ((x) ftntjko d/ p[~Xh;zrs ns/ nftteh fBnkweK d/ nfXn?B B{z ;z:[es ehsk ((x) ftntjko d/ p[~Xh;zrs ns/ nftteh fBnkweK d/ nfXn?B B{z ;z:[es ehsk (Combinedthe studyof Rational an Irrational Determinants of behaviours) –) –) –) –) – okiBhfse ;z;feqsh fdqPNhe'DB/ ftneshnK dh feqnktK d/ p[~Xh;zrs ekoeK d/ nfXn?B d/ Bkb jh Bkb ftntjko d/ fInkdk r[gsnftt/eh fBnkweK d/ nfXn?B Bz{ th gq's;kjB fd~sk j?. j[D okPNoh ufoZsq dk gqfs::, i' e[b fwbk e/nkgD/ ftu ;E?fse ;h, ns/ Bt/A ;wkiK ftu okiBhfse ftntjko Bz{ ;wMD ftu fInkdk ;jkfJe BjhAfojk ;h T[;d/ ;EkB T[s/ okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh ntXkoDk dk T[g:'rh gqubB j' frnk. okiBhfse;z;feqsh fdqPNhe'D s'A fJBQK ;wkiK ftu okiBhfse ftntjko T[s/ fInkdk uzrk gqekP gkT[Dk jh ;zGt BjhAj'fJnk, ;r'A fJj nkB[Gkfte P'X d/ nkXko T[s/ eoBk ;zGt pfDnk.

(C) okiBhfse ftek; dh ftfGzB fdPktK d/ ;wMD ftu ;jkfJe ((C) okiBhfse ftek; dh ftfGzB fdPktK d/ ;wMD ftu ;jkfJe ((C) okiBhfse ftek; dh ftfGzB fdPktK d/ ;wMD ftu ;jkfJe ((C) okiBhfse ftek; dh ftfGzB fdPktK d/ ;wMD ftu ;jkfJe ((C) okiBhfse ftek; dh ftfGzB fdPktK d/ ;wMD ftu ;jkfJe (Helped in understandingthe Different Directions of Political Development)–)–)–)–)–okiBhfse ;z;feqsh fdqPNhe'D B/ fJj;wMD ftu th ;jkfJsk ehsh fe feT[A ftfGzB okiBhfse ;wki okiBhfse ftek; dh ftfGzB fdPktK ftuikD b~r/ jB< fJ; Bkb fJj th ;gPN j'fJnk fe feT[A okiBhfse ftnt;EktK, ;wkfie, nkofEe ns/okiBhfse pzXBK Bkb pzBQh j'D s/ th okiBhfse gsB dh soc n~r/ j'D brdhnK jB<

T[go'es ftt/uB s'A fJj th ;gPN j' iKdk j? fe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh fe;/ d/P d/ okiBhfse ftekop Bz{ fBo{fgseoB ftu, fe feT[A e'Jh ;wki b'esKsfoe ;z;EktK Bz{ nk;kBh Bkb ngDk b?Adk j? ns/ j'o ;wki ;t/SkukohftXhnK iK sohfenK Bz{ fInkdk ;j{fbns tkb/ wzBdk j?, wjs~tg{oB fBnkwe ofjzdh j?. fJ; Bkb fJj ;gPNj? fe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk T[gkrw s[bBkswe okiBhfse ftPb/PD ftu pj[s T[g:'rh j?. fJj okiBhfsenkX[fBeheoD d/ T[grw dhnK ewhnK dh g{osh eoB tkbk T[grw th wzfBnk ik ;edk j?.


B ØN


okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[gkrwL fJe nkb'uBkswe w[bKeD okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[gkrwL fJe nkb'uBkswe w[bKeD okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[gkrwL fJe nkb'uBkswe w[bKeD okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[gkrwL fJe nkb'uBkswe w[bKeD okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[gkrwL fJe nkb'uBkswe w[bKeD (Political CultureApproach : A Critical Appraisal)s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[gkrw d/ T[go'es ftt/uB Bkb fJj BjhA ;wM b?Dk j? fefJ; fdqPNhe'D s'A okiBhfse ftnt;EktK d/ pko/ ftu ;G gqeko d/ ;gPNheoD d/Dk ;zGt j?. fezs{ fJ;Bkb okiBhfse ftntjko dh frnkswe PeshnK Bz{ gSkDBk ;zGt j'fJnk j?. fJ;dk nfXn?B ;kBz{okiBhfse ;wkiheoD d/ nfXn?B dh soc b? iKdk j?. fJ;d/ d[nkok n;hA T[BQK nB[GtK B{z ikDB dh socgqtfo~s j[zd/ jK fiBQK d/ d[nok okiBhfse ;z;feqsh fJe ghVh s'A d{ih ghVh Bz{ j;sKsfos j[zdh j?. BKbjh fJ; ntXkoDk s'A n;hA T[BQK gfo;fEshnK dk frnkB th gqkgs eo gkT[Ad/ jK fiBQK d/ nzsorsokiBhfse ;z;feqshnK gfotofss j[zdh j?. fJ;d/ d[nkok nfXn?B s'A ;kBz{ fe;/ okPNo d/ okihfse ftek;T[s/ fJe BtK fdqPNhe'D fwbdk j?.

fezs{ topk B/ okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh ntXkoDk s'A pj[s fInkdk ng/ePktK oyD d/ gqsh ;u/s eod/ j'J/fbfynk j? fe “okiBhfse ihtB d/ fJe ftfPPN ns/ wjs~tg{oB gfjb{ T[s/ fXnkB d/Dk bkGdkfJe j?,fezs{ fJj okiBhfse xNBk d/ ftPb/PD ns/ ftnkfynk dk e/tb ;wkoek jh jB tk;st ftu wj~stg{oBrZb fJj BjhA fe n;hA okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk nfXn?B eohJ/ pbfe fJj j? fe n;hA fJ;dk nfXn?B fe;soQK eod/ jK ns/ okiBhsh d/ frnkB ftu nfGftqXh d/ bJh fJ;dk gq:'r eod/ jB sK fJj okiBhfsenzsfj feqnk ns/ okiBhsh ;z;EktK d/ gqsho{gK d/ pko/ ftu ftPtk;K dh ftnkfynk dh soc ;ze/s eod/jB ns/ fJj d;d/ jB fe okiBhfse irs ftu j'D tkbh xNBktK ns/ T[BQK xNBktK dh gqfsfeqnk ftub'eK d/ ftntjko d/ w~X fJe wj~stg{oB eVh dk fBowkD eodh j?. fJj rZb dk ;ze/s th fdzd/ jB feb'e okiBhsh ftu i' e[M d/yd/ jK T[;d/ fto[~X eh ws gqrN eod/ jB ns/ i' e[M d/fynk j? T[;dh T[jeh ftnkfynk eod/ jB. fJ; gqeko okiBhfse ;z;feqsh fJ; r~b Bz{ fBnfws eodh j? fe okiBhfse irsftu e"D eh d/ydk j? ns/ T[;dh fe; soQK ftnkfynk eodk j?<” topk B/ okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh T[g:'frskd/ pko/ ftu fJj gq;Ekfgs ehsk j? fe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ns/ okiBhfse ftPtk;K dk xfBPmsk dk ;zpzX j?.n;hA topk d/ fJ; Bshi/ Bz{ ;theko eod/ j'J/ fJ;Bz{ fJ; gqeko ;zP'fXs eoBk nfXe T[g:[es wzBKr/ fe“okiBhfse ftnt;Ek dh ;feqnsk dh ftfPPNsk ns/ okiBhsh ;z;feqsh dk nfsnkfXe r{Vsk dk ;zpzX j?.”

okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh ntXkoDk d/ ftek; Bkb jh okiBhfse ftnt;EktK dh tk;sfte gqfeosh, T[BQKd/ nzdo j'D tkb/ ftek;K ns/ fJBQK ftek;K dh ;zGkts fdPktK Bz{ ;wMD ftu ;jkfJsk fwbD bZrh j?.fezs{ okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ th fJzB/ nk:kw ns/ fBnkwe iK gfotofsn jB fe fJ;d/ nkXko T[s/ nfXn?Bs/ s[bBktK ftu ftP/P ;ktXkBh tosD dh io{os j?, BjhA sK fJj ntXkoDk th okiBhsh dh rfsnkswesktKB{z ;wMD ftu ftP/P ;jkfJe BjhA j'J/rh. okiBhfse ftntjko fJzBk ifNb j[zdk j? ns/ fJzB/ fInkdkgqGktK Bkb fBnfws j[zdk j? fe fJ;Bz{ nkw Yzr Bkb jh ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. ;' okiBhfse ;z;feqshT[gkrw s'A fJj ng/ePk oyDk fe fJj okiBhfs dk e'Jh nkw f;XKs pDkT[D dh nt;Ek ftu gj[zukd/t/rk, fe nkfsnKfse (extreme) fBPeoP j'J/rk. nfijk fBPeoP ;jh BjhA j' ;edk. okiBhfse;z;feqsh dh ntXkoDk B/ okiBhfse ftnt;EktK d/ nzPk s/ ;zg{oBsk, d'tK T[s/ fXnkB e/Afdqs eoB d/T[geoD gqdkB eoe/, okiBhfse ;wM s/ okiBhfse ftek;K Bz{ ;wMD ftu gfonkgs ;jkfJesk dh j?.

;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD (Self-Assessment)1H okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk nB[Gkfte HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ;zGt j?.

2H okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[s/ nkXkfos P'X Bkb, b'efgqn s/ iBsk dh ‘;~sk ;[szsosk’ iK HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHdhnK XkoDktK ftu fJe ekbktXh ftu nkT[D tkb/ gfotosDK Bz{ ;gPN o{g s'A fJzfrs ehsk ik;edk j?.

3H okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ ;ze/se HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH d/ :'r j[zd/ jB.4H okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ftftX HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Bz{ okiBhfse ftnt;Ek dh nkgDh ntXkoDk ftu

J/ehfeqs eoB dk nt;o gqdkB eodh j?.

5H okiBhfse ;z;feqsh Bz{ fJe ghVh s'A d{ih ghVh se gj[zukT[D ftu HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH dk pj[w[~b :'rdkBj'Dk j?.


B ØN



• okiBhfse ;z;feqsh nkw ;z;feqsh ftnt;Ek dk Gkr j?, fezs{ fJj fJ; Bkb e[M ;tkfJ~ssk th oydhj?. nkw ;z;feqsh dh soQK jh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh th okiBhfse ;wkiheoD d/ wkfXnw s'A ;zg/qfPs iKj;sKsfos j[zdh j?.

• okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dk noE eod/ j'J/ fbT{fPnB gkJh B/ nkgD/ fJe fBpzX ‘g'bhfNeb ebuo n?Avg'bhfNeb fvt/bgw?An’ i' fJ;d/ ns/ topk d[nkok ;zgkfds g[;se fi;dk Bkw th ‘g'bhfNeb ebuon?Av g'bhfNeb fvt/bgw?AN’ j?, ftu fbfynk j/ fe “okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh ntXkoDk d;dh j fe fe;h;wki dh gozgoktK, T[;dh ;kotifBe ;z;EktK dh nkswk, T[;d/ Bkrfoek dh nkeKPktK ns/ T[BQk dk;w{je ftt/e ns/ T[;d/ B/sktK d/ sohe/ ns/ ekoiPhb j'D d/ ;kXB s/ fBnw nkfd e/tb fJfsjk;enB[Gt dh T{NgNKr T[gi BjhA j?, pbfe fJj ;G fJe noEg{oD ftnt;Ek d/ nzr jB ns/ ;zg{oB;zpzXK dk fJe p'Xkrfwn ns/ ;gPn gqfswkB T[g;fEs ed/ jB. ftnesh d/ bJh okiBhfse ;z;feqshgqGktPhb okiBhfse ftntjko dh fdPk ftu wkor fBod/PD eodh j? ns/ ;wki d/ bJh fJj T[BQKedoK–ehwsK ns/ ftt/eg{oD ftukoK dh ftnt;fEs o{g–ouBk gqdkB eodh j? i' fe ;z;EktK ns/;zrmBK dh rshftXhnK ftu ;zrsh fpmkT[Ad/ jB.”

• ;koKP o{g ftu okiBhfse ;z;feqsh, okiBhfse y/so Bz{ T[;/ gqeko ;zouBk ns/ noE gqdkB eodh j?fi; gqeko ;z;feqsh ;wkfie ihtB Bz{ w/b ns/ J/eheo gqdkB eodh j?. ;' okiBhfse ;z;feqsh fJefBPfus ns/ ;hfws ntXkoDk j? i' nkw ;z;feqsh Bkb ;zpzXs ns/ gqGkfts ofjzd/ j'J/ th T[; Bkb'A e[M;tkfJ~ssk oydh j?. ;zy/g ftu fJj okiBhsh d/ gqsh b'eK dh XkoDktK ns/ nfGftqshnK dk Bkw j?.

• nkwzv nXhB;E–;fjGkrhnK d/ nkXko T[s/ okiBhfse ;z;feaqshnK ns/ Bkb jh ftfGzB okiBhfse;z;feqshnK d/ nkXko T[s/ okiBhfse ftnt;EktK dk torheoD gq;s[s eod/ jB. okiBhfse ;z;feqshnKd/ torheoD ftu p[fBnkdh e;"Nh nXhB:EK ns/ ;fjGkrhnK dh G{fwek T[s/ pb d/Dk j?. okiBhfseftnt;Ek d/ gqsh nfGftBn;s j? ns/ nkgD/ ihtB T[s/ fJBQK d/ nkrsK ns/ fBorsK d/ gqGkt tor/efbnkD ;zpzXh fjs bkG, ekBz{B nkfd Bkb gfofus jB, gozs{ T[BQK Bz{ nkrs ;zouBktK ftu Gkrhdkoj'D d/ bJh nfGw[y BjhA ehsk iKdk j? j' ;ed/ jB ns/ ;fjGkrh iK Gkrhdko (T[j ftnesh fiBQK Bz{nkrs ;zouBktK ns/ gqfeqnktK d/ gqsh nfGftB:;s ehsk iKdk j? ns/ fiBQK Bz{ fBoD/ ns/ wzrK dhnfGftnesh ftu brkfJnk iKdk j?, iK i' nkgD/ pko/ ftu fJj ;wMd/ jB fe T[j fJBQK ekoiK ftu br/j'J/ jB), j' ;ed/ jB.

• fJ;d/ nbktk, nkwzv d' ns/ uoK dh soc ;ze/s eod/ jB fiBQK d/ pko/ ftu fXnkB ofynk ikDk ukjhdkj?. fJe, nfwfPqs okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dhnK ;kohnK fe;wK d/ nbktk, nkwzv ftnt;fEs o{g ftufwfPqs fe;w dh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh soc th fBod/P eod/ jB. fJE'A T[j T[BQK ;fEshnK dk fBo{gDeod/ jB fiZE/ nfGftfBnk;K dk fJe s'A fInkdk gqshwkBK dk T[b/yBhJ/ nB[gks T[gbpX j?. fJ;gqeko, T[j fszB fe;wK dk fBoXkoD eod/ jBL (1) ;zehoD–nXhB;E–;fjGkih okiBhfse ;z;feqsh(2) gqXhB;E–;fjGkih–okiBhfse ;z;feqsh (3) ;zehoD–;fjGkih–okiBhfse ;z;feqsh.

• T[g–;z;feqsh g{oBsk nbr nfGftqshnK, ftPtk;K ns/ edoK–ehwsK dk ;w{j BjhA j[zdh j? pbfe nfij/fdqPNhe'D dk ;w{j j[zdh j? fiBQK d/ e[M s~s d{ih T[g–;z;feqshnK ftu w"i{d ofjzd/ jB. fJ; soQK Gkosftu d~yD d/ oki ftP/Peo sfwbBkv{ ftu sfwb b'eK dh fJj wkBsk j? fe T[BQK dh nkgDh nbr;z;feqsh j?. fJ; ;z;feqsh Bz{ T[g–;z;feqsh fejk ik ;edk j? ns/ fJe jh okiBhfse ;z;feaqsh ftunfijh nB/e T[g–;z;feqshnK j' ;edhnK jB.

• Gkos dk jh T[dkjoD bJhJ/ sK fJj ;gPN d/yD B{z fwb/rk fe T[ZE/ nfGiB tor dh ;z;feqsh nkwiBsk dh ;z;feqsh s'A pj[s fGzBsk oyD br rJh ;h. ;zftXkB dk 1976 dk 42 ;zP'XB fJBQK d'tK T[g–;z;feqshnK d/ ftu s/ih Bkb tXdh j'Jh doko Bz{ GoB dk isB fejk ik ;edk j?. ftek;Phb okiK ftunB/e okiBhfse ;w~f;nktK e/tb fJ; ekoB jh T[sgzB j' ojhnK jB fe nfGiB nkgDh ;z;feqsh d/nbrgB Bz{ pDk e/ oyDk ukj[zd/ jB, noEks ;~sk Bkb fuge/ ofjDk ukj[zd/ jB.


B ØN


• topk B/ fbfynk j? fe “okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ns/ ;wki dh ng/ePkfeqs fInkdk nkw ;K;feqseftnt;Ek dh ftu nzso ftPb/PDkswe j?. okiBhfse ;z;feqsh nkw ;z;feqsh dk fJe nfGzB gfjb{j?.”

• okiBhfse ;z;EktK ns/ gqfenktK d/ pko/ ftu ftnesh, okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh gqfeqnk ftu nkgD/ftPtk; tDkT[Adk j?. fJj ;wkiheoD [pj[s e[M ;wki dh ;K;feqse ftnt;Ek d/ d[nkok gq/fos iK;hfws j[zdk j?. fJ;d/ j'o th nfGeioD jB, fezs{ T[BQK ftu'A gqw[~y dk ;zpzX ;wki dh nkw ;z;feqsh s'Ajh j?. ;' okiBhfses nk;EktK, nkw ;z;feqsh ftu wkBsk tkbh edoK ehwsK ns/ nk;EktK d/ d[nkokjh gq/fos ns/ fBofws jz[dh j?.

• nkw ;z;feqsh nro gozgokrstkdh gqfeqsh oydh j? sd fJ;/ okiBhfse Pesh d/ gq:'r s'A pbg{openkX[fBe pDkT[D dh e'fPP ehsh ik ;edh j?. fJ; gqeko d/ isBK Bkb okiBhfse ns/ ;wkfie d't/A jhgqeko dh ;z;feqshnK ftu gfotosD fbnkT[D dh e'fPP ehsh ik ;edh j?. fjNbo, w[;kfbBh, ;NkfbBns/ wkUs;/ s[zr B/ nfij/ jh isB ehs/ fi; ftu T[j T[; ekbktXh ftu io{o ;cb th oj/ ;B, e/;Nq'feT{pk ftu PkfJd fJjh isB eo fojk j?.

• Bshi/ ftu n;hA fJj jh efj ;ed/ jK fe okiBhfse ;z;feqsh nkw ;z;feqsh dk nfGzB Gkr jz[d/ j'J/ thT[; Bkb pj[s e[M ;tkfJ~ssk oydh j?. fJBQK d'tK ftu r{Vk ;zpzX j? ns/ d't/A fJe d{i/ Bz{ x~N iK fInkdkwksqk ftu gqGkfts eodh ofjzdh j?.

• okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh ntXkoDK s'A fJj noE BjhA b?Dk j? fe fJj ;E?fse ns/ ;fEo ofjzdh j?. fJ;ftu pokpo gfotosB j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB. okiBhfse ftek;, okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ gfotosDK dk jhgfoDkw j' ;edk j?.

• d/P ftu j'D tkb/ T[fd:'freoD, edoK–ehwsK ns/ nfGftqshnK d/ gfotosB ftu wj~stg{oB ekoej[zd/ jB. ngqtk;hnK dk Gkoh ;zfynk ftu nkrwB, :[~X ns/ ftP/P o{g ftu tZv/ :[~X ftu jko nkfd;ko/ ekoe okiBhfse edoK–ehwsK ns/ ftPtk; ftu gfotosD fbnk fdzd/ jB ns/ fJBQK gfotosDK d/ekoB okiBhfse ftnt;Ek T[s/ dpkn g?D brd/ jB. okiBhfse ;z;feqsh Bz{ fJe ghVh s'A d{ih ghVhse gqGkt'sgkde Yzr Bkb gj[zukT[D d/ wkfXnwK ftu ;otkfXe wjZstg{oB okiBhfse ;wkiheoD j?.fJ; Bkb okiBhfse ;z;feqsh Bk e/tb fJe ghVh s'A d{ih ghVh Bz{ j;sKsfos j[zdh j?, BjhA sK ;z;feqshftu ;ihtsk pDh ofjzdh j?.

• s[bBkswe okiBhsh ftu okiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh ntXkoDk dh nkw T[g:'rfrsk Bz{ ;gPN eod/ j'J/f;vBh topk B/ fbfynk j? fe “nkX[fBe Pskpdh ftu okiBhfse irs ns/ okiBhfse nfXn?B y/sod'tK jh ftu fszB gfotosD j'J/ jB. Bt/A okPNoK dk T[d/ j'fJnk j?, g[okfDnK ftu gfotosD j'J/ jBns/ nB/e fijhnK ;wZf;nktK T[m yVhnK j'JhnK jB i' okiBhsh Pk;sq d/ ftdtkBK ns/ toswkB;z;EktK dh :'rsktK Bz{ fJe u[D"sh j?.” nfijh u[D"sh dk ;kwQDk eoB dh :'rsktK dk frnkBokiBhfse ;z;feqsh dh ntXkoDk d/ nkXko T[s/ jh ehsk ik ;edk j?.

• topk B/ ;K;feqse gfjb{ T[s/ ftP/P fXnkB d/D d/ d' ekoD wzB/ jB. gfjbk sK fJj fe Gkt/A okiBhfseftnt;EktK fe;/ okiBhfse ftnt;Ek d/ Ugukfoe ns/ nB'gukfoe gfjb{nK d/ Bkb jh okiBhfse;z;feqsh d/ ifNb skB/–pkB/ dk gaqshfBXhst eodh j?, nfXn?Beosk d/ e'b i' ;hws ;kXB T[gbpX jBT[BQK d/ nkXko T[s/ okiBhfse ftnt;EktK dh ;zg{oBsk dk fJepkorh jh nfXn?B BjhA ehsk ik ;edkj?. d{i/ fJj fe e;/ th ;wki dh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh T[E/ dh okiBhfse ftnt;Ek dk fJe pj[s jhwjZstg{oB gfjb{ j?.”

4H4 Ppde'P 4H4 Ppde'P 4H4 Ppde'P 4H4 Ppde'P 4H4 Ppde'P (Key Words)

sN;E L fe;/ th g~y Bzz{ ;woED BK d/Dk.nkfsnzfsfBPeoP L nzfsw fBPeoP


B ØN


4H5 nfGnk; gqPB 4H5 nfGnk; gqPB 4H5 nfGnk; gqPB 4H5 nfGnk; gqPB 4H5 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Question)

1H okiBhfse ;z;feqsh s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'< fJ;d/ sq?–g~Xoh w[bKeD dh ftnkfynk eo'.2H ;wekbh okiBhsh ;z;feqshnK dh gqftoshnK dk ftt/uB eo'.

3H okiBhfse ;z;feqse dh T[g:'frsk T[s/ gaqekP gkU.

T[Zso – ;t–w[bKeD T[Zso – ;t–w[bKeD T[Zso – ;t–w[bKeD T[Zso – ;t–w[bKeD T[Zso – ;t–w[bKeD (Answer-Self Assessment)1H ;~fsnkgB iK iKu 2H nfGwkB 3H wkgBhnsk (Measurability)4H gqfs::K 5H okiBhfse ;wkiheoD






fJekJh^5L okiBhfse ;wkiheoDfJekJh^5L okiBhfse ;wkiheoDfJekJh^5L okiBhfse ;wkiheoDfJekJh^5L okiBhfse ;wkiheoDfJekJh^5L okiBhfse ;wkiheoD

B ØN


fJekJh^5L okiBhfse ;wkiheoD fJekJh^5L okiBhfse ;wkiheoD fJekJh^5L okiBhfse ;wkiheoD fJekJh^5L okiBhfse ;wkiheoD fJekJh^5L okiBhfse ;wkiheoD (Political Socialisation)

ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ (Contents)T[d/P (Objectives)


5H1 okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dk noE (Meaning of Political Socialisation)

5H2 okiBhfse ;wkiheoD d/ nfGeosk (Agents of Political Socialisation)



5H5 nfGnk;^gqPB (Review Question)




• okiBhfse ;wkiheoD d/ noE ns/ nfGeosktK dh ftnkfynk eoB ft~u.


okiBhfse ftek; dh ;zebgBk d/ d' nk:kw jB^;wkiftfrnkfBe ns/ wB'ftfrnkfBe. fJBK d'jK fdPktKft~u nkrkwh nfXn?B d/ cb;o{g d' BthnK ;zebgBktK dk nkfGoGkt j'fJnk j? fiBK Bz{ okiBhfse ftek;dh ;zebgBk dhnK ftT[gshnK jB ns/ ;wkiftfrnkfBe y/so ft~u fJ; Bz{ okiBhsh s/^;z;feqshrqfjD(Political Acculturation) fejk ik ;edk j?. i/eo nkX[fBeheoD fJ~e wB';fEsh j?, ns/ nB[GkfteokiBhsh d/ ftfdnkoEh Bz{ nfijk brdk j? fe fe;/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek Bz{ e/tb UBK b'eK d[nkok gqGkthYzr Bkb ;zukfbs ehsk ik ;edk j? i' nkX[fBe fdqPNhe'D d/ ;iht ns/ soe;zrs s~sK d/ Gkrhdko j[zd/jB, sK okiBhfse ftek; dk ezw fJ; f;ZXh ;kdh Io{os ft~u w{oshwkB j' iKdk j? fe b/eK dhnKnfGftqshnK ns/ GktBktK Bz{ pdfbnk ikt/. fJ; fdqPNhe'D d/ nB[;ko, fJj soe fe ftek; dh gqfeqnkBz{ fe; soK ;fji ns/ ;[ftXkiBe pDkfJnk ikt/, fco fJ; d/ w[ekpb/ ;ob j?. “Io{oh ;zouBktK ns/fBPgkdB gfotosBK Bz{ gq;skfts eoî/eo ;zGt j't/ sK gqkoEBk Bkb ns/ Io{oh j't/ sK ;t/~Sk Bkb^sK b'e ekbKso ft~u nkgD/ nkg nkgDhnK nfGftq~shnK ft~u gfotosB eo b?Dr/. fJj fdykUD bJh fJ~ertkj dk T[dkjoD fd~sk ik ;edk j? fe b'eK Bz{ fJ~e tko id'A ftef;s ;zdoG ft~u ;fEs eo fd~sk ikt/, sKUj nkgD/ wB ns/ GktBk Bz{ ibdh jh T[;d/ nB[;ko Ykb b?Ad/ jB. ns/ fJ; soK ;zeowDekbhBftneshnK Bz{ wkBf;e t;s{;fEsh fij/ n;gPN wkwfbnK s/ nfXe fuzsk eoD dh Io{os BjhA j?.”

5H15H15H15H15H1 okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dk noE okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dk noE okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dk noE okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dk noE okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dk noE (Meaning of Political Socialisation)

n?uH n?uH jkJhwB, fiBK B/ ;wkiheoD (Political Socialization) gd pzX fd~sk, B/ ghVhnK s~eokiBhfse w[~bK d/ ikoh ofjD s/ pb fd~sk j?. nfijh ftnkfynk s'A ;{so rqfjD eod/ j'J/ b?;t/b B/ fejkj? fe okiBhfse ;wkiheoD fpBK fe;/ Pzek d/ wj~st dh e;"Nh s/ fJ; eoe/ yok T[sodk j? feUAfe fJjjo nshs, toswkB ns/ Gkth okiBhsh fBekn dk wj~stg{oD Nhuk pfDnk fojk j?. jo ;w[dkJ/ ;cbskdhnK ftfGzB wksoktK ft~u nkgDh ;z;feqsh dh gfog~et gqEktK Bz{ ngfog~et Bz{ gko/fPs eodk j?. jo


B ØN


;fEo T[g^;z;feqsh fJ~e ;wkBKso gqfeqnk ft~u ftn;s j[zdh j?, feUAfe fJj gfog~eK ns/ ngfog~eKd[nkok Gkr b?D ft~u G/d eodh j?.”

okiBhfse ;wkiheoD “Uj gqfeqnk j? fi; d[nkok okiBhfse ;z;feqshnK dk nB[o~fynD ns/ UBK ft~ugfotosB ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; ekoi d/ fBPgkdB d/ wkfXnw Bkb ftneshnK Bz{ okiBhfse ;z;feqshnKft~u Pkfwb ehsk iKdk j?.@ d{i/ PpdK ft~u, fJj T[; f;~fynk gqfeqnk t~b fBod/P eodk j? fi; d[nkok;[;zukfbs okiBhfse ftt;Ek d/ bJh ;theko wkDeK ns/ fttjkoK Bz{ fJ~e ghVh s'A nrbh ghVh s~e;zgq/fPs ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; oK fJ; ;zebgBk dk T[d/P ftneshnK dk fJ; sohe/ Bkb gqfPePD ns/ ftek;eoBk j? fe Uj okiBhfse ;w[dkJ/ d/ ;[ekoiekoh w?Apo pD ;eD. Ikfjo j? fe fJ;d/ noE ft~u ftfPPNo{g ft~u wB'ftfrnkfBe nk:kw fBfjs j? fe “fJj ;zubBPhb okiBhfse ftt;Ek d/ ;theko wkDeK,nfGftq~shnK ns/ fttjko Bz{ eqfwe Yzr bkb f;~yDk j?.”

okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh gqfeqnk nkw s"o s/ nke;few iK nfdqP o{g Bkb ezw eodh j?. fJ; dk noEfJj j? fe nfij/ PKs ns/ ;"wn o{g ft~u ;zukfbs j[zdh j? fe b'eK Bz{ fJ;d/ ;zukbB dh ypo th BjhA j[zdh.b'e fJBK wkDeK Bz{ ;theko eo b?Ad/ jB ns/ Uj fJBK d/ n"fus d/ pko/ ft~u e'Jh fJsokI BjhA eod/.fJ; bJh, fJ; ;zebgBk dh ftPk t;s{ Uj gqfeqnk j?, fi; d[nkok b'e Bk e/tb ;feqn okiBhfse w[~bKBz{ rqfjD eod/ jB, id'A fe Uj ;gPN sohe/ Bkb okiBhfse rshftXhnK ft~u Gkr th b?Ad/ jB.fJ; gqekoftuko eoD s/ okiBhfse ;wkiheoD d/ nzsors ihtB dh jo/e nt;Ek ft~u ;ko/ n"gukfoe ns/nD^n"gukfoe okiBhfse gqfPePD nk ikDr/, fco ukj/ Uj ikD^p[~M e/ j'D, iK nk:'fis, ns/ fJ; ft~uBk e/tb Uj ;gPN okiBhfse gqfPePD Pkfwb j't/rk i' okiBhfse fttjko Bz{ gqGkfts eodk j? (fit/A okiBhfse fdqPNh Bkb n;zpzX ;wkfie gqftq~shnK dk rqfjD eoBk) pbfe fJ; ft~u okiBhfse fdqPNhBkb ;zpzfXs ftnehrs ftP/PsktK Bz{ rqfjD eoBk th Pkfwb j't/rk.”

fe;/ ;wkfie iK okiBhfse ftt;Ek dh ;fEosk fJ; s~E d/ ekoD fJ;d/ w?ApoK d/ okiBhfse ;wkiheoDs/ fBoGo eodh j? fe fJ~e uzrk ekoiekoh Bkrfoe Uj ftnesh j[zdk j? i' ;wki d/ okiBhfse wkDeKBz{ nzrheko eo bt/ ns/ UBK Bz{ Gkth ghVhnK s~e ;zgq/fPs eo/.T[dkjoD bJh, fJ~e ;fEo b'esKsfoeftt;Ek, fit/A fpqN/B, nkgD/ w?ApoK Bz{ gqfPefPs eoe/ nfijk nfGn;s pDk fdzdh j? fe Uj gfotosBeoD bJh ;zftXkfBe T[gktK Bz{ ;theko eo b?D, pikfJ fJ; d/ fe Uj fJBK wkwfbnK Bz{ ;Ve s/ b? ikDiK fjz;kswe T[Eb^g[Eb dhnK nt;EktK g?dk eoD. fJ; soK okiBhfse ;wkiheoD d/ nzsors Uj ;kohgqfeqnk nk iKdh j? fi;d/ d[nkok e'Jh ftnesh “i' ftPkb fttjkokswe ywsktK Bkb iBw b?Adk j?,T[;Bz{fJ~e nfij/ fttjko dk ftek; eoBk efmB j[zdk j? i' fe;/ nfXe ;zehoD gok; Bkb gqshpzfXs eo fd~skiKdk j?^fi;dk y/so ;kXkoD j[zdk j? ns/ T[;Bz{ tor d/ ftfdnkoEhnK d/ nB[o{g ft~u ;theko j[zdk j?.”

i/eo fJ; Bz{ ;kXkoD PpdK ft~u fejk ikt/ sK okiBhfse ;wkiheoD fJ~e nfijk ftuko j? i' okiBhfse;EkfJ~st d/ Nhu/ Bz{ gqkgs eoD dh T[whd eodk j?.fJ; dk nkXko fJj j? fe e'Jh okiBhfse ftt;EkT[d'A s~e ;[uko{ Yzr Bkb ezw BjhA eo ;edh id'A s~e T[;d/ Bkb Bkb okiBhfse wkDeK ns/ w[~bK Bz{ nzrhekoeoD dh gqfeqnk ezw ft~u Bk j't/.fit/A fe fJ~e iht (organism) d/ ;zpzX ft~u j[zdk j?, T[;/ soK oki fBekn(body politic) ft~u th nB[o~fynD ns/ nfsihftsk s'A fJbktk fe;/ j'o uhI dh Io{os BjhA j[zdh. ns/nfsihftsk (survival) dk ;EkfJ~st s'A fJbktk j'o e'Jh wsbp BjhA j?. fit/A okpoNk ;kJhrb (RobertaSigel) B/ fejk j?, “okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dk T[d/P nfij/ ftneshnK dk gqfPePD ns/ ftek; eoBk j?fi; Bkb Uj okiBhfse ;wki d/ uzr/ ekoiekoh w?Apo pD ;eDHHHH. feUAfe fJ~e oki fBekn s'A fpBKi' ;zukfbs okiBhfse w[~bK ns/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek Bkb ;zs[bB ft~u j?, ;[uko{ o{g Bkb ezw BjhA j' ;edk.ns/ nzfsw o{g ft~u nfsihftsk okiBhfse ;zrmB dk T[;/ gqeko Nhuk j?, fit/A fJ~e iht dk.

okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh ;zebgBk ft~u gqXkB pb fJ~e ghVh s'A nrbh ghVhs~e okiBhfse w[~bK d/ ;zgq/PD s/ pb fd~sk iKdk j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j'


B ØN


okiBhfse ;wkiheoD ftneshnK d/ wBK ft~u w[~bK, wkDeK ns/ nfGftfBnk;K dk ftek; eodk j? fi;Bkb T[BK ft~u okiBhfse ftt;Ek d/ gqsh ftPtk; dh GktBk g?dk j' ;e/ ns/ Uj nkgD/ nkg Bz{ uzr/ekoiekoh Bkrfoe d/ o{g ft~u pDkJ/ o~y/ ns/ nkgD/ T[ZsokfXekohnK d/ wB T[Zs/ nfwN Skg S~v ;e/.fJ;soK okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh gfoGkPk T[; “gqfeqnk d/ o{g ft~u ehsh iKdh j?, fi; Bkb e'Jh ftneshokiBhfse ftt;Ek Bkb gfofus j[zdk j?, ns/ i' okiBhfse xNBktK d/ gqsh T[; dh gqshfeqnk dk fBoXkoDeodk j?. fJ; d/ bJh Io{os fJ; r~b dh j? fe ftnesh T[Zs/ ;wki d/ ns/ ;wki T[Zs/ ftnesh d/;wkfie, nkofEe iK ;z;feqfse gfonktoD d/ gqGkt dk gohyD ehsk ikt/. ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfseftt;Ektk d/ ft~u okiBhfse ;wkiheoD fJ~e nfsnzs wj~stg{oD eVh j?, gqzs{ nb~r nb~r ftt;EktKd/ nB[;ko fJ; ft~u gfotosB nk ;edk j?. okiBhfse fdqPNhe'D Bkb fJ~e gqfeqnk d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse;wkiheoD nfsnzs wj~stg{oD j? fi; Bkb ftnkge okiBhfse ftt;EkôkiBhfse ;fjGkfisk^ft~uftfGzB wksoktK ft~u b'e fbgs j' ;ed/ jB.”

okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dk ftek;L y[~b/ pBkw pzd ;wkiK dk ftPkL i' ;wki nkgD/ nkg Bz{ pDkJ/ o~yDkukj[zdk j? iK nkgDh nfsihftsk d/ bJh nkgD/ ;EkfJ~st s/ pb fdzdk j?, T[;dk nkgD/ :[teK d/ ;wkiheoDft~u fJ~e Io{oh fjs fBfjs j[zdk j? sK fe Uj fJ; :'r pDkJ/ ikD fe Uj ;t?̂ fJ~Sk g{ote nkgD/ ;wkfieihtB d/ w[~bK, nfGftfBnk;K ns/ wkDeK Bz{ ikoh o~y ;eD. fJ~e Btiks fPP{ iBwiks ;wkihfe ihtBjhA j[zdk j?l gqfPePD g~Xsh Bkb jh T[; Bz{ ;wkfie pDkfJnk iKdk j?. Bkb jh, fJ; gqeko dk “gqfPePD;wki d/ wkDeK d/ pko/ ft~u T[g:[es frnkB gqkgs eoD s~e ;hfws BjhA j?, pbfe fJ; d/ bJh fJ; r~bdh th T[whd j[zdh j? fe ftnesh UBK wkDeK Bz{ fJ; soK nzrheko eo bt/ fe Uj T[; Bz{ ;jh, fBnKg{oDns/ B?fse gqshs j'D. fJ~e tko ;wki d/ wkDeK Bz{ nzrheko eo b?D s'A pknd PkfJd T[; ftnesh bJhnfijk e'Jh efmB ezw BjhA j't/rk, fe Uj UBK d/ nB[e{b ezw eo/.” Bkb jh, feP'okt;Ek d/ Bkb BkbwkDeK d/ nzrheko eoD dh gqfeqnk ysw BjhA j' iKdh, fJ; d/ nzdo itkB b'e th nkUAd/ jB ns/ fJ;/ekoD n;hA fJ; Bshi/ s/ gj[zud/ jK fe okiBhfse fdqPNh Bkb ;zrfms ;wki d/ nB[o~fynD ;zpzXh UjhIo{osK jB, fiBK ft~u itkBK Bz{ pj[s fIzwdko G{fwek fBGkUDh j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh n;hA d' nt;EktK T[Zs/wkDeK Bz{ nzrheko eoD dh gqfeqnk dk ntb'eD eoKr/,^p~funK ns/ feP'oK dk ;wkiheoD ns/ itkBK dk;wkiheoD.

okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh gqfofeqnk T[; ekb s'A nkozG j[adh j? id'A p~uk uko/ gk;/ d/ ftnkge tksktoDd/ pko/ ft~u ;ir j[zdk j?. ftP/P ;fEshnK d/ gqsh nB[ehnk ft~u nfXe gqshnkfye (perseptive) nB[Gteodk j? ns/ nkgD/ bJh fJ~e nfij/ fdqPNhe'D dk ftek; eo b?Adk j? i' nfXekfXe ;zrs ns/ ;zg{oD j'iKdk j?, id'A fe fJ; s'A gfjbK fJj yzfvs ns/ ;hfws j[zdk j?. fJ; nt;Ek ft~u p~funK ft~u ;kXkoDnfGftfBnk; dk gqkfXeko, nkfrnkekfosk, gqsho'X, ;fj:'r, nkxks nkfd d/ gqsh nkftoGkt j[zdk j?.p~ukgfotko s'A i' e[M rqfjD eodk j?, T[; ft~u ;e{b d/ wkfXnw Bkb tkXk j' iKdk j? ns/ Uj okiBhfse w[~bKd/ gqsh nkgDhnK gqkozfGe wkBsktK Bz{ g[PN eodk j?. Jh;NB ns/ v?fB; pugB ft~u okiBhfse;wkiheoD dh gqfeqnk ft~u uko nt;EktK dk fBoXkoD eo d/ jB^

(1) ftP/P ftneshnK d/ wkfXnw Bkb gqkfXeko Bz{ ;theko eoBk fit/A wksk^fgsk, g[fb;w?B ns/ d/P dkokPNogshl (2) ;oekoh ns/ r?o^;oekoh gqkfXeoD ft~u nzsol (3) okPNoh ftXkfJek, fBnKgkfbek ns/wsdkB fttjko fit/A nt/efse okiBhfse ;z;EktK Bkb ;zpzX rshftXhnK ft~u ftn;s b'eK d/ ft~uG/d fit/A fe okPNogsh iK eKro; (nwoheh ;z;d) d/ w?Apo d/ o{g ft~u ftP/P ftneshnK d/ nkdoPhfeqsfpzpK dk okPNohgsh gd ns/ eKro; Bkb ;EkBKsoD j' ikt/.

fJ; soK ;wkiheoD dh gqfeqnk feP'okt;Ek s'A pknd th ubdh ofjzdh j?. Gkth okiBhfse fttjko dhw[~y o{g o/yktK ‘uzrh soK Bkb gqkozfGe nt;Ek ft~u jh fBoXkfos ehshnK iKdhnK jB, gqzs{ fJ; Bkbnfijh nt;Ek dh nfXe ;zGktBk j[zdh j?, fi; ft~u gqkozfGe okiBhfse ;wkiheoD ns/ pknd d/ ihtBd/ gfonktofDe ns/ nB[Gkfte gqGktK d/ ft~u nzsfeqnk j[zdh j? i' pkbr nt;Ek T[Zs/ ;wkiheoD dhgqfeqnk d/ wkor ft~u pkXk gj[zuKUAdh j?.” T[dkjoD bJh, wsdkB fttjko d/ nfXn?B s'A gsk ubdk j?fe ‘wsK d/ :[ZX’ d/ d"okB ftXkB wzvb d/ w?ApoK Bz{ ;wkiheoD dk frnkB j[zdk j? ns/ UBK dk pknd d/


B ØN


ftXkJh fttjko dk fBoXkoD nKfPe o{g ft~u UBK d/ frnkB, w[~bK ns/ nfGftq~shnK s'A j[zdk j? i' fBotkuBKs'A gfjbK UBK ft~u ftfd~nkwkB ;B, ns/ nKfPe o{g ft~u ftXkfJeK ft~u ftfd~nkwkB Bt/A gfonktoD ft~uUBK d/ nkgD/ nB[GtK Bkb iK UBK d/ gqsh UBK dhnK gqfeqnktK s'A gqGkfts j[zdk.” fBotkuB nfXn?BKB/ dbh gqkoEfwesktK ns/ wsdksktK dhnK ftP/PsktK ft~u ;fj^;zpzX fdykfJnk j? i' gfonktoD ns/nB[Gt Bkb ;zpzfXs j?.

ukj/ fJj ;~u j? fe gqkozfGe ;wkiheoD s'A pknd jh ;wkiheoD dk fPbkfBnk; j[zdk j?, fJ; dk noEfJjh j? fe pknd d/ ;wkiheoD dk gqshwkB gqkozfGe ;wkiheoD d/ gqshwkB d/ nB[o{g j't/. pknd d/nB[Gkfte gqwkDK dk gqGkt ihtB d/ p[Ykg/ ft~u b'eK dhnK nfGftq~shnK ns/ nfGftfBnk;K ft~u gfotosBfbnk fdzdk j?. “pugB ns/ feP'okt;Ek ft~u i' frnkB, w[~b ns/ nfGftq~shnK rqfjD ehshnK iKdhnKjB, UBK Bz{ ftn;e ihtB d/ nB[GtK dh g[PmG{wh ft~u wkfgnk ikt/rk. BjhA sK nfijk ;[Mkn d/Dk;E?fse okiBhfse fttjko dk ;[Mkn d/Dk j't/rk. i/eo ftn;e ;wkiheoD dh gqfeqnk pugB ns/feP'okt;Ek dh ;wkiheoD dh gqfeqnk Bz{ gqpfbs eodh j? sK gfotosB dh wksok T[wo ft~u tkX/ d/ ekoDo{Vhtkd (conservatism) ft~u tkX/ d/ Bkb ;hfws j[zdh iKdh j?, gqzs{ T[ZE/ okiBhfse fttjko ft~ueqKshekoh gfotosB j' ;ed/ jBl fJ; gqeko d/ fto'XK dhnK iVK gqkozfGe okiBhfse ;wkiheoD ft~uj[zdhnK jB, gqzs{ fJj pknd d/ ;wkiheoD d/ nB[GtK d/ ekoD th j' ;edk j?.’

fJ; s'A gsk ubdk j? fe okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh gqfeqnk d/ nzsors ftnesh dk ;kok ihtB nk iKdkj?. fJ; dh BhAj ftnesh d/ ihtB dhnK gqkofGe nt;EktK ft~u j[zdh j?, fe;/ Bt/A nB[GtK d/ ekoD pknddh nt;Ek ft~u fJ; dh nfX^;zouBk ft~u spdhbh (super-structure) nk ;edh j?. fJ; nt;Ek s/;G s'A T[b/y:'r r~b fJj j? fe itkB rtkjK dk okiBhfse ;wkiheoD, nkwzv ns/ topk d/ PpdK ft~u,pj[fdfPe gqGktK Bz{ gqtkfjs eodk j?. fJ; dk Bshik fJj j? fe p[Ykg/ ft~u ftnesh i' e[M f;~yd/ jB,T[;Bz{ nkgD/ p~funK Bz{ gqkozfGe nt;Ek ft~u jh f;ykUD dh e'fPP eod/ jB. nwohek dk T[dkjoD g/P eod/ j'J/ nkwzv ns/ topk fJ; r~b t~b ;ze/s eod/ jB fe d/P ft~u okiBhfse b'szso dh gqEk d/ ekoDb'e “pknd ft~u ;e{bK, pkIkoK ns/ frfoikxoK ft~u th b'eszso dh wzr eoD brd/ jB. feUAfe nkws"o s/ fJ; wzr Bz{ ;theko eo fbnk iKdk j?, fJ; d/ cb;o{g ;e{bh p~u/, wId{o ns/ j'o b'e uouK,tkd^fttkdK ns/ fBoDk^fBowkD gqshfeqnktK ft~u Gkr b?Dk P[o{ eod/ jB. fJBK nB[GtK d/ nkXko s/ftnesh nfijhnK e[PbktK dk ftek; eo b?Adk j?, fi; Bkb Uj okiBhfse ihtB ft~u Gkr b? ;edk j?ns/ fJ; Bkb iK sK Uj okiBhfse gfotosB fbnk ;edk j?, iK T[; Bz{ ;theko eo b?Adk j?. fJ; soK,fJj ;wkiheoD dh gqfeqnk Bk e/tb ;wki dh okihfse ;fEosk ft~u pbfe gfotosBK ft~u th :'rdkBfdzdh j? ns/ UBK dpktK Bz{ PKs eodh j? fiBK Bkb gfotosB ;zGt j[zd/ jB.”

okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh gqfeqnk ft~u nkgD/ nkg jh d[pkok ;wkiheoD dk wkwbk nk iKdk j?, sKftneshnK Bz{ Bt/A tor ns/ ;fEsh ft~u Pkfwb ehsk iKdk j? fi; bJh g[okD/ ;wki ft~u e'Jh G{fwekgqshwkB BjhA ;B.fInkdkso T[d:'fre okiBhfse gqDkbhnK fi~E/ s/Ih Bkb ;wkfie gfotosB j' oj/ jB,Bz{ d[pkok ;wkiheoD d/ Gkoh Goew ezwK Bkb i{MDk g?Adk j?.;otkfXekotkdh okiBhfse ftt;EktK(fit/A ckf;;N fJNbh, BkIh iowBh ns/ efwT{fB;N ;'ftns ;zx) d/ ;kfjs ft~u fJ; ftP/ s/ ekchfXnkB fd~sk frnk j?.fJ~e j'o gqeko dk d[pkok ;wkiheoD T[d'A j[zdk j?, id'A e'Jh ;w{j fe;/ nfijh j?f;nstkb/ ftnesh Bz{ Pkfwb eo b?Adk j?,fi; bJh fJj nkgD/ gfjbK tkb/ gqfPePD d/ ekoD ssgo BjhA ;h.fJ; fdPk ft~u ;wkfie ;zukbBhnsk dk fIeo ehsk ik ;edk j?. id'A fJBK r"D ns/ ftueko dhnK ;z;EktKdh G{fwek Bz{ ;wM fbnk iKdk j?,sK jh n;hA nfXe ftPtk; d/ Bkb fJ; r~b dh ftnkfynk eo ;ed/ jK

i/eo pugB ns/ feP'okt;Ek ft~u gfonktoD ns/ nB[Gkfte dpktK dk fBPfus gqGktfe;/ ftnesh d/ ihtB s/ g?Adk j?, sK fJj ;wMDk fBsKs soe;zrs j't/rk, fe ftn;ekdh nt;Ek ft~u fJBK gqGktK dk nkgDk jh wj~st j?.

B'N;


B ØN


fe fJ~e ;[f;~fyns ns/ gqf;~fyns ghVh fJ~e ;hfws ftnkfynk d/ fto[~X feUA eqKsh eodh j? iK eqKshekohikgkBh feP'o fJ~e nB[dko pkbr feUA pDdk j?.”

okiBhfse ;wkiheoD gqfeqnk d/ d' uoD jB^(1) ;iksh (homogeneous) iK ;ss fi;dk wsbp fJjj? fe nkgDh okiBhfse ftt;Ek d/ gqsh nkg;h ftPtk; d/ tksktoD ft~u ftnesh fJ~e d{i/ Bkb ;fj:'reoD. ns/ (2) ftiksh (heterogeneous) iK n;s fi;dk noE j? fe ftnesh fJ~e d{i/ d/ gqsh nkg;hnftPtk;, P~e ns/ fxqDk dh GktBk o~yd/ jB fi; ekoD Uj nkgDh okiBhfse ftt;Ek d/ gqsh ftw[yns/ T[dk;hB j' iKd/ jB. fJ; soK ;iksh ns/ ;ss okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh gqfeqnk ft~u okiBhfseftt;Ek fJ; r~b dh nkPk eo ;edh j? fe T[; Bz{ ftneshnK dk ftPtk;:'r ;fj:'r fwb/rk, fJ; Bkb;ko/ okiBhfse ihtB d/ “ftjb ns/ yokp j'D dh ;zGktBk j[zdh j? fi;d/ cb;o{g fBokPk j't/rh ns/eqKshekoh ;wkfie gfotosB dh wzr nk ikt/rh.” Ikfjo j?, okiBhfse ftt;Ek dh ;fEosk d/ fjs ft~ufJj Io{oh j? fe b'e nkgDh ihtB Pesh ;iksh gfonktoD s'A rqfjD eoD.”

fJ; nt;Ek ft~u fJ; r~b t~b ;ze/s ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? fe ukj/ tk;st ft~u okiBhfse ;wkiheoD d/ bJhokiBhfse ;EkfJ~st dh T[whd ehsh iKdh j?, fJ; Bz{ fe;/ th soK gfotosB fto'Xh ;zebgBk BjhA ;wfMnkikDk ukjhdk. fBPfus jhL fJ; Bz{ fJ~e soK fJ~e nB[dko ;zebgBk ;wfMnk ik ;edk j? fe fJj nfij/gfotosB dk ;zebg eodh j/, i' Bk eqKshekoh j? ns/ Bk jh s/I. fJ; ft~u fJ; ftP/ s/ pb fd~sk frnk j?fe id'A gfotosB j'Dk gqfeqsh dk fB:w j?, sK T[;Bz{ eqfwe ns/ PKshg{oD j'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; soK okiBhfse;wkiheoD ft~u fJ; r~b s/ pb fd~sk frnk j? fe i/eo eKbKso ft~u b'eK dhnK nfGftq~shnK ns/ w[~bK ft~ugfotosB nkUAdk j? sK Bkb jh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh ft~u fJ~e gfotosB Io{o nkUDk ukjhdk j? sK fe T[;nukBe gfotosB d/ yso/ s'A pfunk ik ;e/,fi; Bkb okiBhfse ftt;Ek dk ftBkP iK jkBh j' ;edh j?.fJ; dk noE fJj j? fe okiBhfse w[~bK Bz{ nkeko gqdkB eoD dh gqfenk ns/ gfotosB dh gqfeqnk, d't/A fJ~ed{i/ d/ nB[e{b j'D/ ukjhd/ jB. fJ; bJh fJj Io{oh j? fe Pk;eK Bz{ w[dok ;fcsh ns/ :[~X fijh fe;/ gqw[~y xNBkBz{ o'eD bJh ;soe ofjDk ukjhdk j? fi; Bkb b'eK ns/ UBK dhnK nfGftq~shnK ft~u fe;/ gqeko d/ gfotosBBk nk gkUD. fJ; bJh ;~sko{V ftneshnK dk fJj gow eos~t j' iKdk j? fe Uj d/yD fe fJBK xNBktKdk dpkn nfij/ fpzd{ s/ Bk gj[zu/ fi; Bkb tckdko ftnesh ftdo'jh pD ikD, ;fj:'rh b'e nkeokwe pDikD ns/ d';s d[PwD pD ikD. fJ; fJfsjkf;e s~E d/ ekoD fe i/eo ;wkiheoD dh gqfeqnk ;ir ns/ fi;okiBhfse ftt;Ek dk d/P dh okiBhfse ;z;feqsh d/ Bkb ;wnk:'iB uzrh soK j' frnk j?, Uj gqGkth ns/;[uko{ sohe/ Bkb ezw eo ;e/rk. fJ; d/ ftgohs, i/eo okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh gqfeqnk fInkdk s/I j' rJhj?, sK fJ; ekoD ;G e[M n;s^ftn;s j' ikt/rk.”

okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh gqfenk ekb ns/ T[; gfonktoD d/ nB[;ko nb~r nb~r j[zdh j?, fi;dk fJjnzr j[zdh j? ns/ fi; ft~u fJ;dk :'rdkB j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh fJ;dk okiBhfse ftt;Ek dh gqfeqsh ns/gfotosB dh wksok ns/ ;[Gkn Bkb rfjok ;zpzX j?. “oki ftt;Ek fizBh ;EkJh j't/rh, UBh jhokiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh w[~y nfGeosk ftfPPN j't/rh.fJ; d/ ftgohs, n;otkfXekotkdh oki ftt;Ekft~u w[~y nfGeosktK dk tkXk j't/rk. oki ftt;Ek ft~u eqKsh dh wksok fizBh nfXe p[fBnkdh j't/rh,okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dhnK nfGeosktK UBhnK jh nfXe fPPN j'DrhnK.@ pfjojkb, ;kBz{ fJ; s~Edh ntj/bDk BjhA eoBh ukjhdh, fe ukj/ okiBhfse ftP/PheoD d/ bJh fe;/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek d/nB[o~fynD ns/ d[pkok nkftq~sh Bkb fJ; d/ g{oD o{gKsoD iK g{oD jkBh s~e okiBhfse nfGftfBnk;ns/ fttjko gqshwkBK dh Io{os j?, go Uj fJ; r~b s/ pb d/D dh e'fPP eodk j? fe ;EkJh okiBhfseftt;Ek d/ bJh gqhfy~nD dk ftPk fJj j? fe ;wkiheoD dhnK nfGeosktK J/BhnK buhbhnK j'D fe UBKft~u fjz;kswe fty'G s'A fpBK gfotosB j' ;e/.

okiBhfse nfGftfBnk;K ns/ gqshwkBK d/ noiD eoD d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh p[fBnkdhgqfeqnk nb'esKsfoe ;wkiK T[Zs/ UBh jh bkr{ ehsh ik ;edh j/, fizBh fe b'esKsfoe ;wkiK s/, ukj/ fJ;r~b s'A fJBeko BjhA ehsk ik ;edk fe nfGeosktK dh G{fwek iK szso dh g~Xsh s/ i' pb fd~sk frnkj? Uj nkgDh fe;w ns/ gqGktPhbsk ft~u nb~r nb~r j' ;edk j?. y[~bk ;wki n;fjwsh ftnes eoDns/ fto'X gqrN eoD dh nkfrnk fdzdk j?, T[;dk pj[btkdh ;o{g j[zdk j?, fi; ft~u pj[g~yh okiBhfse


B ØN


wkDeK ns/ w[~bK dhnK fe;wK Bz{ f;ykUD bJh ftftX fjsp~X ;w{j ekoios j[zd/ jB. ;otkfXekotkdh;wki dh ;fEsh fJ; d/ ftgohs j[zdh j? fi~E/ ;~sko{V ftnesh nkgDh ftukoXkok ns/ okiBhfse w[~bK Bz{;koh iBsk T[Zs/ nko'fgs eoD dh e'fPP eod/ jB sK fe g[okDh ghVh Bz{ ftf;~fyns ns/ BthA ghVh Bz{d[pkok f;~fyns ehsk ik ;e/. ;otkfXekoh ;wki “nkX[fBe b'eszsoK s'A fJ; noE ft~u fGzB j? fe d'jKft~u w?ApoK d/ okiBhfse ;wkiheoD d/ T[g:'r T[Zs/ fB:zsoD dh wksok ft~u nzso j[zdk j?. gqs~y iK go'yo{g ft~u ;kohnK ;oekoK ;{uBk d/ wkfXnw T[Zs/ fB:zsoD eoe/ ftfGzB wksoktK ft~u nkgD/ ;wki d/ w?ApoKdk ;wkiheoD ukj[zdhnK jB, gqzs{ ;otkfXeko ;wki ft~u fJj fB:zsoD ;otftnkge j[zdk j?.@

;otkfXekotkdh ;wki Uj j? i' ;wki d/ ;ko/ gfjb{nK T[Zs/ nkgDk fB:zsoD o~ydk j?, ns/ ;wkiheoDs/ pbfe okiBhfse ;wkiheoD s/ ftP/P Yzr Bkb pb fdzdk j?. oki dh ftukoXkok “;G ezwK dk ;oekohnkXko pD iKdh j?, ns/ ;G ekoiebkg T[;d/ nzsors nk iKd/ jB. okiBhfse ;wkiheoD Bz{ nkgD/ ;{soKBz{ u[DB bJh Bk sK S~fvnk iKdk j?, Bk jh S~fvnk ik ;edk j?l Bk jh nfij/ nfB:zsfos frnkB, w[~bKns/ nfGftq~shnK Bz{ T[giD fd~sk iKdk j? i' T[; ftukoXkok dk fto'X eoD, iK T[; Bz{ B[e;kB gj[zukUD.b'eK d/ wBK s/ nfXeko eoD dh e'fPP ehsh iKdh j? ns/ oki dh ftukoXkok d/ wkfXnw Bkb T[; dk wkordoPB eo e/ oki dhnK Io{osK d/ bJh fJ;s/wkb ehsk iKdk j?. “fJj nv'bc fjNbo fij/ wjkB;otkfXekotkdh BksktK d/ tkeK s'A ;gPN j?, HHHHH ns/ fJj BtK ;wki nkgD/ fJbktk nkgD/ :[teK Bz{j'o fe;/ Bz{ BjhA d/t/rk, :[teK Bz{ bt/rk ns/ UBK Bz{ nkgDh f;~fynk ns/ bkbD^gkbD d/t/rk.@ fJ;/ soK,thH nkJhH b/fBB B/ fejk j?L “f;~fynk ;z;EktK ns/ :[teK d/ gqfPePD Bz{ eqKshekoh Yzr Bkb Bt/A f;o/Bkb YkbD Bkb jh n;hA fJj ;[fBPfus eo gktKr/, fe B"itkB ghVh dhnK e'fPPK d/ cb;o{g ;wki dhouBk j't/rh, i' g[okD/ ;wki noEks ;kwtkdh ;wki s'A fGzB j't/rh.”

i/eo n;hA fJ; ftP/ Bz{ rfjokJh Bkb ;wMD dh e'fPP eohJ/, sK ;kvh XkoDk fJj pDdh j? fe b'esKsfoens/ ;otkfXeko ;wkiK dk fXnkB ehs/ fpBK okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh gqfenk Io{oh jh fJ~e nB[dkoebgBk j?. feUAfe fJ; dk tk;sfte ;zpzX okiBhfse ftt;Ek dh nfsihftsk nB[o~fynD s'A j?, ukj/Uj fpqN/B iK nwohek dh soK ;[szso ns/ y[~bk ;wki j't/, ukj/ ;'ftns ;zx iK uhB ;ohyh fJ; s'A ftgohs;fEsh j't/, okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dk e[b fwbk e/ gqGkt :Ek;fEsh (status quo) Bz{ ;woEB gqdkB eoddh fdPk ft~u j?, iK x~N s'A x~N, w"i{dk okiBhfse PkPBK d/ w[~y g~yK dk ;woEB eoD dh fdPk ft~u j?.”fit/A rqhB;NhB (Greenstein) B/ fejk j?, “;EkJh ns/ n;EkJh d't/A gqeko d/ ;wkiK ft~u okiBhfse;wkiheoD d[nkok ft~fdnkwkB gqshwkBK Bz{ pDkJ/ o~y/ ikD dh ;zGktBk j?.@

5H25H25H25H25H2 okiBhfse ;wkiheoD d/ nfGeosk okiBhfse ;wkiheoD d/ nfGeosk okiBhfse ;wkiheoD d/ nfGeosk okiBhfse ;wkiheoD d/ nfGeosk okiBhfse ;wkiheoD d/ nfGeosk (Agents of PoliticalSocialisation)

i/ okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dk ;zpzX NhfunK dh fdPk ft~u ftneshnK d/ nfGftfBnk; s'A j?, sK j[D n;hAUBK nfGeosktK dh G{fwek dk ntb'eD eoKr/, i' wkDeK d/ nzrheoD (norm-internalization) ft~unkgDh G{fwek dk fBotkj eod/ jB. nfijh y'i eoD ft~u UBK ekoeK dh G{fwek th nk iKdh j?, fiBKdk ftnesh d/ wB s/ gqs~y iK go'y gqGkt g?Adk j? ns/ fJ; soK Uj T[; d/ ftnefs~st d/ fByko ft~u:'rdkB eod/ jB. i/eo f;~X/^;kd/ PpdK ft~u fejk ikt/, sK fJ; dk noE fJj j? fe n;hA UBK ekoeKdk, ;zy/g ft~u, nfXn?B eohJ/, i' okiBhfse wkDeK ns/ w[~bK Bz{ nzrheko eod/ jB fiBK Bz{ gfjbK d/ :[rKd/ b'e Bkrfoe f;~fynk ft~u gkm, Bkrfoesk bJh gqf;~fynD, ;~sko{V b'eK d/ fttjko ns/ ;wkfie ns/okiBhfse ;z;EktK dh G{fwek fejk eod/ ;B. fJ; soK, fJ; tke d/ :EkoE dk gsk brkUD bJh gfotko,;e{b, uouK, ;wkB b'eK d/ ;w{jK, iB^;zgoe ;kXBK ns/ iB^;zpzXK dh G{fwek dk ntb'eD ehsk ikDk

;otkfXekoh ;wki s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'<Nk;e


B ØN


ukjhdk j?. feUAfe ftnesh dhnK okiBhfse nfGftq~shnK, nfGftfBnk;K ns/ w[~bK Bz{ nkdkB^gqdkB eoDft~u ;dk ftnesh Bz{ gqGkfts ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?, fJ; bJh fJj ;wkiheoD dh gqfeqnk T[wo Go ubdhofjzdh j?.@ iK fit/A fe pkb B/ fejk j?L “okiBhfse ;wkiheoD nfijh gqfeqnk BjhA j?, i' pugB d/gqGktrqfj :'r ;kbK s~e ;hfws j't/, pbfe fJj sK ;ko/ pkbr ihtB d/ d"okB ubdh ofjzdh j?.@

;G s'A gfjbK gfotko dk ;EkB nkUAdk j?, fi; Bz{ p~u/ bJh “pkjo dh d[BhnK s/ y[~bD tkbh gfjbh fyVehefjDk ukjhdk j?l fJj p~u/ dk gqkfXeko d/ Bkb gfjbk ;zgoe j?.” ftnesh d/ okiBhfse ftnefs~st d/ fBowkDft~u gfotko dk gqw[~y :'rdkB T[; G{fwek s'A T[sgzB j[zdk j?, fi; Bz{ T[; dhnK p[fBnkdh ns/ nzsoG{s Io{osKdh g{osh bJh w[~y ;kXB ns/ y/so ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. fJ; soK, p~uk nkgD/ wksk^fgsk d/ Bkb nkgDk;zs[bB eoBk ukj[zdk j?, ns/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek d/ gqsh UBK d/ fdqPNhe'D Bz{ ngBkUDk ukj[zdk j?. fit/A fe v/ft; B/ fejk j?, “gfotko wkBf;e o{g Bkb Bzr/ p~u/ Bz{ g{oh soK nkG{fPs ftnefs~st d/ o{g ft~u o{gKsfoseoD d/ w[~y ;kXB gqdkB eodk j?. ftnesh dk nfXeKP okiBhfse ftnefs~st^fJ~e ;kXkoD pkbr Bkrfoens/ gqw[~y okiBhfse ekoieosk d/ o{g ft~u ezw eoD Bkb xo T[Zs/ jh fBoXkfos j[zdk j? ns/ fJ~e ;kXkoDpkfbr Bkrfoe ns/ fJ~e okiBhfse eosk^Xosk d/ o{g ft~u T[GoD s'A eJh ;kb gfjbK jh nfijk fBoXkoDj' iKdk j?.” okpoN b/B B/ ;[Mkn fd~sk j? fe gfotko d/ wkfXnw Bkb fszB okiBhfse ftPtk;k dh BhAjK dkfBnk; ehsk ik ;edk j?̂ (1) gqs~y iK go'y o{g ft~u wsko'gD, (indoctrination) (2) fJ~e ftP/P ;wkfie;zdoG ft~u p~u/ Bz{ o~y e/, ns/ (3)p~u/ dk ftnefs~st Ykb e/.

fJ; s'A pknd, gqkoEfwe f;~fynk d/ e/Ado d/ o{g ft~u ;e{b dk ;EkB nkUAdk j?. okiBhfse fttjko dhftnkfynk ft~u f;~fynk Bz{ pj[s ;w/A s~e fJ~e wj~stg{oD uoD ;wfMnk iKdk fojk j? ns/ fJ; r~b dk gqwkDfd~sk ik ;edk j? fe Uj okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dk fJ~e wj~stg{oB ;kXB j?. nkwzv ns/ topk fJ; r~b t~b;ze/s eod/ jB fe fe;/ ftnesh dh f;~fynk fizBh ftnkge j't/rh, UBk jh Uj ;oeko d/ gqGkt d/ gqsh ;irj't/rk, okiBhsh dk nB[;oD eo gkt/rk, nfXe s'A nfXe okiBhfse ikDekoh gqkgs eo gkt/rk, UBK d/okiBhfse wkwfbnK T[Zs/ ftnkge ws j'Dr/, nfXe s'A nfXe okiBhfse fdqPNh Bkb ikro{e b'eK Bkb nfXes'A nfXe uouktK eo/rk, Uj okiBhfse wkwfbnK Bz{ gqGkfts eoD dh nfXe :'rsk nB[Gt eo/rk, Uj ;t?fS~e;zrmBK ft~u ;d~;sk rqfjD eo/rk ns/ fJBK ft~u ;feqn o{g Bkb Gkr bt/rk, nkgD/ ;wkfie gfonktoD ft~uftPtk; ftnes eo/rk ns/ ftPtk; dhnK GktBktK Bz{ gqdofPs eo/rk. fJ; ekoD gkmeqwK d/ u[Bkt dk nkgDkjh wj~st j' frnk j?. okiBhfse fdqPNh Bkb ikro{e b'e nkgD/ fjsK d/ nB[e{b gkmeqwK ft~u ;zP'XB bJh y{p;zxoP eod/ jB. fJ;/ ekoD, e/ob ft~u w[;fbw bhr d/ B/sktK B/ ;e{b dhnK gkm g[;seK ft~u'A UBK nzPKBz{ e~YD bJh ;zzxoP ehsk, fiBK ft~u ;[szsosk s'A gfjbK d/ :[r ft~u itkjobkb Bfjo{ B/ bhr dh ;zgodkfJens/ okPNo^fto'Xh G{fwek d/ pko/ ft~u fejk ;h. UBK B/ fJ~e j'o I'odko wzr ehsh ;h fe f;~fynk ;z;EktKft~u ‘ekb/ b'eK d/ pko/ ft~u nfXn?B’ d/ ekoieqwK Bz{ Pkfwb ehsk ikt/.

fJ; fdPk ft~u fi; r~b dk fInkdk wj~st j? Uj fJj j? fe okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh ;w~f;nk T[; ;w/A g?dkj[zdh j? id'A p~uk nkgD/ gfotko ns/ gqkoEfwe ;e{b d/ nkozfGe gqGtK s'A T[ZGo e/ n~r/ nkUAdk j? ns/ T[ZuiwksK dh d[BhnK ft~u gj[zudk j?, fi; Bz{ ‘;wkB ftneshnK d/ r[N’ iK ‘;w^;w{j’ (peer groups) th fejkikdk j?. ns/ fJ; soK Uj j'o gqGktK d/ nXhB j' iKdk j? i' gqkozfGe okiBhsheoD Bz{ ‘gqu~fbs ns/ fJ; Bz{MhD th eo ;ed/ jB.” wkofNB b/ftB B/ gsk brkfJnk j? fe ftneshnK ft~u fJ; r~b dh gqftq~sh j[zdh j?fe ‘;w^;w{j’ ft~u th b'e ‘pj[ws gqkgs ;w{j’ Bz{ ngDk b?Ad/ jB. t~v/ ftfdnkoEhnK dhnK nfGftq~shnKT[Zs/ nfXn?B gkmeqwK, tkd^fttkdK, uouktK ns/ j'o gkm ;zpzXh ekoiebkgK dh fBPfus ;zdoG ft~uwj~stg{oD G{fwek j[zdh j? ns/ Uj okiBhfse gqp'X (political enlightenment) d/ gqGkth ;kXB pD iKd/ jB.fJ; soK f;~fynk Pk;so dk ;wkfie ftfrnkBK ft~u w;/eD j' ikdk j?, feUAfe fit/A fe ;hH okJhN fwb; B/nkgDh ouBk ‘fd ;'P'b"fieb fJw?ihB/PB’ (The Sociological Imagination) ft~u fejk, “d'jK dk T[d/Pnfij/ b'eK ns/ ftneshnK Bz{ fsnko eoBk j? i' ftneshrs ns/ ;wkfie ;zpzXK Bkb ofjD :'r jB ns/ UBKdhnK gfonkgs gfoGkPktK nB[;ko ofj ;ed/ jB.@

wkD^nzrheoDwkD^nzrheoDwkD^nzrheoDwkD^nzrheoDwkD^nzrheoD (norm-internalization) dh gqfeqnk ft~u Bk e/tb gfotkoK ns/ f;~fynk e/AdoK pbfe;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse ;z;EktK dh th wj~stg{oD G{fwek j?. T[dkjoD bJh, Xkofwe ;z;EktK d/ wj~st


B ØN


Bz{ fe;/ th soK Bkb jhD BjhA ;wfMnk ikDk ukjhdk. Xkofwe ;z;EktK dk okiBhfse nfGftq~shnK T[Zs/gqGkt Ikfjo s"o s/ x~N j[zdk j?, id'A fe fJj j'o ;wkiekoh ;z;EktK Bz{ gqpfbs eodh j?, gqzs{ pj[s ;ko/T[dko b'esKsfoe ns/ ;otkfXekotkdh :{ogh d/PK ft~u o'wB e?E'fbe Xow dh G{fwek ;kBz{ fJ; d/ okins/ f;~fynk d'jK Bkb fto'X d/ T[dkjoD gq;s[s eodh j?. PkfJd fJj eJh d/PK ft~u n"osK d/ okiBhfsefttjko dk fdrdoPB eokUD ft~u fJ~e wj~stg{oD ekoe j?. okPNoh J/eheoD d/ tk;s/ yk; s"o s/ftek;Phb d/PK ft~u B"itkB nzd'bBK dh wj~stg{oD G{fwek j[zdh j?.;kBz{ okiBhfse dbK dh G{fwek dk thntb'eD eoBk ukjhdk j?, i' nfXe ft;fsqs j[zdh j?, feUAfe UBK Bz{ ftnkge ;woEB gqkgs eoD dhIo{os j[zdh j?.;oeko dh e[b fwbk e/ G{fwek Bz{, yk; s"o s/ ;'ftns ;zx ns/ g~Swh iowBh ft~u, Io{ouzrh soK d/fynk ikDk ukjhdk j?, fi~E/ okiBhfse f;~fynk Bz{ gq's;kfjs eoD bJh ;t?fS~e B"itkB torKns/ ;zrhnK Bz{ ft~sh ;jkfJsk gqdkB ehsh iKdh j?.

;kBz{ ftnesh d/ nB[GtK dk th gohyD eoBk ukjhdk j? fi; Bz{ Uj nkgD/ o[Irko d/ d"okB rqfjD eodkj?. fi; soK fJ~e fB:'ie nkgD/ eowukohnK d/ gqsh fttjko eodk j?, T[; Bkb wkBt^gqfeqsh d/ pko/ft~u v{zxh nzsofdqPNh rqfjD ehsh ik ;edh j?. fJ~e p~u/ d/ o{g ft~u fJ~e nfij/ gfotko ft~u gotfoPgk e/, fi; dk ;zukbB b'esKsfoe nkXko s/ ehsk iKdk j?, ns/ fi; ft~u fJ~e d{i/ d/ gqsh ;fj:'r dhGktBk j[zdh j?, e'Jh ftnesh r[~;k, fJ~E'A s~e fe fjz;k dh GktBk th ftnes eo ;edk j?, i/eo Ujd/ydk j? fe T[;dk fB:'ie Bhu fttjko eodk j?.fJ~E/ jh nkgD/ nXhB eowukohnK T[Zs/ gqG[st dhnfGft~qsh, nkgD/ tfoPm ;fj:'rhnK d/ gqsh nkdo ns/ fBofws n"gukfoe ;zrmB, :Ek ebp ns/:{fBnB Uj wkfXnw pD iKd/ jB, fiBK d/ iohJ/ okiBhfse ;{uBk ns/ ftPtk;K dk ;zuko j[zdk j? ns/;w{fje ;"d/pkIh dh gqfeqnk ft~u fe;/ gqeko dk Gkr b?Dk ns/ fe;/ jVskb Bkb ;zpzX j'Dk fB:"ieK ns/wId{oK bJh ;wkB Yzr Bkb PeshPkbh ;wkiekoh nB[Gt j' ;edk j?. jVskbh wId{o Bk e/tb fJj f;~ydkj? fe Uj nkgD/ Gkr d/ pko/ gqKfXfeqs fBofDnK Bz{ nkeko gqdkB eo ;edk j?, pbfe T[; Bz{ ftfPPNekoiê[PbktK pko/ th ikDekoh gqkgs j[zdh j? fit/A gqdoPB ns/ BPkpzdh eoBk, fi; Bz{ pknd ft~uokiBhfse nzd'bBK ft~u Gkr b?D tk;s/ fJ;s/wkb ehsk ik ;edk j?.

b?;t?b dk torK dk ;wkB ;w[~unb?;t?b dk torK dk ;wkB ;w[~unb?;t?b dk torK dk ;wkB ;w[~unb?;t?b dk torK dk ;wkB ;w[~unb?;t?b dk torK dk ;wkB ;w[~un

ekoeekoeekoeekoeekoe ;z;EktK ;z;EktK ;z;EktK ;z;EktK ;z;EktK gqGkt gqGkt gqGkt gqGkt gqGkt

;~sk ;oeko ns/ ekBz{B wj~stg{oD fBofDnK d/;zpzX ft~u ;woEB gqkgs eoBkns/ ;woEB d/Dk (gqkfXfeqs gqshp~XsktK bkr{ eoBhnKj'DrhnK, i/eo fJBK Bz{ u[B"sh fd~sh rJh sK nfijk eoBtkb/ Bz{ ;ys ;Ik fd~sh ikt/rh.)

frnkB iB ;zgoe d/ ;kXB ns ;wkuko iK ftfrnkfBe ;{uBk d/Dk iK gqkgs eoBk ftfrnkfBe gqekPB

;zgdk T[d:'r, XB ns/ ;ky ;/tktK iK ;z;kXBK Bz{ gqkgs eoBk

efbnkD g'PD ns/ fufes;k ;[o~fynk, f;js ns/;[~y d/ nt;o gqkgs eoBk ns/ d/Dk

e[Pbsk tgko, g/P/, ebktK fBfjs ywsktK Bz{ y'bD ns/ g{oD eoD bJh nt;o gqkgseoBk ns/ d/Dk

;B/j gfotko, t~vhnK ;fEshnK gq/w ns/ fBPmk bJh nt;o gqkgs eoBk ns/ d/Dk

fJ~Is tor, gd ns/ ikshnK wkBsk d/ bJh nt;o gqkgs eoBk ns/ d/Dk

fJwkBdkoh Xkofwe, nkuko^Pk;soh fIzw/dkoh g{oD nkuoD d/ fB:wK Bz{ ;[ftXkiBe pDkUDns/ bkr{ eoD bJh nt;o gqkgs eoBk ns/ d/Dk


B ØN


ftnesh d/ ftnefs~st d/ BKwkswe wkB fu~so T[Zs/ iB;zuko d/ wkfXnwK dk nkgDk jh gqGkt j[zdk j?.nypkoK gV e/, o/vhU tkosktK Bz{ ;[D e/ ns/ N?bhftIB dhnK fcbwK d/y e/ b'e fe;/ wkDeK ns/ w[~bKd/ bJh nkgDh g;zd ns/ Bk g;zd dk ftek; eo b?Ad/ jB. fJ; soK w[es iB^;zuko d/ ;kXB^nypko,o/vhU ns/ N?bhftIB^ftneshnK d/ wBK ft~u ftfGzB gqeko d/ w[~bK dk ftek; eod/ jB. iB^;zuko d/;kXBK dh fB:zsfos ftt;Ek UBK d/ ftukoK Bz{ fJ~e ;{so ft~u pzBD bJh pj[s gqGktPkbh G{fwek dk ftek;eo ;edh j?.

fJ; s'A fJbktk n;hA okiBhfse nfGftfBnk;K d/ fJ~e wj~stg{oD wkfXnw d/ o{g ft~u ‘gqsheK’(symbols) dh G{fwek dk th T[b/y eo ;ed/ jK. wJh fdt; go/v, nkw u[Bkt, pkIkoK ft~u gqdoPB,oki^nfGP/e, okPNogfs~st dk T[dxkNB, wkoe;, b?fBB ns/ rKXh dhnK inzshnK, okPNoh y[Ph d/ fdBKBz{ wBkfJnk ikDk nkfd fijhnK xNBktK b'eK Bz{ fJfsjkf;e fBozssosk ns/ UBK dh J/esk s/ pb fdzdhnKjB. fJ~e S'Nk p~uk Bk e/tb fJBK ;kohnK xNBktK Bz{ d/ydk j?, pbfe Uj nkgD/ Pk;B d/ gqGkth ns/w[~bKeDekoh nftfBnk;K dk th ftek; eo b?Adk j?.p~funK ft~u tk;sfte frnkB s'A gfjbK fJBK w[~bKeDKd/ XkoeK d/ pko/ ft~u gkoNh ;zpzXK, nwoheh okPNogsh dhnK tk;sfte PeshnK ns/ fpqfNP Bo/P dhokiBhfse sN;Esk ns/ BKwkso dh nfXnePsk d/ pko/ ft~u ;ekokswe ikDekoh nkUAdh j?.

nzs ft~u, n;hA okiBhfse ftt;Ek Bkb gqs~y ;zgoe d/ gqGkt ft~u nkUAd/ jK. fJj efjDk rbs BjhAj't/rk fe ftneshnK dhnK nfGftq~shnK ns/ nfGftfBnk;K Bz{ nkeko gqdkB eoD ft~u ;G s'A wj~st g{oDwkfXnw fJj j' ;edk j? fe UBK Bz{ T[; okiBhfse ftt;Ek d/ Bkb f;~X/ ;zgoe ft~u nkUD fd~sk ikt/fi;d/ nXhB Uj ofjzd/ jB. “T[; okiBhfse ftt;Ek d/ pko/ ft~u fiBK Bz{ gfotko ns/ ;e{b B/ Pkfwbehsk j?, ftuko fezBk jh ;ekokswe feUA Bk j't/, id'A fe;/ ftnesh dh T[; d/ db d/ d[nkok ntj/bBkehsh iKdh j?, g[fb; d[nkok T[; Bz{ X'yk fd~sk iKdk j?, o'Nh bJh b~rh esko ft~u b~r/ j'D s/ th T[;Bz{ G[~ykwoD fd~sk iKdk j?, ns/ nzs ft~u, T[; Bz{ c"i ft~u Ipod;sh Gosh eo fbnk iKdk j?, sK fJ; r~b dh;zGktBk j[zdh j? fe nkgDh okiBhfse ftt;Ek d/ pko/ ft~u T[; d/ ftuko pdb ikDr/. ftfPPN nwhoftneshnK d/ Bkb T[;d/ gqs~y n"gukfoe ns/ nD^n"gukfoe ;zpzX ikDr/. ftfPPN nwho ftneshnKd/ Bkb T[;d/ gqs~y n"gukfoe ns/ nD^n"gukfoe ;zpzX fJ~e PeshPkbh :zso jB, i' T[; ftnesh d/ gqshftneshnK d/ nfGftfBnk;K Bz{ nkeko gqdkB eod/ jB.@

nkb'uBkswe w[~bKeDL okiBhfse ;EkfJ~st ns/ ftek; Bz{ ;wMD bJh okiBhfse ;wkiheoD d/ nfXn?BBz{ nfsnkfXe ;zGktBkPhb T[gkrwK ft~u'A fJ~e T[gkrw fejk iKdk j?. fi; B/ jkbhnk okiBhsh ftfrnkBK,okiBhsh ;wkfie ftfrnkBK ns/ okiBhfse ftfrnkfBeKl yk; s"o s/ nwoheh, Bz{ gq/fos ehsk j?. UBKdh fJ~Sk nfij/ ekoeK Bz{ d/yD dh j?, fiBK B/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek Bz{ o{gKsfos eo fd~sk j? ns/ i' ftP/Peo ftPt d/ fg~SV/ j'J/ ns/ ftek;Phb d/PK ft~u nkgDk fBotkj eod/ oj/ jB.fi; r~b B/ ftdtkBK Bz{fJ; fdPk ft~u nkgDk :'rdkB d/D bJh gq/fos ehsk j?. Uj UBK dh nfij/ T[geoDK dk ftek; eoD dhT[s;kjg{oD y'i j?, fi; Bkb ft~fdnkwkB okiBhfse ftt;EtK Bz{ nfij/ o{g ft~u gfotofss j'D s'ApukfJnk ik ;e/, i' ;[szso ns/ y[~b/ ;wkiK d/ irs d/ ftgohs j?. fJ; dk Bshik fJj j'fJnk j? feokiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh ;zebgBk T[Zs/ nB[dko j'D dk nko'g brkfJnk iKdk j?. feUAfe okiBhfseftek; dh ;koh ;zebgBk dk T[d/P :Ek s~E (status quo) dh o~fynk eoBk ns/ T[;Bz{ pDkJ/ o~yDk j?.fJ;bJh okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh ;zebgBk T[Zs/ th Ujh nko'g brkJ/ ik ;ed/ jB, feUAfe Uj T[; dhftT[sgh j?.

fJ; soK, okiBhfse ;wkiheoD ;zebgBk Bk sK UBK b'eK d/ T[d/P Bzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz{ g{ok eo ;edh j?, i' wkoe;tkd,b?fBBtkd d/ nB[:kJh jB, Bk jh UBK b'eK Bz{ g{oD o{g Bkb ;zs[PN eo ;edh j?, i' ftfrnfBe ;wkitkdd/ ftebg dh y'i ft~u b~r/ j'J/ jB. wkoe;tkdh fJ; r~b dk y[~b/ nkw n?bkB eod/ jB fe dkoPfBeKB/ j[D s~e ftPt dh ftnkfynk ehsh j?, ;w~f;nk fJj j? fe fJ; Bz{ fe; soK pdfbnk ikt/. fJ;/ ekoD,Uj okiBhfse ;wkiheoD, fijh fe;/ th ;zebgBk Bz{ n;theko eo fdzd/ jB feUAfe fJj p[i{o{nk wBdh fJ~e ubke d/D j?. fJ; ft~u T[b/y:'r r~b fJj j? fe okiBhfse wB'ftfrnkBK dk g{ok T[gkrw jh;[szso ftPt d/ ftdtkBK Bz{ ;zs[PN eoD ft~u n;woE fojk j? feUAfe UBK B/ nkgD/ UBK ;kEhnK dh


B ØN


soK T[; Bz{ g{oD o{g ft~u n;theko BjhA ehsk j? i' wkoe;tkdh^b?fBBtkdh ftukoK d/ nB[:kJhjB.nwoheh okiBhsh ftfrnkBhnK dh BthA ghVh B/ gqshwkB uoK (pattern variables) ns/ UBK dhnKnB[Gkfte ftfPPNsktK (empirical specifications) ft~u eJh d'P b~G/ jB fe e/tb fJjh BjhA fe shihd[BhnK d/ ftek;Phb d/PK s/ pbfe UBK d/ nkgD/ d/PK s/ th fJBK Bz{ fe; soK bkr{ ehsk ikt/ i' w[dok;fcsh, p/o[Irkoh ns/ :[ZX fijhnK ftPw ;w~f;ntK ft~u ieV/ j'J/ jB ns/ i' UBK dhnK okiBhfseftt;EktK dh nfsihftsk d/ bJh rzGho ysok pD/ j'J/ jB.

shih d[BhnK d/ d/PK d/ okiBhfse nfXn?B s'A gsk ubdk j? fe fi; gqshwkB Bz{ wjkB nwoheh b/yeK B/gq;s[s ehsk j?, T[; okiBhfse ;wkiheoD d/ Bw{B/ Bz{ pj[s nfXe ;?BktK, pj[s nfXe ;/teszsohgfoihftsk, pj[s nfXe n;wkB ns/ ngfonkgs T[sgkdB, :'iBktK d/ gqdoPB T[Zs/ pj[s nfXe pbT[Zs/ n;zouBk dh ntj/bBk, ftfGzB ;wkiK d/ ft~u fto'XK dh fInkdk nfGftnesh eoD, ns/ ;zy/g ft~u,nwhoK bJh pj[s nfXe okiBhsh ns/ iB^;kXkoD dh Bkekch ;fjGkfisk ft~u T[g:'r ft~u BjhA fbnKdkik ;edk . ibdh BjhA pbfe pj[s jh bzp/ no;/ s'A pknd g~Swh gqshwkB Bz{, ftP/P eo e/ eJh shi/ ftPtd/ B/sktK d/ w[~bK ns/ NhfunK d/ fBog~y ;o{g d/ ;zdoG ft~u ngfonkgs ;wfMnk ikD b~rk.

;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD (Self Assessment)

ykbh ;EkB Go' ykbh ;EkB Go' ykbh ;EkB Go' ykbh ;EkB Go' ykbh ;EkB Go' (Fill in the Blanks)1H nkwzv ns/ topk B/ fJ; r~b t~b ;ze/s ehsk j? fe fe;/ ftnesh dh HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH fizBh

ftnkge j't/rh Uj okiBhfse o{g ft~u UBk jh ikro{e j't/rk.2H id'A p~uk nkgD/ gfotko ns/ gqkoEfwe ;e{b d/ gqGktK s'A T[ZGo e/ n~r/ nkUAdk j? ns/ HHHHHHHHHHH d/

irs ft~u gj[zudk j?, fi; Bz{ ‘;wkB ftneshnK d/ r[N* iK ‘;w;w{j* th fejk ikdk j?.3H HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH dh gqfeqnk ft~u Bk e/tb gfotkoK ns/ f;~fynk e/AdoK pbfe ;wkfie ns/

okiBhfse ;z;EktK dh th wj~stg{oD G{fwek j?.

4H okPNoh J/eheoD bJh ftP/P eo e/ ftek;Phb d/PK ft~u HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH dh wj~stg{oDG{fwek j[zdh j?.

5H ftnesh d/ ftnefs~st d/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH T[Zs/ iB;zuko d/ wkfXnwK dk nkgDk jh gqGkt j[zdk j?.


• okiBhfse ;wkiheoD “Uj gqfeqnk j? fi; d[nkok okiBhfse ;z;feqshnK dk nB[o~fynD ns/ UBK ft~ugfotosB ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; ekoi d/ fBPgkdB d/ wkfXnw Bkb ftneshnK Bz{ okiBhfse ;z;feqshnKft~u Pkfwb ehsk iKdk j?.@ d{i/ PpdK ft~u, fJj T[; f;~fynk gqfeqnk t~b fBod/P eodk j? fi;d[nkok;[;zukfbs okiBhfse ftt;Ek d/ bJh ;theko wkDeK ns/ fttjkoK Bz{ fJ~e ghVh s'A nrbh ghVh s~e;zgq/fPs ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; oK fJ; ;zebgBk dk T[d/P ftneshnK dk fJ; sohe/ Bkb gqfPePD ns/ftek; eoBk j? fe Uj okiBhfse ;w[dkJ/ d/ ;[ekoiekoh w?Apo pD ;eD. Ikfjo j? fe fJ;d/ noE ft~uftfPPN o{g ft~u wB'ftfrnkfBe nk:kw fBfjs j? fe “fJj ;zubBPhb okiBhfse ftt;Ek d/ ;thekowkDeK, nfGftq~shnK ns/ fttjko Bz{ eqfwe Yzr bkb f;~yDk j?.”

• fJ; gqeko ftuko eoD s/ okiBhfse ;wkiheoD d/ nzsors ihtB dh jo/e nt;Ek ft~u ;ko/n"gukfoe ns/nD^n"gukfoe okiBhfse gqfPePD nk ikDr/, fco ukj/ Uj ikD^p[~M e/ j'D, iKnk:'fis, ns/ fJ; ft~u Bk e/tb Uj ;gPN okiBhfse gqfPePD Pkfwb j't/rk i' okiBhfse fttjkoBz{ gqGkfts eodk j? (fit/A okiBhfse fdqPNh Bkb n;zpzX ;wkfie gqftq~shnK dk rqfjD eoBk) pbfe fJ;ft~u okiBhfse fdqPNh Bkb ;zpzfXs ftnehrs ftP/PsktK Bz{ rqfjD eoBk th Pkfwb j't/rk.”

• i/eo fJ; Bz{ ;kXkoD PpdK ft~u fejk ikt/ sK okiBhfse ;wkiheoD fJ~e nfijk ftuko j? i' okiBhfse;EkfJ~st d/ Nhu/ Bz{ gqkgs eoD dh T[whd eodk j?.fJ; dk nkXko fJj j? fe e'Jh okiBhfse ftt;Ek


B ØN


T[d'A s~e ;[uko{ Yzr Bkb ezw BjhA eo ;edh id'A s~e T[;d/ Bkb Bkb okiBhfse wkDeK ns/ w[~bK Bz{nzrheko eoD dh gqfeqnk ezw ft~u Bk j't/.fit/A fe fJ~e iht (organism) d/ ;zpzX ft~u j[zdk j?, T[;/soK oki fBekn (body politic) ft~u th nB[o~fynD ns/ nfsihftsk s'A fJbktk fe;/ j'o uhI dhIo{os BjhA j[zdh.

• fit/A okpoNk ;kJhrb (Roberta Sigel) B/ fejk j?, “okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dk T[d/P nfij/ ftneshnKdk gqfPePD ns/ ftek; eoBk j? fi; Bkb Uj okiBhfse ;wki d/ uzr/ ekoiekoh w?Apo pD ;eDHHHH.feUAfe fJ~e oki fBekn s'A fpBK i' ;zukfbs okiBhfse w[~bK ns/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek Bkb ;zs[bB ft~uj?, ;[uko{ o{g Bkb ezw BjhA j' ;edk. ns/ nzfsw o{g ft~u nfsihftsk okiBhfse ;zrmB dk T[;/ gqekoNhuk j?, fit/A fJ~e iht dk.

• fJ; soK okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh gfoGkPk T[; “gqfeqnk d/ o{g ft~u ehsh iKdh j?, fi; Bkb e'Jhftnesh okiBhfse ftt;Ek Bkb gfofus j[zdk j?, ns/ i' okiBhfse xNBktK d/ gqsh T[; dh gqshfeqnkdk fBoXkoD eodk j?. fJ; d/ bJh Io{os fJ; r~b dh j? fe ftnesh T[Zs/ ;wki d/ ns/ ;wki T[Zs/ftnesh d/ ;wkfie, nkofEe iK ;z;feqfse gfonktoD d/ gqGkt dk gohyD ehsk ikt/.

• fJ~e Btiks fPP{ iBwiks ;wkihfe iht BjhA j[zdk j?l gqfPePD g~Xsh Bkb jh T[; Bz{ ;wkfiepDkfJnk iKdk j?. Bkb jh, fJ; gqeko dk “gqfPePD ;wki d/ wkDeK d/ pko/ ft~u T[g:[es frnkBgqkgs eoD s~e ;hfws BjhA j?, pbfe fJ; d/ bJh fJ; r~b dh th T[whd j[zdh j? fe ftnesh UBKwkDeK Bz{ fJ; soK nzrheko eo bt/ fe Uj T[; Bz{ ;jh, fBnKg{oD ns/ B?fse gqshs j'D.

• okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh gqfofeqnk T[; ekb s'A nkozG j[adh j? id'A p~uk uko/ gk;/ d/ ftnkge tksktoDd/ pko/ ft~u ;ir j[zdk j?. ftP/P ;fEshnK d/ gqsh nB[ehnk ft~u nfXe gqshnkfye (percepective)nB[Gt eodk j? ns/ nkgD/ bJh fJ~e nfij/ fdqPNhe'D dk ftek; eo b?Adk j? i' nfXekfXe ;zrs ns/;zg{oD j' iKdk j?, id'A fe fJ; s'A gfjbK fJj yzfvs ns/ ;hfws j[zdk j?.

• fJ; s'A gsk ubdk j? fe okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh gqfeqnk d/ nzsors ftnesh dk ;kok ihtB nk iKdkj?. fJ; dh BhAj ftnesh d/ ihtB dhnK gqkofGe nt;EktK ft~u j[zdh j?, fe;/ Bt/A nB[GtK d/ ekoDpknd dh nt;Ek ft~u fJ; dh nfX^;zouBk ft~u spdhbh (super-structure) nk ;edh j?.

• okiBhfse ;wkiheoD gqfeqnk d/ d' uoD jB^(1) ;iksh (homogeneous) iK ;ss fi;dk wsbp fJjj? fe nkgDh okiBhfse ftt;Ek d/ gqsh nkg;h ftPtk; d/ tksktoD ft~u ftnesh fJ~e d{i/ Bkb;fj:'r eoD. ns/ (2) ftiksh (heterogeneous) iK n;s fi;dk noE j? fe ftnesh fJ~e d{i/ d/gqsh nkg;h nftPtk;, P~e ns/ fxqDk dh GktBk o~yd/ jB fi; ekoD Uj nkgDh okiBhfse ftt;Ek d/gqsh ftw[y ns/ T[dk;hB j' iKd/ jB.

• fJ; nt;Ek ft~u fJ; r~b t~b ;ze/s ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? fe ukj/ tk;st ft~u okiBhfse ;wkiheoDd/ bJh okiBhfse ;EkfJ~st dh T[whd ehsh iKdh j?, fJ; Bz{ fe;/ th soK gfotosB fto'Xh ;zebgBkBjhA ;wfMnk ikDk ukjhdk. fBPfus jhL fJ; Bz{ fJ~e soK fJ~e nB[dko ;zebgBk ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?fe fJj nfij/ gfotosB dk ;zebg eodh j/, i' Bk eqKshekoh j? ns/ Bk jh s/I. fJ; ft~u fJ; ftP/ s/pb fd~sk frnk j? fe id'A gfotosB j'Dk gqfeqsh dk fB:w j?, sK T[;Bz{ eqfwe ns/ PKshg{oD j'Dkukjhdk j?.

• okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh gqfenk ekb ns/ T[; gfonktoD d/ nB[;ko nb~r nb~r j[zdh j?, fi;dk fJjnzr j[zdh j? ns/ fi; ft~u fJ;dk :'rdkB j[zdk j?. fJ; bJh fJ;dk okiBhfse ftt;Ek dh gqfeqsh ns/gfotosB dh wksok ns/ ;[Gkn Bkb rfjok ;zpzX j?.

• ;otkfXekotkdh ;wki Uj j? i' ;wki d/ ;ko/ gfjb{nK T[Zs/ nkgDk fB:zsoD o~ydk j?, ns/ ;wkiheoDs/ pbfe okiBhfse ;wkiheoD s/ ftP/P Yzr Bkb pb fdzdk j?.

• i/eo f;~X/^;kd/ PpdK ft~u fejk ikt/, sK fJ; dk noE fJj j? fe n;hA UBK ekoeK dk, ;zy/g ft~u,nfXn?B eohJ/, i' okiBhfse wkDeK ns/ w[~bK Bz{ nzrheko eod/ jB fiBK Bz{ gfjbK d/ :[rK d/ b'eBkrfoe f;~fynk ft~u gkm, Bkrfoesk bJh gqf;~fynD, ;~sko{V b'eK d/ fttjko ns/ ;wkfie ns/okiBhfse ;z;EktK dh G{fwek fejk eod/ ;B. fJ; soK, fJ; tke d/ :EkoE dk gsk brkUD bJh


B ØN


gfotko, ;e{b, uouK, ;wkB b'eK d/ ;w{jK, iB^;zgoe ;kXBK ns/ iB^;zpzXK dh G{fwek dk ntb'eDehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?. feUAfe ftnesh dhnK okiBhfse nfGftq~shnK, nfGftfBnk;K ns/ w[~bK Bz{nkdkB^gqdkB eoD ft~u ;dk ftnesh Bz{ gqGkfts ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j?, fJ; bJh fJj ;wkiheoD dhgqfeqnk T[wo Go ubdh ofjzdh j?.@ iK fit/A fe pkb B/ fejk j?L “okiBhfse ;wkiheoD nfijhgqfeqnk BjhA j?, i' pugB d/ gqGktrqfj :'r ;kbK s~e ;hfws j't/, pbfe fJj sK ;ko/ pkbr ihtB d/d"okB ubdh ofjzdh j?.@

• fJ; s'A pknd, gqkoEfwe f;~fynk d/ e/Ado d/ o{g ft~u ;e{b dk ;EkB nkUAdk j?. okiBhfse fttjko dhftnkfynk ft~u f;~fynk Bz{ pj[s ;w/A s~e fJ~e wj~stg{oD uoD ;wfMnk iKdk fojk j? ns/ fJ; r~b dkgqwkD fd~sk ik ;edk j? fe Uj okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dk fJ~e wj~stg{o ;kXB j?.

• fJ; fdPk ft~u fi; r~b dk fInkdk wj~st j? Uj fJj j? fe okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh ;w~f;nkT[; ;w/A g?dk j[zdh j? id'A p~uk nkgD/ gfotko ns/ gqkoEfwe ;e{b d/ nkozfGe gqGtK s'A T[ZGo e/ n~r/nkUAdk j? ns/ T[Zu iwksK dh d[BhnK ft~u gj[zudk j?, fi; Bz{ ‘;wkB ftneshnK d/ r[N’ iK ‘;w^;w{j’(peer groups) th fejk ikdk j?.

• fit/A fe ;hH okJhN fwb; B/ nkgDh ouBk ‘fd ;'P'b"fieb fJw?ihB/PB’ (The Sociological Imagination)ft~u fejk, “d'jK dk T[d/P nfij/ b'eK ns/ ftneshnK Bz{ fsnko eoBk j? i' ftneshrs ns/ ;wkfie;zpzXK Bkb ofjD :'r jB ns/ UBK dhnK gfonkgs gfoGkPktK nB[;ko ofj ;ed/ jB.@

• ;kBz{ ftnesh d/ nB[GtK dk th gohyD eoBk ukjhdk j? fi; Bz{ Uj nkgD/ o[Irko d/ d"okB rqfjD eodkj?. fi; soK fJ~e fB:'ie nkgD/ eowukohnK d/ gqsh fttjko eodk j?, T[; Bkb wkBt^gqfeqsh d/ pko/ft~u v{zxh nzsofdqPNh rqfjD ehsh ik ;edh j?.

• okiBhfse ;EkfJ~st ns/ ftek; Bz{ ;wMD bJh okiBhfse ;wkiheoD d/ nfXn?B Bz{ nfsnkfXe;zGktBkPhb T[gkrwK ft~u'A fJ~e T[gkrw fejk iKdk j?. fi; B/ jkbhnk okiBhsh ftfrnkBK, okiBhsh;wkfie ftfrnkBK ns/ okiBhfse ftfrnkfBeKl yk; s"o s/ nwoheh, Bz{ gq/fos ehsk j?. UBK dh fJ~Sknfij/ ekoeK Bz{ d/yD dh j?, fiBK B/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek Bz{ o{gKsfos eo fd~sk j? ns/ i' ftP/Peo ftPtd/ fg~SV/ j'J/ ns/ ftek;Phb d/PK ft~u nkgDk fBotkj eod/ oj/ jB.fi; r~b B/ ftdtkBK Bz{ fJ; fdPkft~u nkgDk :'rdkB d/D bJh gq/fos ehsk j?.

• fi; r~b B/ ftdtkBK Bz{ fJ; fdPk ft~u nkgDk :'rdkB d/D bJh gq/fos ehsk j?. Uj UBK dh nfij/T[geoDK dk ftek; eoD dh T[s;kjg{oD y'i j?, fi; Bkb ft~fdnkwkB okiBhfse ftt;EtK Bz{ nfij/o{g ft~u gfotofss j'D s'A pukfJnk ik ;e/, i' ;[szso ns/ y[~b/ ;wkiK d/ irs d/ ftgohs j?. fJ; dkBshik fJj j'fJnk j? fe okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh ;zebgBk T[Zs/ nB[dko j'D dk nko'g brkfJnk iKdkj?. feUAfe okiBhfse ftek; dh ;koh ;zebgBk dk T[d/P :Ek s~E dh o~fynk eoBk ns/ T[;Bz{ pDkJ/o~yDk j?.fJ; bJh okiBhfse ;wkiheoD dh ;zebgBk T[Zs/ th Ujh nko'g brkJ/ ik ;ed/ jB, feUAfeUj T[; dh ftT[sgh j?.

• fJ; soK, okiBhfse ;wkiheoD ;zebgBk Bk sK UBK b'eK d/ T[d/P B{z g{ok eo ;edh j?, i' wkoe;tkd,b?fBBtkd d/ nB[:kJh jB, Bk jh UBK b'eK Bz{ g{oD o{g Bkb ;zs[PN eo ;edh j?, i' ftfrnfBe;wkitkd d/ ftebg dh y'i ft~u b~r/ j'J/ jB.

• shih d[BhnK d/ d/PK d/ okiBhfse nfXn?B s'A gsk ubdk j? fe fi; gqshwkB Bz{ wjkB nwoheh b/yeK B/gq;s[s ehsk j?, T[; okiBhfse ;wkiheoD d/ Bw{B/ Bz{ pj[s nfXe ;?BktK, pj[s nfXe ;/teszsohgfoihftsk, pj[s nfXe n;wkB ns/ ngfonkgs T[sgkdB, :'iBktK d/ gqdoPB T[Zs/ pj[s nfXe pbT[Zs/ n;zouBk dh ntj/bBk, ftfGzB ;wkiK d/ ft~u fto'XK dh fInkdk nfGftnesh eoD, ns/ ;zy/gft~u, nwhoK bJh pj[s nfXe okiBhsh ns/ iB^;kXkoD dh Bkekch ;fjGkfisk ft~u T[g:'r ft~u BjhAfbnKdk ik ;edk .


B ØN



• Goihftsk L d{finK s/ fBoGo j' e/ ihDk• ;zGqKsiB L e[bhB b'e

• Sdkswn L ;Kwi; ;Ekgs eoBk


1H okiBhfse ;wkiheoD s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j' . fJ; d/ noE dh ftnkfynk eo'.2H okiBhfse ;wkiheoD d/ ftfGzB ekoeK dh ftnkfynk eo'.

T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment)1H f;fynk 2H T[Zu f;fynk 3H wkB^nzrheoD (Norm-Internalization)

4H B'itkB nzd'bBK 5H ;zfrnkswe BePk


p[e; 1H s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh o{go/ykÛw gqekP rkpk, w:{o g/go p?e;, B'J/vk.

2H s[bBkswe Pk;B ns/ okiBhsh^vkH phoe/Pto gq;kd f;zx, frnkB dk gqekPB(ghH n?Av vhH) 24, dfonkrzi,nz;koh o'v, fd~bh.




B ØN


fJekJh–6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/fJekJh–6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/fJekJh–6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/fJekJh–6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/fJekJh–6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/w[Zy bSD w[Zy bSD w[Zy bSD w[Zy bSD w[Zy bSD (Socio-Economic bases and Silent

Features of the Constitution)



6H1 :{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H, oPhnk, cqK;, uhB ns/ ;ftNiob?Av d/ ;zftXkB dk ftek; (ConstitutionalDevelopment of UK, USA, Russia, France, China and Switzerland)

6.2 :{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ ;ftNiob?Av ftu ;zftXkB ;zP'XB dh gqfeqnk (Amendment Process inConstitution of USA and Switzerland)

6.3 :{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ ;ftNiob?Av dh ;zxh ftnt;Ek (Federal System of USA andSwitzerland)






fJ; fJekJh d/ nfXn?B s ØA pknd ftfdnkoEh :Ør j ØDr/L

• :{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H, oPhnk, cqK;, uhB ns/ ;ftNiob?Av d/ ;zftXkB fteko dh ftnkfynk eoB ftu.

• :{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ ;ftNiob?Av ftu ;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB gqfeqnk dk ftt/uB eoB ftu.

• :{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ ;ftNiob?Av dh ;zxh ftnt;Ek Bz{ ;wMD ftu.


s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ gozgokrs ns/ nkX[fBe fdqPNhe'DK d/ nfXn?B s'A fJj ikDekoh gqkgs j'Jh j? fefJ;dk gozgokrs nfXn?B w[Zy s"o s/ ;z;Ekrs, ftneshe ns/ toDBkswe fojk j?. pdb/ j'J/ wkj"bftu okiBhfse gqfeqnktK dh tk;sftesk Bz{ ;wMD ftu ns/ nkw f;XKsK d/ fBowkD ftu fJ;dh T[g:'rskBjhA d/ pokpo f;ZX j' u[eh ;h. d{i/ ftPt:[ZX d/ pknd dh r[zibdko okiBhfse ftnt;EktK Bz{ ;wMDd/ bJh Bt/A T[gkrwK iK fdqPNhe'DK dh y'i ikoh ;h i' ftfrnkBe sohfenK dk fJ;s/wkb eoe/ okiBhfseftnt;EktK B{z ;wMD ftu ;jkfJe j't/. ftek;Phb d/PK d/ T[d/ B/ th s[bBkswe okiBhfse nfXn?B ftunfijh io{oo Bz{ io{oh pDk fdZsk. fJ;/ d/ cb;to{g s[bBkswe okiBhsh ftu Bt/A fdqPNhe'DK dk ftek;j'fJnk fi; ftu okiBhfse ftnt;Ek dk wj~st ;G s'A fInkdk wzfBnk iKdk j?.

okiBhfse ftnt;Ek fdqPNhe'D B/ s[bBkswe okiBhfs Bz{ Bk e/tb ftfrnkBe pDkfJnk pbfe okiBhfseftntjko d/ ftP/ ftu fBowkD dk wkor gqP;s ehsk. ftPt ftu shih d[BhnK d/ d/PK d/ ftek; ns/;kfwntkdh PeshnK d/ T[d/ B/ okiBhfse ftfusqsk dh rzGho ;fEsh fbnk fd~sh. fJ;/ okiBhfsetksktoD ftu okiBhfse ftnt;Ek fdqPNhe'D dk iBw j'fJnk.

fJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSDfJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSDfJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSDfJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSDfJekJh^6L ;wkfie–nkofEe nkXko ns/ ;zftXkB d/ w[Zy bSD

B ØN


okiBhfse ftnt;Ek okiBhfse xNbktK ns/ T[BQK Bkb ;zpzXs s~EK d/ u'D dk nkXko gq;s[s eodh j?.fJ; fdqPNhe'D dh T[sgsh Bkb fJj T[whd eh ikD b~rh fe s[bBkswe okiBhfse nfXn?b fInkdk P[~Xns/ ftfrnkBe j'J/rk. fJ; gqeko, okiBhfse ftnt;Ek dk wj~st s[bBkswe okiBhfse ftPb/PD ftutX iKdk j?.

okiBhfse ftnt;Ek fdqPNhe'D s[Bkskwe okiBhsh ftu BthA ntXkoDk T[s/ nkXkos fdqPNhe'D j?. v/ftvfJ;NB dk ftuko j? fe okiBhfse ftUjko d/ ftP/ ftu nkB[Gfte (empirical) f;XKs dk fBowkD sK jh ;zGtj? id ;wki ftu fBoD/ b?D ns/ T[BQK Bz{ bkr{ eoB ftu Pkwb gqsZy ns/ go'y gqGktK Bz{ fXnkB ftu BjhAfbnkfJnk ikt/ pbfe nfXn?B dh wjZstg{oB ntXkoDktK ftu fJ; Bz{ Pkwb ehsk ikt/. fJ; ftue'Jh d' okJ/ BjhA jB fe okiBhfse dbK d/ fjs iK dpkt ;w{jK Pk;B ;zouBktK ns/ okiBhfse gqfeqnktKdk nbr–nbr nfXn?B eoe/ ;zg{oB okiBhfse ftnt;Ek d/ ftP/ ftu fJj ;kwkfBneoD dh ;fEsh se BjhAb? ik ;edk j?. fJ;bJh, ;zg{ob okiBhfse ftnt;Ek jh ;zouBk Bzz{ ;wMD ftu T[g:'rh wzBh ikD brh. fJ;;zdoG ftu fJj ikDBk io{oh j? fe okiBhfse ftnt;Ek fdqPNhe'D dh eh io{os j?<

nkX[fBe :[r ftu s[bBkswe okiBhsh dh io{os fJ; bJh tX rJh j? fe pdb/ j'J/ okiBhfse wkj"b ftus[bBkswe ftPb/PD dh g[okDh ntXkoDktK fBooEe ns/ nB[g:[es j' rJhnK jB. f;oc oki ;oekod/ nfXn?B Bkb jh okiBhfse ftUjko Bz{ BjhA ;wfMnk ik ;edk. fJ; bJh okiBhfse ftnt;EkfdqPNhe'D dh io{os nkX[fBe ftdtkBK d[nkok wfj;{; eh ikD brhnK. d[pkok f;oc ekBz{Bh ;z;EkgeYKfunK T[s/ jh s[bBkswe nfXn?B nkXkos ;B. okiBhsh dh nokiBhfse PeshnK Bz{ Pkwb eoBk io{ohj' frnk fi; Bkb okieh rshftXhnK ;zukfbs ns/ fBnzfsqs j[zdhnK jB. fJ; gqeko s[bBkswe okiBhshftu nfijh ntXkoDk dh io{os nB[Gt ehsh ikD b~rh i' nkgD/ nfXn?B ftu okiBhfse nokiBhfses~sk Bz{ th Pkwb eoD.

6H16H16H16H16H1 :{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H, oPhnk, cqK;, uhB ns/ ;ftNiob?Av d/ ;zftXkB:{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H, oPhnk, cqK;, uhB ns/ ;ftNiob?Av d/ ;zftXkB:{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H, oPhnk, cqK;, uhB ns/ ;ftNiob?Av d/ ;zftXkB:{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H, oPhnk, cqK;, uhB ns/ ;ftNiob?Av d/ ;zftXkB:{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H, oPhnk, cqK;, uhB ns/ ;ftNiob?Av d/ ;zftXkBdk ftek; (dk ftek; (dk ftek; (dk ftek; (dk ftek; (Constitutional Development of UK, USA, Russia,France, China and Switzerland)

fpqfNP ;zt?XkfBe ftek; dh gqfeosh –fpqfNP ;zt?XkfBe ftek; dh gqfeosh –fpqfNP ;zt?XkfBe ftek; dh gqfeosh –fpqfNP ;zt?XkfBe ftek; dh gqfeosh –fpqfNP ;zt?XkfBe ftek; dh gqfeosh – fpqfNP ;zftXkB eqfwe ftek; dk Bshik j?. fJ; dhnK iVQKg[okD/ fJfsjk; ftu iwhnK j'JhnK jB. T[vo' ftb;B B/ fJ; Bz{ jh ftnes eod/ j'J/ fejk j? fe “fpqfNP;zt?XkfBe fJfjsk; dh fJe gqw[Zy ftP/Psk fJj j? fe T[;dh okiBhfse ;z;EktK, T[;d/ ftek;eqw, i'gqkuBhsw Pk;B gqDkbh d/ gfotosD se fJe jB, Bkb ;zpX jB.”

(((((i) J/Arb'–;?e;B :[r ^) J/Arb'–;?e;B :[r ^) J/Arb'–;?e;B :[r ^) J/Arb'–;?e;B :[r ^) J/Arb'–;?e;B :[r ^ fJzrb?Av dk fJfsjk; e/bN (Celts), o'wB (Romans) ns/ ;?eB (Saxons)ikshnK d/ nkrwB d/ Bkb P[o{ j[zdk j?. Gkt/A fJBQK dk Pk;B gzithA Pskpdh d/ nkozG se fojk fco th;zftXkB d/ ftek; ftu fJ;dk th j~E BjhA fojk. fJ;d/ pknd J/Arb'–;?e;B ;fGnsk dk nkozG j[zdk j?fi;d/ Bshi/ ti'A toswkB nzr/qIh ;fGnsk ns/ T[;d/ ;zftXkB dh BhAj gJh. x~N s'A xZN d' ;z;EktK fJ;:[r dh pj[s tZvhnK d/D jB ̂ okizso ns/ ;tkfJ~s ns/ ;tkfJ~s Pk;B. J/Arb'–;?e;B ;tkfJ~s ;z;EktKdh gqw[y d/D nzr/qiK Bz{ Pk;B dh ebk ftu gqthD pDkT[Dk ;h. pb?e;N'N (Blackstone) B/ ;zftXkB ftugqiksKsfoe s~sK dh uouk eod/ j'J/ fJBQK ;z;EktK Bz{ PoXKibh nofgs ehsh j? ns/ fejk j? fe “fJzrb?Avdh ;[szsosk T[;dh ;[szso ;tkfJs ;z;EktK dh d/D jB. nkgD/ g{otiK, ;?e;BK, d/ ;w/A s'A jh nzr/qIKB/ BkrfoeK d/ coiK ns/ fizw/tkohnK Bz{ f;fynk j?.”

(((((ii) BkowB–J/AithB :[r –) BkowB–J/AithB :[r –) BkowB–J/AithB :[r –) BkowB–J/AithB :[r –) BkowB–J/AithB :[r – fpqfNP ;zftXkB d/ ftek; dk d{ik ns/ wj~stg{oB nfXnkfJ 1066 JhHd/ BkwoiB fi~s s'A nkozG j[zdk j?. fJjh f;XKs dk T[drw–;Eb j?. fJ; :[r ftu ;wkfie ns/ gqPk;fBeftnt;Ek dk nfijk o{g fdZsk frnk fi;d/ co;o{g okik g{o/ d/P dk Pk;e pD frnk. e[b fwbk e/ BkowB:[r ftu okiBhfse ftnt;Ek Bz{ ekch fdqV pDkfJnk frnk.

(((((iii) rq/N e"Af;b ns/ feT[fonk o/fi; – ) rq/N e"Af;b ns/ feT[fonk o/fi; – ) rq/N e"Af;b ns/ feT[fonk o/fi; – ) rq/N e"Af;b ns/ feT[fonk o/fi; – ) rq/N e"Af;b ns/ feT[fonk o/fi; – okik dh Pesh fJzBh tX rJh fe Pk;B ezwK ftu pkjoh;jkfJsk dh io{os j' rJh. Pk;B ;zukbB ns/ Bhsh–fBoXkoD ftu ;jkfJsk d/ bJh d' ;z;EktK dk iBw


B ØN


j'fJnk – tZvh gfoPd (Great Council or Magnum Concilium) ns/ S'Nh gfoPd (Little Councilof Curia Regit). rq/N e"Af;n dk ‘nKsfoe ftqs’ (Inner circle) fejk iKdk j?. rq/N e"Af;b Bkb fpqfNP;z;d ns/ feT[fonk o/fi; s'A fgqth e"Af;b, n?e;u/eo ns/ T[Zu fBnKfbnKL dk T[d/ j'fJnk. fJ; gqekothjthA Pskpdh dk fJzrb?Av ‘BkowB :[r’ dk pj[s e[M foDh j?.

(((((iv) w?rBkekoNK ns/ T[;dk wjZst ^ ) w?rBkekoNK ns/ T[;dk wjZst ^ ) w?rBkekoNK ns/ T[;dk wjZst ^ ) w?rBkekoNK ns/ T[;dk wjZst ^ ) w?rBkekoNK ns/ T[;dk wjZst ^ j/Boh d{i/ B/ Pk;B Bz{ ;cbskg{ope ubkfJnk ns/ okizssoBz{ fdqV pDkfJnk gozs{, T[; s'A n:'r T[ZukfXekohnK – fouov gfjbk ns/ ikB dh rbs BhshnK B/ eqKshdh nZr GVek fdZshl ;woEeK B/ T[;dk ;kE SZv fdZsk. nzs ftu, p?o'Bh B/ ikB Bz{ nkgDh PosK Bz{wzBD d/ bJh wip{o ehsk. T[; w?rBkekoNk (Magna Carta) fi;Bz{ ‘wzrôkigZso’ (The GreatCharter) efjzd/ jB, go nkgDh wzi{oh d/Dh gJh. fJj okigZso ftPt dk BjhA sK x~N s'A x~N r/qN fpqN/B dk ;G s'A wjZstg{oB b/y io{o j?. T[BhAthA Pskpdh ftu fpPg fpfbnw ;Np;fpPg fpfbnw ;Np;fpPg fpfbnw ;Np;fpPg fpfbnw ;Np;fpPg fpfbnw ;Np; (Bishop WilliamStubbs) B/ fejk ;h fe fpqfNP ;zftXkB dk g{ok fJfsjk; fJ; wjkB okig~so dh fJe ftnkfynk j?.

;z;d dk T[d/ ns/ fBowkD;z;d dk T[d/ ns/ fBowkD;z;d dk T[d/ ns/ fBowkD;z;d dk T[d/ ns/ fBowkD;z;d dk T[d/ ns/ fBowkD(((((i) ;z;d dk gqkozG –) ;z;d dk gqkozG –) ;z;d dk gqkozG –) ;z;d dk gqkozG –) ;z;d dk gqkozG – ;z;d dk T[sgsh–ekb fJe fttkd tkbk gqPB j?. fInkdkso ftdtkB fJ;dhP[o{nks BkowB :[r dh ‘ftqjs ;Gk’ (Magnum Councilum) ftu gkT[Ad/ jB. fJj toswkB bkov ;Gkdh soQK gkdohnK ns/ e[bhBK dh ;Gk ;h, gozs{ j'bh–j'bh pkjoh ns/ nKsfoe fd~esK dk ;kjwDk eoBd/ bJh ns/ N?e;–gqkgsh d/ T[d/P Bkb okik iBsk d/ gqshfBXhnK Bz{ th nkwzfsqs eoB br/. 1295 JhHftu n?vtov gfjb/ B/ ;z;d dh p?me p[bkJh. fJj fJfsjk; ftu ‘nkdoP ;z;d’ (Model Parliament)d/ Bkw s'A ftfynks j?, feT[Afe 400 ftneshnK dh fJ; ;Gk ftu finkdkso ;ko/ gqw[Zy torK – p?oB,gkodh, BkJhN ns/ Brok nkfd B{ gqshfBXhst fwfbnk. fJ;d/ pknd fpqfNP Pk;B ftnt;Ek dk fJjfJe ;EkJh ns/ io{oh nzr pD rJh. fJj Bk sK fe;h fBPfus :'iBk, fBPfus ;wK iK iBsk dh wzrBshik j?, pbfe fJj fJfsjk; ftek; dk cb j?.

(((((ii) gqshfBXhst dk f;XKs –) gqshfBXhst dk f;XKs –) gqshfBXhst dk f;XKs –) gqshfBXhst dk f;XKs –) gqshfBXhst dk f;XKs – P[o{ s'A jh ;z;d dk o{g gqshfBfXnkswe (representative) fojk j?,feT[Afe BroK ns/ ;kwzsK d/ gqshfBXh fe;h Bk fe;h o{g ftu u[D/ j'J/ j[zd/ ;B. fJzrb?Av d/ bJhgqshfBXhst dk f;XKs e'Jh BtK f;XKs BjhA ;h. ;' ;Zuh gqshfBfXnkswe ;oeko dh ;EkgBk toswkBekwb ftu j'Jh. gozs{ fJ;dh BhAj ftqjs ;Gk ftu ekT[Anh ns/ p"o'A Bz{ gqshfBXhst d/D d/ Bkb g? u[eh;h. fJ;d/ T[d/ dk ekoB ;[szsosk ik ;tPk;B d/ gqsh gq/w BjhA pbfe okiktK dh N?e; gqkgs eoB dhPesh ;h.

(((((iii) d'^;dBkswe gZXsh –) d'^;dBkswe gZXsh –) d'^;dBkswe gZXsh –) d'^;dBkswe gZXsh –) d'^;dBkswe gZXsh – ftPt d/ fInkdkso ;zftXkB ftu d'–;dBkswe (bicameral) gqEk Bz{ngDkfJnk frnk j?. fJj gZXsh th fpqfNP ;zftXkB dh d/D j?. ;wkB fjsK d/ ekoB fJe gk;/ T[Zu e'Nhd/ ;kwzs ns/ gkdoh ns/ d{i/ gk;/ BhthA e'Nh d/ ;kwzs n/s g"ib fJe ;kE fwb rJ/. d'tK ;w{jK dh nb~r–nbZr p?me j'D brh. gfjb/ tor d/ b'eK dh ;Gk dk Bkw bkov ;Gk (House of Lords) ns/ d{i/ tord/ b'eK dh ;Gk dk Bkw b'e ;Gk (House of Commons) fgnk. fJ; gqeko, d'–;dBkswe ;z;d dkgqkd[ogkt j'fJnk ns/ ;" ;kbK d/ nzsors jh fJj g~Xsh fpqfPN Pk;B ftnt;Ek dk nfGzB nzr pD rJh.

(((((iv) ;z;d dh Pesh –) ;z;d dh Pesh –) ;z;d dh Pesh –) ;z;d dh Pesh –) ;z;d dh Pesh – ;z;d ;zpzXh ;G s'A wjZstg{oB ftek; T[;dh Pesh ;h. j'bh–j'bh fJj gqEkpD rJh fe Bt/A N?e;K Bz{ brkT[D d/ bJh ;z;d dh ;thfeqsh fbsh ikt/. nzs ftu fJj fBnw pD frnkfe gqshfBXhnK dh ;ftfeqsh d/ fpBk e'Jh N?e; Bk brkfJnk ik ;edk – “fpBk gqshfBXhst d/ N?e;fpBk gqshfBXhst d/ N?e;fpBk gqshfBXhst d/ N?e;fpBk gqshfBXhst d/ N?e;fpBk gqshfBXhst d/ N?e;BjhA.BjhA.BjhA.BjhA.BjhA.” 1407 JhH ftu fJ; f;XKs B/ fJe BtK o{g fbnk, id j/Boh fJ; gqeko nkofEe nkozGD dknfXeko iBsk d/ gqshfBXhnK d/ jZE ftu nk frnk. nkofEe nfXeko d/ Bkb–Bkb ekBz{B fBowkD dknfXeko th ;z;d d/ jZEK ftu nkT[D brk. fJ; ftek; d/ Bshi/ ti'A n'rn'rn'rn'rn'r d/ PpdK ftu, “fJe ;w/A dkftBhs p/Bsh eosk ;dk d/ bJh ftXkfJe pD frnk.”

;zt?XkfBe dtzd ns/ w[V fBowkD;zt?XkfBe dtzd ns/ w[V fBowkD;zt?XkfBe dtzd ns/ w[V fBowkD;zt?XkfBe dtzd ns/ w[V fBowkD;zt?XkfBe dtzd ns/ w[V fBowkD(((((i))))) fNT[vo ekb ns/ fBoze[Ptkd – fNT[vo ekb ns/ fBoze[Ptkd – fNT[vo ekb ns/ fBoze[Ptkd – fNT[vo ekb ns/ fBoze[Ptkd – fNT[vo ekb ns/ fBoze[Ptkd – gzdoQthA ;dh d/ nzs se ;z;d PeshPkbh j' rJh ;h ns/ okikewi'o. nkX[fBe ;zftXkB dh ftfGzB ;z;EktK dh BhAj g? u[eh ;h. nkT[D tkbk fdB T[BQK d/ ftek;


B ØN


ns/ w[V rmB dk fJfsjk; j?. fNT[vo okiktK B/ wBwkB/ Yzr Bkb d/P dk Pk;B ehsk g{oD fBoze[P okidh ;EkgBk j' rJh. e[Pb Pk;B ns/ oki~;t T[s/ nfXeko d/ ekoD okik d/ j~E ftu ;kok Pk;B–;{soubk nkfJnk. fco th, ;z;d dh PeshnK ns/ gqshPmk tXdh rJh.

(((((ii) ;N[noN ekb ns/ eqKshnK – ) ;N[noN ekb ns/ eqKshnK – ) ;N[noN ekb ns/ eqKshnK – ) ;N[noN ekb ns/ eqKshnK – ) ;N[noN ekb ns/ eqKshnK – 1603 JhH ftu i/w; gfjb/, fi;Bz{ ‘;G s'A p[~XhwkB p/te{c’(wisest fool) fejk frnk j? okirZdh T[s/ p?mk. T[j okiktK d/ ‘d?th nfXeko’ (Divine Rights of theKings) d/ f;XKs ftu ftPtk; eodk ;h. fJ; f;XKs d/ nB[;ko okik fgqEth T[s/ JhPto dk d{s ;hfi;Bz{ n;hws ns/ fBoze[P Pesh gqkgs ;h. fJ; gqeko, i/w; B/ nfij/ f;XKs dk ;woEB ehsk i' ;dhnKg[okDh fpqfNP ;zftXkfBe ftukoXkok d/ ftgohs ;h, gozs{ n;zs'y dh nZr T[;d/ ;w/A ftu Bk GVe ;eh.fJ; nZr dh bgNK dk ;kwQDk T[;d/ g[Zso ukob; gfjb/ Bz{ eoBk fgnk. ukob; B/ ;z;d Bz{ Gzr ehsk,ipod;sh N?e; t;{bh eoe/ ;th ;thfeqs ‘nfXeko d/ nkt/dB–g~so’ (Petition of Rights) dk T[bzxDehsk. cb;o{g ;z;d ns/ okik ftu nBpB j'Jh. nzs ftu ukob; Bz{ ikB s'A j~E X'Dk fgnk. sd[goKs;z;d B/ 1649 JH ftu eqkwt/b d/ ;ozfynD ftu ‘gqikszso’ (Republic of Commonwealth) dh ;EkgBkehsh i' f;oc frnkoK ;kbK se fojk. 1660 JhH okiszso dh d[pkok ;EkgBk j'Jh. ukob; d{ik rZdhs/ p?mk. fco okik ns/ ;z;d dk ;zpzX ftrVD bZrk. ukob; d/ Pk;B dh fJe wj~stg{ob xNBk 1679JhH dk j?fpn; ekog; n?eN (Harbeas Corpus Act, 1679) ;h. ukob; d/ pknd i/w; d{ik okirZdhs/ nkfJnk. uou d/ ekoB ;z;d Bkb T[;dh bVkJh fSV rJh. cb;o{g 1688 JhH ftu ‘wjkB eqKsh’(Glorious Revolution) j'Jh ns/ ;N{noN dk nzs j' frnk.

(((((iii) ;z;d dh ;otT[Zusk, nfXeko^gZso ns/ ftnt;Ek^gZso nfXfBnw ^) ;z;d dh ;otT[Zusk, nfXeko^gZso ns/ ftnt;Ek^gZso nfXfBnw ^) ;z;d dh ;otT[Zusk, nfXeko^gZso ns/ ftnt;Ek^gZso nfXfBnw ^) ;z;d dh ;otT[Zusk, nfXeko^gZso ns/ ftnt;Ek^gZso nfXfBnw ^) ;z;d dh ;otT[Zusk, nfXeko^gZso ns/ ftnt;Ek^gZso nfXfBnw ^ okik dh PeshBz{ ;hws eoB/ d/ T[d/P Bkb ;z;d B/ 1686 JhH ftu ftfynks nfXeko^gZso (Bill of Rights) Bz{ gk;ehsk. fJ;d/ d[nkok ;N[noN ekb ftu okfinK d[nkok ftT[jkos r?oekBz{Bh nfXekoK T[s/ o'e brk fdZshrJh. fJ; ftu j/m fbyhnK w[Zy rZbK ;B – ;wokN fe;h ftP/P fBnKfbnk ns/ nk:'r dh ;EkgBk BjhAeo ;edkl PKsh ekbh ftu ;z;d dh nkfrnk d/ fpBk fes/ ;EkJh BjhA oyh ik ;edhl iBsk Bz{ ;wokNd/ ;kjwD/ nkgDh fPekfJsk Bz{ oZyD dk nfXeko j?l ;z;d d/ w?ApoK Bz{ GkPD ns/ tkd–fttkd dh g{oB;[szsosk j?l e'Jh e?E'fbe iK e?E'fbe Bkb ftnkfjnk ftnesh ;wokN BjhA pD ;edk. fJ; gZsodk ftP/P ;zt?XkfBe wjZst j?, feT[Afe fJ;B/ ‘wjkB eqKsh’ ns/ ;skoQthA Pskpdh d/ T[dko nzd'bBd/ BshfinK dk ;zrqfj eoe/ T[BQK Bz{ ;zftXkfBe o{g fdZsk. fJ; Bkb jh ;z;d ns/ okik dk MrVk yswj' frnk. ;z;d dh ;otT[Zusk ;dk d/ bJh ;Ekgs j' rjh. okik T[;d/ fBnzsoD ftu nk frnk. fJ;/s~E dh g[PNh ftnt;Ek–g~so nfXfBnw, 1701 (Act of Settlement) d[nkok j'Jh. J/Bh d/ pkndT[ZsokfXeko jB'to (Hanover) xokD/ Bz{ d/ fdZsk frnk. cb;o{g okik ;z;d d[nkok fB:[es j' frnk.GftZy ftu ;z;d dh ;otT[Zusk Bzz{ fe;/ B/ bbekoD dh fjzws BjhA ehsh. fJj fuo ;Zu ;' frnk.

;zftXkfBe ftek; dk nzfsw uoBL 1689 d/ pknd 1689 d/ pknd;zftXkfBe ftek; dk nzfsw uoBL 1689 d/ pknd 1689 d/ pknd;zftXkfBe ftek; dk nzfsw uoBL 1689 d/ pknd 1689 d/ pknd;zftXkfBe ftek; dk nzfsw uoBL 1689 d/ pknd 1689 d/ pknd;zftXkfBe ftek; dk nzfsw uoBL 1689 d/ pknd 1689 d/ pkndnfXeko–g~so (1689 JhH) se fpqfNP ;zftXkfBe fJfsjk; d/ ftek; d/ phiko'gD dk :[r ;h. T[; ;w/A se;zftXkB d/ w'be sZsK dh BhAj g? u[eh ;h. fJ;/ BhAj T[s/ ;zftXkB dk ftPkb GtB yVk j'fJnk. 1689JhH d/ pknd dk :[r fJ;/ GtB–fBowkD dh ejkDh j?.

(i) okik dh Pesh ftu jok; – ) okik dh Pesh ftu jok; – ) okik dh Pesh ftu jok; – ) okik dh Pesh ftu jok; – ) okik dh Pesh ftu jok; – ;skoQthA ;dh d/ nzfsw dPe ftu pj[s/ pzXBK d/ pkti{d okikPeshPkbh pfDnk fojk. f;XKs ftu ;z;d dh ;otT[Zusk wzBh ik u[eh ;h, gozs{ fJ; Bz{ ftjkoe o{gd/D ftu efmBkJh j' ojh ;h. ftfbnw ns/ w?oh dh okieh BhshnK ns/ ezwK T[s/ ;ys fBnzsoD fojk.gozs{, nmkoQthA ;dh d/ nkozG ftu mhe ;w/A B/ gbNk ykXk. ;ko/ ikoi oki/ ftd/P j'D d/ ekoD oki–ezwKftu xZN fdbu;gh b?Ad/ ;B. ;' T[BQK d/ ;kXkoD nfXeko j'bh–j'bh T[BQK d/ jE s'A fBeb e/ wzsohnK ns/

1485 JhH ftu fNT{vo (Tudor) tzP dk oki P[o{ j'fJnk.eh s[;hA ikDd/ j'


B ØN


;z;d d/ j~E ftu nkT[D br/. okik tk;sfte Pk;B Bk fojk, T[j ;zftXkfBe gqXkB pD frnk. T[j f;ocoki eoD bZrk Pk;B BjhA. ;ko/ T[ZsokfXekohnK B/ fJ; fBnw dk gkbB ehsk.

(((((ii) fizw/tko wzsoh gfoPd – ) fizw/tko wzsoh gfoPd – ) fizw/tko wzsoh gfoPd – ) fizw/tko wzsoh gfoPd – ) fizw/tko wzsoh gfoPd – nBkoQthA ;dh d/ wZX se nfijh ;z;Ek dk iBw j'fJnk i' iBszsodk gqw[Zy nzr pD rJh. fJj ;z;Ek wzsoh gfoPd ;h. j'bh–j'bh tk;sfte gqPk;eh Pesh ;z;d d/ gqshfIzw/tko fJedbhJ/ wzsohgfoPd d/ jZE ftu nk rJh. nzs ftu, iBsk dh gqshfBXh ;Gk ‘ekwB ;Gk’d/ jZE ftu d/P dh nzsw Pesh nkJh ns/ wzsoh wzvb T[;d/ gqsh ;w{je o{g Bkb fizw/tko j'fJnk.

(((((iii) gqXkBwzsoh – ) gqXkBwzsoh – ) gqXkBwzsoh – ) gqXkBwzsoh – ) gqXkBwzsoh – wzsoh wzvb d/ ;w{je fizw/tko dh ftjkoe ;cbsk d/ bJh B/sk dh io{os ;h, gozs{pj[s fdBK se fe;h B/ fJ; ;EkB Bz{ rqfjD BjhA ehsk. tkbg'b B/ f;XKs o{g ftu nkgD/ gfjb/ iKgqXkBwzsoh ep{b BjhA ehsk. fco th ;z;d ns/ wzsohwzvb ftu T[;dh gqXkBsk ;h. pj[s fdBK se fJ;T[s/ ehsh fJjh ;fEsh ojh. 1937 JhH ftu pj[ws db dk B/sk gqXkBwzsoh j'D brk.

(((((iv) wzsohwzvb ns/ wzsohwzvbh gZXsh –) wzsohwzvb ns/ wzsohwzvbh gZXsh –) wzsohwzvb ns/ wzsohwzvbh gZXsh –) wzsohwzvb ns/ wzsohwzvbh gZXsh –) wzsohwzvb ns/ wzsohwzvbh gZXsh – wzsohwzvbh ftnt;Ek (Cabinet System) fpqfNP;zftXkB dh nkXkofPbk j?. ;N[noN ekb ftu wzsohwzvb nkozGe o{g ftu ;h. 1696 JhH dh WhigJunto Bkb wzsohwzvb dh tk;sfte P[o{nks j[zdh j?.

tkbg/b dh nrtkJh ekb ftu wzsohwzvbh dh ;kohnk ftP/PsktK dk T[d/ j' u[Zfenk ;h. wzsohwzvbksweT[ZsodkfJst dk ftek; th T[BQK fdBK ftu j'fJnk. nmkoQthA ;dh d/ nzs se wzsohwzvbh ftnt;Ek dh;koh o{VhnK ;Ekgs j' rJh ns/ T[BQK Bzz{ ;zftXkBe wkBsk fwbD brh.

b'e ;Gk dk gqikszsoheoD – b'e ;Gk dk gqikszsoheoD – b'e ;Gk dk gqikszsoheoD – b'e ;Gk dk gqikszsoheoD – b'e ;Gk dk gqikszsoheoD – ;z;d d/ ;zpzX ftu d' wjZstg{oB ftek; j'J/ – (1) b'e;Gk dk gqikszsoheoD ns/ (2) ;z;d ftu Pesh dk ;EkB^gfotosD. 1832 JhH se ekwB ;Gk bkov ;gk dh soQKe[bhBsKsfoe ;h. fJ;dk gqshfBfXnkswe o{g BjhA d/ pokpo ;h, gozs{ iBsk dk wzr d/ ekoB j'bh–j'bhwskfXeko dk y/so tXD brk. wsdksktK d/ ftu okiBhfse Pesh dk fInkdk fBnKfJe tzv bJh ;z;dhy/soK dk w[V ftsoD j'fJn, u'D gquko nkfd d/ fBnw fBPfus ehs/ rJ/. 1918 JhH d/ iB gqshfBXhstnfXfBnw (Representation of the People's Act, 1918) ns/ g{oe ;wkB wskfXeko d/ ekBz{B B/ fJ;eqw Bz{ g{ok ehsk. nZi ekwB ;Gk ftPt d/ gqiksKsfoe ;dBK ftu'A fJe j?.

(((((vi) ;z;d ftu Pesh dk ;EkB gfotsD –) ;z;d ftu Pesh dk ;EkB gfotsD –) ;z;d ftu Pesh dk ;EkB gfotsD –) ;z;d ftu Pesh dk ;EkB gfotsD –) ;z;d ftu Pesh dk ;EkB gfotsD – ;z;d ;zpzXh d{ik ftek; ekwB ;Gk dh Pesh dk tXDkns/ bkov ;Gk dh Pesh ftu jok; ;h. 1911 JhH d/ ;z;d nfXfBnw (Parliament Act, 1911) B/ fJBQKdh puh y[uh Pesh Bz{ fSzB fbnk. nZi fJj d{ik BjhA pbfe fJe d{i/ eqw dk ;dB j' frnk.

(((((vii) okiBhsh dbK dk T[d/ –) okiBhsh dbK dk T[d/ –) okiBhsh dbK dk T[d/ –) okiBhsh dbK dk T[d/ –) okiBhsh dbK dk T[d/ – gqshfBXh ;oeko ftu okiBhfse db dk T[d/ nt~PzGkth j?. gfjbkgqshfBXh ;oeko j'D d/ ekoB ;G s'A gfjbK fJzrb?Av ftu jh okiBhfse dbK dk iBw j'fJnk.nmkoQthA ;dh se fe;h db dk T[d/ Bk j' gkfJnk ;h. eqkwt/b d/ ;w/A ftu ‘e?t/fJbo;'e?t/fJbo;'e?t/fJbo;'e?t/fJbo;'e?t/fJbo;' (Cavaliars)ns/ ‘okT[Avj/v;'okT[Avj/v;'okT[Avj/v;'okT[Avj/v;'okT[Avj/v;' (Roundheads), ukob; d{i/ d/ oki ekb ftu ‘e'oNe'oNe'oNe'oNe'oN’ (Court) ns/ ‘ezNohezNohezNohezNohezNoh’(Country), ‘;N{noN;N{noN;N{noN;N{noN;N{noN’ :[r dzs ftu ‘fgfNPBo;fgfNPBo;fgfNPBo;fgfNPBo;fgfNPBo;’ (Petitioners) ns/ ‘J/G'oo;J/G'oo;J/G'oo;J/G'oo;J/G'oo;’ (Abhorers)go;go fto'Xh r[N ;B, okiBhfse db BjhA. fBPfus f;XKs, g'qrokw ns/ gko;gfoe ;fjBPhbskokiBhfse db d/ bJh io{oh j? fe fiBQK dh fJBQK dbK Bz{ ewh ;h. fJBQK nkXkoK T[s/ ‘tfjArtfjArtfjArtfjArtfjAr’(Whing) ‘N'ohN'ohN'ohN'ohN'oh’ (Tory) dbK dk okiBhfse dbK dk nkozGe o{g wzfBnk ik ;edk j?. nmkoQthA ns/T[BhAthA Pskpdh ftu wzsohwzvb gZXsh d/ ftek; d/ Bkb dbK dk th ftek; j'fJnk. T[dko db ns/nB[dotkdh db okiBhfse ftnt;Ek d/ e/Ado pD rJ/. nZi eb wid{o db ns/ nB[dko db gqw[ZyokiBhfse db jB.

(((((viii) j'o ;zftXkfBe ftek; –) j'o ;zftXkfBe ftek; –) j'o ;zftXkfBe ftek; –) j'o ;zftXkfBe ftek; –) j'o ;zftXkfBe ftek; – ;N{noN tzP d/ pknd j'o okiBhfse ftek; j'J/. 1707 JhH ftufJzrb?Av dk ;ekNb?Av dk ;z;dkswe rmB j'fJnk. 1801 JhH ftu nkfJob?Av th T[; ;zrmBG d/ nzsorsnk frnk. fpqfNP ;woki ftPt d/ fJe S'o s'A d{i/ S'o se c?b frnk. ;EkBe ;tkfJs ;z;EktK dk w[VrmB ns/ gqikszsoheoD j'fJnk. fBnK, ftjt;Ek ns/ b'e ;/tktK ftu ;[Xko j'fJnk. ;oeko d/ ezwk d/tXD d/ ekoD gqPk;eh nzrK ftu tkXk j'fJnk. fJ; gqeko, fpqfNP ;zftXkB ftu nB/e gfotosD j'J/ns/ nZi th j' oj/ jB ftek; dk ewq o[fenk BjhA j?, fJj rshPhb j?. n'r ns/ fize d/ Ppdk ftu, ‘:[r–


B ØN


:[r ftu T[; ftu ftek; jz[dk nk fojk j?, fJZE'A se fe toswkB ekb ftu th.” gozs{ ;zftXkB dh nkswkftu e'Jh gfotosD BjhA j'fJnk j?. :Ekekb ftnt;Ek fpqfNP ;zftXkB dh gqw[Zy ftP/Psk j?.

nw/foeh ;zftXkB dk ftek; nw/foeh ;zftXkB dk ftek; nw/foeh ;zftXkB dk ftek; nw/foeh ;zftXkB dk ftek; nw/foeh ;zftXkB dk ftek; (Development of American Constitutions)jo/e ;zftXkB dh iV nshs d/ roG ftu S[ghnK j'JhnK jB. nwoheh ;zftXkB ftu fJ;dk ngtkd BjhAj?. ;' toswkB ;zftXkB d/ ;w[fus frnkB d/ bJh T[;dk fJfsjk;e frnkB io{oh j?. nfXn?B dh ;[ftXkd/ bJh ;zftXkB d/ ftek; B{z uko fjZf;nK ftu tzfvnk ik ;edk j? – (1) T[gfBt/PheoD (Colonization),(2) ;[szsosk (Independence), (3) okiwzvb (Confederation) ns/ (4) ;zftXkB (Constitution).

T[gfBt/PheoD T[gfBt/PheoD T[gfBt/PheoD T[gfBt/PheoD T[gfBt/PheoD (Colonization)d/PKsotk;hnK dk nkrwB (d/PKsotk;hnK dk nkrwB (d/PKsotk;hnK dk nkrwB (d/PKsotk;hnK dk nkrwB (d/PKsotk;hnK dk nkrwB (Arrival of Immigrants) –) –) –) –) – ;'bQthA ns/ ;skoQthA PskpdhnK ftu okiKd[nkok ftP/P XowK d/ nB[:kJhnK T[s/ n~fsnkuko j[zdk ;h. b'eK d/ Xow ns/ o;w–fotki ;zeN ftu ;B.;' T[BQK b'eK Bz{ ngDk d/P SZv e/ BthA d[BhnK dh PoD b?Dh gJh.

toD;zeo ;z;feqsh dk iBw (toD;zeo ;z;feqsh dk iBw (toD;zeo ;z;feqsh dk iBw (toD;zeo ;z;feqsh dk iBw (toD;zeo ;z;feqsh dk iBw (British of a hybrid culture) – ) – ) – ) – ) – ftfGzB d/Ptk;hnK d/ nkrwB B/nwohek ftu fJe toD;zeo ;z;feqsh Bz{ iBw fdZsk. fBPeqwkDekohnK ftu nzr/qiK dh pj[sks ;h fiBQKB/ nkgDh GkPk, ;[szsosk, ;tPk;B dh gozgoktK nkfd dk phiko'gD fJ; d/P ftu ehsk. j'o d/Ptk;hnKB/ th nKfPe o{g ftu fJ; BthA ;fGnsk T[s/ gqGkt gkfJnk. cb;o{g fJe fwfPqs ;z;feqsh dk iBwj'fJnk i' w{b s"o s/ nzr/qIh ;h go Bkb–Bkb j'o ;z;feqshnK Bkb th gqGkts ;h.

T[gfBt/P ftu ;EkBe Pk;B (T[gfBt/P ftu ;EkBe Pk;B (T[gfBt/P ftu ;EkBe Pk;B (T[gfBt/P ftu ;EkBe Pk;B (T[gfBt/P ftu ;EkBe Pk;B (Local Governments) –) –) –) –) – nwoheh T[gfBt/PK dh j'o gqw[Zy ;EkJhftP/Psk ;EkBe ;z;EKtk ;h. nkX[fBe ekb dh ;EkBe ;z;EktK dk fJZE'A jh nkozG j[zdk j?. fBT[ fJzrb?Avdh gqw[Zy d/D PfjoK ftu gqsZy gqikszso ;h. dZyD ftu ekT[ANhnK dk ftek; j'fJnk i' ;EkBe dhT[g:[es fJekJhnK f;ZX j'JhnK, wZX d/ T[gfBt/PK ftu ;EkBe Pk;B, d/jksh fJekJhnK dh BhAj gJhns/ dZyD d/ tZv/–tZv/ PfjoK d/ Pk;B ekb dh P[o{nks j'Jh.

;[szsosk (;[szsosk (;[szsosk (;[szsosk (;[szsosk (Independence)L )L )L )L )L ‘i/w; NkT[B dh ;EkgBk ns/ ;[szsosk dh x''PDk’ d/ ftu 169 ;kb phsrJ/, gozs{ T[gfBt/Ptk;hnK B/ edh ;tkXhBsk dh wzr BjhA ehsh. fJ; ftu f;oc S'N/–S'N/ ;EkBe ns/ftneshrs MrV/ j[zd/ oj/, gozs{ j'bh–j'bh Pk;B d/ fGqPNkuko ns/ P'PD d/ ekoD n;zs'y dh nZr GVeDbrh. ;[szsosk ;zrqkw dk ekoD fInkdkso ;?XKfse ;h. fJj T[gfBt/P fpqfNP ;wokN dh ;Zsk B{z ;thekoeod/ ;B, gozs{ T[BQK ftu ;z;d dk dyb BjhA ;h. id noEkGkt d/ ekoD ;ko/ torK T[s/ finkdk N?e;brkfJnk ikD brk ns/ tgko s/ gqPk;B ;zpzXh em'o fBnw pDkJ/ rJ/ sK T[gfBt/PK ftu s/i o'P ftnkgsj' frnk. T[gfBt/PK dk efjDk ;h fe “fpBK gqshfBXhst d/ N?e; BjhA brkT[Dk ukjhdk.” T[j fpqfNP;oeko d[nkok N?e; brkJ/ ikD d/ fto'Xh ;B.

wjkdthghJ/ eKro; ns/ ;[szsosk dh x'PDk – wjkdthghJ/ eKro; ns/ ;[szsosk dh x'PDk – wjkdthghJ/ eKro; ns/ ;[szsosk dh x'PDk – wjkdthghJ/ eKro; ns/ ;[szsosk dh x'PDk – wjkdthghJ/ eKro; ns/ ;[szsosk dh x'PDk – w/;ku[;/N; d/ fBtk;hnK B/ eqKsh dh nrtkJh ehsh.T[BQK dh e'fPP d/ cb;to{g 1774 JhH ftu pkoQK T[gfBt/PK d/ gqshfBXhnK dk ;zw/bB fcbkv/bfcnk Broftu j'fJnk fi;Bz{ ‘gfjbk wjkdhghJ/ eKro;’ (The First Continental Congress) fejk iKdk j?.eKro; B/ nfXekoK dh x'PDk ehsh, ePNK B{z d{o eoB dh gqfsfrnk ehsh ns/ ‘wjkdhg ;zrmB’(Continental Association) dh ;EkgBk ehsh rJh fi; Bkb ftdq'j dk ;zrmB j' ;e/.nrb/ ;kb th;zw/bB nkwzsfos eoB dk fBPu/ ehsk frnk 1795 Jh ftu d{ih wjkdhghJ/ eKro; (The SecondContinental Congress) dh p?me j'Jh. ikoihnk d/ Pkwb j'D Bkb fJ; tko e[b okPNoK dh ;zfynks/oQK j' rJhnK gfjbK eKro; dh soQK fJ; ftu ngqsZy o{g s'A fBotkfus iBsk d/ jh gqshfBXh ;B. fJ;eKro; dk ftP/P wjZst fJ; bJh j? fe wkou 1781 JhH se fJj ‘;z:[es T[gfBt/PK dh ;oeko d/nkfXekoe nzr’ (Official Organ) d/ o{g ftu ezw eodh ojh. fJ; gqeko fJj njw/foek dh gfjbhokPNoh ;oeko ;h.

fJ; okPNo Bz{ Ugukfoe o{g s'A iBw d/D ns/ eKro; dh nfXeko–;zgzBk pDkT[D d/ bJh i{B 1776 JhHftu shi/ wjkdhghJ/ eKro; (Third Continental Congresss) dh p?me j'Jh. Nkw; i?co;B dhnrtkJh ftu ;[szsosk dk x'PBk–gZso (Declaration of Independence) Bz{ 4 i[bkJh 1776 Bz{


B ØN


wjkdhghJ/ eKro; ftu ;thko eo fbnk frnk j?. T[; ;w/A s'A T[es fwsh Bz{ nw/foek dk okPNoh fdt;wzB fbnk frnk j?. fJj x'PDk–gZso ;[szso ;oeko d/ ;woED ftu fbfynk frnk ;h ns/ ihtB,;[szsosk ns/ ;wkBsk d/ wkBth nfXekoK Bz{ T[ikro eodk ;h.

fJj x'PDk–gZso b'e d/ ftukoK s'A ekch gqGkts ;h. fJ;B/ fJzrb?Av d/ fBoze[P Pk;B d/ fto[XT[gfBt/PK d/ :[X Bz{ fBnKT[fus mfjokfJnk n/s ;hws ns/ ;t/Sk nB[;ko ;zrms ;oeko (Governmentby the Conhsent of People) d/ f;XKsK Bz{ gqfsgkfds ehsk. fJ;B/ wkBt–;[szsosk d/ T[BQK BthBf;XKsk dh BhAj oyh i' nZr/ ub e/ ;ko/ ftPt d/ bJh gq/oDk Pesh f;ZX j'J/. fJ; x'PDk dk nkXko e'JhftfPPN fPekfJsK BjhA pbfe wkBt–;[szsosk d/ efsg: w{b sZs ;B.

r/qN fpqN/B ns/ nwoheh T[gfBt/PK ftu S/ ;kbK se :[~X ufbnk. fpqfNP ;oeko B/ T[gfBt/PK d[nkokftdo'j Bz{ e[ubD dk isB ehsk, go n;cb ojh. nzs ftu 19 nes{po 1781 Bz{ fpqfNP ;?BkgshekoBtkfb; dh jko j'Jh ns/ T[gfBt/PK dh fi~s. fpqfNP b'e;Gk B/ :[ZX ;wkgs eoB d/ bJh wsdkBehsk ns/ bkov BkoE dh ;oeko B/ nkgDk fsnkr gZso d/ fdZsk. ;wokN ikoi shi/ B/ BthA ;oeko;zrms ehsh fi;B/ nwohek dh ;[szsosk Bz{ wkBsk d/ fdZsh. 1783 JhH ftu fpqN/B ns/ nwohek d/ ftu;zXh ;zgzB j' rJh.

okiwzvb (okiwzvb (okiwzvb (okiwzvb (okiwzvb (Confederation)L)L)L)L)L okiwzvb dh ;fEsh nwoheh ;zftxkB d/ ftek; ftu fJe gqw[y edw ;h.Gkt/A 1 wkou 1781 ftu fJj :'iBk ;cb j'Jh, fezs{ fJ;d/ g{ot th fJ;d/ bJh eJh tko e'fPP ehshrJh ;h.

okiwzvb dh ;EkgBk –okiwzvb dh ;EkgBk –okiwzvb dh ;EkgBk –okiwzvb dh ;EkgBk –okiwzvb dh ;EkgBk – fJ; gqeko, okiwzvb ;zpzXh nB/e :'iBktK f;oc ekbgfBe pDhnK ojhnK.wjkdhgh eKro; d/ ezw dk th e'Jh ekBz{Bh nkXko BjhA ;h. T[j e/tb nbgekbhB gqpzX ;h. ;' eKro;dh fJe ;whsh Bz{ okiwzvb dk gqko{g fsnko eoB dk Gko ;"Afgnk frnk. 17 Btzpo 1777 JhH ftu eKro;B/ gqko{g Bz{ ngDkfJnk. fco T[;Bz{ ftfGzB okiK d/ e'b nB[;woEB d/ bJh G/fink frnk ns/ T[BQKed/ d[nkok nB[;wofEs j'D T[s/ 1 wkou, 1781 JhH Bkb T[; Bz{ gqGkth x'fPs ehsk frnk. okiwzvbd/ nB[S/d (Articles of Confederation) jh ;z:[es oki nwohek dk gfjbk ;zftXkB ;h.

okiwzvb dh gqfeosh – okiwzvb dh gqfeosh – okiwzvb dh gqfeosh – okiwzvb dh gqfeosh – okiwzvb dh gqfeosh – okiwzvb 13 T[gfBt/PK dk fJe ;EkJh ;zx ;h. fJe soc okiK B/ ;ko/ okiKdh ;[oZfynk, ;[szsosktK dh oZfynk ns/ gko;gfoe nkw fjs ns/ nfXekoK, i' ;z:[es oki Bz{ BjhA fdskfrnk ;h, Bz{ puk e/ ofynk. Pk;B szso dk gqXkB nfsnzs E'Vk ;h, eKro; jh ;oeko dk fJewkso nzr;h. ekoigkfbek deh th ftnt;Ek BjhA ;h. gozs{ eKro; eowukohnK dh fB:[esh eo ;edh ;h, tyohfBnKgkfbek th BjhA ;h. eKro; fJe ;z;dh ;z;Ek ;h. fJ; ftu nzsofBfjs Pesh BjhA ;h, pbfefJ;dh PeshnK gqdZs ;B. fJ; Bz{ :[ZX x'fPs eoB, ;zXh eoB, t?d/fPe Bhsh dk ;zukbB eoB, okiKd/ nB[gks ftu N?e; ns/ ;/tk b?D, okiK d/ gko;gfoe MrfVnK dk c?;bk eoB ns/ gqPk;B d/ nfXekohnKdh fB:[esh eoB dk nfXeko ;h. ;zx^Pk;B d/ pdb/ okiK dk th nkgDk e[M coI ;h, fit/A eKro; dhnkfrnk Bz{ wzBDk, d{i/ oki d/ BkrfoeK B{z g{ob nfXeko d/Dk, eKro; d[nkok nkg;h MrfVnK dk fBpNkokeotkT[Dk nkfd.

;zftXkB (;zftXkB (;zftXkB (;zftXkB (;zftXkB (Constitution) L ) L ) L ) L ) L fcbkv/bfcnk ;zw/bB e/Adoh ;oeko dh ewI'o ;fEsh d/ ekoD oki T[;dhntj/bBk eoB br/ ns/ ;ko/ e'fBnK ftu n;zs'y dh GktBk s/i j' rJh. ;' okiwzvb d/ nB[S/d d[jokT[Dd/ bJh nzd'bB P[o{ j'fJnk. nb?ei/Avfonknb?ei/Avfonknb?ei/Avfonknb?ei/Avfonknb?ei/Avfonk (Alexandria) ftu w?ohb?Avw?ohb?Avw?ohb?Avw?ohb?Avw?ohb?Av ns/ toihBhnktoihBhnktoihBhnktoihBhnktoihBhnk B/ 1785 JhHftu ;zw/bB p[bkfJnk fi;dk T[d/P ;h, d'tK okiK d/ ftu tgko ;zukbB eoBk. d{i/ ;kb (1786 JhH) ftutoihBhnk B/ nBkg'fb;nBkg'fb;nBkg'fb;nBkg'fb;nBkg'fb; ftu ;zg{oB okPN d/ tgko d/ ;zukbB d/ bJh d{i/ ;zw/bB dk nk:'iB ehsk. fi;

BthA d[BhnK dk fJfsjk; nkX[fBe :[r dk fJfsjk; j?. 1499 JhH ftu e'bzp; B/ fJ;d/g~Swh sNK dk nBt/PD ehsk ns/ e?pN (Cabot) B/ g{oth sN dk. fJ; bJh BthA G{fwekdh y'i ftu :[o'gh d/PKsotk;hnK dh pkV fijh nk rJh.

B'N;


B ØN


ftu f;oc gzi okiK d/ gqshfBXhnK B/ Gkr fbZsk. fJ; ;zw/bB B/ fJj gq;skfts ehsk fe nrb/ ;kbfrcbkv/bfcnk ftu ;ko/ okiK dk fJe ;zw/bB p[bkfJnk ikt/ fi; ftu okiwzvb d/ nB[S/dK ftu io{oh;zP'XB ehsk ikt/. sdB[o{g ;ko/ okiK Bz{ p/Bsh ehsh fe T[j nkgDk gqshfBXh G/iD. o'v dhg (RhodeIsland) Bz{ SZv e/ ;ko/ okiK B/ nkgD/^nkgD/ gqshfBXhnK Bz{ G/fink. wJh 1787 JhH ftu ftPtftfynksfcbkv/bfcnk ;zw/bB (Philadelphia Convention) j'fJnk. fi;B/ toswkB nwoheh ;zftXkB dkfBowkD ehsk.

T[d/P ns/ ;zrmB ^T[d/P ns/ ;zrmB ^T[d/P ns/ ;zrmB ^T[d/P ns/ ;zrmB ^T[d/P ns/ ;zrmB ^ fJ; ;zw/bB dk fJewkso ns/ ;gPN T[d/P ;h – “okiwzvb d/ nB[S/dK Bz{ d[jokT[Dkns/ eKro; ns/ j'o ftXkfJe ;GktK Bz{ nfij/ gfotosBK ns/ gqkgXkBK dk ;[Mkt d/Dk i' ;oeko Bz{;zeNwJh ;fEsh dk ;kwBk eoB db bJh ns/ ;zx dh ;[oZfynk d/ bJh io{oh j't/.” fJ; gqeko okPNoKd/ ;zrmb Bz{ fdqV pDkT[Dk ns/ e/Adoh ;oeko dh Pesh ftu ftqXh eoBk fJ; ;zw/bB dk ftP/P T[d/P ;h.fJ; ;zw/bB d/ gqshfBXhnK dk g~Xo pj[s T[Zu e'Nh dk ;h. ftXkBwzvbK d/ fJfsjk; ftu okiBhfse nB[Gtns/ ftjkoe frnkB Bkb gfog{oB ns/ wkBth ftT[jko ns/ ;oeko d/ io{oh ;ko sZs d/ T[drwK d/ fInkdkrfjB gfofrnkB Bkb ;zgzB wB[ZyK dh nfijh ;Gk edh BjhA j'Jh. ;zw/bB ftu Gkr b?D tkb/ ftneshnKftu'A gqw[Zy ;B – ikoi tkfPzrNB, i/w; w?vh;B, nb/ei/Avo, n?vwv p/AikfwB, o?vbc, i/w;ikoi tkfPzrNB, i/w; w?vh;B, nb/ei/Avo, n?vwv p/AikfwB, o?vbc, i/w;ikoi tkfPzrNB, i/w; w?vh;B, nb/ei/Avo, n?vwv p/AikfwB, o?vbc, i/w;ikoi tkfPzrNB, i/w; w?vh;B, nb/ei/Avo, n?vwv p/AikfwB, o?vbc, i/w;ikoi tkfPzrNB, i/w; w?vh;B, nb/ei/Avo, n?vwv p/AikfwB, o?vbc, i/w;fpb;Bfpb;Bfpb;Bfpb;Bfpb;B ns/ j'o gqfsPms ftnehsh. ;zw/BB d/ gqshfBXhnK d/ ;zpX ftu fJe cqK;h;h d{s B/ cqK; dh;oeko Bz{ fbfynk ;h fe “i/ fcbkv/bfcnk d/ ;zw/wb d/ ;ko/ gqshfBXh Bz{ d/fynk ikJ/ sK w?A ejKrk fenijh ;gk gfjb/ edh BjhA j'Jh ;h – :{o'g ftu th BjhA feT[Afe Bt/A gqshfBXhrD, :'rsk, r[D,fB;tkoEk, fBogZysk, ns/ d/P gq/w d/ nkXko T[s/ edh th fInkdk g{iBhe j?.” i?co;Bi?co;Bi?co;Bi?co;Bi?co;B B/ fJ;B{zd/t^g[ZsoK dh ;Gk (Assembly of Semi-goods) fejk ;h. ftnovftnovftnovftnovftnov d/ nB[;ko gqshfBXhrD XfBe,e[bhB ns/ :'r (The rich, the well-born and the able) tor d/ ;B.

;zftXkB dk fBowkD ns/ gqtosD –;zftXkB dk fBowkD ns/ gqtosD –;zftXkB dk fBowkD ns/ gqtosD –;zftXkB dk fBowkD ns/ gqtosD –;zftXkB dk fBowkD ns/ gqtosD – fJj ;zw/bB 24 wJh 1787 d/ fdB ;[szsosk GtB ftu nkozG j'fJnkn/s 17 d;zpo, 1787 se ubdk fojk. ;zw/bB d/ ;kjwD/ ;G s'A t~vh w[Pfeb fJj ;h fe fJ; ftu d/P dhftfGzB ns/ nB/e fto'Xh fjsK dk gqshfBXhst ;h. fJ; bJh ;zw/bB d/ ;kjwD/ ;wf;nk ;h fe nfij/ ;zftXkBdk fBowkD ehsk ikt/ fi; ftu ftfGzB fjsK dk ;wM'sk j't/. fJ; gk;/ e/Adoh ;oeko Bz{ ;[fdqV pDkT[Dk io{oh;hl Bkb jh tZv/ ns/ S'N/ okiK d/ go;go–fto'Xh fdqPNhe'D ftu skbw/b eoBk th wjZstg{oB ;h. fJ;T[d/P s'A nB/e :'iBktK gq;s[s ehsh rJhnK – toihBhnK :'iBk (Virginia Plan), fBT[ io;h :'iBk (NewJeresy Plan), eB/feNeN ;wM"sk (Connecticut Compromise), tgkko ns/ dk; tgko ;wM"sk (Commerceand Slave Trade Compromise), nkfd :'iBktK gqw[Zy ;B. nzs ftu Bt/A ;zftXkB, “fi; Bz{ ;wM"fsnKdk Y/o” (Bundle of Compromise) fejk frnk j?, d/ gqko{g Bz{ ;ot;zwsh Bkb ;theko ehsk frnk. go T[;Bz{bkr{ eoB s'A g{ot T[;Bz{ 13 okiK ftu B" okiK d/ ftXkBwzvbK d[nok nB[;wofEs j'Dk io{oh ;h. ;zftXkB d/e[M fto'XhnK B/ nfXeko gZso d/ nGkt ftu fJ;dh fsZyh nb'uBk ehsh. fJ; d'P B{z ;zftXkB d/ gqtosDd/ pknd ;zP'XBk d[nkok nfXeko gZso i'V e/ d{o eoB dk ;[Mkn fdsk frnk. 21 i{B 1788 d/ fdB ;zftXkBB" okiK d/ ftXkBwzvbK d[nok nB[;wofEs j' frnk. eKro; B/ ;zftXkB bkr{ eoB dh T[dx'PDk ehsh. 4 wkou,1789 B{z ;zftXkB gqtosD ftu nk frnk. ikoi tkfPzrNB Bz{ gfjbk okPNogsh u[fDnk frnk. gfjbk eKro;dk th ;zrmB j'fJnk. fJ; gqeko, oki wzvb dk nzs j' frnk ns/ T[;dh BhAj T[s/ Bt/A ;zftXkB d/ Gftn ns/fdqV GtB Bz{ yvk ehsk frnk.

;ftNiob?Av d/ ;zftXkB dk ftek; ;ftNiob?Av d/ ;zftXkB dk ftek; ;ftNiob?Av d/ ;zftXkB dk ftek; ;ftNiob?Av d/ ;zftXkB dk ftek; ;ftNiob?Av d/ ;zftXkB dk ftek; (Development of Switzerland'sConstitution);ftNiob?Av dk nkozGe fJfsjk; ikshnK d/ nktkrwB dk fJfj;k; j?. nr;s, 1291 Bz{ fszB ;[szso ns/;zgqG{ okiK B/ ‘;EkJh ;zx’ dh ;EkgBk ehsh. tk;st ftu ;ftNiohb?Av dk iBw j'fJnk. ;zx dh ;EkgBkftu eJh ;" ;kb fJ;d/ ft;sko ns/ fdqVsk d/ ;kb ;B. ;zd ftu j'o e?ANBK B/ gqt/P ehsk. 1353 ftu;ekJh w?soh ;zx n~m e?ANBK dk okiwzvb (Confederation) pD frnk. 1553 JhH ftu oki wzvb d/w?ApoK dh ;zfynk s/oQK j' rJh. gozs{ Xow ;[Xko nzd'bBK B/ oki ;zx dh J/esk Bz{ d[pkok Gzr eo fdZsk.1648 JhH ftu t/;Nckbhnkl dh ;zXh B/ fJe ;[szso ns/ ;zgqG[sk–;zgzB oki d/ o{g ftu wkBsk gqdkB ehsh.


B ØN


cqK; dh oki eqKsh (French Revolutions, 1789) d/ ;w/A se ;ft; okiwzvb fInkdk ewI'o ;ftNiob?AvBz{ g[okDk okiwzvb d/ fdsk. oki d[pkok fdqV j' frnk. d[pkok rqfj :[ZX dh itkbk GVeh, b/feB nzs ftuokPNoh J/esk d/ ;woEeK dh fiZs j'Jh.

1848 JhH dk ;zftXkB (1848 JhH dk ;zftXkB (1848 JhH dk ;zftXkB (1848 JhH dk ;zftXkB (1848 JhH dk ;zftXkB (The Constitution of 1848) ^ ) ^ ) ^ ) ^ ) ^ 1848 JhH d/ ;zftXkB dk fBowkD ‘nw/foekd/ ;zftXkB Bz{ nkdoP wzB e/ ehsk frnk ;h. fJj e?ANBK dh gqG[;Zsk ;zx dh tXdh j'Jh Pesh d/ ftu;wM"s/ dk Bshik ;h. fJ; ;zftXkB d[nkok fJj isB ehsk frnk fe e?ANB T[; jd se gqG[oki pD/ ofjDfi~E/ se fe ;zxh ;zftXkB T[BQK Bz{ gqG[;Zsk gqdkB eo ;e/. ;zxh Pesh efsg: nkw ftfPnK se ojhlfit/A – t?d/fPe ;zpzX, vke ftnt;Ek nkfd. ;zx Pk;B Bz{ ubD d/ bJh ;zxh ;z;EktK dh ftnt;Ek ehshrJh. ekoigkfbek–Pesh ;zxh gfoPd (Federal Council) ftu fBfjs ehsh rJh i' fJe pj[bekoigkfbek (Plural Executive) ;h. ftnt;Ekfgek Pesh d'–;dBkswe ;zxh wzvb (FederalAssembly) ftu fBfjs ehsh rJh – fJe ;dB iB;zfynk d/ nkXko T[s/ ns/ dik ;dB e?ANBK dh ;wskd/ nkXko T[s/ ;zrms ;h. okPNo dh fBnKgkfbek ;zxh fBnKfXeoD (Federal Tribunal) ftu fBfjsehsh rJh. ;zftXkB ftu e?ANBK Bz{ nkgD/ gqd/PK ftu g{oB gqG[sk d/ T[g:'r dk nfXeko fdZsk, b/feBnPKsh iK :[ZX dh ;zGktBk iK ;fEsh d/ ;w/A e/Adoh ;oeko dyb eo ;edh ;h.

1874 JhH dk ;zftXkB – 1874 JhH dk ;zftXkB – 1874 JhH dk ;zftXkB – 1874 JhH dk ;zftXkB – 1874 JhH dk ;zftXkB – Gkt/A 1848 JhH d/ ;zftXkB B/ ;ftNiob?Av Bz{ fJe :[esh;zrs ns/ nkX[fBe;zftXkB fdZsk, fco th fJj fInkdk fdBK se ekoiPhb Bk fojk. o/vheb b'e (Radicalists) fJ;;zftXkB d/ fto[ZX ;B. T[j e/Ado B{z fInkdk PeshPkbh pDkT[Dk ukj[zd/ ;B. T[BQK Bz{ iBsk dk gfonkgs;woEb gqkgs j'fJnk. 1874 JhH B{z BtK ;zftXkB gqGkth j'fJnk. fJjh ;zftXkB nZi th ;ftNiob?Avftu toswkB j?. fJ; ;zftXkB d[nkok e?ANBK dh ;[szsosk gfjb/ eh ng/ePk x~N eo fdZsh rJh ns/fBnKgkfbek dh ;[szsosk dh ;EkgBk dh th e'fPP ehsh rJh. iBws–;zrqfj dh ftnt;Ek Bz{ ft;fsqsehsk frnk. 1874 JhH s'A b?e/ j[D se ;zftXkB ftu nB/e tko ;zP'XB j'J/ jB fiBQK d/ Bshi/ tZi'A e/AdoheoB dh gqftosh Bz{ Pq/n fwfbnk j?, gozs{ ;zftXkb ftu e'Jh w"fbe gfotosD BjhA j'fJnk j?.

;ft; ;zftXkB dk ftPt dh gqw[Zy Pk;B gqDkbhnK ftu fJe nB{mk ;EkB j?. fJ;d/ nB{mkgB d/ nB/eekoD jB. gfjbkgfjbkgfjbkgfjbkgfjbk ;ft; rDszso ftPt dk gqkuhBkswe ns/ ;otPq/Pm gqikszso j?. d{ikd{ikd{ikd{ikd{ik, fJ;dhekoigkfbek nB{mh j?, shik,shik,shik,shik,shik, fJ;B/ okPNoh ;tfBoD/ d/ f;XKs Bz{ rs ;kfps eo fdZsk j?. u"Eku"Eku"Eku"Eku"Ek;ftNiob?Av fJe sN;E okPNo j?.

fJe j'o gqko{g ;theko ehsk. fJj gqiksKsfoe ns/ PKshtkdh f;XKsK T[s/ nkXkos ;h. fJj ;zftXkB:EkoE ftu w?ekoEo d[nkok pDkfJnk frnk ;h, ikgkBh wzsohwzvb d[nkok BjhA. tkfPzrNB ftu ‘;[d{og{oth nk:'r’ B/ ;zftXkB d/ bJh efsg: w{b f;XKsK dh f;ckfoP ehsh fiBQK Bz{ ;zftXkB d/ gqko{g ftu;EkB fdZsk frnk. fJ;d/ pknd ;zftXkB d/ gqko{g Bz{ ;wokN d/ Bkw T[s/ iBsk dh ;{uBk d/ bJh gq;kfosehsk frnk. iBob w"ekoEo B/ y[b e/ fJ;dk ;woEB ehsk. wzsohwzvb B/ fJ; T[s/ ft;skog{ope ftukoehsk. fJ;s'A pknd ;zftXkB d/ gaqko{g Bz{ vkfJN e/ ;wM ofynk frnk. tkd–fttkd d/ pknd 7 nes{po1946 Bz{ gqshfBXh ;Gk B/ ;op;zwsh Bkb Bt/A ;zzftXkB Bz{ nkgDh ;thfeqsh gqdkB eo fdZsh. f;oc;kfwntkdh w?ApoK B/ fJ;dk fto'X ehsk. 3 Btzpo 1946 B{z fJe ;wokih nkfrnkgsh d/ d[nkok fJ;;zftXkB Bz{ T[dx'fPs ehsk frnk. gqXkBwzsoh :'fPdk fPr/o{ (Yoshide Shigeru) d[nkok ;wokN fjo'jhs'dh T[g;fEsh ftu fJ;Bz{ 3 wJh 1947 JhH Bz{ bkr{ ehsk frnk. fJ;Bz{ ;wokN fjo'jhs' dh w"s d/ ekoDP'tk ;zftXkB (Showa Constitution) th efjzd/ jB. ikgkB dh toswkB Pk;B^ftnt;Ek fJ;/ ;zftXkBd/ d[nkok ;zukfbs j' ojh j?.

uhBh rDoki d/ ;zftXkB dk ftek; uhBh rDoki d/ ;zftXkB dk ftek; uhBh rDoki d/ ;zftXkB dk ftek; uhBh rDoki d/ ;zftXkB dk ftek; uhBh rDoki d/ ;zftXkB dk ftek; (Development of Chinese RepubliconConstitution)fJfsjk;e gqPmG{wh – fJfsjk;e gqPmG{wh – fJfsjk;e gqPmG{wh – fJfsjk;e gqPmG{wh – fJfsjk;e gqPmG{wh – uhBh ;kwtkdhnK dk efjDk j? fe T[BQK ;zftXkB fJfsj; Bkb r{V/ o{g Bkb ;zpzXsj?l T[j fJfsjk;e nB[Gt T[s/ nkXkos j?. bhU PkU–uh B/ fejk ;h fe uhB dk toswkB ;zftXkB “uhBhiBsk d/ fJe Pskpdh s'A fInkdk eqKshekoh ;zxoP ns/ nkX[fBeekbhB uhBh ;zftXkBtkd d/ fJfsjk;enB[Gt dk Bshik j?.”


B ØN


uhBh rDoki d/ ;zftXkB dh fJfsjk;e gqPmG{wh Bz{ j/m fby/ GkrK ftu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?–

1H toswkB ekb ftu ;zftXkB dk ftek; (Development of Constitution in Modern times) – 1984JhH s'A 1949 se.

2H n;EkJh ;zftXkB (Provisional Constitution) – 1949 JhH s'A 1954 JhH se.

3H 1954 JhH dk ;zftXkB.4H 1975 JhH dk ;zftXkB.5H 1978 JhH dk ;zftXkB.

6H toswkB ;zftXkB (1982 JhH)

;zftXkB dk ftek; (;zftXkB dk ftek; (;zftXkB dk ftek; (;zftXkB dk ftek; (;zftXkB dk ftek; (Development of Constitutionalism)L )L )L )L )L nkX[fBe uhB d/ ;zftXkB dk ftek;1894 JhH ftu ikgkB d[nkok T[;dh jko d/ T[gozs P[o{ j[zdk j? fJ; fdPk ftu ;[Xko nzd'bB (ReformMovment) gfjbk T[b/yBh edw j?. eKr :{̂ ph dh nrtkJh ftu ;[XkotkdhnK B/ nzd'bB ubkfJnk fi;dkT[d/P nfij/ ;zftXkB dh ;EkgB eoB dh ;h fi;dk nkXko g{zihtkd ns/ ;kwzstkd j't/. w{b s"o s/ fJjnzd'bB gqrshtkdh ;h. 1898 JhH se fJ;Bz{ e[ub fdZsk frnk. ;[XkotkdhnK d/ Bkb–Bkb uhB ftu fJeeqKshekoh r[N dk T[d/ j'fJnk. fJ; dk B/sk vkH ;fBnks ;?B ;h. eqKshekoh r[N fJe p[oi[nk gqiksKsfoerDoki (Bourgeois Democratic Republic) dh ;EkgBk eoBk ukj[zdk ;h.

eqKshekohnK dh tXdh Pesh Bz{ d/y e/ wzu{ Pk;B B/ ;zftXkB–fBowkD dh x'PDk dh ns/ ;zftXkB dh f;XKsKdk T[b/y ehsk. fJBQK ;zftXkBe f;XKsk dk T[d/P fBoze[P ;kwzstkdh Pk;B Bz{ fdqV pDkT[Dk ns/ iBsk Bz{X'yk d/Dk ;h. eqKshekohnK B/ wzu{ ;zftXkBtkd Bz{ X'y/ dh N~Nh efj e/ fto'X ehsk, go ;[XkotkdhnK B/T[;dk ;woEB ehsk.

1911 JhH ftu wzu{ dk nzs j' frnk. ;dhnK g[okD/ ;kwzstkdh okiszso d/ ;EkB T[s/ uhBh rDszso dh BhAjgJh. vkH ;fBnks ;/B dh nrtkJh ftu ‘n;EkJh ;zftXkB’ (Provision Constitution) dh BhAj gJh. fJjgqrshtkdh T[s/ p[oi[nk rDoki ;h. 1919 JhH dh eqKsh B/ uhB ftu gqiksKsfoe rDoki dk phi p'fJnk.

gqshfeqnktkdhnK d/ ;kjwD/ rDoki Bk fNe ;fenk. :{ nkB^PhêkJh ns/ ghnKr :[ZX ;kwzsK d/ nXhB“uhB rDoki” f;oc Bkw d/ bJh ofj frnk. nzfsw :[ZX ftu ;kwzsK B/ 1923 JhH ftu fdykt/ d/ bJhfJe ;zftXkB dh x'PDk ehsh. gozs{ eqKshekohnK B/ fJ;dk fto'X ehsk.

fJ; ftu ;kfwntkdh db dk T[d/ j'fJnk. vkH ;fBnks ;?B dh nrtkjH ftu jh T[; B/ ;wokitkd ns/;kwzstkd d/ fto[ZX ;zxoP P[o{ ehsk. gozs{, vkH ;/B dh w"S d/ pknd funKr–ekJh^P/e ;kwtkdhnK dkdwB eoB brk. d/P ftu rqfj^:[ZX fSV frnk. ;kwtkdhnK dh nrtkJh ftu iBsk B/ gqshfeqnktkdhPk;B d/ fto[ZX bVkJh P[o{ fdZsh. funKrêkJh^P/e, i' ;zftXkB d/ gZy ftu BjhA ;h, nzs ftu 1946JhH ftu fJe ;zftXkB dk fBowkB ehsk, fi;dk uhBh iBsk B/ izw e/ fto'X ehsk. fJ; gqeko, nzfswuoB ftu g{zihtkdh e[nkfwzsKr ns/ ;wkitkd PeshnK ftu oki d/ ftP/P) o{g dk ngDkT[D d/ bJh fteN;zxoP ufbnk. nzs ftu, 1949 JhH ftu ;wkitkdh PeshnK dh fiZs j'Jh ns/ wid{oK dh nrtkJh ftuiBtkdh rDoki (People's Republic) dh ;EkgBk j'Jh.

E'V/ ftu, ;kwtkdh eqKsh d/ g{ot uhB ftu d' gqeko d/ ;zftXkB dk fBowkD j'fJnk ;h. wzu{ tzP, ghnKr:[ZX ;kwzs ns/ funKrêkJh^P/e d[nkok fBofws gqshfeqnktkdh ns/ fdyktNh ;zftXkB ns/ d{ik, vkH;fBnks ;/B d[nkok fBofws p[oi[nk gqiksKsfoe ;zftXkB.

n;EkJh ;zftXkB (n;EkJh ;zftXkB (n;EkJh ;zftXkB (n;EkJh ;zftXkB (n;EkJh ;zftXkB (Provisional Constitution) – ) – ) – ) – ) – ;kwtkdh Pk;B dh ;EkgBk d/ s[ozs pknd fe;h;zftXkB dk fBowkD BjhA ehsk frnk. Pk;B ftnt;Ek d/ ;zukbB d/ bJh fJe nkw g'qrokw (CommonProgramme) Bz{ ngDkfJnk frnk fi;B/ gzi ;kbK se n;EkJh ;zftXkB (Provision Constitution)d/ o{g ftu ezw ehsk. nkw g'qrokw dk fBowkD uhBh iBtkdh okiBhfse ;bkjdksk ;zw/bBokiBhfse ;bkjdksk ;zw/bBokiBhfse ;bkjdksk ;zw/bBokiBhfse ;bkjdksk ;zw/bBokiBhfse ;bkjdksk ;zw/bB (ChinesePeople's Politial Consultative Conference) Bkwe ;z;Ek d[nkok j'fJnk. fJj fJe fyuVh ;z;Ek ;h.fi; ftu ;kwtkdh db d/ Bkb ftfGzB okiBhfse dbK, b'e ;zrmBK, iBPesh ;?Bk ns/ ;w[zdo gko uhBhnKd/ gqshfBXh Pkwb ;B. ;zw/bB d[nkok fBoXkos nkw gq'rokw ftrs ;kbK dh iBtkdh eqKshnK d/ nB[Gt


B ØN


dh d/D ;h. fJ;B/ T[BQK w"fbe BhshnK Bz{ gkfoGkPs ehsk fiBQK dk nB[gkbB uhBh rDoki eo/rk. iBtkdhb'eszsoh nfXBkfJePkjh f;XKs fJ;dk nkXko ;h.

;bkjdksk ;zw/bB B/ fszB gqb/yK dk fBowkD ehsk – (e) nkw gaq'rokw (A Common Programme) (y);bkjdksk ;zw/bB dk ;kt:t fBnw (An Organic Law of the CPPCC) ns/ (r) e/Adoh ;oeko dk;kt:t fBnw (An Organic Law of the Central People's Government)

fszBK gqb/yK ftu nkw g'qrokw ;G s'A fInkdk wj~stg{oB ;h. fJ; ftu nKsfoe Pk;Bekb d/ bJh noEks;wkitkd dh gqkgsh se d/ bJh, w"fbe T[d/PK dk T[b/y ehsk frn ;h. gq;sktBk ftu fejk frnk ;h uhBdk okiBhfse nkXko ‘BthB gqikszso’ (New Democracy) j? fiBQK dk T[g:'r ‘iBsKsfoe nfXBkfJeszso’(People Democratic Dictatorship) d[nkok ehsk ikJ/rk. ‘BthB gqikszso’ dk noE T[; ;zeowD ekb s'A;h fi;d/ d[nkok uhB Bz{ ‘noX–;kwzstkd’ (Semi Feudalism) ns/ ‘noX–T[gfBt/Ptkd’ (Semi Colonialism)s'A r[Io e/ ‘;otjkok nfXBkfJetkd’ (Proletarian Dictatorship) se gjz[uDk ;h. ‘iBsKsfoenfXkBkfJeszso’ dk noE j? fe ‘gqukszso’ ‘iBsk’ d/ j~E ftu oj/rk ns/ ‘nfXBkfJeszso’ j'o torK – t~v/p[oi[nk, ;kwzsh iwhAdko ns/ iBsk d/ j'o d[PwBK T[s/ bkr{ j'J/rk. fBotkuB ;zpzXh nfXeko ns/ tke s/ ftuko;[szsosk e/tb ‘iBsk’ Bz{ gqkgs j'j/rk. nkw g'qrokw ftu j'o eJh w"fbe rZbK dk T[b/y ehsk frnk ;h.fit/A ;wokitkdh ftP/PkfXekoK dh ;wkgsh, G{wh–;[Xko, T[fd:'rheoD dh io{os, okPNoh x~N frDsh Bz{ ;wkBnfXeko ns/ ;'thns o{; Bkb fwZsosk. ;oeko d/ YKu/ d/ pko/ ftu fejk frnk ;h fe ;zeqwD ekb ftu noEksokPNoh iB–;oeko gfoPd (Central People's Government Council) dk fBotkuB j'J/rk i' ekoiekoDhd/ o{g ftu ezw eo/rh.

;zw/bB dk T[d/P uhB d/ ;ko/ gqiksKsfoe torK ns/ okPNohsk Bz{ J/esk d/ ;{so ftu pzBQDk ;h. ;zw/bBgqikszso d/ g'qrokw Bz{ bkr{ eo/rk, ;wokitkd, ;kwzstkd ns/ B"eoPkjh g{zihtkd dk fto'X eo/rk,e[nkfwzsKr Bz{ T[ykV ;[N/rk ns/ eqKsh fto'XhnK dk ftBkP eo/rk. fJ;dk nzfsw beP noE–ftnt;EkBz{ wip{s eoBk n/s fJe fdqV, ;[szso ns/ PKshfgqn iBtkdh rDsKsfos uhB dh ;EkgBk eoBk j'J/rk.

e/Adoh iBtkdh ;oeko gfoPd ftu 56 w?Apo j'Dr/. fiBQK ftu fJe w[yh ns/ 6 T[gw[yh j'Dr/. fJjftXkfJek, ekoiekoDh ns/ fBnKgkfbek fszBK dk ezw eo/rh. gfoPd eJh ndkfonK dk ;zrmB eo/rh.fJBQK ftu ;G s'A fInkdk wjZstg{oB ;oeko gqPk;B gfoPd (Government Administration Council);h. i' fJe ;[go–e?fpB/N (Super Cabinet) d/ o{g ftu ezw eodh ;h. fJ;d/ w?Apo ;B, gqXkBwzsoh,gzi T[g^gqXkBwzsoh, fJe wjk;fut ns/ 16 w?Apo. ;oeko gqPk;B gfoPd (GAC) dh uko ;whshnK;B. (e) okiBhfse ns/ ekBz{Bh wkwfbnK dh ;whshy, (y) ftZs ns/ noE ;whsh, (r) ;z;feqsh ns/f;fynk ;whsh, (x) iB–fBohyD ;whsh. fJBQK d/ nbktk ;bkjdksk ;zw/bB (CPOC) B/ fJe eqKshekoh;?fBe gfoPd (Revolutionary Military Council), fJe ;otT[Zu fBnKfbnk (Supreme Court) ns/fJe ;otT[Zu iB–gq'feT[o/;h (Super People's Procuracy) dh ;EkgBk ehsh ;h.

;bkjdksk ;zw/bB ftu ;otT[Zu ftXkfJek Pesh fBfjs ;h. ;oeko gqPk;B gfoPd ns/ e/Adoh iBtkdh;oeko gfoPd fInkdk PeshPkbh ndkok ;B. gozs{ fJj d't/A ndko/ th ;kfwntkdh db d/ fJPko/ T[s/ubd/ ;B feT[Afe db dk ;oeko g{oB fBnzsqD ;h.

1954 dk ;zftXkB (1954 dk ;zftXkB (1954 dk ;zftXkB (1954 dk ;zftXkB (1954 dk ;zftXkB (The Constitution of 1954) –) –) –) –) – 13 iBtoh, 1953 Bz{ wkUs;/–sz[r dh nrtkJhftu e/Adoh ;oeko B/ fJe ;wshdh fBowkB ehsk. fJ;dk T[d/P iBtkdh rDoki d/ bJh ;zftXkB dk gqko{gfsnko eoBk ;h. wkou, 1954 ftu ;whsh B/ ;zftXkB d/ gqko{g Bz{ ;theko ehsk. gqko{g Bz{ ftuko–tNKdokns/ ;[Mkn d/ bJh iBsk d/ ;Bw[y oy fdZsk frnk. d' wjhB/ se fJ; T[/s/ ftuko–tNKdok j[zdk fojk.fJ; nkXko gqko{g ftu T[fus ;zP'XB fbnkJ/ rJ/ . 14 i{B, 1954 Bz{ ;zP'fXs o{g ftu ;zftXkB d/ gqko{gBz{ gqekPs ehsk frnk ns/ ;ot;kXkoD dh uouk d/ bJh T[;Bz{ iBsk ftu gfoukfbs ehsk frnk. d' wjHB/se b'e–fttkd j[zdk fojk. ;zftXkB Bz{ iBsk dk ;woEB gqkgs j'fJnk ns/ ;zP'XB d/ bJh nB/e ;[MknfdZs/ rJ/. fJBQK ;[MktK d/ ;zdoG ftu gqko{g ;whsh B/ d[pkok ;zP'XB fbnkT[Adk. ;zftXkB d/ ;zP'fXs gqko{gBz{ 9 ;szpo 1954 Bz{ e/Adoh iBtkdh ;oeko gfoPd B/ Ugukfoe o{g Bkb ;theko ehsk. gfjbh okPNohiB–eKro; B/ 20 ;szpo, 1954 Bzz{ ;zftXkB Bz{ nzfsw o{g Bkb ;thfeqsh gqdkB ehsh.


B ØN


uhBh ;kfwntkdhnK d/ nB[;ko, T[BQK dk ;zftXkB ;wkitkdh ;zftXkB (People's Democratic Republic)j?. fJj p[oi[nk ;zftXkBK d/ T[bN ;wkitkdh ;zftXkB j?. fJ;d/ fBowkD ftu uhBhnK B/ j'o ;zftXkBK,yk;eo ;'thns ;zftXkB, d/ nB[GtK s'A bkG u[~fenk. d/P d/ ftrs fJfsjk; ns/ nkX[fBe ;fEsh dk thfJ; T[s/ ftnkge gqGkt fgnk. fJ; ;zdoG ftu bhUPkUûh B/ d~f;nk fe uhBh rDoki d/ ;zftXkB dkfBowkB eod/ ;w/A efsg: sZEK Bz{ fXnkB ftu ofynk frnk j?. fJj s~E jB–

(i) uhBh iBsk B/ bzw/ ;zxoP d/ pknd ;wokitkd, ;kwzstkd ns/ g{zihtkd T[s/ fiZs gqkgs eo bJh j?.

(ii) uhB ftu iBtkdh gqiksKsfoe oki, fi;dh nrktkJh wid{o eo oj/ jB ns/ i' wid{oK ns/ fe;kBK d/rmpzXB T[s/ nkXkos j?, dh iVQ izw u[~eh j?.

(iii) uhB dh noE ftnt;Ek ftu ;wkitkd B/ nrtkJh rqfjD eo fbZsh.

(iv) uhB ftu eqwpZX o{g Bkb ;wkitkdh gfotosD nkozG j' frnk j? ns/ ;wkitkdh ;wki dh fdPk ftugfotosD j'D brk j?.

Bt/A ;zftXkB d[nkok e/Adoh ;oeko d/ YKu/ ftu gfotosD fbnkT[Adk frnk. fszB gqw[Zy ndkfonK dh ;EkgBkehsh rJh – (e) ftXkfJek noEks okPNoh iB–eKro; (National People's Congress), (y) oki dk gqXkBnoEks rDszso dk w[yh (Chairman of the People's Repubic) ns/ (r) wzsohwzvb noEks oki gfoPd(State Council). fJ;d/ nbktk ;otT[Zu iBgqkfeT[o/;h (Supreme People's Prodcuaracy) ns/ ;otT[ZuiB–fBnKfbnk (Supreme People's Court) e/Ado ;oeko d/ w[Zy nzr ;B.

1975 dk ;zftXkB (1975 dk ;zftXkB (1975 dk ;zftXkB (1975 dk ;zftXkB (1975 dk ;zftXkB (The Constitution of 1975) –) –) –) –) – 1954 dk ;zftXkB brGr 20 ;kbK se bkr{ fojk.nrbk ;zftXkB 17 iBtoh 1975 Bz{ gk; j'fJnk. fJj ;zftXkB g[okD/ ;zftXkB dk ftef;s o{g ;h. gozs{, fJ;Bz{g{oBsk Bt/A o[g ftu gq;s[s ehsk frnk ;h. uhBh Pk;eK d/ nB[;ko d' dPeK d/ bzw/ ;w/A ftu BthA gfo;fEshnKg?dk j'JhnK. nkofEe, ;wkfie, ;K;feqse ns/ okiBhfse y/soK ftu nB/e gfotosD j'J/ fi;d/ ubd/Bt/A ;zftXkB d/ fBowkD dh io{os gJh. 1975 JhH d/ ;zftXkB dh j/m fbyhnK ftP/PsktK ;B–

(i) fJj ;zftXkB ekch ;zfygs ;h. fJ; ftu e/tb 30 nB[S/d ;B.(ii) Pk;B dh ;kohnK Peshnk gkoNh ftu e/AdohG{s eo fdZshnK rJhnK. ;zftxkB B/ efwT[fB;N gkoNh

dh e/Adoh ;whsh Bz{ jh ;ot';otk wzfBnk fi;dh nrktkJh ftu okPNoh iB–eKro; th ezw eo/rh.(iii) okPNogsh (Chairman) d/ gd Bz{ ysw eo fdZsk frnk. T[;d/ e[M nfXekoK Bz{ okPNoh iB eKro;

dh ;EkJh ;whsh (Standing Committee) Bz{ j'o e[M nfXekoK Bz{ efwT{fB;N gkoNh d/ u/now?B B{z;"Ag fds/ rJ/.

(iv) Pk;B dk fInkdkso YKuk j[D gfjb/ tork jh ;h. 1975 JhH d/ ;zftxkB ftu th e/Adoh ftXkB ;Gk Bz{okPNoh iBeKro; d/ Bkw s'A jh ikfDnk frnk. fJj nkgD/ ezwK d/ ;zgkdB bJh fJe ;EkJh ;whsh dkrmB eodh ;h. fJj fJe oki gfoPd dk th fBotkuB eodh ;h i' wzsoh gfoPd dk ezw eodh ;h.

(v) 1975 JhH d/ ;zftxkB ftu e[M Bt/A Bkrfoe nfXeko Pkwb ehs/ rJ/. fInkdkso g[okD/ nfXekoK Bz{pDkJ/ ofynk frnk. T[;d/ ftu uko Bt/A nfXekoK Bz{ i'fVnk frnk – (i) jVskb dk nfXeko, (ii)iB;/tk ;zrms eoB dk nfXeko, (iii) Bkrfoesk d/ gquko dk nfXeko ns/ (iv) ;kotifBe ftfPnKT[s/ y[b/ s"o Bkb tkd–fttkd eoB ns/ fuZso g';No eZYD dk nfXeko.

(vi) ;zftXkB ;'thns o{g d/ ;kwtkdh dh fBzdk eodk j?. 1954 JhH d/ ;zftXkB ftu ;'thns o{; Bzz{‘iBsKsfoe b'esKsfoe d/PK’ dh Pq/Dh ftu ofynk frnk ;h idfe 1975 JhH d/ ;zftXkB ftu T[;Bz{fJe ;wokitkdh d/P x'fPs ehsk frnk.

1978 Jh dk ;zftXkB (1978 Jh dk ;zftXkB (1978 Jh dk ;zftXkB (1978 Jh dk ;zftXkB (1978 Jh dk ;zftXkB (The Constitution of 1978) –) –) –) –) – fJ; ;zftXkB Bz{ okPNoh iBeKro; B/ 5wkou, 1978 Bz{ ;thfeqs ehsk.

(i) fJ; ;zftXkB ftu 60 nB[S/d ;B.(ii) fJ;dh gq;sktBk ftu uhB dh ;wkitkdh eqKsh dk T[b/y fwbdk j?. wkUs;/–sz[r dh nrtkJh dh gqPz;k

ehsh rJh ns/ PqfweK dh skBkPkjh ftu ftPtk; gqrN ehsk frnk.

(iii) ;zftXkB d/ gfjb/ nfXnkJ/ ftu nkw f;XKsK dk toDB ehsk frnk.


B ØN


(iv) d{i/ nfXnkJ/ ftu oki ;zouBk T[s/ gqekP gkfJnk frnk ns/ fJ; d/ ftXkJh, ekoiekoh ns/ fBnkfJenzrK dk toDB ehsk frnk. okPNogsh gd Bz{ ;wkgs eo fdZsk frnk. uhB d/ ftXkBwzvb dk Bkw‘okPNoh eKro;’ ns/ wzsohgfoPd dk Bkw ‘oki gfoPd’ jh poeoko fojk.

(v) shi/ nfXnkJ/ ftu Bkrfoe nfXekoK ns/ coiK dk T[b/y ehsk frnk.(vi) u"E/ nfXnkJ/ ftu okPNoh Mzvk, okPNo fuzBQ ns/ okiXkBh dk fttoD fdsk frnk.

1982 JhH dk ;zftXkB (1982 JhH dk ;zftXkB (1982 JhH dk ;zftXkB (1982 JhH dk ;zftXkB (1982 JhH dk ;zftXkB (The Constitution of 1982) –) –) –) –) – 1982 JhH dk ;zftXkB uhB dk u"Ek ;zftXkB;h. fJjh ;zftXkB ni/ th bkr{ j?. okPNoh iB eKro; B/ fJ; ;zftXkB Bz{ 4 d;zpo, 1982 Bz{ ;thekoehsk. fJ; ;zftXkB d/ fBowkD dk ft;fsqs fpUok fwbdk j?. ngq?b, 1982 ftu fJ;dk w;"dk gqekPsehsk frnk. d/P Go ftu fJ; T[s/ ftnkge o{g Bkb ftuko–tNKdok j'fJnk. iB eKro; B/ brGr 100;zP'XBK T[s/ ftuko ehsk. 30 ;zP'XBk Bz{ ;theko eo fbnk frnk. 6 i{B, 1983 B{z S/thA iBeKro; dkgfjbk nfXt/PB j'fJnk. fJ; nfXt/PB ftu 1982 JhH d/ ;zftXkB d/ nzsors d/P d/ okPNogsh ns/T[g–okPNogsh dh u'D j'Jh ns/ fJ; gqeko BtK ;zftXkB g{oBsk bkr{ j' frnk.

cqK; ftu ;zt?XkfBe ftek; cqK; ftu ;zt?XkfBe ftek; cqK; ftu ;zt?XkfBe ftek; cqK; ftu ;zt?XkfBe ftek; cqK; ftu ;zt?XkfBe ftek; (Constitutional Development in France)cqK; d/ ;zftXkB dk nfXn?B wjZstg{oB ns/ o'ue j?. fJ;dk ;G s'A gfjbk ekoB fJj j? fe cqK; dh Pk;B–Pk;so dh nB/e d/DK jB. cqK; Bz{ “okiBhfse gq:'rK’ fejk frnk j?. fJ; d/P ftu ;dk Bt/A ;zftXkBdh f;qPNh ns/ Bt/A okiBhfse gq:'r j[zd/ oj/ jB. ftrs d' PskpdhnK ftu fJj d/P nB/e okiBhfseftukoK ns/ gqshfeqnktK dk ;q's fojk j? fiBQK Bz{ f;oc gqw[Zy :[o'gh okiK B/ jh BjhA pbfe ftPt d/ j'ookPNoK B/ th rqfjD ehsk j?. ;z;dh Pk;B gqDkbh ns/ gqikszso Bz{ gqukfos eoB ftu fJ;B/ fJe d[GkPhJ/ns/ gqukoe dk ezw ehsk j?. ;[szsosk, ;wkBsk ns/ Goksoh i' gqikszso d/ T[Zu nkdoP jBl cqK; dhoki–eqKsh dh jh d/D j?. Pk;B ftnt;Ek dh nB/e ;z;EktK cqK; dh w"fbe d/D jB. cqK; dh Pk;Bftnt;Ek dk nfXn?B fJ;bJh wjZstg{oB j? fe fJj d/P dh wjkB PeshnK ftu fJe j?.

shi/ rDszso s'A g{ot –shi/ rDszso s'A g{ot –shi/ rDszso s'A g{ot –shi/ rDszso s'A g{ot –shi/ rDszso s'A g{ot – cqK; dk nkX[fBe okiBhsh ns/ ;zt?XkfBe fJfsjk; 1789 JhH dh wjkB eqKshBkb nkozG j[zdk j?. fJ; eqKsh B/ p'opB tzP d/ fBoze[P ns/ ;t/Skukoh Pk;B dk nzs ehsk ns/ cqK; dhPk;B ftnt;Ek ftu n;fEosk fbnk fdZsh. fJ;d/ pknd cqK; ftu ;zt?XkfBe gq:'rK dh Pqzybk fijh pzBQhrJh. fJe d/ pkd fJe j[D se 14 tko cqK; dh Pk;B ftnt;Ek ftu T[bN–c/o j' u[Zek j?. fJ; T[s/ckJhBockJhBockJhBockJhBockJhBo B/ fejk j? fe “jo/e ;zftXkB dk fBowkD T[; B{z ekfonKfts eoB d/ bJh BjhA pbfe T[;B{z pdbd/D d/ bJh ehsk frnk.”

1761 JhH ftu gfjbh fby/ ;zftXkB dk iBw j'fJnk fi; ftu ;whsh okiszso ns/ fBotkfus ;z;d dhftnt;Ek ehsh rJh. 1793 JhH ftu i?e'fpz; i?e'fpz; i?e'fpz; i?e'fpz; i?e'fpz; B/ fJ;d/ ;EkB T[s/ gfjbh tko rDszsoh ftnt;Ek dh;EkgBk ehsh. fJ; ;zftXkB ftu gqsZy fBotkuB, g"qV wskfXeko ns/ 24 w?ApoK dh wzvbksweekoigkfbek dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh. fJ;d/ pknd 1795 JhH ftu vkfJo/eNoh (Directory) dk ;zftXkBpfDnk. fi; ftu ftXkfJek ;gk ns/ 5 ftneshnK dh ekoiekoDh ;whsh dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh.1799 JhH ftu B/g'fbnB p'Bkg'oN B/ fJe Bt/A ;zftxkB dk fBowkB ehsk fi; Bz{ eK;{b/NeK;{b/NeK;{b/NeK;{b/NeK;{b/N (Consulate)fejk frnk j? fJj ftnt;Ek th nbgekbhB jh ojh. 1840 JhH ftu B/g'fbnB B/ ;woki dh ;EkgBkehsh ns/ nkg ;wokN pD p?fmnk. fJ; gqeko cqK; ftu rDszso dk :[r ysw j' frnk ns/ d[pkokokiszso nkozG j'fJnk. 1814 JhH ftu tkNob{ d/ ;zrqkw d/ pknd B/g'fbnB d/ ;woki dk nzs j' frnkns/ p'pB tzP d[pkok f;zxk;Bo{V j'fJnk. 1830 jh dh eqKsh d/ cb;to{g nkofbnz; tzP d/ nXhB ;zt/XkfBe okiszs dh ;EkgBk j'Jh. gozs{ 1848 JhH dh eqKsh B/ fJ;dk th nzs eo fdZsk ns/ d{i/ rDszso(Second Republic) dh ;EkgBk j'Jh. fJ; tko th rDszsoh ftnt;Ek E'Vk fuo jh ojh. 1852 JhH

uhB dk u"Ek ;zftXkB ed'A ;theko ehsk frnk<Nk;e


B ØN


ftu B/g'fbnB iowBh s'A jko frnk ns/ d{ik ;woki dk nzs j' frnk. pknd ftu fJe nzsfjekbhB;oeko dk fBowkD ehsk frnk fi;B/ pknd ftu B?PBb n;?Apbh dk o;sk d/ fdZsk. nzs ftu, n;?ApbhB/ fJe ;zftXkB dk fBowkD ehsk i' 1875 JhH ftu gqtosD ftu nkfJnk. fJj ;zftXkB shi/ rDszso(Third Republic) d/ Bkw s'A gqfynks j'fJnk.

shik rDszso –shik rDszso –shik rDszso –shik rDszso –shik rDszso – shik rDoki dh efsg: ftP/PsktK T[b/yBh jB. gfjbh,gfjbh,gfjbh,gfjbh,gfjbh, fJj fJe fbys ns/fBofws ;zftXkB ;h. fJj fJe gqqb/y (Document) d/ o{g ftu BjhA ;h, pbfe nbZr–nbZr fBofws;hB/N, b'e–PeshnK d/ ;zrmB ns/ b'e–PeshnK Bkb ;zpzXs ekBz{BK ns/ ;w/A–;w/A T[s/ ikoh ehs/ rJ/ nkd/PK ns/ fBnwK d/ ;zrqfj Bkb pfDnk ;h. d{ik,d{ik,d{ik,d{ik,d{ik, rDszso Pk;B gZXsh dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh ;h.shih,shih,shih,shih,shih, ;z;dh Pk;B–gqDkbh Bz{ ngDkfJnk frnk fi; ftu fJe ;zftXkBe okPNogsh ns/ T[ZsodkJhwzsohgfoPd ;h. u'Eh,u'Eh,u'Eh,u'Eh,u'Eh, ftXkB ;Gk d'–;dBkswe ;h – gqshfBXh ;Gk (Chambe of Deputies) ns/;hB/N (Senate). gzith,gzith,gzith,gzith,gzith, Pk;B dk ;o{g fJekswe ;h, Gkt/A Pk;B dh ;[ftXk d/ bJh d/P Bz{ 89 gqd/PK(Provisional) ;oeko dk fBowkD j'fJnk. d[pkok ;EkJh ;zftXkB d/ fBowkD d/ bJh fJe ;zftXkB ;Gk dkfBowkD j'fJnk fi; d/ d[nok fBofws ;zftXkB n;thfeqs j' frnk. ;', 1946 JhH ftu d{ih ;zftXkB ;Gkdk fBotkuB j'fJnk fi;d/ d[nkok ;zftXkB Bz{ 27 nes{po, 1946 Bz{ gqtofts ehsk frnk. fJ; ;zftXkBd/ Bkb u"E/ rDszso dk T[d/ j'fJnk.

u"Ek rDzsso (u"Ek rDzsso (u"Ek rDzsso (u"Ek rDzsso (u"Ek rDzsso (The Fourth Republic) –) –) –) –) – u"E/ rDszso d[nkok e'Jh ftP/P eqKshekoh gfotosD BjhAj'J/. fJ;d/ d[nkok cqK; dh g[okDh Pk;B gqDkbh ftu Bk sK w{bG{s gfotosD ehsk frnk n/s Bk G{sekbs'A g{oB ;zpzX ftS/d jh. Pk;B d/ pkjoh nktoD ftu e[M gfotosD io{o j'J/, gozs{ w{b o{g Bkb BjhA.fJj ;zftXkB th okiBhfse doPB ftP/P dk BjhA gqfs:[s ftfGzB fto'Xh okiBhfse wsktbzphnK d/ ;wM"s/dk Bshik ;h ns/ “fJ; ;wM"s/ Bz{ soe B/ BjhA gfo;fEshnK B/ fBfjs ehshnK ;h.

u"E/ rDszso dk ;zftXkB 12 ;kbK se gqtosD ftu fojk – 1946 JhH s'A 1958 JhH se. fJ; ;zftXkB dkfBXB nke;fwe BjhA ;h. fJ; ftu nB/e w"fbe ewI'ohnK ;B ns/ gfo;fEshnK th gqshe{b jh ojhnK.fJj ;zftXkB go;go–fto'Xh s~sK dk fJe ;wM"sk ;h ns/ fJ; ;wM"s/ T[s/ fe;/ soe dk BjhA ;r'Agfo;fEshnK dk gqGkt fgnk ;h. ekbKso ftu fJj fto'Xh sZs ns/ fInkdk gqpb j' rJ/. ft;fsqs, jopoNjopoNjopoNjopoNjopoNfbT[EhfbT[EhfbT[EhfbT[EhfbT[Eh d/ PpdK ftu, “fi; fdB s'A u"E/ rDszso dk iBw j'fJnk T[;/ fdB s'A T[;d/ Pt s'A d[orzX fBebDbrh ;h ns/ fJj ;[zdo fwqs{ Bkb woB ftu th ;woE BJhA j' ;fenk.” ;u g[ZfSnk ikt/ sK u"E/ rDszsod/ o{g ftu shi/ rDszso dh ftnt;Ek ihts j' rJh ;h. v/ftv EKg;Bv/ftv EKg;Bv/ftv EKg;Bv/ftv EKg;Bv/ftv EKg;B d/ nB[;ko, “;zftXkB d/ bkr{ j'Dd/ e[M jh fdB pknd nfijk gqshs j'D brk fe fJj nkgD/ g{ottosh ;zftXkB Bkb'A fGzB BjhA ;h. shi/ rDszsodh ftnt;Ek g{oDsk nfrnks b'e s'A j'bh–j'bh T[so eo cqK; ftu Sk rJh ns/ nfijk nB[Gt j'D brk feu"E/ rDszso dk nzs j' u[Zfenk j? ns/ shi/ rDszso d[pkok ntsfos j'fJnk.”

gzitK rDszso dk fBowkD –gzitK rDszso dk fBowkD –gzitK rDszso dk fBowkD –gzitK rDszso dk fBowkD –gzitK rDszso dk fBowkD – t?XkfBe T[gpzXK dh ewi'ohnK d/ nbktk u"E/ rDszso d/ nzs dkssksekfbe ekoD cqK; dh UgfBt/fPe ;wZf;nk ;h. u"E/ rDszso d/ ihtB–ekb ftu cqK; d/ T[gfBt/PT[;dh ifNb ;wZf;nk dh nbihohnk d/ gqsh Y[b–w[b Bhsh d/ fto[ZX ftdo'; eo fdZsk ns/ d rkb (TheGaulee) d/ jZEK ftu d/P d/ Pk;B dh tkrv'o ;"AgD dh wzr ehsh. fJ;h ftu e'of;ek d/ ;?fBeK B/ thftdo'j eo fdZsk ns/ d rkb dk gZy fbnk. ;' fttP j'e/ d rkb Bz{ cqK; dk gqXkBwzsoh fB:[es eoBkfgnk ns/ 6 wjhB/ se d/ bJh Pk;B dh ;koh Pesh T[;d/ jZEK ftu ;"Ag fdZsh rJh. d rkb T[s/Bt/A ;zftXkB d/ fBowkD dk Gko ;"Afgnk frnk. fszB wjhfBnK d/ nzdo Bt/A ;zftxkB dk gqko{g gq;s[sehsk frnk. ;szpo, 1958 ftu T[; T[s/ b'ews–;zrqfj (Referendum) j'fJnk. ;zftXkB pj[ws d[nkok;thfeqs j' frnk. fJ; ;zftXkB B/ gzit/ rDszso B{z iBw fdZsk. 5 nes{po, 1958 Bz{ gzuw rDszsodk ;zftXkB gqtofss j'fJnk.

oPhnk dh ;zt?XkfBe ftnt;Ek oPhnk dh ;zt?XkfBe ftnt;Ek oPhnk dh ;zt?XkfBe ftnt;Ek oPhnk dh ;zt?XkfBe ftnt;Ek oPhnk dh ;zt?XkfBe ftnt;Ek (Constitutional System of Russia)d;zpo 1993 d/ ;zftXkB d/ nzsors o{; ftu ;zxh rDoki;zxh rDoki;zxh rDoki;zxh rDoki;zxh rDoki (Federal Republic) dh ;EkgBk ehsh rJh.;' fJ; d/P dk nkfXekfoe Bkw o{;h ;zxo{;h ;zxo{;h ;zxo{;h ;zxo{;h ;zx (Russian Federation) j?. fJ; ;zx ftu 21 rDoki(Republics), 49 gqPk;fBe nzub (Administrative Regions), 6 gqKs (Provinces), 10 ;tkfJ~s


B ØN


iBgd (Autonomous District) ns/ d' ;zxh Bro (Federal Cities) – wk;e' ns/ ;?AN ghNo;por PkwbjB. fJ; soQK o{;h ;zx e[b fwbk e/ 89 gqPk;fBe fJekJhnK (Administrative Units) Bkb pfDnk j?.

Pk;B gqDkbh d/ g~Xo T[s/ fJE/ w[yh dh gqDkbhw[yh dh gqDkbhw[yh dh gqDkbhw[yh dh gqDkbhw[yh dh gqDkbh (Presidential System) ns/ ;z;dh gqDkbh;z;dh gqDkbh;z;dh gqDkbh;z;dh gqDkbh;z;dh gqDkbh(Parliamentary System) dk fwPoDdk fwPoDdk fwPoDdk fwPoDdk fwPoD fsnko eoB dk isB ehsk frnk j?. w[yh gqDkbh dh soQK fJE/fJe PeshPkbh okPNogsh okPNogsh okPNogsh okPNogsh okPNogsh (President) dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j?, ns/ ;z;dh gqDkbh dh soQK fJZE/fJe PeshPkbh ;z;d;z;d;z;d;z;d;z;d (Parliament) dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j? fi;Bz{ ;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk (Federal Assembly)fejk iKdk j?. okPNogsh oki dk w[yh (Head of State) i' f;~X/ iB–;kXkoD d/ d[nkok uko ;kb d/ bJhu[fDnk iKdk j?l T[; Bz{ brksko d' tko s'A n~r/ BjhA u[fDnk ik ;edk. fJj ;zftXkB dk ;ozfyne j?, ns/;P;sq ;?BktK Bz{ ;otT[Zu ;?Bkgsh (Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces) th j?. T[jgqXkBwzsoh (Prime Minister) ns/ wzsoh gfoPd (Councial of Ministers) ns/ wzsoh wzvb (Cabinet)dh fB:[esh d/ bJh ;z;d (Parliament) dk nB[w'dB io{oh j[zdk j?. okPNogsh fJe nzsozr wzsoh wzvb(Kitchen Cabinet) dh ;bkj Bkb ezw eodk j? fi; ftu ftPt;s fwZso ns/ T[ZukfXekoh Pkwb j[zd/jB. wzsohwzvb Bz{ ;~sk ftu joB/ d/ bJh ;z;d dk ftPtk; gqkgs j'Dk ukjhdk.

okPNogsh nkfrnkgshnK (Decress) ikoh eo ;edk j? i' ekBz{B dh soQkK wkBsk tkbhnK j[zdhnK jB.gozs{ fJj nkfrnkgshnK gqufbs ekB{zB dh soQK wkBsk gqkgs j'DrhnK. fco ;z;d fJBQK B{z fBo;s theo ;edh j?. d{ih soc, okPNogsh th ;z;d d[nkok gkfos ftX/ne (Bill) B{z ekBz{B pDB s'A o'e ;edkj?. T[j ;z;d noEks ;zxh ;Gk (Federal Assembly) d/ gqsh nkgD/ ;kbkBk nfGGkPD (AnnualAddress) d/ nzsors ;oeko dh okiBhfse ns/ nkofEe Bhsh dk fBo{gD eo ;edk j?. d/P dh oZfynk(Defence) dk dkfJst ;zGkbD d/ bJh okPNogsh ;[o~fynk gfoPd (Security Council) fB:[es eodkj?. fi;dk w[yh T[j nkg jz[dk j?. T[j e/Adoh p?Ae (Central Bank) d/ w[yh (Chairperson), wjk–nfG:'ie (Prosecutor General) ns/ fBnKgkfek (Judiciary) d/ gqw[Zy w?ApoK dh fB:[esh dk gq;skt;z;d d/ e'b G/idk j?. iBtoh, 1994 d/ pknd ;[oZfynk ;/tktK, rqfj wzsokfbnk ns/ ftd/P wzsokfbnkf;~X/ okPNogsh d/ nXhB eo fdZs/ rJ/ jB. okPNogsh–gd dk T[whdtko xZN s'A xZN d; bZy wsdksktKd/ d[nkok wB'Bhs j'Dk ukjhdkl fJBQK fe;/ fJe nzub (Region) iK rDoki (Republic) wsdksktK dh;zfynk e[b ;zfynk dh 7# s'A fInkdk BjhA j'Dh ukjhdh.

o{; ftu ftXkfJek (Legislature) d/ feqs ;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk (Federal Assembly) dk ;"Ag/ rJ/ jB. fJ; ftud' ;dB (Chambers) oy/ rJ/ jB. nt;o (Lower House) Bz{ ;N/N fvT{wk;N/N fvT{wk;N/N fvT{wk;N/N fvT{wk;N/N fvT{wk fejk iKdk j?. fJ; ftu450 w?ApoK dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j?. T[Zuso ;dB (Upper House) B{z ;zxh gfoPd;zxh gfoPd;zxh gfoPd;zxh gfoPd;zxh gfoPd (FederalCouncil) fejk iKdk j?. fJ; ftu 178 w?ApoK dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j? ;N/N fvT{wk d/ 225 w?Apo f;~X/fJew?Apoh y/soK (Single-Member Constituencies) s'A uko ;kb d/ bJh u[D/ iKd/ jB. fJ; u'D ftupj[wsgqDkbh (Plurality System) ngDkJh iKdh j? – noEks ‘i' ;G s'A nZr/, fiZs T[;dh’ (First pasthe post). pkeh 225 w?Apo okPNoh db ;{uhnK (National Party Lists) d/ d' t'N j[zd/ jBL fJe ;EkJhfBotkuB y/so d/ bJhl d{ik okPNoh db ;{uh d/ bJh. ;N/N fvT{wk d/ T[whdtko dh x~N s'A x~N 21 ;kbj'Dh ukjhdh. id e'Jh T[whdtko u[D fbnk iKdk j?, sd T[j e'Jh sBykj tkbk ezw (Paid Job) ;thekoBjhA eo ;edkl Bk T[j fe;/ ;oekoh gd (Overnment Post) T[s/ ofj ;edk j?.

pj[ws gqDkbh (pj[ws gqDkbh (pj[ws gqDkbh (pj[ws gqDkbh (pj[ws gqDkbh (Plurality System)L)L)L)L)L T[j fBotkuB–gqDkbh fi;d/ nzsor fJew?Apoh fBotkuB y/softu fi; T[whdtko B{z ;G s'A fInkdk t'N fwbd/ jB, T[;Bz{ fiZfsnk j'fJnk wzB fbnk iKdk j?.

nkB[gkfse gqshfBXhst (nkB[gkfse gqshfBXhst (nkB[gkfse gqshfBXhst (nkB[gkfse gqshfBXhst (nkB[gkfse gqshfBXhst (Proportonal Representation) L) L) L) L) L nfijh u'D gqDkbh fi; ftu wsdksk fJes'A finkdk T[whdtkoK B{z nkgDh–nkgDh g;zd d/ eqw ftu oy ;ed/ jB. sKfe pj[sws (Majority) d/ Bkb–Bkb nbgws (Minority) B{z th T[fus gqshfBXhst fdsk ik ;e/. fJj fJe ifNb gqDkbh j?. fJ;d/ bJ eJhsohe/ ngDkJ/ ik ;ed/ jB i' gq;skfts u'D d/ fBnwK d/ nzsors fBofdPN eo fdZs/ iKd/ jB.

;zxh gfoPd d/ nzsors o{;h ;zx dh 89 gqPk;fBe fJekJhnK ftu'A jo/e d/ d'–d' gqshfBXh Pkwb j[zd/ jBfi; Bkb fJ; gfoPd d/ w?ApoK dh ;zfynk 178 j' iKdh j?. fe;/ th rDoki iK nzub d/ gqshfBXh T[ZE/dh ekoigkfbek (Executive) ns/ ftXkfJek d/ w[yh j'D/ ukjhd/ jB.


B ØN


;kXkoD s"o s/ e'Jh th ftX/ne P[o{–P[o{ ftu ;N/N fvT{wk ftu gk; j'D s'A pknd jo/e ftX/ne B{z ;zxhgfoPd d/ e'b G/iDk ukjhdk. i/eo ;zxh gfoPd fe;/ ftX/ne B{z n;theko eo dt/ sK T[j d'–fsjkJhpj[ws Bkb T[; ftX/ne B{z d[pkok gk; eoe/ T[Zu ;dB dh fJZSk dh ntj/bBk eo ;edh j?. nfijh jkbsftu T[; ftX/ne B{z ;z;d d[nkok gk; wzfBnk ikt/rk.

;z;d s'A gk; j'D d/ pknd jo/e ftX/ne Bz{ okPNogsh d/ j;skyo bJh G/iDk j[zdk j? i/ okPNogsh fe;hftX/ne T[s/ j;skyo eoB s'A fJBeko eo dt/ sK T[; B{z ;N/N fvT{wk d/ e'b tkg; G/i fdZsk iKdk j?i/eo ;N/N fvT{wk okPNogsh d/ ;zP'XBK Bkb ;fjws j'D sK T[j T[; Bz{ ;kXkoD pj[ws Bkb d[pkok gk;eo ;edh j?. i/ ;N/N fvT{wk okPNogsh s'A n;fjws j'D sK T[j T[;Bz{ d'–fsjkJh pj[ws Bkb d[pkokgkfos eoe/ okPNogsh d/ fBP/XkfXeko (Veto) B{z fBo;s eo ;edh j?. fJjh gqfeqnk ;zxh gfoPd ftuth d[jokT[Dh j't/rh – noEks i/ ;zxh gfoPd okPNogsh d/ ;zP'XBk Bkb ;fjws j'D sK T[j T[; B{z ;kXkoDpj[ws Bkb d[pkok gk; eo ;edh j?, BjhA s/ T[;Bz{ fJZE/ th d'–fsjkJh pj[ws Bkb gk; eoBk j't/rk.i/eo fJj PosK g{ohnK j' iKdhnK jB sK gq;s[s ftX/ne Bz{ okPNogsh d/ d[nkok gk; wzfBnk ikt/rk.

t?;/ ftXkfJek B{z ft;fsqs PeshnK gqdkB ehshnk rJhnK jB, fco th T[BQK ftu'A eJh soQK Bkb eN"sheo fdZsh rJh j?. ;N/N fvT{wk g{oB pj[ws (Absolute Majority) d/ nXko T[s/ (noEks 226 t'NK d/nkXko T[s/) nftPtk; gq;skt (Vote of No-Confidence) gk; eoe/ ;oeko frok ;edh j? gozs{ fJ;Bz{ fszB wjhB/ d nzso d' tko nfijk gq;skt gk; eoBk j't/rk, sd jh okPNogsh T[; ekotkjh eoB B{zfttP j't/rk. nfijh jkbs ftu okPNogsh iK sK BthA ;oeko dk rmB eo/rk, fco ;N/N fvT{wk B{ Gzreoe/ BthA u'D eokT[D dk nkd/P d/t/rk. Bt/A gqXkBwzsoh ns/ BthA ;oeko dh fB:[esh d/ bJh ;N/N fvT{wkdk nB[;woEB (Ratification) io{oh j't/rk. i/eo okPNogsh d[nkok gq;skfts T[whdtko Bz{ ;N/N fvT{wkBz{ Gzr eo ;edk j? ns/ BthA u'D dk nkd/P d/ ;edk j?. gozs{ fJBQK jkbksK ftu okPNogsh ;z;d Bz{ GzrBjhA eo ;edkL (e) i/eo BthA ;z;d dh u'D d/ pknd fJe ;kb s'A xZN ;w/A phfsnk j't/, (y) i/eo ;z;dokPNogsh d/ fto[ZX wjkfG:'r (Impeachement) dh ekotkjh P[o eo u[eh j't/, (r) i/eo okPNogsho{; ftu nkgks–ekb (Emergency) dh x'PDk eo u[ek j't/l (x) i/eo okPNogsh dk ekoiekb ysw jDftu S/ wjhB/ s'A xN ;wK ofjzdk j't/. T[Xo ;z;d gfoPd okPNogsh d/ fto[~X sd jh wjkfG:'r ubk ;edhj?. id ;zxh ;Gk d/ d't/A ;dB fJ;d/ gZy ftu t'N d/ u[e/ j'D, ns/ ;otT[Zu fBnKfbnk (SupremeCourl) ns/ ;zftXkfBe fBnKfbnk (Constitutional Court) d't/A fJ; gq;skt Bkb ;fjws j'D.

wjkfG:'r (wjkfG:'r (wjkfG:'r (wjkfG:'r (wjkfG:'r (Impeachment)L )L )L )L )L T[j gqfeqnk fi;d/ nzsors fe;/ d/P d/ okPNogsh, T[gokPNogsh, vuiK ;ot'u fBnKfbnk iK fe;/ j'o T[ZukfXekoh T[s/ nfsnzs rzGho nko'g brk e/ T[/; gd s'A jNkD dhekotkjh ehsh iKdh j?. fJj nko'g d/Pd'qj, fGqPNkuko iK ;zftXkb d/ T[bzxD dk j' ;edk j?, wjkfG:'rT[BQK T[ZukfXekohnK T[s/ ubkfJnk iKdk j?. fiBQK dh gd–ntXh (Teram of Office) ftXkBwzvb d/okiBhse ;woEB (Political Support) T[s/ nkfPqs BjhA j[zdh.

;kXkoD s"o s/ fe;/ d/P d/ T[ZukfXekoh T[s/ wjkfG:'r ubkT[D dh Pesh T[E'A d/ ftXkBwzvb (Legislature)ftu fBfjs ofjzdh j?, ns/ fJ;d/ bJh nkg/fys gqfeqnk (Procedure) ;zftXkB dh ftnt;EktK iK T[BQKBk i[Vh gqEktK (convention) Bkb fBoXkfos j[zdh j?.

o{; d/ ;zftXkB T[s/ wjkfG:'r ubkT[D ekotkjh uko uoDK ftu g{oh ehsh ik ;edhl (e) ;N/N fvT{wkBz{ d'–fsjkJh pj[ws Bkb wjkfG:'r d/ gZy ftu t'N d/Dk j'J/rkl (y) ;otT[Zu fBnKfbnk B{z fJ; rZbg[PNh eoBh j't/rh fe okPNogsh dh efEs ekotkjh rzGho ngokX iK d/Pd'qj (treason) dh e'Nhftu nkT[Adh j?.l (r) ;zftXkfBe fBnKfbnk dk fJj ftnt;Ek d/Dh j't/rh fe ;N/N fvT{wk B/wjkfG:'r ubkT[D d/ fBoD/ dk i' nB[w'dB ehsk j?, T[; ftu gqfeqnk (Procedure) dk e'Jh T[bzxDjh j'fJnk j?l ns/ (x) okPNogsh Bz{ jNkT[D dk gq;skt ;zxh gfoPd d/ d'–fsjkJh pj[ws Bkb gk;j'Dk ukjhdk.

;zftXkfBe fBnKfbnk (;zftXkfBe fBnKfbnk (;zftXkfBe fBnKfbnk (;zftXkfBe fBnKfbnk (;zftXkfBe fBnKfbnk (Constitute Court)L )L )L )L )L o{; d/ ;zftXkB d/ nB[;ko, T[j fBnKfbnk fi; B{zfBnKfJe w[V fBohyD (Judicial Review) dh Pesh gqkgs j? fJ; ftu 19 w?ApoK dh ftn;Ek ehsh rJhj?. fJj w?Apo okPNogsh d/ d[nkok wB'Bhs ehs/ iKd/ jB, gozs{ fJBQK dh fB:[esh d/ bJh ;zxh gfoPd


B ØN


dh g[PNh io{oh j?. fJ; fBnKfbnk Bz{ fJj fBoD/ d/D dk nfXeko j? fe okPNogsh, ;z;d ns/ ;oekodh e'Jh ekotkjh ;zftXkB ;zws j? iK BjhA<

fBnKfJe w[V fBohyD (fBnKfJe w[V fBohyD (fBnKfJe w[V fBohyD (fBnKfJe w[V fBohyD (fBnKfJe w[V fBohyD (Judicial Review)L )L )L )L )L fbfys ;zftXkB d/ nzsors fe fJj Pesh fe T[j fe;/fBnw, ekBz{B, gqPk;fBe nkd/P iK ekotkjh B{z ;zftXkB dh ftnt;EktK iK fBfjs f;XKsK dh fdqPNh Bkbgoy eo e/ T[; B{z ;zftXkB iK T[;dh w{b u/sBk (spirit) d/ fto[~X x'fPs eo ;edk j? fi; Bkb T[j o~dj' iKdh j?.

1993 d/ ;zftXkB d/ nzsors o{; dh e/Adoh ;oeko Bz{ fco s'A ft;fsqs PeshnK d/D dk isB ehsk frnkj?, gozs{ o{;h ;zx d/ 21 rDokiK ns/ 68 nzubK, gqKsK ns/ iBgdK B{z th ;wkBsk d/ nkXko T[s/ gfonkgs;Zsk gqdkB ehsh rJh j?. eokXkB, o~fynk, ftd/Ph wkwb/ ns/ ;wkfie–nkofEe Bhsh Bkb i[V/ ftP/ e/Adoh–noEks ;zxh ;oeko d/ bJh ;[oZfyns oy/ rJ/ jB. gozs{ f;fynk, ;tk;E, ;wkfie ;[o~fynk,;z;feqsh ns/ G{wh d/ T[g:'r Bkb i[V/ ftP/ e/Ado ns/ ;EkBe Pk;B d/ ;z:[es gqpzX d/ nzsors oy/ rJ/jB. rDokiK d/ nkgD/–nkgD/ ;zftXkB jBl T[BK dh nkgDh–nkgDh fBotkfus ;oekoK jB, ns/ T[jnkgDk–nkgDk piN pDkT[Ad/ jB. T[j nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie ;[XkoK dh rsh ns/ fdPk fBoXkfos eoBftu gqGktPkbh G{fwek fBGkT[Ad/ jBl G{wh dk ;wkwhst w[Zy s"o s/ fJBQK d/ fBnzsoD ftu nkT[Adk j?.ns/ oki d/ efbnkDekoh g'qrokwK dk 80# you fJBQK d/ fjZ;/ ftu nkT[Adk j?.

fJj rZb wjZstg{oB j? fe o{; dk ;zzftXkB nkgD/ BkrfoeK Bz{ p[fBnkdh wkBt–nfXeko ns/ ;[szsosktKgqdkB eodk j?. fJBQK ftu xo (Housing), fBP[be fufes;k (Free Healthcare), f;fynk (Education)sn/ e[M jkbsK ftu ekBz{Bh ;jkfJsk (Leagal Assistance) dk nfXeko Pkwb j?.

okiBhsh dbK dh ;fEsh (okiBhsh dbK dh ;fEsh (okiBhsh dbK dh ;fEsh (okiBhsh dbK dh ;fEsh (okiBhsh dbK dh ;fEsh (Status of Political Parties)L)L)L)L)L o{;h ;zx d/ fBowkD s'A gfjbK ;'thns;wkitkdh rDoki ;zx fJe ;kfwntkdh d/P ;h fiZE/ ;kwtkdh db (Communist Party) dk fJekfXekogqubs ;h. 1990 d/ dPe d/ nkozG s'A jh T[E/ okiBhfse pj[btkd (Political Pluralism) Bz{ ;fjB eoBdh P[o{nks j'Jh. sd s'A T[E/ nB/e okiBhse db T[Go e/ ;kwQD/ nkJ/, jkbKfe T[BQK ftu pj[s jh x~Ndb ikDdko iK fNekT{ f;~X j'J/. db d/ pzXB iK db d/ gqsh fBPmk Bz{ T[E/ pj[s wj~st fdZsk iKdk j?,pj[s ;ko/ okiBhfse ;tkXhB iK fBodbhJ/ (Independent) T[whdtkoK d/ o{g ftu u[D/ iKd/ jB. T[j;EkBe ;woEB d/ nkXko T[s/ nr/ nkT[Ad/ jB, ;z;d d/ nzdo nt;otkdh rmpzXB pDk b?Ad/ jB. fe;/T[whdtko Bz{ okiBhfse db dh soc'A ;z;dh u'D bVD d/ bJh x~N s'A x~N 2,00,000 j;skyo gqkgs eoB/g?Ad/ jB.

okiBhfse pj[btkd (okiBhfse pj[btkd (okiBhfse pj[btkd (okiBhfse pj[btkd (okiBhfse pj[btkd (Political Pluralism)L )L )L )L )L T[j f;XKs fi;d/ nzsors iB;kXkoD Bz{ nB/eftukoXkoktK, BhshnK, g'qrokwK ns/ B/sktK ftu'A nkgDh–nkgDh g;zd dk ftebg u[DB dk nt;o ns/;[szsosk fdZsh iKdh j?.

d;zpo, 1995 d/ ;z;dh u'DK d/ ;w/A eohp 250 okiBhsh db nkgDk gziheoD (Registeration) eok u[e/;h. fJBQK ftu'A f;oc 43 dbK B/ u'DK ftu fj~;k fbnk, ns/ e/tb 23 dbK B/ e[M ;EkB fi~s/.fJBQK ftu'Ath e[M ftP/P dbK dk gqGkt fojk. ;N/N fvT{wk d/ 373 ;EkBK s/ ftfGzB dbK d/ fjZ;/ ftu nkJ/ feT[AfefJBQK Bz{ fBodbhJ/ T[whdtko BjhA fi~s gkJ/. fJBQK ftu 90# ;EkB nb~r–nb~r dbK d/ fjZ;/ nkJ/. o{;h;zx ;kwtkdh db (Communist Party of the Russian Federation)l o{; dk T[dko–b'eszsoh db(Liberal-Democratic Party of Russia)l :kpb'e'l ‘o{; ;kvk xo j?’ (Our Home is Russia)l ns/o{; dk feqPh–gqXkB db (Agrarian Party of Russia). i[bkJh 1996 se okPNo ftnkgh okiBhfse dbKftu ekBz{Bh s"o T[s/ gzikfeqs dbK dh ;zfynk fro e/ 86 ofj rJh. ftukoXkokswe fdqPNh Bkb o{; d/okiBhfse dbK B{z w'N/ s"o T[s/ fszB ;zs[fbs Pq/DhnK ftu oy ;ed/ jKL o{Vhtkdh g{ot–;kfwntkdh(Conservative Ex–Communit)l T[se d~yDgzEh okPNotkdh ns/ b'etkdh (Redical RighwingNational and Populist)l ns/ T[dkotkdh wZfXn wkorh (Liberal and Centrist) db i' pkiko–ftnt;Ek ns/ pj[btkd dk ;woEe j?. fJBQK ftu o{Vhtkdh g{ot–;kfwntkdh w[~y s"o s/ o{;h ;zx d/;kfwn db Bkb i[V/ jB fi; Bz{, nes{po 1993 ftu fco s'A ekBz{Bh s"o T[s/ wkBsk fwb rJh ;h. fJjdb ;'thns ;zx d/ ;kfwntkdh db (Communit Party of the Soview Union: CPSU) dk nbg;zP'fXs


B ØN


T[ZsokfXekoh j? i' fe noE ftnt;Ek T[s/ oki d/ fBnzsoD dk ;woEB eodk j?. fJBQK d/ nbktk, ‘o{;dh fJ;sqhnK’ (Woman of Russia) nfijk db j? i' o{;h fJ;sqhnK ftu c?bh j'Jh p/o'irkoh dh ;w~f;nkns/ T[BQ d/ gqsh j'D tkb/ d[oftT[jko T[s/ fXnkB e/Afdqs eodk j?.

;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD ;t^w[bKeD (Self Assessment);jh ftebg u[D' (;jh ftebg u[D' (;jh ftebg u[D' (;jh ftebg u[D' (;jh ftebg u[D' (Choose the Correct Option)))))

1H w?rBkekoN fi; Bz{ wzr okigZso (The Great Charter) efjzd/ jB B{z wzi{oh fdZsh–(e) j/Boh d{ik (y) fouov gqEw(r) ikB (x) NT[vo

2H fpqfNP ;z;d PeshPkbh j' rJh ;h–(e) gzdoQthA ;dh ftu (y) u"dQthA ;dh ftu(r) ;'bQthA ;dh ftu (x) pkoQthA ;dh ftu

3H fpqN/B ftu fi; Bz{ ‘;G s'A p[ZXhwkB p/te{c’ fejk frnk j?. 1603 JhH ftu r~dh T[s/ p?mk, T[j e"Dj?<(e) fouov gfjbk (y) i/w; gfjbk(r) j/Boh d{ik (x) ikB

4H rq/N fpqN/B ns/ nwoheh T[gfBt/PK d/ ftu :[ZX ufbnk–(e) 10 ;kb se (y) 8 ;kbK se(r) 6 ;kbK se (x) 5 ;kbK se

5H toswkB ftu ;ftNiob?Av dk ;zftXkB i' gqGkth jB ed' bkr{ j'fJnk–(e) 29 wJh 1874 (y) 29 wJh 1875(r) 29 wJh 1878 (x) 29 wJh 1880

6H26H26H26H26H2 :{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ ;ftNiob?Av ftu ;zftXkB ;zP'XB dh gqfeqnk:{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ ;ftNiob?Av ftu ;zftXkB ;zP'XB dh gqfeqnk:{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ ;ftNiob?Av ftu ;zftXkB ;zP'XB dh gqfeqnk:{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ ;ftNiob?Av ftu ;zftXkB ;zP'XB dh gqfeqnk:{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ ;ftNiob?Av ftu ;zftXkB ;zP'XB dh gqfeqnk(Amendment Process in Constitution of USA and Switzerland)

;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB dk noE (;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB dk noE (;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB dk noE (;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB dk noE (;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB dk noE (Meaning of Constitutional Amendment)L^)L^)L^)L^)L^ ;zftXkB ftek;Phbj[zd/ jB. fJ;h gq;zr ftu j/Bdh w/B (Henry Maine) B/ fejk ;h fe ;zftXkB fBofws BjhA nfgs{ftef;s j[zd/ jB. T[; T[esh ftu ;~u dh wksqk i' th j't/ fJzBk sK ;ot wkBsk tkbk j? jh fe e'Jh th;zftXkB nkgD/ nzfsw, o{g B{z gqkgs BjhA eo gkfJnk j? ns/ ftek; d/ :'r j?. bkov pqkrjw B/ fejk ;hL“i/ ;zftXkB dk e'Jh w[Zb j? sK T[BQK Bz{ ftef;s j'Dk ukjhdk, T[BQK dhnK iVQK th j[zdhnK jB, T[j ged/jB, fdqV jz[d/ jB.” noE fJj j? fe wkBt ;wki ftek;Phb j?, ;w/A d/ Bkb jh wB[Zy dh io{osK ns/gfo;fEshnK pdbdhnK ofjzdhnK jB. feT[Afe T[Zsw ;zftXkB dk fJj r[D j? fe T[j ;w/A dh wzr Bz{gfobyfPs eo/, ;' io{osK ftu gfotosD d/ Bkb ;zftXkB ftu nB[e{b gfotosD io{oh j?. ftb;Bftb;Bftb;Bftb;Bftb;B d/PpdK ftu “;zftXkB Bz{ fBPfus o{g Bkb ihtB gq/oe j'Dk ukjhdkl fJ;d/ s~s jB okPNoh ftuko ns/;[Gkn. ;' okPNoh ihtB ftu gfotosD d/ Bkb fJ;dk ftek; io{oh j?.

nwfoek ftu ;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB nwfoek ftu ;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB nwfoek ftu ;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB nwfoek ftu ;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB nwfoek ftu ;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB (Constitutional Amendment in U.S.A.);zftXkfBe ;zP'XB dhnK ohshnK (;zftXkfBe ;zP'XB dhnK ohshnK (;zftXkfBe ;zP'XB dhnK ohshnK (;zftXkfBe ;zP'XB dhnK ohshnK (;zftXkfBe ;zP'XB dhnK ohshnK (Procedures of Constitutional Amendment)L)L)L)L)L tk;sfte;zftXkB fJe gqb/y s'A fInkdk, nkX[fBe fbfys ;zftXkB ftu nwoheh ;zftXkB ;G s'A fInkdk g[okDk;zftXkB j?. fJ;dk fBowkD brGr d' ;" ;kb gfjbk j'fJnk ;h gozs{ nZi th i/ w/vh;B ns/ j?fwbNBXosh s/ nkT[D sK fJ; Bz{ gSkBD ftu T[BQK Bz{ th efmBkJh j't/rh. nZi dk ;zftXkB f;oc 1787 JhHdk fbys gqb/y BjhA j?, fJj sK YKukwkso j?, rrBu[zph nNfbek dk nkXko wkso j?. ;w/A ns/ gfo;fEshdh wzr d/ nB[;ko fJ; ftu ;zP'XB j'J/, ftXh t/sk, gqekPeh nkXko, ftXkfJBh ;z;EktK, BkrfoeK ns/okiBhfse dbK B/ fJ;dh ftnkfynk ehsh. ;zftXkB d/ PpdK B{z T[BQK B/ ftfGzB noE, f;XKs, fBnw,


B ØN


gqDkbhnK nkfd Bkb ftG{fPs ehsk. fJBQK Bz{ ;zftXkB ftu fbghpZX BjhA ehsk frnk, gozs{ gqEk ns/gozgok d/ o{g ftu ;zftXkB d/ ftjkoe ns/ nfGzB nzr pD rJ/. n'rn'rn'rn'rn'r ns/ o/o/o/o/o/ B/ fJ; bJh fejk j? fe“tostwkB ;zftXkB f;oc gqb/yhB nB[ZS/ BjhA jB pbfe ;kohnK ftnkfynktK, fBoD/, nfGnk; ns/gqDkbhnK i' w"fbe nB[S/dK ns/ XkoktK d/ nk;/–gk;/ ftef;s j'J/ jB fJ;dk ;zebB j?, fiBQK Bz{ x~N s'Ax~N fJe jIko gzfBnK ftu Skfgnk frnk j?.”

;zftXkfBe tkD/ d/ gq;zr ftu w[Bo'w[Bo'w[Bo'w[Bo'w[Bo' B/ fejk j? – fJj ;zftXkB 1787 dh fwbh fuzBQ oyd/ j'J/ th Bk r[io/j'J/ ;kbK ftu fBozso gfotofss, ftef;s, ft;fsqs ns/ Bth gfo;fEshnK d/ nB[e{b j[zdk fojk j?.”pqkJh;pqkJh;pqkJh;pqkJh;pqkJh; d/ PpdK ftu “nwoheh ;zftXkB T[ABk jh pdfbnk j? fizBk fe okPNo pdb j? ns/ fiZE/ se b'eKd/ ftuko fJ; ;zftXkB d/ pko/ ftu pdb/ jB T[ZE/ se fJ; ;zftXkB dh nkswk ns/ noE ftu gfotosBj'fJnk j?.”

;zftXkB d/ ftek; d/ ;kXB;zftXkB d/ ftek; d/ ;kXB;zftXkB d/ ftek; d/ ;kXB;zftXkB d/ ftek; d/ ;kXB;zftXkB d/ ftek; d/ ;kXB;z:[es oki nw/foek d/ ;zftXkB dk ftek; ftfGzB ohshnK s'A j'fJnk j? fiBQK ftu j/m fbyhnK gqw[Zy jBL^

(e) ;zftXkB d[nkok ftek; (Development by Statuts).(y) gqPk;eh fBofDnK d[nkok ftek; (Development by Adomostratoves Descosopms)(r) fBnkfJe ftnkfynktK d[nkok ftek; (Development by Judicial Interpretations)(x) okiBhfse ns/ Bkrfoe ftnkfynktK d[nkok ftek; (Development by Interpretation by Politi-

cians and Citizens)(C) gqEktK ns/ gozoktK d[nkok ftek; (Development by Usages an Conventions)(u) ;zP'XB d[nkok ftek; (Development Amendment)

eK;ftXh (eK;ftXh (eK;ftXh (eK;ftXh (eK;ftXh (Statute)L^)L^)L^)L^)L^ ;zftXkB–fBowksk fJ; soQK Bkb ntrs ;B fe GftZy B{z G{s dh eVh ftupzfBQnk ik ;edk j?. T[BQK B/ f;oc Pk;B dk YKuk fsnko ehsk ns/ nkXkog{s f;XKsK dk gqfsgkdB ehsk.Pk;B ;zpzXh ft;sko dh rZbK dk g{ok eoB dk Gko T[BQK B/ Gkth iB–gqshfBXhnk T[s/ S~v fdZsk. T[;dkftuko ;h fe eKro; ;zftXkB dh x~N s'A x~N ewhnK Bz{ g{ok eo/rh ns/ Pk;B dk g{oB YKuk fsnko eo/rh. eKro; B/ fJ; ezw B{z ;cbskg{ote ehsk.

T[dkjoDkoE L T[dkjoDkoE L T[dkjoDkoE L T[dkjoDkoE L T[dkjoDkoE L (i) ;zP'XB ftu f;oc ;otT[Zu fBnKfbnk dh ;EkgBk dk T[b/y j? ns/ T[BQK dh ouBkns/ nXhB;E fBnKfbnktK dh ;EkgBk ns/ ;zrmB dk Gko eKro; T[s/ SZv fdZsk j?. eKro; B/ 1789JhH ftu fBnKgkfbek nfXfBnw (Judiciary Act of 1789) d/ d[nkok fBnK–ftnt;Ek dh BhAj oZyh.

(ii) ;zxh ftXkfJek d/ pko/ ftu ;zftXkB f;oc eKro; d/ d' eEBK dh uouk eodk j?, gozs{ w?Apo dhfBotkuB ftXh, fBotkuB dk ;wK, ;EkB, ;theko dh PeshnK nkfd Bz{ pknd ftu ftXhnK d[nkokfBPfus ehsk frnk j?.

(y) gqPk;eh fBoD/ L^ (y) gqPk;eh fBoD/ L^ (y) gqPk;eh fBoD/ L^ (y) gqPk;eh fBoD/ L^ (y) gqPk;eh fBoD/ L^ ftXkfJek dh soQK ekoigkfbek dk th nwoheh ;zftXkB d/ ftek; ftu g{ok jZEfojk j?. okPNogshnK dh okikfrnktK, nkfrnktK ns/ j'o ekotkjhnK B/ ;zftXkB ftu tkXk ehsk j?.i?e;B, fbzeB, o{it/bN i?e;B, fbzeB, o{it/bN i?e;B, fbzeB, o{it/bN i?e;B, fbzeB, o{it/bN i?e;B, fbzeB, o{it/bN nkfd okPNogshnK dk ;zftXkb T[s/ ;gPN Skg j?. T[dkoD bJh, ;zftXkBftu wzsoh wzvb dh ftnt;Ek BjhA j?, gozs{ okPNogsh tKfPzrNB B/ wzsohwzvb d[nkok ;bkj ns/ Pk;B–;zukbB dh ns/ nkozG dh i' j[D ;zftXkB dk nfGzB nzr pD frnk j?. fJ; gqeko Gkt/A :[~X–x'PDk dknfXeko eKro; B{z j?, gozs{ okPNogsh B/ fJ;Bz{ ngqsZy sohe/ Bkb nkgD/ j~E ftu fb~sk j?.

(r) fBnKfJe ftnkfynktK L^ (r) fBnKfJe ftnkfynktK L^ (r) fBnKfJe ftnkfynktK L^ (r) fBnKfJe ftnkfynktK L^ (r) fBnKfJe ftnkfynktK L^ ;zt?XkfBe ftXh dh ;G s'A fInkdk wj~stg{oB ;kXBk fBnKfJefBotkuB j?. eKro; iK oki ftXkfJektK e'Jh ftXh pDkT[Adh j?, okPNogsh iK okieh gqPk;B nfXekohe'Jh ezw eod/ jB. T[BQK ftXhnK ns/ ezw nkfd Bz{ i/ e'Jh n;zt?XkfBe ;wMdk j? sK fBnKfbnk d/ ;wMT[BQK Bz{ T[BQK dh t?XkfBesk d/ gohyD bJh g/P eodk j?. fBnKfbnk fBoD/ fdzd/ ;w/A ;zftXkB Bkb ;zpzXsXkok dk noE brkT[Ad/ jB i' T[BQK Bz{ ;zftXkB B{z g{ot s'A gfonkgs fGzB noE d/D dk ;[nt;o gqdkBeodk j?. fJ; gqeko ;zftXkB Bzz{ BthA fdPk fwbdh j?. fe;h tkeKP dk ftt/uB eod/ ;w/A fBnKfbnk T[BQK


B ØN


Bz{ BtK y/so ns/ ftP/ gqdkB eod/ jB. fJj gqfeqnk fBozso ubdh ofjzdh j? ns/ “ftek; dh fdPk fJefBoD/ d/ pknd d{i/ fBoD/ d[nkok fBoXkos j[zdh ofjzdh j? id se fe nzfsw fBoD/ d/ pj[s d{o noE BjhAbrk d/.” T[dkjoD bJh, ;otT[Zu fBnKfbnk B/ fBfjs Pesh d/ f;XKs (Implied Power) ;fji Peshd/ f;XKs (Sanctity of Contracts) gqEk j'o fBofDnK d[nkok Pk;B dk wkor jh pdb fdZsk j?. n'rn'rn'rn'rn'rns/ o/ d/ns/ o/ d/ns/ o/ d/ns/ o/ d/ns/ o/ d/ ftuko ftu fBnKfbnk “fBozso nfXt/PB ftu ofjD tkbk ;zt?XkfBe ;zw/bB” (A King ofContinuous Constitutional Convention) j? i' ;zftXkB T[jh j? fi; Bz{ i~i ej/ fe fJj ;zftXkB j?.”w[Bow[Bow[Bow[Bow[Bo' d/ PpdK ftu “jo/e ;'wtko Bz{ ;otT[Zu fBnKfbnk d/ fBoD/ dh x'PDk d/ Bkb ;zftXkB ftugfotosD j[zdk ofjzdk j?.”

(3) gqEktK ns/ nfG;w/A – tkfPzrNB B/ fejk ;h(3) gqEktK ns/ nfG;w/A – tkfPzrNB B/ fejk ;h(3) gqEktK ns/ nfG;w/A – tkfPzrNB B/ fejk ;h(3) gqEktK ns/ nfG;w/A – tkfPzrNB B/ fejk ;h(3) gqEktK ns/ nfG;w/A – tkfPzrNB B/ fejk ;h, “;w/A ns/ nkds ;oeko s/ wkBth ;z;EktK dk;Zu ;o{g fBPfus eoB d/ bJh io{oh j?.” nwoheh ;zftXkB d/ ftek; ftu th gqEktK ns/ nfG;fwnK(Costoms and Convention) dk wj~stg{oB :'r fojk j?. fJj Pk;B d/ nkXkoG{s ns/ w"fbe fBnwpD rJ/ jB, T[BQK ftu'A j/m fby/ T[b/yBh jB – ;zftXkB ftu okPNogsh d/ fBotkuB dh ngqsZy g~XshngDkJh rJh j? gozs{ gqEktK B/ T[; Bz{ gqsZy fBotkuB dk o{g d/ fdZsk j?. (ii) ;zftXkB ftu wzsohwzvbdh ftnkfynk BjhA j?. gozs{ gqPk;eh ftGkrK d/ ;bkj eosk ;z;Ek d/ o{g ftu wzsohwzvb Bz{ iBw fdZskj?. (iii) “;zXhnK d/ ;EkB T[s/ ekoiekoh ;wM"sk” (Executive agreement) gqEk dh jh d/D j?. (iv)eKro; ftu ‘ekT[e;’ (Caucus) ns/ ;whsh gqDkbhnK dk ftek;. (v) ;ko/ XB ftX/ne dk gqshfXh ;Gkftu d[pkok ;Ekfgs j'Dk. (vii) okiBhfse dbK ns/ T[;d/ ;ko/ nzrK dk ftek; – ekT[e; (Caucas);zw/bB, ;whshnK, gb/Nckow, fBXh nkfd gqEktK dh d/D jB. (viii) tkfPzrNB d/ ;w/A fJj gqEknkozG j'Jh fe fe;h ftnesh dk d' tko s'A fInkdk okPNogsh BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk. 1940 JhH se fJ;gqEk dk gkbB j'fJnk. nzs ftu, 1961 JhH s'A fJ;Bz{ t?XkfBe o{g gqdkB ehsk frnk. (ix) fB:[esh–;zpzXh f;B/N'ohnb eoN;h (Senatorial Couresy) dh gqEk wj~stg{oB j?.

(4) okiBhfsfrnk ns/ BkrfoeK d[nkok ftnkfynktK L(4) okiBhfsfrnk ns/ BkrfoeK d[nkok ftnkfynktK L(4) okiBhfsfrnk ns/ BkrfoeK d[nkok ftnkfynktK L(4) okiBhfsfrnk ns/ BkrfoeK d[nkok ftnkfynktK L(4) okiBhfsfrnk ns/ BkrfoeK d[nkok ftnkfynktK L ;zftXkB dh ftnkfynk ftu okiBhfsr(Politicians) ns/ ;kXkoD Bkrfoe th Gkr b?Ad/ jB, Gkt/A fJj Pk;B ftu gdkfXekoh BjhA j[zd/. fJBQKftu okiBhfse dbK d/ B/sktK dk ezw T[b/yBh j?. ftnovftnovftnovftnovftnov B/ T[dkjoD fdzd/ j'J/ fejk fe ;zftXkB i' Xkok2 ftu fJj ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j? fe okiK d[nkok fB:[esh “fBotkue” (Electorates) fJe~so j'e/okPNogsh Bz{ u[DKr/. ;zftXkB fBowksktK dk T[d/P ;h fe dbpzdh iK fBfjs ;EkBK T[s/ :'r ftneshokPNogsh Bz{ u[DBr/, gozs{ n~i ftT[jko ftu fBotkue okiBhfse dbK ns/ wsdksktK dh fJZSk Bz{ ekoio{g d/D bJh opV ;NKg (Rubber Stamp) dk ezw eod/ jB fJ; gqeko b~yK nwoheh wsdksktK B/okPNogsh d/ fBotkuB Bz{ fJe dw pdb fdZsk j?.

;zP'XB dh gqfeqnk (;zP'XB dh gqfeqnk (;zP'XB dh gqfeqnk (;zP'XB dh gqfeqnk (;zP'XB dh gqfeqnk (Procedure for Amendment) L^) L^) L^) L^) L^ nwoheh ;zftXkB d/ iBeK d/ d' T[d/P ;B –(1) ;zftXkB dh ftXhnK Bz{ ;ot'gfosk gqdkB eoBk ns/ (2) ;zftXkB ftu nBfwnsk ns/ Bfwnsk dkskbw/b eoBk. ;zftXkB fJe gft~so gqb/y j?, T[;dhnK ftXhnK d/P dhnK ;otT[Zu ftXhnK jB T[BQK d/fBowkD ns/ gfotosD dh gqDkbh ;kXkoD ftXh s'A fGzB j'Dh ukjhdh. fco ;EkJhgB ;zftXkB dk fJer[D j?, gozs{ fJ; ;fEosk d/ nB[e{b nkgD/ ftu gfotosD fbnk ;e/l gozs{ T[j gfotosD nfijk j'Dkukjhdk j? fe ;zftXkB dh nkswk iK ;to{g jh ysw Bk j' ikJ/. uhc i;fN; wkoPbuhc i;fN; wkoPbuhc i;fN; wkoPbuhc i;fN; wkoPbuhc i;fN; wkoPb B/ fejk ;h fe“n;hA fJj edh BjhA G[Zb/ fe fJj ;zftXkB ;dhnK se ;EkJh oj/rk ns/ T[;Bz{ wB[~y ihtB d/ ftfGzB;ze/sK d/ nB[e{b ftnt;fEs j'Dk gJ/rk.” nwoheh ;zftXkB d/ fBowksk fJ; s~E s'A g{oBsk ikD{ ;B.fJBQK T[d/PK B/ ;zP'XB dh fJe ftfPPN gqDkbh Bz{ ;EkB fdZsk.

gqfeqnk dh Xkok – gqfeqnk dh Xkok – gqfeqnk dh Xkok – gqfeqnk dh Xkok – gqfeqnk dh Xkok – nwoheh ;zftXkB d/ gzit/A nB[S/d ftu ;zftXkB d/ ;zP'XB dh gqfeqnk dk T[b/y j? –“eKro;, id fe;/ Bz{ d'tK ;dBK d/ d'–fsjkJh pj[ws s'A io{oh ;wM/, ;zftXkB ftu ;zP'XB gq;s[s eo ;e/rhiK d'–fsjkJh okiK d/ ftXkBwzvbK dh p/Bsh T[s/ ;zP'XB bJh fJe – eBt?APBK d[nkok d'tK ftu'A fi; fe;/ YzrB{z eKro; ;theko eo/, ;zs[PN eo fdZsk ikt/rk sK T[j fJ; ;zftXkB dk t?X nzr pD ikJ/rk.”

(e) gq;sktBk L^ (e) gq;sktBk L^ (e) gq;sktBk L^ (e) gq;sktBk L^ (e) gq;sktBk L^ ;P'XB dk gq;skt fbnkT[D d/ bJh d' g~XshnK dk T[b/y ehsk frnk j?. gfjbk eKro;d/ d't/ ;dB nkgD/ d' fsjkJh pj[s/ ;zP'XB dk gq;skt gq;skfts eo ;ed/ jB. ;otT[Zu fBnKfbnk d[nkok


B ØN


fJj ;gPN eo fdZsk frnk j? fJj d' fsjkJh pj[ws ;zP'XB T[s/ ws d'D tkb/ wA?poK dk j'Dk ukjhdk j?Bk fe ;ko/ w?ApoK dk. d{ik nwoheh ;zx dh x~N s'A x~N d'–fsjkJh okiK dh ftXkB ;GktK eKro; B{z ;zP'XBdh p/Bsh eoD. nfijh p/Bsh d/ cb;to{g eKro; ;zftxkB ftu ;zP'XB eoB d/ bJh fJe ;zw/bB(Convention) nkwzfsqs eodh j? ns/ fJ; ;zw/bB d[nkok ;zP'XB gq;skfts ehsk ik ;edk j?.

(y) nB[;woEB ((y) nB[;woEB ((y) nB[;woEB ((y) nB[;woEB ((y) nB[;woEB (Retification)L)L)L)L)L ;zP'XB Bz{ gqGkfts j'D d/ bJh T[;dk nB[;woEB io{oh j?. gq;skfts;zP'XB dh ;zg[PNh d/ bJh th d' sohe/ ngDkJ/ ik ;ed/ jB. (i) ;zx d/ fszB–u"EkJh okiK d/ ftXkBwzvbT[;d/ g[PNh eo d/D, iK (ii) fJ; ezw d/ bJh okiK ftu nkwzfsqs ehs/ rJ/ ;zw/bBK ftu fszBû"EkJh okiKd/ ;zw/BBK d[nkok ;zzP'XB dh g[PNh ehsh ikt/. ;zP'XB dh g[PNh d/ bJh T[g:[es d' ftXhnK ftu'A fejVhftXh gq:'r ftu fbnkJh ikt/ fJ;dk fBoDk eKro; eodh j?.

fBo'X ^ fBo'X ^ fBo'X ^ fBo'X ^ fBo'X ^ fJj gqfeqnktK wfonkfds th jB. ;zftXkB ftu f;oc fJe wfonkdk B{z ;gPN s"o s/ fbfynkfrnk j? e'Jh th oki fpBk ;fjwsh d/ ;hB/N ftu wskfXeko dh ;wkB sk s'A tzfus BjhA ehsk ikJ/rk.dk; tgko (Slave Trade) T[s/ th nbgekbhB fBo'X (restriction) ;h. nmkoQt/A ;zP'XB d/ ;w/A T[BQKftfPnK dk th ;zP'XB–Pesh s'A pkjo oyD dh e'fPP ehsh rJh i' ;zftXkB ftu nBsfBofjs(Germane) BjhA jB gozs{ fJj e'fPP n;cb ojh.

;zftXkB–gqfeqnk dk ekoio{g –;zftXkB–gqfeqnk dk ekoio{g –;zftXkB–gqfeqnk dk ekoio{g –;zftXkB–gqfeqnk dk ekoio{g –;zftXkB–gqfeqnk dk ekoio{g – Gkt/A gq;sktBk ns/ nB[;woEE dh d' ftXhnK ;zftXkB ftuftnt;fEs jB, ni/ se ;zP'XB ;ko/ gq;skt eKro; d/ d't/A ;dBK d/ d'–fsjkJh pj[ws d[nkok gk; j'J/jB ns/ f;oc fJ~eht/A ;zP'XB Bz{ S~v e/ ;ko/ gq;skt oki dh ftXkfJek ;GktK d[nkok nB[;wofEs j'J/ jBgozs{ fJ;dk noE fJj BjhA fe eBt?APB dh gqfeqnk d/ bJh edh isBh jh BjhA ehsk. eJh tko d'–fsjkJhokiK s'A eBt?APB p[bkT[D dh p/Bsh ehsh j?, gozs{ eKro; ;dk fJ;d/ fto[ZX ojh j?. ;zw/bB d/ ;Zd/ Bkbvo j? fe fJe tko ;zw/bB j'D T[s/ fJj wBwkB/ sohe/ Bkb gq;skt gk; eodk ubk ikJ/rk, fJZE/ se fe ;zftXkBdk fJedw BtK o[g j' ikJ/rk. nB[;woEB d/ ;zpzX ftu ftXkfJek ;GktK Bkb ;zw/bB dk T[g:'r ehskikJ/ – fJ;dk fBPu/ eKr;; jh eo/rh. gfjbk sohek xZN youhbk j?, Gkt/A ;zw/bB s'A s[ozs ns/ fInkdkgqshfBXh–w{bB Bshik fwb/rk. eKro; nB[;woEB dk ;w/A fBoXkfos eo ;edh j?, fit/A nmkoQt/, thjt/A ns/fJ~eht/A ;zP'XB d/ bJh ;~s ;kb dk ;wK fBPfus ehsk frnk ;h. pj[s/ ;zP'XBK dk sK ni/ se nB[;woEBjh BjhA j' ;e/, nB/e dk nB[;woEB eJh ;kbK d/ pknd g{ok j'fJnk ns/ nB/e ;zP'XB fiBQK B{z nB;woEDd/ bJh g~uh ;kbK gfjbK gq;skfts ehsk frnk ;h ni/ se ihts j?. nzs ftu fJe j'o T[b/yBh rZb fJjj? fe ;zP'XB dk gq;skt fJe ftX/ne BjhA j?. ;' T[;Bz{ okPNogsh dh ;ftfeqsh (Attent) dh io{os BjhA ns/Bk T[; T[s/ fBP/Xkfeko (Veto) dk jh T[j gq:'r eo ;edk j?.

nkb'uBktK (nkb'uBktK (nkb'uBktK (nkb'uBktK (nkb'uBktK (Criticism))))) (i) fInkdk j'bh ns/ w[Pfeb LInkdk j'bh ns/ w[Pfeb LInkdk j'bh ns/ w[Pfeb LInkdk j'bh ns/ w[Pfeb LInkdk j'bh ns/ w[Pfeb L nw/foek ftu ;zzP'XB dh gqfeqnk dh eJh ftdtkBKB/ ;ys nkb'uBk ehsh j?. uhc i;fN; wkoPb B/ fJ; B{z ‘;E{b ns/ ePNekoD’ (Unwieldy andCumbrous) fejk j?. w[Zy s"o s/ uko o{g ftu fJ;d/ ftg~y u soe fdZs/ iKd/ jB. gfjbh nkb'uBk fJjj? fe ;zP'XB dh fJj j'bh ns/ efmB (Slow and difficult) gqfeqnk j?. fJ;dh efmBsk dk gqw[Zy ekoD 3$3eKro; w?ApoK dh gq;EkgBk ns/ 2$4 okiK d[nkok nB[;woEB dh io{os j?. fJ;/ ekoB jo/e ;zP'XB ftu ;kbKbr iKd/ jB ns/ nB/e ;zP'XB sK io{oh w?ApoK dk nB[;woEB Bk fwbD ekoD jh ni/ se gJ/ j'J/ jB. fJ;;dh d/ nkozG ftu sK b'eK Bz{ fJj ftPtkP j' frnk fe j[D n~r/ ;zP'XB BjhA j' ;ed/ jB, gozs{ ;~s ;kbK(1913^20) d/ nzso uko ns/ fJe ;kb (1932) ftu sK eJh wj~stg{oB ;zP'XBK B/ fJ; ftPtk; B{z rbs ;kpseo fdZsk. ;' ;zP'XB–;zpzXh fJ; nkb'uBk dh fInkdk fyZuk–skBh mhe BjhA j?.

(((((ii) fInkdk ;"yh L) fInkdk ;"yh L) fInkdk ;"yh L) fInkdk ;"yh L) fInkdk ;"yh L e[M nb'ueK dk fJj efjDk j? fe ;zP'XB dh fJj gqfeqnk pj[s ;"yh (Too Easy)j? ns/ fJ;/ gq;zr ftu j?fwbNBj?fwbNBj?fwbNBj?fwbNBj?fwbNB B/ ‘c/v/ofb;N’ ftu fbfynk ;h fe ;zP'XB dh ;obsk dk Bshik j'J/rk, ;zftXkfBe n;fEosk. 18t/A ;zP'XB B{z fizBh s/ih Bkb oki dh ftXkfJek ;GktK B/ nB[;wofEs ehsk,fJ; nb'uBk ftu b'eK dk ftPtk; ns/ fdqV j' frnk. gozs{ fJ; XkoDk Bz{ Gkoh XZek sd bZfrnk idfe T[; dh ;obsk s'A ftXkfJek ;GktK B/ 18t/A ;zP'XB Bz{ o~d eo fdZsk. j'bh–j'bh fJj fPekfJs yswj' rJh feT[Afe fInkdkso ;zP'XBK Bz{ nB[;woEB BjhA fwb gkfJnk. n~i sK fJj nb'uBk ;[DB ftu thBjhA nkT[Adh.


B ØN


(((((iii) g{oB gqiksKsfoe BjhA –) g{oB gqiksKsfoe BjhA –) g{oB gqiksKsfoe BjhA –) g{oB gqiksKsfoe BjhA –) g{oB gqiksKsfoe BjhA – shih nkb'uBK fJj j? fe gqfeqnk gfonkgs BjhA (Non & sufficientlyDemocratic) j?, feT[AFe gq;EkgBk iK nB[;woEB ftu iBsk Bz{ gqsZy o{g Bkb Gkr b?D dk nt;o jh BjhAfwbdk j?. ;hB/No bkc'b/N;hB/No bkc'b/N;hB/No bkc'b/N;hB/No bkc'b/N;hB/No bkc'b/N (Lafollete) B/ fJ; nkb'uBk Bz{ d{o eoB d/ bJh :'iBk dh. 21t/A ;zP'XB B{z fJ;/T[d/P Bkb u[D/ rJ/ ;zw/bB d[nkok nB[;wofEs eok e/ iBsk Bz{ eohp–eohp gqsZy o{g Bkb Gkr b?D dk nt;ofdZsk frnk gozs{ ftXh Bz{ fInkdk gq's;kjB BjhA fwfbnk j? fco th fJ; nkb'uBk d/ ;zpzX ftu fJj fejk ik;edk j? fe d/P dh ftPkbsk dh gqsZy ohsh s'A gqshfBXhw{be ohs jh ;[ftXkiBe ns/ nbgftnkgh j?.

(((((iv) x~NfrDsh d[nkok fBnzsoD L) x~NfrDsh d[nkok fBnzsoD L) x~NfrDsh d[nkok fBnzsoD L) x~NfrDsh d[nkok fBnzsoD L) x~NfrDsh d[nkok fBnzsoD L nzfsw nb'uBk fJ; ;zpzX ftu fJj ehsh iKdh j? fe ;zP'XB T[s/x~NfrDshnK fBnzsoD ofjzdk j?. fJ;dh ftnkfynk d' soQK Bkb ehsh iKdh j? – (i) 37 oki fiBQK dhiB;zfynk pkeh 13 okiK s'A pj[s x~N j' ;edh j?. ;zP'XB fbnk ;ed/ jB. i/ 37 x~N nkpkdh tkb/ okPNo;zrms j' ikD sK 13 pj[frDsh okPNo T[BQK d/ ;Bw[y n;woE j' ikDr/, gozs{ ftT[jko ftu nfijk w"ekftob/ jh nk ;edk j?. fJ; d/ T[bN i/ 13 x~N nkpkdh tkb/ oki ;zrms j' ikD sK pkeh fInkdk nkpkdhtkb/ oki ;zP'XB BjhA fbnk ;ed/ jB. fJ; gqeko d/P dh S'Nh fijh nkpkdh d/ fto[~X ;zP'XB fbnk ;edhj? iK ;zP'XB B{z o'e ;edh j?.

;ftNIob?Av ftu ;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB ;ftNIob?Av ftu ;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB ;ftNIob?Av ftu ;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB ;ftNIob?Av ftu ;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB ;ftNIob?Av ftu ;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB (Constitutional Amendment inSwitzerland);zt?XkfBe ftek; d/ bJh nB/e g~XshnK T[s/ fBoGo ehsk iKdk j?, fit/A – gqEktK, ohsh–fotki, gqPk;ehnfXnkd/P, e'oN d/ fBoD ns/ ftfrnkB T[fd:'fre nB[;zXkB nkfd. fJBQK g~XshnK s'A th ;gPN ns/gqsZy g~Xsh ;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB jB fJ;dh ifNbsk ns/ ;zftXkB dh gqfsPmk dk fynkb oyd/ j'J/ fJ;gZXsh dk xZN gq:'r j[zdk j?L go ;ftNIob?Av ftu j'o ftXhnK d/ T[bN ;zftXkfBe gfotosD fbnkT[Dd/ bJh ;zftXkfBe ;zP'XB dh gZXsh T[s/ jh fInkdk fBoGo ehsk frnk j?. ;ftNiob?Av ftu f;oc 77;kbK ftu (1874^1975 JhH) 50 ;zP'XB ehs/ rJ/, idfe nw/foek ftu 170 ;kbK ftu (1789 JhH s'A n~ise) f;oc 26 ;zP'XB ehs/ rJ/.

;ft; ;zftXkB ftu ;zP'XB dh i' gqfeqnk fBoXkfos ehsh rJh j? T[;d/ d' gqeko jB–

;zP'XB g~XshnK;zP'XB g~XshnK;zP'XB g~XshnK;zP'XB g~XshnK;zP'XB g~XshnK (1) ;zt?XkfBe iBws^;zrqfj (Constitutional Referendum)

(2) ;zt?XkfBe nkozGD (Constitutional Initiative)

fJBQK d'tK g~XshnK d[nkok ;zftXkB d/ nKfPe iK g{oB ;zP'XB (Partial or Total Revision) j' ;ed/ jB.

(1) ;zt?XkfBe iBws^;zrqfj ((1) ;zt?XkfBe iBws^;zrqfj ((1) ;zt?XkfBe iBws^;zrqfj ((1) ;zt?XkfBe iBws^;zrqfj ((1) ;zt?XkfBe iBws^;zrqfj (Constitutional Referendum) L^) L^) L^) L^) L^ fJ;dh d' PosK jB.

(((((e) id d't/A ;dB ;fjws j'D Le) id d't/A ;dB ;fjws j'D Le) id d't/A ;dB ;fjws j'D Le) id d't/A ;dB ;fjws j'D Le) id d't/A ;dB ;fjws j'D L ;zftXkB ftu ;zP'XB bJh fJj io{oh j? fe ;zxh ftXkBwzvbd/ d't/A ;dB oki ;Gk ns/ okPNoh gfoPd ;z:[es o{g ftu ;zftXkB ftu g{oB nKfPe ;zP'XB dk fBPu/eoD ns/ sdB[o{g ;zP'XB dk gq;skt eoD. pknd ftu T[; ;zP'XB dk ;ot;kXkoD ns/ e?ANBK d/ iBws–;zrqfj (Referendum) d/ bJh gq;s[s ehsk iKdk j?. fJj ;ot;kXkoD ns/ e?ANB T[;Bz{ pj[ws Bkb;theko eo b?D sK ;zP'XB ;thfeqs ;wfMnk iKdk j? fJ; gq;zr ftu e?ANB dk fJe jo noX e?AN dk n~Xkws wzfBnk ikt/rk.

(y) id fJe ;dB ;fjws j't/ ns/ d{ik fto'X eoD L^ (y) id fJe ;dB ;fjws j't/ ns/ d{ik fto'X eoD L^ (y) id fJe ;dB ;fjws j't/ ns/ d{ik fto'X eoD L^ (y) id fJe ;dB ;fjws j't/ ns/ d{ik fto'X eoD L^ (y) id fJe ;dB ;fjws j't/ ns/ d{ik fto'X eoD L^ gozs{, i/ ;zxh ftXkBwzvb dk fJe jh;dB gq;skfte ;zP'XB d/ bJh ;fjws j't/ ns/ d{ik ;dB T[es ;zP'XB dk fto'X eodk j't/, sK–

(i) ;G s'A gfbK ;ot;kXkoD iBws ;zrqfj d[nkok fJj fBoDk ehsk ikJ/rk fe ;zP'XB dh io{os j? iK BjhA.(ii) ;ot;kXkoD dh ;thfeqsh fwb ikD T[s/ ;zxh ftXkB wzvb dk w[V fBotkuB j[zdk j?.

(iii) fJ;d/ pknd ftXkBwzvb d/ fBotkfus ;dB gq;skfts ;zP'XB T[s/ ftuko eod/ jB.(iv) i/eo d'tK T[es ;zP'XB B{z ;theko eo b?Ad/ jB i' gq;skfts ;zP'XB ;ot;kXkoD ns/ e?ANBK d/ bJh

gq;s[s ehsk iKdk j?.

(v) i/eo ;ot;kXkoD ns/ e?ANB d't/A pj[ws Bkb ;zftXkB B{z ;thfeqs eo b?Ad/ jB sK T[es ;zP'XBfeqnkekoh j' iKdk j?.


B ØN


(2) ;zt?XkfBe nkozGD ((2) ;zt?XkfBe nkozGD ((2) ;zt?XkfBe nkozGD ((2) ;zt?XkfBe nkozGD ((2) ;zt?XkfBe nkozGD (Constitutional Initiative) L^ ) L^ ) L^ ) L^ ) L^ ;zftXkB dk g{oB ns/ nKfPe ;zP'XB(Complete or partial revision ) ;ot ;kXkoD d/ bJh x~N s'A x~N 50,000 ;ft; BkrfoeK d[nkok nkt/dB g~so io{oh jB fJ; ;zpzX ftu th d' gqfeqnktK jB–

(e) g{oB ;zP'XB d/ bJh i/eo nkt/dB gZso g{oB ;zP'XB (Complete Revision) d/ bJh j't/ sK T[;/gqfeqnk dk nB[;oB ehsk iKdk j?. fi; gqfeqnk dk ;zxh ftXkBwzvb d/ fJe ;dB ;zP'XB gq;skt d/ gk;eoB ns/ d{i/ d/ d[nkok fto'X eoB dh ;fEsh ftu jz[dk j?.

(y) nKfPe ;zP'XB (Partial Revision) d/ bJh d' o{gK ftu wzr ehsh ik ;edh j?–

(1) ;kXkoD PpdK ftu iK(2) ;{so o{g ftu

i/eo nkt/dB gZso ;kXkoD PpdK ftu j't/ sK–i/eo nkt/dB gZso ;kXkoD PpdK ftu j't/ sK–i/eo nkt/dB gZso ;kXkoD PpdK ftu j't/ sK–i/eo nkt/dB gZso ;kXkoD PpdK ftu j't/ sK–i/eo nkt/dB gZso ;kXkoD PpdK ftu j't/ sK–

(i) ;zxh ftXkBwzvb dh ;thfeqsh d/ pknd T[;dk ftX/ne fsnko j[zdk j?. T[; ftX/ne T[s/ ;ot;kXkoDns/ e?ANB dh ;thfeqs (Ratification) ehsh iKdh j?. ;thfeqsh fwbD T[s/ ;zP'XB feqnk d[nkok j[zdk j?.

(ii) i/eo ;zxh ftXkB wzvb ;zP'XB–gq;skt d/ fto'X ftu j't/ sK T[; T[Zs/ ;ot;kXkoD dk fBoDk fbZsk iKdkj?. fJZE/ e?ANBK dh ;thfeqsh dh io{os BjhA j?. i/eo ;zP'XB–gq;skt Bz{ wsdksktK dh ;thfeqs fwbiKdh j? sK ;zxh ftXkBwzvb gq;skt d/ nB[o{g ftX/ne fsnko eodk j?. sd T[; ftX/ne dk e?ANBK ns/;ot;kXkoD d/ iBws–;zrqfj d/ bJh gq;s[s ehsk iKdk j?

i/eo ;zP'XB gq;skt ftX/ne iK ;{so ftu j't/ sK–i/eo ;zP'XB gq;skt ftX/ne iK ;{so ftu j't/ sK–i/eo ;zP'XB gq;skt ftX/ne iK ;{so ftu j't/ sK–i/eo ;zP'XB gq;skt ftX/ne iK ;{so ftu j't/ sK–i/eo ;zP'XB gq;skt ftX/ne iK ;{so ftu j't/ sK–

(i) ;zxh ftXkBwzvb d/ gZy ftu j'D dh ;fEsh ftu ftX/ne B{z ;ot;kXkoD ns/ e?ANB d/ iBws ;zrqfj d/bJh gq;s[s ehsk iKdk j?.

(ii) ;zxh ftXkBwzvb d/ gZy ftu j'D dh ;fEsh ftu ftXkBwzvb iBws ;zrqfj d/ bJh j/m fbyhnK f;ckoPKeodk j?–(e) gq;skfts ;zP'XB n;thfeqs eo fdZsk ikt/, ns/(y) ;zxh ftXkBwzvb T[es ;zP'XB d/ ;EkB T[s/ nkgDk fBih gq;skt fsnko eoe/ nkozGe ;zP'XB

gq;skt d/ Bkb ;ot;kXkoD ns/ e?ANB d/ fBoD/ bJh G/i ;edk j?.

6H36H36H36H36H3 :{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ ;ftNiob?Av dh ;zxh ftnt;Ek :{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ ;ftNiob?Av dh ;zxh ftnt;Ek :{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ ;ftNiob?Av dh ;zxh ftnt;Ek :{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ ;ftNiob?Av dh ;zxh ftnt;Ek :{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ ;ftNiob?Av dh ;zxh ftnt;Ek (Federal System ofUSA and Switzerland)

nwoheh ;zxh ftnt;Ek (American Federal System)L ;z:[es oki nwohek d/ ftXkBwzvb B{z ‘eKro;’fejk iKdk j?. nwohek ftu ;zxh Pk;B gqDkbh (Federal Government ) gqufbs j?. T[E/ dh ;zxh ;oekog{o/ okPNo Bkb ;zpzXs wkwfbnK dk Pk;B ubkT[Adh j? – gziku okiK dh ;oekoK nkgD/–nkgD/ oki Bkb;zpzXs wkwfbnK dk Pk;B ubKdhnK jB. ;zxh gqDkbh dh io{os d/ nB[o{g T[E/ ;zx d/ ftXkBwzvb noEkseKro; ftu d' ;dB oy/ rJ/ jBL (1) gqshfBXh ;Gk (House of Representatives) ;zg{oB okPNo d/iB;kXkoD dk gqshfBXhst eodh j? ns/ (2) ;hB/N (Senate) nb~r–nb~r okiK dk gqshfBXhst eodhj?. gqshfBXh ;Gk B{z EZbV/ ;dB iK nto ;dB (Lower House) fejk iKdk j? ;hB/N B{z T[Zu ;dB,T[gobk ;dB (Upper House) iK d{ik ;dB (Second Chamber) fejk iKdk j?. gqshfBXh ;Gk d/ w?ApoBz{ eKro;–w?Apo fejk iKdk j? ;hB/N d/ w?Apo Bz{ ;hB/N w?Apo iK ;hB/No (Senator) fejk iKdk j?.

gqshfBXh ;Gk (gqshfBXh ;Gk (gqshfBXh ;Gk (gqshfBXh ;Gk (gqshfBXh ;Gk (House of Representatives)L )L )L )L )L fJ; ftu 435 w?Apo j[zd/ jB i' fe g{o/ d/P dh iBskd/ d[nkok u[D/ iKd/ jB. fJBQK d/ fBotkuB y/so (Constituencies) iB;zfynk d/ nkXko T[s/ pDkJ/ iKd/jB. ;' fJ; ;dB ftu fe;/ oki s'A nkT[D tkb/ gqshfBXhnK dh ;zfynk T[E'A dh iB;zfynk T[s/ fBoGoj?.

gqshfBXh ;Gk d/ w?Apo d' ;kb d/ bJh u[D/ iKd/ jB. fJ; ;w/A B{z fe;/ th soQK tXkfJnk iK xNkfJnk BjhAik ;edk. gqufbs gqEk (Convention) d/ nB[; ko gqshfBXh ;Gk dk w?Apo T[;/ fBotkuB y/so Bkb ;zpX


B ØN


j'Dk ukjhdk j? fi~E'A T[j u'D bVdk j?. fJ; Bkb okPNoh gqshGktK dk :E'fus T[g:'r s/ BjhA j' gkT[Adk,gozs{ b'eszso dh GktBk (Democratic Spirit) Bz{ nt~P skes fwbdh j?.

gqshfBXh ;Gk d/ w?ApoK B{z e[M ftP/PnfXeko (Privileges) gqkgs j?. T[BQK Bz{ ;dB ftu p'bD dh g{oD ;[szsoskj?. T[E/ ehsh rJh fe;h th rZb d/ bJh T[BQK T[s/ e'Jh ekBz{Bh ekotkjh BjhA j' ;edh. nfXt/PB d/ d"okBT[BQK Bz{ dhtkBh wkwfbnK (Civil Suits) ftu pzdh BjhA pDkfJnk ik ;edk.

gqshfBXh ;Gk nkgD/ w[yh iK ;Gkgsh (Speaker) dh u'D nkg eodh j?. T[;/ dbrs nkXko T[s/ u[fDnkiKdk j?, ns/ ;Gkgsh pD ikD T[s/ T[j nkgD/ db dk w?Apo pfDnk ofjzdk j?.

;hB/N (;hB/N (;hB/N (;hB/N (;hB/N (Senate)L)L)L)L)L ;z:[es oki nwohek d/ jo/e oki Bz{ ;hB/N ftu nkgD/ d'–d' gqshfBXh G/iD dk nfXekoj?, ukj/ G"r'fbe iK iB;zfynk dk fdqPNh s'A e'Jh oki fezBk th S'Nk iK tZvk feT[A BK j't/. feT[Afe T[E/okiK dk toswkB ;zfynk 50 j?, fJ; bJh ;hB/N ftu 100 w?Apo j[zd/ jB. P[o{–P[o{ ftu okiK d/ ftXkBwzvbnkgD/–nkgD/ oki dk gqshfBXhst eoB d/ bJh ;hB/N–w?ApoK dh u'D eod/ ;B. gozs{ 1913 s'A okiK dhiBsk fJBQK dk gqsZy u'D eodh j?.

jo/e ;hB/N–w?Apo S/ ;kb d/ bJh u[fDnk iKdk j?. d'–d' ;kb pknd ;hB/N d/ fJe–fsjkJh w?Apo ;/tk–fBtos j' iKd/ jB. fJ; soQK g{oh ;hB/N edh Gzr BjhA j[zdh. fJj fJe ;EkJh ;dB pDh ofjzdh j?.

;z:[es oki nwohek dk T[gokPNogsh;z:[es oki nwohek dk T[gokPNogsh;z:[es oki nwohek dk T[gokPNogsh;z:[es oki nwohek dk T[gokPNogsh;z:[es oki nwohek dk T[gokPNogsh (Vice President) ;hB/N dk ;Gkgsh ;hB/N dk ;Gkgsh ;hB/N dk ;Gkgsh ;hB/N dk ;Gkgsh ;hB/N dk ;Gkgsh (Chairman) j[zdkj?. nwohek d/ okPNogsh dh soQK T[gokPNogsh dh u'D th iB;kXkoD d/ d[nkok fBotkue r[D d/wkfXnw Bkb, uko ;kb dh fBns ;w/A d/ bJh j[zdk j?. ;hB/N ftu T[gokPNogsh fBoy~y o{g Bkb ezweodk j?. T[j wsdkB (Voting) ftu f;oc T[d'A jh fj~;k b?Adk j? id fe;/ wkwb/ d/ gZy ns/ ftgZy ftupokpo t'NK j'D d/ ekoB c?;bk Bk j' gk fojk j't/. nfijh jkbs ftu T[j nkgD/ fBoDkfJe t'N (CastingVote) dk gq:'r eodk j?.

eKro; dh PeshnK ns/ feqseKro; dh PeshnK ns/ feqseKro; dh PeshnK ns/ feqseKro; dh PeshnK ns/ feqseKro; dh PeshnK ns/ feqs (Powers and Functions of the Congress)L ftXh–fBowkD ns/;zftXkB–;zP'XB (Legislation and Constitutional Amendment) nw/foek ftu ;zxh gqDkbh ns/fbys ;zftXkB ngDkfJnk frnk j?. fJ;d/ nzsors ftXh^fBowkD d/ ftfPnK dh d' ;{uhnK (Lists)pDkJhnK rJhnK jBL ;zxh ftP/ (Federal Subject) ns/ oki ftP/ (State Subjects) i' ftP/ fJBQK ftu'Afe;h ;{uh d/ ftukoy/so ftu BjhA nkT[Ad/, T[BQK Bz{ ntfPPN ftP/ (Residual Subjects) fejk iKdk j?.fJBQK ftfPnK T[s/ ekB{zB pDkT[D dh PeshnK okiK d/ e'b ofjzdhnK jB. fJ; fdqPNh Bkb nwoheh ;zx–ftnt;Ek Gkosh ;zx ftnt;Ek s'A fGzB j?, feT[Afe Gkos ftu ntfPPN ftP/ ;zx ;oeko d/ nfXeko y/so ftu nkT[Ad/ jB. d{i/, Gkos ftu fJe ;wtosh ;{uh (Concurrent List) dh ftnt;Ek th ehsh rJhj?, gozs{ nwohek ftu nfijh e'Jh ftnt;Ek BjhA ehsh rJh j?. nwoheh eKro; Bz{ f;oc ;zxh ftfPnKT[s/ ekBz{B pDkT[D dk g{ok nfXeko j?.

fBfjs PeshnK d/ f;XKs (Doctrine of Implied Power) d/ nzsors eKro; ns/ okPNogsh B/ eJhnfijh PeshnK gqkgs eo fbZshnK jB i' ;t?w ;zftXkB d/ nzsors T[BQK B{z ftnes o{g Bkb BjhA ;"AghnKrJhnK ;B. T[dkjoD bJh ;zftXkB nzsors eKro; Bz{ w[dqk SkgD, N?e; brkT[D, eoIk b?D ns/ youeoB dk nfXeko fdZsk frnk j?. fJ;d/ nkXko T[s/ T[;Bz{ fJe ‘fBfjs Pesh’ d/ o{g ftu ‘okPNoh p?Ae’(National Bank) dh ;EkgBk dk nfXeko fwb frnk j?. ;z:[es oki nwohek dk ;otT[Zu fBnKfbnkPk;B d/ ftfGzB nzrK dh ‘fBfjs PeshnK’ Bz{ wkBsk fdzdk j?. ns/ T[jh fJBQK dh ;hwktK fBoXkos eodkj?.

ft~s ftX/neft~s ftX/neft~s ftX/neft~s ftX/neft~s ftX/ne (Finance Bills) f;oc gqshfBXh ;Gk s'A jh P[o{ ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB. gozs{ T[BQK d/ bJh;hB/N dk nB[w'dB io{oh j[zdk j?. fJ; fdqPNh Bkb, ftXkBwzvb d/ d{i/ ;dB d/ o{g ftu ;hB/N dh Peshp/i'V j?. fJjh ekoD j? fe nwoheh ;hB/N Bz{ ftPt dk ;G s'A PeshPkbh d{ik ;dBnwoheh ;hB/N Bz{ ftPt dk ;G s'A PeshPkbh d{ik ;dBnwoheh ;hB/N Bz{ ftPt dk ;G s'A PeshPkbh d{ik ;dBnwoheh ;hB/N Bz{ ftPt dk ;G s'A PeshPkbh d{ik ;dBnwoheh ;hB/N Bz{ ftPt dk ;G s'A PeshPkbh d{ik ;dB (MostPowerful Second Chamber of the World) fejk iKdk j?.

j'o ftX/ne fe;/ th ;dB Bkb nkozG ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB. e'Jh th ftX/ne d'tK ;dBK ftu gk; j'D d/pknd okPNogsh dh ;wB[wshokPNogsh dh ;wB[wshokPNogsh dh ;wB[wshokPNogsh dh ;wB[wshokPNogsh dh ;wB[wsh (President Assent) d/ bJh G/fink iKdk j?. ;kXkoD s"o s/


B ØN


okPNogsh T[; T[s/ j;skyo eoe/ d; ekoi–fdt;K d/ nzdo tkg; eo fdzdk j?. fJj ;wB[wsh fwb ikDd/ pknd T[j ekBz{B pD iKdk j?.

i/ okPNogsh nkgD/ fBP/XkfXekofBP/XkfXekofBP/XkfXekofBP/XkfXekofBP/XkfXeko (Veto) dk gq:'r eoe/ fe;/ ftX/ne B{z nkgD/ fJsokIK d/ Bkb T[;Bz{P[o{ eoB tkb/ ;dB d/ e'b tkg; G/i d/t/ sK eKro; d/ d't/A ;dB d'–fsjkJh pj[ws Bkb T[;B{z d[pkok gk;eoe/ fJ; fBP/XkfXeko B{z fB;cb eo ;ed/ jB.

eKro; B{z ;zftXkB d/ ;zP'XB dk g{oB nfXeko j? fJ;d/ bJh jo/e ;dB dk d'–fsjkjh pj[ws ng/ePsj?. gozzs{ eKro; ftu gk; j'D d/ pknd fJ;d/ bJh xZN s'A xN fszB–u"EkJh okiK d/ ftXkBwzvbK dknB[;woEB (Ratification) io{oh j?.

;otT[Zu fBnKfbnk ;kXkoD s"o s/ ekBz{B Bz{ Pesh pkjoh (Ultra vires) mfjoke/ fBo;s eo ;edk j?,noEks T[j fJj fBod/ d/ ;edk j?. fe nfijk ekB{zB pDkT[Dk eKro; dh Pesh d/ pkjo ;h. gozs{;zftXkfBe ;zP'XB d/ wkwb/ ftu ;otT[Zu fBnKfbnk nfijk fBoDk BjhA fdzd/.

gqPk;fBe PeshnKgqPk;fBe PeshnKgqPk;fBe PeshnKgqPk;fBe PeshnKgqPk;fBe PeshnK (Administrative Powers)L nwoheh eKro; ftfGzB gqPk;fBe ftGkrK d/ pko/ftu fttoD (Report) wzrk ;edh j?. fJj nkgDh iKu ;whshnK (Inquiry Committees) fB:[es eoe/gqPk;fBe ftGkrK dh nkb'uBk eo ;edh j?.

fJ;d/ nbktk okPNogsh T[Zu gdk d/ bJh (fit/A fe wzsohnK, okid{sK, iZiK, wjkfBnKtkdhnK d/ gdT[s/) i' fB:[eshnK eodk j?, iK ftd/PK d/ Bkb i' ;zXhnK eodk j?, T[BQK d/ bJh ;hB/N dk nB[;woEB(Ratification) io{oh j[zdk j?. fJe gqEk (Convention) d/ nB[;ko, i/eo okPNogsh Bz{ nfij/ oki ftue'Jh fB:[esh eoBh j't/ fiZE/ dk ;hB/N–w?Apo okPNogsh d/ nkgD/ okiBhfse db s'A j't/ sK okPNogshnfijh fB:[esh eoB s'A gfjbK T[; ;hB/N–w?Apo Bkb ;bkj eo b?Adk j?. i/eo T[j w?Apo gq;skftsfB:[esh dk nB[w'dB eo fdzdk j? sK ;hB/N th T[; fB:[esh dh g[PNh BjhA eo/rh. fJ; gqEk Bz{ ;hB/N–t~b'A (Senatorial Courtesy) dh ;zfrnk fdZsh iKdh j?.

fBnKfJe PeshnK (fBnKfJe PeshnK (fBnKfJe PeshnK (fBnKfJe PeshnK (fBnKfJe PeshnK (Judicial Powers)L)L)L)L)L i/eo d/Pd'qj, fGqPNkuko iK ;zftXkB d/ T[bzxD, nkfd dknko'g brk e/ okPNogsh, T[gokPNogsh, iZiK iK gqPk;fBe T[ZukfXekohnK T[s/ wjkfG:'r (Impeachment)ubkT[Dk j't/ sK fJ;d/ bJh gqshfBXh ;Gk wjkfG:'r dh XkoktK (Articles of Impeachment) fsnkoeodh j?, ns/ ;hB/N ftu w[e~wk ubkfJnk iKdk j?. gqshfBXh ;Gk ftu wjkfG:'r dh XkoktK Bz{ ;kXkoDpj[ws (Simple Majority) Bkb gk; ehsk iKdk j?. d'P–f;ZXh d/ bJh wjkfG:'r dh jo/e Xkok T[s/ ;hB/N ftu T[g;fEs ns/ wsdkB ftu Gkr b?D tkb/ w?ApoK dk d'^fsjkJh pj[ws (Two–Third Majority)io{oh j't/rk. d'P f;~X j' ikD T[s/ nfG:[es Bz{ gd s'A jNk fdZsk iKdk j?.

fBotkue PeshnK (Botkue PeshnK (Botkue PeshnK (Botkue PeshnK (Botkue PeshnK (Electoral Powers)L)L)L)L)L uko–uko ;kb pknd id okPNogsh ns/ T[gokPNogsh dhu'D j[zdh j? sK fJ; u'D ftu gkJ/ rJ/ t'NK dh frDsh d/ bJh eKro; d/ d't/A ;dBK dk ;z:[es nfXt/PB(Joint Session) j[zdk j?. i/eo okPNogsh–gd d/ bJh fe;/ T[whdtko Bz{ g{oB pj[ws (AbsoulteMajority) BjhA fwb gkT[Adk sK fiBQK fszB T[whdtkoK B{z ;G s'A fInkdk t'N fwb/ j'D, T[BQK ftu fJe Bz{gaqshfBXh ;Gk okPNogsh gd d/ bJh u[D b?Adh j?. i/eo T[gokPNogsh gd d/ bJh fe;/ T[whdtko Bz{ g{oBpj[ws BjhA fwb gkT[Adk sK fiBQK d' T[whdtkoK B{z ;G s'A fInkdk t'N fwb/ j'D, T[BQK ftu'A fJe Bz{ ;hB/N T[gokPNogsh gd d/ bJh u[D b?Adh j?.

;whsh gqDkbh (;whsh gqDkbh (;whsh gqDkbh (;whsh gqDkbh (;whsh gqDkbh (The Committee System)L)L)L)L)L nwoheh eKro; d/ nzsors ftXh–fBowkD dk tk;sfteezw nB/e ;whshnK ns/ T[g;whshnK (Sub–committees) dh ;jkfJsk Bkb ;zgzB ehsk iKdk j?. eKro;d/ jo/e nfXt/PB ftu jIkoK ftX/ne gq;s[s ehs/ iKd/ jB. e'Jh th w?Apo fJBQK ftX/neK Bkb i[V/ j'J/;ko/ w[ZfdnK dk ikDeko BjhA j' ;edk. d/fynk ikt/ sK ftXh–fBowkD dk ;kok ezw ftP/Prsk (Specialisation)dh wzr eodk j?. ;whsh gqDkbh dk nfXeko nfij/ jo/e ezw Bz{ T[g:[es ftP/PfrnK Bz{ ;"AgBk j[zdk j?.fco, ;whsh d/ wA?po fJe ;w/A fe;/ fJe ftP/ T[s/ – fit/A fe eokXkB (Taxation) iK T{oik (Energy)tor/ ftP/ T[s/ nkgDk fXnkB e/Afdqs eo ;ed/ jB sKfe T[;d/ bJh T[g:[es ftX/ne dk gqko{g fsnkoehsk ik ;e/.


B ØN


eKro; dh ;whsh Bz{ nkw s"o T[s/ ‘bx{ ftXkB wzvb’eKro; dh ;whsh Bz{ nkw s"o T[s/ ‘bx{ ftXkB wzvb’eKro; dh ;whsh Bz{ nkw s"o T[s/ ‘bx{ ftXkB wzvb’eKro; dh ;whsh Bz{ nkw s"o T[s/ ‘bx{ ftXkB wzvb’eKro; dh ;whsh Bz{ nkw s"o T[s/ ‘bx{ ftXkB wzvb’ (Little Legislature) dh ;zfrnk fdZshdh ;zfrnk fdZshdh ;zfrnk fdZshdh ;zfrnk fdZshdh ;zfrnk fdZshiKdh j?.iKdh j?.iKdh j?.iKdh j?.iKdh j?. fe;/ th ftX/ne B{z nzfsw o{g d/D dk nfXeko nfijh ;whshnK d/ j~E ftu ofjzdk j?. f;XKses"o s/ ;whsh d/ gq;skt B{z gqshfBXh ;Gk iK ;hB/N ftu n;theko ehsk ik ;edk j? gozs{ ftT[jkos nfijkpj[s x~N j' gkT[Adk j?. id ;whsh dk w[yh iK j'o e'Jh w?Apo ;whsh d/ ftuko ik fBoD/ d/ pko/ ftu ;dBd/ gNb T[s/ p'bdk j?, sd ;kXkoD s"o s/ ftXkfJe T[;dh ftP/Prsk dk nkdo eod/ jB. ns/ T[;d/ r~bpj[s fXnkB Bkb ;[Dd/ jB. i/eo e'Jh ;EkJh ;whsh fe;/ ftX/ne T[s/ nkgDk gqsht/dB (Report) gq;s[seoB ftu pj[s d/o eo d/t/, noEks shj fdB s'A fInkdk brk d/ sK gqshfBXh ;Gk d/ pj[ws (noEks218) w?ApoK d/ j;skyo fJ;Bz{ T[; ftX/ne Bz{ T[; ;whsh d/ ftukoy/so s'A tkg; b?D dh ekotkjh ehshik ;edh j?, gozs{ nfij/ nt;o pj[s jh x~N nkT[Ad/ jB.

fgSbh d' ;dhn d/ d"okB eKro; ftu eJh soQK dhnK ;whshnK pDkJhnK rJhnK jB. w[~y–w[Zy gqekow[~y–w[Zy gqekow[~y–w[Zy gqekow[~y–w[Zy gqekow[~y–w[Zy gqekodh ;whshnKdh ;whshnKdh ;whshnKdh ;whshnKdh ;whshnK dk fttoD fJ; soQK d/ ;ed/ jBL

;EkJh ;whsh ;EkJh ;whsh ;EkJh ;whsh ;EkJh ;whsh ;EkJh ;whsh (Standing Committee)L eKro; dk jo/e ;dB nkgDh–nkgDh io{os d/ nB[;ko, nkgD/–nkgD/ fBnwK d/ nzsors, ;EkJh wj~st d/ ftfPnK T[s/ ;EkJh ;whshnK pDk ;edk j?. nfijh ;wshnK;dB d/ g{o/ ekoi ekb se ubdhnK jB. fJBQK d/ T[dkjoD jB L ftfB:'iB ;whsh (AppropriationCommittee), piN ;whsh (Budget Committee), noE'AgkfJ ;whsh (Wasy of Means Committee) ,nkfd.

gqto ;whshgqto ;whshgqto ;whshgqto ;whshgqto ;whsh (Select Committee)L fJj ;whsh ;kXkoD s"o s/ fe;/ ftfPPN ftXkJh T[d/P (SpecificLegislative Purpose) dh g{osh d/ bJh pDkJh iKdh j?, fit/A fe fe;/ ;kotifBe ;wZf;nk d/ nfXn?Bns/ ftPb/PD d/ bJh. fJ; Bz{ fBPfus ;w/A se nkgDk gqsht/dB gq;s[s eoBk j[zdk j?. fJ;d/ pknd fJjGzr eo fdZsh iKdh j?.

;z:[es ;whsh;z:[es ;whsh;z:[es ;whsh;z:[es ;whsh;z:[es ;whsh (Joint Committee)L fJ;dk rmB sd j[zdk j? id fJ;d/ bJh d't/A ;dB fJe' fijk fBoDkeod/ jB. fJ; ftu d't/A ;dBK d/ w?Apo o~y/ iKd/ jB. nfijh ;whsh ;EkJh iK n;EkJh d'tK soQK dhj' ;edh j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, noE–ftnt;Ek, eokXkB, eKro; g[;sekbk, SgkJh (Printing) dhftnt;Ek nkfd d/ bJh nfijh ;whsh pDkJh ik ;edh j?.

;zw/bB ;whsh;zw/bB ;whsh;zw/bB ;whsh;zw/bB ;whsh;zw/bB ;whsh (Conference Committee)L fJj nfijh ;z:[es ;whsh j? i' fe;/ ftP/ T[s/ d'tK ;dBKd/ fBoD/ ftu fJeo{gs fbnkT[D d/ bJh pDkJh iKdh j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh e'Jh th ftX/ne okPNogshdh ;wB[wsh d/ bJh G/iD s'A gfjbK d'tK ;dBK d/ d[nkok fJe jh o{g ftu gk; j'Dk ukjhdk. i/ d't/A ;dBfJe jh ftX/ne gk; eoBk ukj[zd/ j'D, gozs{ T[BQK dh nfGftnesh ftu e'Jh nzso j't/ sK fJ; nzso Bz{d{o eoB d/ bJh iK T[BQK d/ wsG/d B{z ;[bMkT[D d/ bJh fJ; ;whsh dk ;jkok fbnk iKdk j?. fJjh ekoBj? fe edh–edh ;zw/bB ;whsh Bz{ nwoheh eKro; dk shik ;dB (Third House) fejk iKdk j?.

;dB fBnwktbh ;whsh;dB fBnwktbh ;whsh;dB fBnwktbh ;whsh;dB fBnwktbh ;whsh;dB fBnwktbh ;whsh (Houe Rule Committee)L gqshfBXh ;Gk dh fJj ;whsh fJj fBoDk eodhj? fe fe;/ ftX/ne B{z ;dB ftu fe; o{g ftu oZfynk ikt/< fJj gqshfBXh ;Gk ftu fe;/ ftX/ne T[s/j'D tkb/ tkd–fttkd dh ;w/A dh jd th fBoXkos eo ;edh j?.

okPNogsh ns/ eKro;–go;go ;zpzXokPNogsh ns/ eKro;–go;go ;zpzXokPNogsh ns/ eKro;–go;go ;zpzXokPNogsh ns/ eKro;–go;go ;zpzXokPNogsh ns/ eKro;–go;go ;zpzX (Relation between the President and The Congress)L;z:[es oki nwfoek dk okPNogsh d/ ekoiekoh nzr (Executive Organ) dk w[yh j?l eKro; T[E/ dk ftXkJhftXkJhftXkJhftXkJhftXkJhnzrnzrnzrnzrnzr (Supreme Lesgislative Organ) j?. Pesh–tyoh Pesh–tyoh Pesh–tyoh Pesh–tyoh Pesh–tyoh (Separation of Powers) d/ f;XKs d/ nzsorsfJBQK d'tK nzrK dh PeshnK ns/ feqs fJ; Yzr Bkb fBoXkos ehs/ rJ? jB fe T[j nkgD/–nkgD/ y/so ftufJe d{i/ s'A ;tkXhB j'Dl Pk;B dk e'Jh th nzr nkgDh PeshnK dk gq:'r eod/ ;w/A fe;/ di/ nzr T[s/ nkfPqsBk j't/. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, T[E/ okPNogsh dk ekoiekb uko ;kb dk j?l eKro; dh gqshfBXh ;Gk dk ekoiekbd' ;kb dk j? fJ; fBnw B{z ;w/A s'A gfjbK Bk sK okPNogsh eKro; Gzr eo ;edk j?l Bk eKro; jh okiBhsh;woEB (Political Support) dh ewh d/ ekoB okPNogsh Bz{ j' ;edh j?.

d{i/ gk;/, nto'X ns/ ;zs[bB (Checks and Balances) d/ f;XKs d/ nzsors fJj ftnt;Ek ehsh rJhj? fe Pk;B d/ ftfGzB nzr fJe d{i/ T[s/ nze[P oy ;eD sKfe Pesh d/ iwktPesh d/ iwktPesh d/ iwktPesh d/ iwktPesh d/ iwkt (Concentration of Power)


B ØN


Bz{ o'fenk ik ;e/, ns/ Pk;B B{z e'Jh nzr fBoze[P Bk j' ikt/. okPNogsh ns/ eKro; dk go;go ;zpzX fJ;f;XKs dk T[g:[es T[dkjoD gq;s[s eodk j?. fJ;d/ w[~y w[~fdnK dk fttoD fJ; soQK eo ;ed/ jK L

okPNogsh ;zd/P (okPNogsh ;zd/P (okPNogsh ;zd/P (okPNogsh ;zd/P (okPNogsh ;zd/P (Presidential Message)L)L)L)L)L okPNogsh jo ;kb eKro; B{z nkgDk ;zd/P fdzdk j?fJ;d/ nzsors T[j ftT[jkos eKro; d/ ukb{ nfXt/PB (Current Session) d/ bJh g{oB ekoi ;{uh(Full Agenda) gq;s[s eo fdzdk j?. fJ; ftu T[j fJj eo fdzdk j? fe toswkB nfXt/PB d/ d"okB T[jftXkB wzvb s'A eh–eh eoB dh T[whd eodk j?< okPNogsh d/ fJ; feqs Bz{ fXnkB ftu oyd/ j'J/ ;z:[esoki nw/foek dk w[~y ftXkfJe (Chief Legislator) fejk iKdk j?. okPNogsh d/ ;zd/P B{z ;ko/ nwohekftu N/bhftIB s/ d/fynk iKdk j?l T[;B{z pj[s wj~st fd~sk iKdk j?l fJj ;koh nwoheh iBsk ns/ g{o/ftPt dk Bkw j[zdk j?. b'ews T[s/ T[;dk i' gqGkt g?Adk j?, T[;B{z fXnkB ftu oy e/ jh eKro; okPNogshd/ gq;sktK T[s/ T[g:[es ekotkjh eodh j?. nfXt/P d/ d"okB th i/ okPNogsh d/ gq;sktK T[s/ T[g:[esekotkjh eodh j?. nfXt/PB d/ d"okB i/ okPNogsh fJj nB[Grt eodk j? fe eKro; dk fdqPNhe'D T[;d/gq;sktK d/ gqsh nB[e{b BjhA j? sK fco, fizBh tko ukj/, okPNo d/ Bkw ;zd/P ikoh eo ;edk j?.

gozs{ e'Jh okPNogsh nkgD/ gq;sktK B{z eKro; d/ wkfXnw s'A feZE/ se ekfonKfts eok gkJ/rk – fJjT[;d/ nkgD/ ftneshst, eKro; ftu T[;d/ db d/ pj[ws ns/ b'ews d/ ;woEB T[s/ fBoGo j?. nkws"o T[s/ okPNogsh d/ gq;sktK ftu'A n~X/ s'A fInkdk ekfonKfts BjhA j' gkT[Ad/. T[;d/ piN gq;sktK ftuth eKro; eJh soQK d/ gfotosD iK eN"sh eo fdzdh j?.

okPNogsh dh ;wB[wsh ns/ fBP/XkfXekookPNogsh dh ;wB[wsh ns/ fBP/XkfXekookPNogsh dh ;wB[wsh ns/ fBP/XkfXekookPNogsh dh ;wB[wsh ns/ fBP/XkfXekookPNogsh dh ;wB[wsh ns/ fBP/XkfXeko (Presidential Assent and Veto)L e'Jh th ftX/neeKro; d/ d't/A ;dBK ftu'A gk; j'D d/ pknd okPNogsh d/ e'b ‘;wB[wsh’ d/ bJh G/fink iKdk j? i/okPNogsh T[; ftX/ne d/ gq;s[sheoD (Submission) d/ fdB s'A eKro; d/ d; ekoi–fdt; (WorkingDays) phs ikD s/ th okPNogsh T[; T[s/ e'Jh fJsokI BjhA eodk. sK T[;Bz{ okPNogsh dh ‘w"B ;zwsh’wzB fbnk iKdk j?l ;' T[j ftX/ne ekB{zB pD iKdk j?. gozs{ i/eo okPNogsh fJ; ntXh s'A gfjbK T[;ftX/ne T[s/ nkgD/ fJsokI ftnes eoe/ T[; Bz{ eKro; d/ e'b tkg; G/i fdzdk j? sK eKro; d/ e'b d'ftebg ofj iKd/ jBL (e) T[j okPNogsh d/ ;[MktK d/ nB[;ko ftX/ne ftu ;zP'XB eo dt/, ns/ T[;B{z Bt/A o{g ftu d[pkok gk; eoe/ okPNogsh d/ e'b G/i d/t/ sKfe okPNogsh T[;dk nB[w'dB eo d/t/liK fco (y) eKro; d/ d't/A ;dB T[; ftX/ne dk w{b o{g ftu d'–fsjkJh pj[ws Bkb d[pkok gk; eod/t/, fi; Bkb okPNogsh dk fBP/XkfXeko fBo;s j' ikJ/rk. gozs{ fJzBk pj[ws i[NkT[Dk nk;kB BjhAj[zdk. fJ;dk noE fJj j'fJnk fe okPNogsh fe;/ ftX/ne B{z e[M ;w/A d/ bJh fBbzps (suspand) eo;edk j?. okPNogsh d/ fJ; nfXeko B{z fBbzpB–fBP/XkfXeko (Suspensory Veto) fejk iKdk j?. i/okPNogsh nfij/ fe;/ ftX/ne T[s/ j;skyo eoB s'A fJBeko eo d/t/, ns/ fJ; ekoi fdt; g{o/ j'Ds'A gfjbK eKro; ;Efrs (Adjourn) j' ikJ/ sK T[j ftX/ne nkgDh w"s wo iKdk j?. okPNogsh d/ fJ;nfXeko B{z ‘i/p ftu gkT[D dk fBP/Xkfeko’ iK ‘nto'X–fBP/XkfXeko’ (Pocket Veto) fejk iKdk j?. i/eKro; T[; ftX/ne T[s/ w[V ftuko ukj[zdh j't/ sK T[; Bz{ Bt/A nfXt/PB ftu Bt/A f;o/ Bkb gk; eoe/okPNogsh d/ e'b G/iDk gJ/rk.

ekoiekoh nkd/Pekoiekoh nkd/Pekoiekoh nkd/Pekoiekoh nkd/Pekoiekoh nkd/P (Executive Order) eKro; okPNogsh ns/ T[;d/ gqPk;fBe ftGkrK (ExecutiveAgencies) Bz{ ekoiekoh nkd/P e~YD dh nkfrnk fdzdh j?. fJj nkd/P ekB{zB dh soQK wkBsk gqkgs ns/gqGktPkbh j[zd/ jB. fJj nkd/P w[Zy s"o s/ fszB T[d/PK dh g{osh dh bJh ikoh ehs/ iKd/ jBL (e) ;zftXkBiK fe;/ ftP/P ekBz{B dh ftnt;EktK Bz{ ftjkoe o{g d/D d/ bJh (y) ftd/PK d/ Bkb ehsh rJhnK ;zXhnKBz{ bkr{ eoB d/ bJhl ns/ (r) Bt/A gqPk;fBe ftGkr ;Ekfgs eoB d/ bJh iK fJBQK ftGkrK d/ ezwK ftue'Jh gfotosD eo d/ bJh. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, fJ;sqhnK ns/ nPt/sK d/ bJh ;wkokswe ekotkjh(Affirmative Action) dh ftnt;Ek d/ ekfonKftnB, okPNogsh dcso d/ g[BorfJB, nkgks ;fEsh(Emergency) d/ d"okB T[gG'esk uhIK dh okPB ftnt;Ek (Rationing) ns/ ehwsK ns/ wid{oh dhdoK d/ fBnzsoD, nkfd d/ wkwb/ ftu ekoiekoh nkd/PK dk ft;fsqs gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?.

;;;;;hB/N dk nB[;woEBhB/N dk nB[;woEBhB/N dk nB[;woEBhB/N dk nB[;woEBhB/N dk nB[;woEB (Senatorial Ratification)L okPNogsh dh PeshnK B{z eKro; d/ nze[Pftu oZyD d/ bJh fJe ftnt;Ek ehsh fJj ehsh rJh j? fe okPNogsh T[ZukfXekohnK dh i' fB:[esh


B ØN


eo/rk iK ftd/PK d/ Bkb i' ;zXhnK eo/rk, T[j sd jh wkBsk gqkgs j'DrhnK id ;hB/N dk ;kXkoD pj[ws(Simple Majority) gfonkgs j[zdk j?. t?;/ fB:[eshnK dh gqfeqnk B{z ‘;hB/N–tb'A (Sentorial Courtesy)dh gqEk d/ nzsors e[M jd se nk;kB pDk fdsk frnk j?. nzsookPNoh ;zXhnK d/ nB[;woED d/ bJh;hB/N ftu T[g;fEs ns/ wsdkB ftu Gkr b?D tkb/ w?ApoK Bz{ d'–fsjkJh pj[ws io{oh j?.

;hB/N–tZb';hB/N–tZb';hB/N–tZb';hB/N–tZb';hB/N–tZb' nwoheh ;zftXkB dh fJe wjZstg{oB gqEk (Convention) j?. fi;dk noE fJj j? fe i/okPNogsh B{z fe;/ oki–ftP/P Bkb i[V/ j'J/ ;zxh gd (Federal Office) T[s/ – fit/A fe fIbk fBnKgkdh(District Attorney) d/ gd T[s/ fB:[esh eoBh j't/, ns/ T[; oki dk fJe iK d't/A ;hB/N w?Apo(Senators) okPNogsh d/ nkgD/ okiBhfse db d/ j'D sK okPNogsh nfijh fB:[esh eoB s'A gfjbKT[; fJe iK d't/A ;hB/N w?ApoK Bkb ;bkj eo b?Adk j?. i/ T[j gq;skfts fB:[esh dk nB[w'dB eo d/t/ sK;hB/N T[; fB:[esh dh g[PNh eo d/t/rh. fJ;d/ T[bN, i/eo T[BQK Bz{ fJ; T[s/ fJsokI j't/ sK ;hB/N thT[BQK dh g[PNh BjhA eo/rh.

ekoiekoh ftGkrK d/ fBohyD ftu eKro; ;whshnK dh G{fwekekoiekoh ftGkrK d/ fBohyD ftu eKro; ;whshnK dh G{fwekekoiekoh ftGkrK d/ fBohyD ftu eKro; ;whshnK dh G{fwekekoiekoh ftGkrK d/ fBohyD ftu eKro; ;whshnK dh G{fwekekoiekoh ftGkrK d/ fBohyD ftu eKro; ;whshnK dh G{fwek (Role of the CongressCommittee in the Inspection of Rexecutive Agencies)L eKro; dh ftfGzB ;whshnK t?;/ sK ftXh–fBowkD d/ ekoi ftu ;jkfJsk d/D d/ bJh pDkJh iKdh j?, gozs{ nkgD/ ftuko y/so ftu nkT[D tkb/ftfPnK d/ nBt/PD ns/ ftPb/PD d/ bJh T[j gaqPk;fBe ftGkrK s'A e'Jh th ikDekoh (Informations)wzr ;edh j?, iK fttoD (Reports) wzrk ;edh j?. gqPk;fBe ftGkr fJBQK ;whshnK dh g[~SfrS(Inquiries) Bz{ pj[s rzGhoskg{ote b?Ad/ jB, ns/ fJBQK Bz{ T[g:[es ikDekoh d/D d/ bJh ;d?t fsnkoofjzd/ jB. fJ; soQK fJBK ;whshnK d/ wkfXnw s'A eKro; B/ gqPk;fBe ftGkrK d/ ezw–eki d/ fBohyDdh G{fwek ;zGkb fb~sh j?.

ft~s fBnzsoD ft~s fBnzsoD ft~s fBnzsoD ft~s fBnzsoD ft~s fBnzsoD (Financial Control)L eKro; fe;/ th gqPk;fBe ftGkr (Agency) iK g'qrokw d/ bJhXB dh ;thfeqsh d/D s'A gfjbK fJj gsk brkT[Adh j? fe T[; ftGkr iK g'qrokw d/ bJh fgSbh tko i'ftfB:'r (Appropriations) ehs/ rJ/ ;B, T[BQK dk T[g:'r (Utilization) fe;–fe; soQK ehsk frnkj?< fJ; soQK T[j fJj iKu eo b?Adh j? fe gq;skfts ftfB:'r dk T[g:'r fe; soQK ehsk ikJ/rk< fJ;gqEk d/ ekoB th ;z:[es oki nwoheh ftu ekoiekoh Pkyk (Executive Branch) T[s/ eKro; dk fBnzsoD;Ekfgs j' frnk j?. fJ; gqEk Bz{ ft~s fBnzsoD dh ;zfrnk fdZsh iKdh j?.

okPNogsh T[s/ wjkfG:'r ubkT[D dk nfXekookPNogsh T[s/ wjkfG:'r ubkT[D dk nfXekookPNogsh T[s/ wjkfG:'r ubkT[D dk nfXekookPNogsh T[s/ wjkfG:'r ubkT[D dk nfXekookPNogsh T[s/ wjkfG:'r ubkT[D dk nfXeko (Right to Impeachment of the President)Lnwohek dh w[yh–gqXkB gqDkbh d/ nzsors okPNogsh nkgDh j'Ad ftXkBwzvb (noEks eKro;) d/okiBhfse ;woEB (Political Support) iK ftPtk; (Confidence) T[s/ nkfPqs BjhA j?. ;' nkwgfo;fEshnK ftu eKro; okPNogsh B{z nkgD/ gd s'A BjhA jNk ;edh. gozs{ i/eo T[; T[s/ d/Pd'qj, GkohfGqPNkuko, x'o ngokX, iK d[Peow dk nko'g j't/ sK T[; T[s/ wjkfG:'r ubkfJnk ik ;edk j?. okPNogshT[s/ wjkfG:'r ubkT[D dk nfXeko f;oc eKro; B{z j?. fJj ekotkjh gqshfBXh ;Gk ftu P[o{ j'Dh ukjhdhj? fiZE/ wjkfG:'r dh XkoktK (Articles of Impeachement) fsnko eoe/ ;hB/N d/ e'b G/i d/Dh ukjhdhj? sKfe T[BQK d/ nkXko T[s/ ;hB/N ftu w[e~dwk ubkfJnk ik ;e/. wjkfG:'r dh fe;/ th Xkok Bz{ gk; eoB d/bJh gqshfBXh ;Gk dk ;kXkoD pj[ws (Simple Majority) gfonkgs j?. wjkfG:'r d/ fBoD/ bJh ;hB/N dkd'–fsjkJh pj[ws (Two–third Majority) io{oh j'J/rk.

;ftNiob?Av dh ;zxh ftnt;Ek (;ftNiob?Av dh ;zxh ftnt;Ek (;ftNiob?Av dh ;zxh ftnt;Ek (;ftNiob?Av dh ;zxh ftnt;Ek (;ftNiob?Av dh ;zxh ftnt;Ek (Federal system of Switzerland)))))

;ftNiob?Av dk ;wki g[oP–gqXkB ;wki j? fJ~E/ 1971 se fJ;sqhnK Bz{ ;zxh u'D ftu t'N d/D Bz{ nfXekoBjhA ;h. fJ~E/ 1984 ftu gfjbh tko wzsohwzvb ftu e'Jh fJ;sqh oyh rJh. T[;B/ 1988 ftu fsnkr

ftfB:'r gqPk;fBe gqfeqnk d/ nzsors, T[j XBokPh i' fe;/ ftP/P T[d/P(Purpose) dh g{osh iK fe;/ ftP/P gfo:'iBk (Project) d/ ekfonKftnB d/bJh fBoXkfos ehsh iKdh j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j'


B ØN


g~so d/ fd~sk, ns/ T[E/ d{ih fJ;sqh 1993 ftu oyh rJh. 1999 ftu ;zxh ;Gk (Federal Assembly)B/ gfjbh fJ;sqh w[yh dh u'D ehsh. T[;/ ;kb :[o'gh ;zx d/ Bkb d'–g~yh tgko ;wM"s/ T[s/ j;skyo fes/rJ/. 1999 dh fJe gfofgqSk d/ nzsors jh ekohroK d/ bJh ‘jVskb d/ nfXeko’ (Right to Strike)Bz{ wkBsk d/D d/ T[d/P Bkb ;zftXkfBe ;zP'XB ehsk frnk. ;ftNiob?Av nB/e okiBhfse gqGkrK(Political Divisions) ftu tzfvnk j? fiBQK Bz{ ‘e?ANB’ (Canton) fejk iKdk j?. ;ft; gfo;zx nfij/20 e?ANBK ns/ 6 noX–e?ANBK (Harlf-cantons) ;zx (Federation) j?. ;ftNiob?Av dk ;zftXkB 1874s'A ufbnk nk fojk j?. fJ; ;zftXkB d/ nzsors ;zxh ;oeko (Federal Government) Bz{ ftfPPNPeshnK gqdkB ehshnK rJhnK jB ns/ ntfPPN PeshnK (Residual Powers) e?ANBK d/ e'b ofjDfdshnK rJhnK jB. jo/e e?ANB dk nkgDk–nkgDk ;zftXkB, nkgDh^nkgDh ftXkB ;Gk (Assembly)ns/ nkgDh–nkgDh ;oeko j?. e?ANBK s'A j/mb/ g~Xo T[s/ 3,000 s'A fInkdk ‘efwT{B’ (Communes) jB.fJBQK dh iB;zfynk 20 s'A b? e/ 3,50,000 se j?. efwT{B ;GktK ns/ gfofgq~Sk d/ wkfXnw s'A T[E/ ‘gqsZyb'eszso’ (Direct Democracy) Bz{ tkXk fdsk iKdk j?.

;ft; ;zftXkB d/ nzsors, ;zx d/ g~Xo T[s/ ;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk (Federal Assembly) dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJhfi; ftu d' ;dB jB. j/mb/ ;dB B{z okPNoh gfoPdokPNoh gfoPdokPNoh gfoPdokPNoh gfoPdokPNoh gfoPd (National Council) fejk iKdk j?l T[gob/ ;dBBz{ oki gfoPdoki gfoPdoki gfoPdoki gfoPdoki gfoPd iK oki ;Gk oki ;Gk oki ;Gk oki ;Gk oki ;Gk (Council of States) fejk iKdk j?. okPNoh gfoPd ftu 200 w?Apo j[zd/jB i' ;kotifBe ftn;e wskfXeko (Universal Adult Suffrege) d/ nkXko T[s/ nkB[gkfse gqshfBXhst(Proportion Representation) d/ f;XKs d/ nB[;ko dbhJ/ ;{uh gqDkbh (Part List System) s'A uko ;kbd/ bJh u[D/ iKd/ jB. oki gfoPd ftu 46 w?Apo j[zd/ jB. fJBQK ftu'A jo/e e?ANB d/ d'–d' gqshfBXh ns/jo/e noXe?AN dk fJe–fJe gqshfBXh j[zdk j?. oki gfoPd d/ w?Apo fszB ik uko ;kb d/ bJh u[D fbZs/iKd/ jB. fJBQK dk ekoiekb ;zpX e?ANB d/ nkgD/ ;zftXkB s'A fBoXkfos j[zdk j?.

;ftNiob?Av ftu ;zxh ;oeko dh ekoiekoh Pesh (Executive Power) ;zxh gfoPd;zxh gfoPd;zxh gfoPd;zxh gfoPd;zxh gfoPd (FederalCouncil) d/ j~EK ftu ofjzdh j?. fJ; ftu ;~s w?Apo jz[zd/ jB fiBQK Bz edh–edh wzsoh (Minister) fejkiKdk j/. fJj w?Apo ;zxh ;Gk (Federal Assembly) d/ d[nkok fJ;d/ d't/A ;dBK (okPNoh gfoPd ns/oki gfoPd) d/ ;z:[es nfXt/PB ftu uko ;kb d/ bJh u[D/ iKd/ jB. fJ;dk jo/e w?Apo fe;/ fJe ;zxhftGkr (Federal Department) dk w[yh j[zdk j?. ;zxh gfoPd fJBQK ftu'A fJe–fJe w?Apo B{z fJe–fJe;kb bJh nkgDk w[yh (President) ns/ T[gw[yh (Vice–President) u[Ddh j?. fJe gqEk (Convention)d/ nB[;ko, ;zxh gfoPd d/ fe;/ w?Apo Bz{ brksko d' tko w[yh Bjh u[fDnk ik ;edk. fJe j'o gqEk nB[;ko,w[yh dk ekoiekb g{ok j' ikD T[s/ fgSb/ T[gw[yh Bz{ BtK w[yh u[D fbnk iKdk j?. fco, fJe j'o gqEk nB[;koi' ftnesh fJe tko ;zxh gfoPd dk w?Apo u[D fbnk iKdk j?, T[j id ukj/ T[;Bz{ fJ; gd bJh fco s'Au[D fbnk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK fJ; gfoPd d/ ;ko/ w?ApoK Bz{ tkoh–tkoh Bkb T[gw[yh ns/ w[yh pDB dk nt;ofwbdk j?. ;zxh gfoPd d/ w[yh Bz{ jh ;ft; gfo;zx dk w[yh iK okPNgsh (President) fejk iKdk j?.

nkgD/ fJe ;kb d/ ekoiekb ftu ;zxh gfoPd d/ w[yh Bz{ nkgD/ S/ ;fj:'rhnK d/ ;Bw[y wzfBnk iKdk j?.T[;Bz{ e[M nb~r sBykj ns/ G~s/ sK fwbd/ jB, gozs{ T[j f;oc ;ze/se okiw[yh (Nominal Head ofState) dh G{fwek fBGkT[Adk j?. T[;dh ekoiekoh PeshnK nkgD/ ;fJ;'rhnK d/ ;ws[Zb j[zdh j?. fJjhekoD j? fe ;ft; ekoigkfbhek Bz{ pj[b ekoigkfbek (Plural Executive) wzfBnK iKdk j?l fJj fJ;dhftbZyD ftP/Psk j?.

gqs~y b'eszso dh ;z;EktK (gqs~y b'eszso dh ;z;EktK (gqs~y b'eszso dh ;z;EktK (gqs~y b'eszso dh ;z;EktK (gqs~y b'eszso dh ;z;EktK (Institution of Direct Democracy)L )L )L )L )L ;ftNiob?Av dh okiBhfsegqDkbh d/ nzsors ‘gqsZy b'eszso’ d/ f;XKs dk ;G s'A ft;fsqs gq:'r‘gqsZy b'eszso’ d/ f;XKs dk ;G s'A ft;fsqs gq:'r‘gqsZy b'eszso’ d/ f;XKs dk ;G s'A ft;fsqs gq:'r‘gqsZy b'eszso’ d/ f;XKs dk ;G s'A ft;fsqs gq:'r‘gqsZy b'eszso’ d/ f;XKs dk ;G s'A ft;fsqs gq:'r d/yD Bz{ fwbdk j?. w{bs"o s/ gqs~y b'eszso nfijh ftnt;Ek dk ;ze/s fdzdk j? fi; ftu fe;/ S'N/ ;w[dkJ/ d/ ;ko/ Bkrfoe(Citizens) ;w/A–;w/A T[s/ fJe~so j' e/ ekBz{B pDkT[Ad/ jb iK ;kotifBe fBoD/ (Public Decisions) eod/jB. gqkuhB :{BkB d/ e[M BroôkiK ftu fJj gqEk gqufbs ;h jkbKfe T[E/ Bkrfoe dk doIk fJB/–frD/b'e Bz{ jh gqkgs ;h. nkX[fBe :[r d/ tZv/–tZv/ ;w[dkfJnK ftu fiZE/ Bkrfoe dk doik th oki d/ ;G(ftn;e) w?ApoK d/ bJh nk;kB j? nfijh gqEk ftjkoe BjhA j'J/rh. ;' b'eszso d/ toswkB o{g d/ nzsorsfe;h d/P d/ Bkrfoe nkgD/ gqshfBXhnK d/ wkfXnw Bkb jh nkgD/ okiBhfse nfXekoK (Political


B ØN


Rights) dk gq:'r eod/ jB. fJ; ftnt;Ek Bz{ ‘gqshfBXh b'eszso’ (REpresentative Democracy)fejk iKdk j?. ;ftNIob?Av ftu th ‘gqshfBXh b'eszso’ d/ wkfXnw Bkb Pk;B ubkfJnk iKdk j?. gozs{T[E/ dh okiBhfse gqfeqnk (Political Process) d/ nzsors gqshfBXh b'eszso ftu gqsZy b'eszso dk g[Nj'D dk ft;fsqs isB ehsk frnk j?. t?;/ ftPt dh j'o b'eszsoh gqDkbhnK ftu'A (fit/A fe bkJhyN/ANkJhB,;z:[es oki nwohek d/ e[M okiK, fJNbh ns/ ;b'tke rDoki ftu) th nfij/ isB j'J/ jB, gozs{;ftNiob?Av dh iB;zfynk nB/e ;ziksh (Ethnc) ns/ Xkofwe (Religious) ;w{jK ftu tzvh j?. T[E/w[Zy s"o s/ nbgkJhB ns/ Bkofve ikBhnK d/ b'e ofjzd/ jB. fJBQK ftu w'N/ s"o T[s/ 70# b'e iowBGkPk p'bd/ jBl 20# cq?Au p'bd/ jBl ns/ 10# fJNkfbnB p'bd/ jB. eohp 47# b'e o'wB e?E'fbe XowBz{ wzBd/ jBl eohp 44# g'qN/;N/AN jBl pkeh j'o XowK ftu nk;ek oyd/ jB. fJ; soQK d/ ;w{jK ftufGzB–fGzB ftfPnK T[s/ ;fjwsh j'Dk w[Pfeb j?. gozs{ fJj b'e nkgD/ wsG/dK T[s/ fInkdk pb BjhA fdzd/pbfe ;fjtosD–w{be okiBhsh (Consociational Politics) ftu ftPtk; eod/ jB.

;fjtosB w{be okiBhsh d/ bJh okiBhfse fBoD/ gqfeqnk ftu BkrfoeK dh gqsZy ;fjGkfrsk (DirectParticipation) ;otEk T[g:[es f;ZX jz[dh j?. fJ; d/ bJh ;kXkoD s"o s/ d' ftXhnK dk gq:'r ehskiKdk j?L T[geqw (Initiative) ns/ gfofgq~Sk (Referendum). fJBQK ftu gfofgqZSk fInkdk b'efgqn j?.

T[geqw (T[geqw (T[geqw (T[geqw (T[geqw (Initiative)L)L)L)L)L T[geqw nfijh ftXh j? fi; ftu fe;/ okiBhfse fBoD/ d/ bJh p[fBnkdh g~Xo(Grass-root level) dh P[o{nks ehsh iKdh j?, noEks fJ; ftu e'Jh ;kXkoD Bkrfoe iK BkrfoeK dk;w{dkJ/ gq;skfts ekB{zB iK ;zftXkfBe ;zP'XB dk gqko{g (Draft) fsnko eodk j?. i/eo gzihfeqs wsdksktK(Registered Voters) dh fBPfus ;zfynk T[; T[s/ j;skyo eo fdzdh j? sK ;oeko T[/;d/ gZy ns/ ftg~yftu ftXkBwzvb (Legislature) iK fBotkuewzvb (Electorate) s'A wsdkB eokT[D Bz{ wip{o j[zdh j?.fJ; gqfeqnk d/ nzsors ;kXkoD wsdksk wBukfjnk ekBz{B pDtkT[D d/ bJh ftXkfJeK T[s/ nkfPqs BjhAofj iKd/ pbfe nkg th fJ; fdPk tu gfjb eo ;ed/ jB. ;ftNiob?Av ftu i/eo 1,00,000 wsdksk;zftXkfBe ;zP'XB (Constitutional Amendment) d/ gq;skt T[s/ j;skyo eo d/D sk T[;Bz{ d' ;kb d/nzso okPNftnkgh wsdkB d/ bJh gq;s[s eoBk io{oh j'J/rk. i/eo 50,000 wsdksk (noEks iB;zfynkdk 0H7# fjZ;k) fe;/ ;zxh ekBz{B (Federal Law), nkfrngsh (Decree) iK dhoxekfbe ;zXh (Long-Term Treaty) go gfofgqSk dh wzr eoD sK T[; Bz{ th d' ;b d/ nzdo okPNoftnkgh wsdkB d/ bJhgq;s[s eoBk io{oh j't/rk. fGzB–fGzB e?ANBK B/ T[geqw d/ gq:'r bJh nkgD/–nkgD/ fBnw pDk oy/ jB.

gfofgqZSk (gfofgqZSk (gfofgqZSk (gfofgqZSk (gfofgqZSk (Referendum)L)L)L)L)L gfofgq~Sk nfijh ftXh j? fi; ftu ;oeko iK ;z;d dh p/Bsh T[s/ fe;/wj~stg{oB w[Zd/ T[s/ iB;kXkoD s'A wsdKB eokfJnk iKdk j. fJ;dk byP e'Jh ;zftXkfBe ;zP'XB, Bhsh–gfotosD iK nfijk fttkdg{oB ftP/ j' ;edk j?. fi; T[s/ ftXkBwzvb nkgDk fBoD/ d/ u[fenk j't/, ns/T[; T[Zs/ fBotkuewzvb (Electorate) dk fBoDk ng/efPs j't/. fJj w{b s"o s/ t?Xsk (Legitimacy)gqkgs eoB dk T[gkn j?. edh–edh ftgZy (Opposition) dh eN{ nkb'uBK s'A puD d/ bJh ;oeko nkgDhb'efgqnsk s'A bkG T[mk e/ nkgD/ fBoD/ T[s/ b'ews dh ;thfeqsh dh Skg brtkT[D d/ bJh fJ; ftXh dkgq:'r eo ;edh j?. ;ftNiob?Av ftu gfjb/–gfjb PtkJhI Bkwe e?AN/B ftu 1294 ftu Bhsh d/ w[Zd/T[s BkrfoeK Bkb gqsZy wsdkB eokfJnk frnk ;h. gfjbh–gfjbh okPNoftnkgh gfofgqZSk 1802 ftu

;fjtosBw{be okiBhsh (Consociational Politics) nfijh okiBhsh fi; ftu ;ko/fBoD/ e/tb pj[ws (Majority) d/ nkXko T[s/ BjhA ehs/ iKd/ pbfe fGzB–fGzB ;w{jfwbi[b e/ fBod/ eod/ jB, ns/ fwb–tzv e/ ;~sk (Authority) dk gq:'r eod/ jB. i';wki iksh, Xkofwe, GkPkJh, y/soh, ;K;feqse ns/ ftukoXkokswe nkXko T[s/ fGzB–fGzB ;w{jK ftu tzfvnk j't/, T[; ftu go;go ;dGktBk ekfJe oyD bJh nfijhokiBhsh ;dk T[g:[es wzBh iKdh j?.

B'N;


B ØN


nk:'fis ehsh rJh. T[j ;fEsh fi; ftu iB;kXkoD ;oeko dh fe;/ Bhsh, ekotkjh iK ekBz{B B{z T[g:[eswzB/ j'J/ wB Bkb T[;dk ;BwkB eoB brd/ jB.


ykbh n;EkBK dh g{osh eo' ykbh n;EkBK dh g{osh eo' ykbh n;EkBK dh g{osh eo' ykbh n;EkBK dh g{osh eo' ykbh n;EkBK dh g{osh eo' (Fill in the blanks)1H ;z:[es oki nwohek d/ ftXkBwzvb Bz{ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH fejk iKdk j?.2H nwoheh ns/ ;ftNiob?Av ftu HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH gqDkbh gqufbs j?.

3H nwoheh ;hB/N B{z ftPt dk ;G s'A PeshPkbh HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH fejk iKdk j?.4H ;ftNIob?Av nB/e okiBhfse gqGkrK ftu tzfvnk j? fiBQK B{z HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH fejk iKdk j?.5H ;ftNIob?Av ftu ;zxh ;oeko dh ekoiekoh Pesh HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ftu j[zdh j?.


• fpqfNP ;zftXkB eqfwe ftek; dk Bshik j?. fJ; dhnK iVQK g[okD/ fJfsjk; ftu iwhnK j'JhnK jB.T[vo' ftb;B B/ fJ; Bz{ jh ftnes eod/ j'J/ fejk j? fe “fpqfNP ;zt?XkfBe fJfjsk; dh fJe gqw[ZyftP/Psk fJj j? fe T[;dh okiBhfse ;z;EktK, T[;d/ ftek;eqw, i' gqkuBhsw Pk;B gqDkbh d/gfotosD se fJe jB, Bkb ;zpX jB.”

• fJzrb?Av dk fJfsjk; e/bN (Celts), o'wB (Romans) ns/ ;?eB (Saxons) ikshnK d/ nkrwB d/Bkb P[o{ j[zdk j?. Gkt/A fJBQK dk Pk;B gzithA Pskpdh d/ nkozG se fojk fco th ;zftXkB d/ ftek;ftu fJ;dk th j~E BjhA fojk. fJ;d/ pknd J/Arb'–;?e;B ;fGnsk dk nkozG j[zdk j? fi;d/ Bshi/ti'A toswkB nzr/qIh ;fGnsk ns/ T[;d/ ;zftXkB dh BhAj gJh.

• fpqfNP ;zftXkB d/ ftek; dk d{ik ns/ wj~stg{oB nfXnkfJ 1066 JhH d/ BkwoiB fi~s s'A nkozGj[zdk j?. fJjh f;XKs dk T[drw–;Eb j?. fJ; :[r ftu ;wkfie ns/ gqPk;fBe ftnt;Ek dk nfijko{g fdZsk frnk fi;d/ co;o{g okik g{o/ d/P dk Pk;e pD frnk. e[b fwbk e/ BkowB :[r ftuokiBhfse ftnt;Ek Bz{ ekch fdqV pDkfJnk frnk.

• j/Boh d{i/ B/ Pk;B Bz{ ;cbskg{ope ubkfJnk ns/ okizsso Bz{ fdqV pDkfJnk gozs{, T[; s'A n:'rT[ZukfXekohnK – fouov gfjbk ns/ ikB dh rbs BhshnK B/ eqKsh dh nZr GVek fdZshl ;woEeKB/ T[;dk ;kE SZv fdZsk. nzs ftu, p?o'Bh B/ ikB Bz{ nkgDh PosK Bz{ wzBD d/ bJh wip{o ehsk.T[; w?rBkekoNk (Magna Carta) fi;Bz{ ‘wzrôkigZso’ (The Great Charter) efjzd/ jB, gonkgDh wzi{oh d/Dh gJh. fJj okigZso ftPt dk BjhA sK x~N s'A x~N r/qN fpqN/B dk ;G s'A wjZstg{oBb/y io{o j?. T[BhAthA Pskpdh ftu fpPg fpfbnw ;Np;fpPg fpfbnw ;Np;fpPg fpfbnw ;Np;fpPg fpfbnw ;Np;fpPg fpfbnw ;Np; (Bishop William Stubbs) B/ fejk;h fe fpqfNP ;zftXkB dk g{ok fJfsjk; fJ; wjkB okig~so dh fJe ftnkfynk j?.

• 1603 JhH ftu i/w; gfjb/, fi;Bz{ ‘;G s'A p[~XhwkB p/te{c’ (wisest fool) fejk frnk j? okirZdhT[s/ p?mk. T[j okiktK d/ ‘d?th nfXeko’ (Divine Rights of the Kings) d/ f;XKs ftu ftPtk;eodk ;h. fJ; f;XKs d/ nB[;ko okik fgqEth T[s/ JhPto dk d{s ;h fi;Bz{ n;hws ns/ fBoze[PPesh gqkgs ;h.

t?Xsk (Legitimacy) s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'<Nk;e


B ØN


• 1660 JhH okiszso dh d[pkok ;EkgBk j'Jh. ukob; d{ik rZdh s/ p?mk. fco okik ns/ ;z;d dk ;zpzXftrVD bZrk. ukob; d/ Pk;B dh fJe wj~stg{ob xNBk 1679 JhH dk j?fpn; ekog; n?eN(Harbeas Corpus Act, 1679) ;h. ukob; d/ pknd i/w; d{ik okirZdh s/ nkfJnk. uou d/ ekoB;z;d Bkb T[;dh bVkJh fSV rJh. cb;o{g 1688 JhH ftu ‘wjkB eqKsh’ (Glorious Revolution)j'Jh ns/ ;N{noN dk nzs j' frnk.

• nfXeko–g~so (1689 JhH) se fpqfNP ;zftXkfBe fJfsjk; d/ ftek; d/ phiko'gD dk :[r ;h. T[; ;w/A se ;zftXkB d/ w'be sZsK dh BhAj g? u[eh ;h. fJ;/ BhAj T[s/ ;zftXkB dk ftPkb GtB yVk j'fJnk.1689 JhH d/ pknd dk :[r fJ;/ GtB–fBowkD dh ejkDh j?.

• ;skoQthA ;dh d/ nzfsw dPe ftu pj[s/ pzXBK d/ pkti{d okik PeshPkbh pfDnk fojk. f;XKs ftu;z;d dh ;otT[Zusk wzBh ik u[eh ;h, gozs{ fJ; Bz{ ftjkoe o{g d/D ftu efmBkJh j' ojh ;h.ftfbnw ns/ w?oh dh okieh BhshnK ns/ ezwK T[s/ ;ys fBnzsoD fojk. gozs{, nmkoQthA ;dh d/nkozG ftu mhe ;w/A B/ gbNk ykXk.

• okik tk;sfte Pk;B Bk fojk, T[j ;zftXkfBe gqXkB pD frnk. T[j f;oc oki eoD bZrk Pk;BBjhA. ;ko/ T[ZsokfXekohnK B/ fJ; fBnw dk gkbB ehsk.

• nmkoQthA ;dh d/ wZX se nfijh ;z;Ek dk iBw j'fJnk i' iBszso dk gqw[Zy nzr pD rJh. fJj;z;Ek wzsoh gfoPd ;h. j'bh–j'bh tk;sfte gqPk;eh Pesh ;z;d d/ gqsh fIzw/tko fJedbhJ/wzsohgfoPd d/ jZE ftu nk rJh. nzs ftu, iBsk dh gqshfBXh ;Gk ‘ekwB ;Gk’ d/ jZE ftud/P dh nzsw Pesh nkJh ns/ wzsoh wzvb T[;d/ gqsh ;w{je o{g Bkb fizw/tko j'fJnk.

• wzsoh wzvb d/ ;w{je fizw/tko dh ftjkoe ;cbsk d/ bJh B/sk dh io{os ;h, gozs{ pj[s fdBK sefe;h B/ fJ; ;EkB Bz{ rqfjD BjhA ehsk.

• ;zftXkB d/ ;w[fus frnkB d/ bJh T[;dk fJfsjk;e frnkB io{oh j?. nfXn?B dh ;[ftXk d/ bJh;zftXkB d/ ftek; B{z uko fjZf;nK ftu tzfvnk ik ;edk j? – (1) T[gfBt/PheoD (Colonization),(2) ;[szsosk (Independence), (3) okiwzvb (Confederation) ns/ (4) ;zftXkB (Constitution).

• nwoheh T[gfBt/PK dh j'o gqw[Zy ;EkJh ftP/Psk ;EkBe ;z;EKtk ;h. nkX[fBe ekb dh ;EkBe;z;EktK dk fJZE'A jh nkozG j[zdk j?. fBT[ fJzrb?Av dh gqw[Zy d/D PfjoK ftu gqsZy gqikszso ;h.

• ;ftNiob?Av dk nkozGe fJfsjk; ikshnK d/ nktkrwB dk fJfj;k; j?. nr;s, 1291 Bz{ fszB ;[szsons/ ;zgqG{ okiK B/ ‘;EkJh ;zx’ dh ;EkgBk ehsh. tk;st ftu ;ftNiohb?Av dk iBw j'fJnk. ;zxdh ;EkgBk ftu eJh ;" ;kb fJ;d/ ft;sko ns/ fdqVsk d/ ;kb ;B.

• 1848 JhH d/ ;zftXkB dk fBowkD ‘nw/foek d/ ;zftXkB Bz{ nkdoP wzB e/ ehsk frnk ;h. fJj e?ANBKdh gqG[;Zsk ;zx dh tXdh j'Jh Pesh d/ ftu ;wM"s/ dk Bshik ;h. fJ; ;zftXkB d[nkok fJj isBehsk frnk fe e?ANB T[; jd se gqG[oki pD/ ofjD fi~E/ se fe ;zxh ;zftXkB T[BQK Bz{ gqG[;Zsk gqdkBeo ;e/.

• uhBh ;kwtkdhnK dk efjDk j? fe T[BQK ;zftXkB fJfsj; Bkb r{V/ o{g Bkb ;zpzXs j?l T[j fJfsjk;enB[Gt T[s/ nkXkos j?. bhU PkU–uh B/ fejk ;h fe uhB dk toswkB ;zftXkB “uhBh iBsk d/fJe Pskpdh s'A fInkdk eqKshekoh ;zxoP ns/ nkX[fBeekbhB uhBh ;zftXkBtkd d/ fJfsjk;e nB[Gtdk Bshik j?.”

• ;kwtkdh Pk;B dh ;EkgBk d/ s[ozs pknd fe;h ;zftXkB dk fBowkD BjhA ehsk frnk. Pk;Bftnt;Ek d/ ;zukbB d/ bJh fJe nkw g'qrokw (Common Programme) Bz{ ngDkfJnk frnk fi;B/gzi ;kbK se n;EkJh ;zftXkB (Provision Constitution) d/ o{g ftu ezw ehsk. nkw g'qrokw dkfBowkD uhBh iBtkdh okiBhfse ;bkjdksk ;zw/bBokiBhfse ;bkjdksk ;zw/bBokiBhfse ;bkjdksk ;zw/bBokiBhfse ;bkjdksk ;zw/bBokiBhfse ;bkjdksk ;zw/bB (Chinese People's Politial Consultative


B ØN


Conference) Bkwe ;z;Ek d[nkok j'fJnk. fJj fJe fyuVh ;z;Ek ;h. fi; ftu ;kwtkdh db d/ BkbftfGzB okiBhfse dbK, b'e ;zrmBK, iBPesh ;?Bk ns/ ;w[zdo gko uhBhnK d/ gqshfBXh Pkwb ;B.

• ;bkjdksk ;zw/bB B/ fszB gqb/yK dk fBowkD ehsk – (e) nkw gaq'rokw (A Common Programme)(y) ;bkjdksk ;zw/bB dk ;kt:t fBnw (An Organic Law of the CPPCC) ns/ (r) e/Adoh;oeko dk ;kt:t fBnw (An Organic Law of the Central People's Government)

• fszBK gqb/yK ftu nkw g'qrokw ;G s'A fInkdk wj~stg{oB ;h. fJ; ftu nKsfoe Pk;Bekb d/ bJhnoEks ;wkitkd dh gqkgsh se d/ bJh, w"fbe T[d/PK dk T[b/y ehsk frn ;h. gq;sktBk ftu fejkfrnk ;h uhB dk okiBhfse nkXko ‘BthB gqikszso’ (New Democracy) j? fiBQK dk T[g:'r‘iBsKsfoe nfXBkfJeszso’ (People Democratic Dictatorship) d[nkok ehsk ikJ/rk.

• d;zpo 1993 d/ ;zftXkB d/ nzsors o{; ftu ;zxh rDoki;zxh rDoki;zxh rDoki;zxh rDoki;zxh rDoki (Federal Republic) dh ;EkgBk ehshrJh. ;' fJ; d/P dk nkfXekfoe Bkw o{;h ;zxo{;h ;zxo{;h ;zxo{;h ;zxo{;h ;zx (Russian Federation) j?. fJ; ;zx ftu 21rDoki (Republics), 49 gqPk;fBe nzub (Administrative Regions), 6 gqKs (Provinces), 10;tkfJ~s iBgd (Autonomous District) ns/ d' ;zxh Bro (Federal Cities) – wk;e' ns/ ;?ANghNo;por Pkwb jB. fJ; soQK o{;h ;zx e[b fwbk e/ 89 gqPk;fBe fJekJhnK (AdministrativeUnits) Bkb pfDnk j?.

• Pk;B gqDkbh d/ g~Xo T[s/ fJE/ w[yh dh gqDkbhw[yh dh gqDkbhw[yh dh gqDkbhw[yh dh gqDkbhw[yh dh gqDkbh (Presidential System) ns/ ;z;dh gqDkbh;z;dh gqDkbh;z;dh gqDkbh;z;dh gqDkbh;z;dh gqDkbh(Parliamentary System) dk fwPoDdk fwPoDdk fwPoDdk fwPoDdk fwPoD fsnko eoB dk isB ehsk frnk j?. w[yh gqDkbh dh soQKfJE/ fJe PeshPkbh okPNogsh okPNogsh okPNogsh okPNogsh okPNogsh (President) dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j?, ns/ ;z;dh gqDkbh dhsoQK fJZE/ fJe PeshPkbh ;z;d;z;d;z;d;z;d;z;d (Parliament) dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j? fi;Bz{ ;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk(Federal Assembly) fejk iKdk j?.

• o{; ftu ftXkfJek (Legislature) d/ feqs ;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk (Federal Assembly) dk ;"Ag/ rJ/ jB. fJ;ftu d' ;dB (Chambers) oy/ rJ/ jB. nt;o (Lower House) Bz{ ;N/N fvT{wk;N/N fvT{wk;N/N fvT{wk;N/N fvT{wk;N/N fvT{wk fejk iKdk j?.fJ; ftu 450 w?ApoK dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j?. T[Zuso ;dB (Upper House) B{z ;zxh gfoPd;zxh gfoPd;zxh gfoPd;zxh gfoPd;zxh gfoPd(Federal Council) fejk iKdk j?. fJ; ftu 178 w?ApoK dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j? ;N/N fvT{wkd/ 225 w?Apo f;~X/ fJew?Apoh y/soK (Single-Member Constituencies) s'A uko ;kb d/ bJh u[D/iKd/ jB. fJ; u'D ftu pj[wsgqDkbh (Plurality System) ngDkJh iKdh j? .

• ;zxh gfoPd d/ nzsors o{;h ;zx dh 89 gqPk;fBe fJekJhnK ftu'A jo/e d/ d'–d' gqshfBXh Pkwbj[zd/ jB fi; Bkb fJ; gfoPd d/ w?ApoK dh ;zfynk 178 j' iKdh j?. fe;/ th rDoki iK nzub d/gqshfBXh T[ZE/ dh ekoigkfbek (Executive) ns/ ftXkfJek d/ w[yh j'D/ ukjhd/ jB.

• ;kXkoD s"o s/ e'Jh th ftX/ne P[o{–P[o{ ftu ;N/N fvT{wk ftu gk; j'D s'A pknd jo/e ftX/ne B{z;zxh gfoPd d/ e'b G/iDk ukjhdk. i/eo ;zxh gfoPd fe;/ ftX/ne B{z n;theko eo dt/ sK T[j d'–fsjkJh [pj[ws Bkb T[; ftX/ne B{z d[pkok gk; eoe/ T[Zu ;dB dh fJZSk dh ntj/bBk eo ;edh j?.nfijh jkbs ftu T[; ftX/ne B{z ;z;d d[nkok gk; wzfBnk ikt/rk.

• ;zftXkB ftek;Phb j[zd/ jB. fJ;h gq;zr ftu j/Bdh w/B (Henry Maine) B/ fejk ;h fe ;zftXkBfBofws BjhA nfgs{ ftef;s j[zd/ jB. T[; T[esh ftu ;~u dh wksqk i' th j't/ fJzBk sK ;ot wkBsktkbk j? jh fe e'Jh th ;zftXkB nkgD/ nzfsw, o{g B{z gqkgs BjhA eo gkfJnk j? ns/ ftek; d/ :'rj?. bkov pqkrjw B/ fejk ;hL “i/ ;zftXkB dk e'Jh w[Zb j? sK T[BQK Bz{ ftef;s j'Dk ukjhdk, T[BQK dhnKiVQK th j[zdhnK jB, T[j ged/ jB, fdqV jz[d/ jB.” noE fJj j? fe wkBt ;wki ftek;Phb j?,;w/A d/ Bkb jh wB[Zy dh io{osK ns/ gfo;fEshnK pdbdhnK ofjzdhnK jB.

• nkX[fBe fbfys ;zftXkB ftu nwoheh ;zftXkB ;G s'A fInkdk g[okDk ;zftXkB j?. fJ;dk fBowkDbrGr d' ;" ;kb gfjbk j'fJnk ;h gozs{ nZi th i/ w/vh;B ns/ j?fwbNB Xosh s/ nkT[D sK fJ;


B ØN


Bz{ gSkBD ftu T[BQK Bz{ th efmBkJh j't/rh. nZi dk ;zftXkB f;oc 1787 JhH dk fbys gqb/y BjhAj?, fJj sK YKukwkso j?, rrBu[zph nNfbek dk nkXko wkso j?. ;w/A ns/ gfo;fEsh dh wzr d/nB[;ko fJ; ftu ;zP'XB j'J/, ftXh t/sk, gqekPeh nkXko, ftXkfJBh ;z;EktK, BkrfoeK ns/okiBhfse dbK B/ fJ;dh ftnkfynk ehsh.

• n'rn'rn'rn'rn'r ns/ o/o/o/o/o/ B/ fJ; bJh fejk j? fe “tostwkB ;zftXkB f;oc gqb/yhB nB[ZS/ BjhA jB pbfe ;kohnKftnkfynktK, fBoD/, nfGnk; ns/ gqDkbhnK i' w"fbe nB[S/dK ns/ XkoktK d/ nk;/–gk;/ ftef;s j'J/jB fJ;dk ;zebB j?, fiBQK Bz{ x~N s'A x~N fJe jIko gzfBnK ftu Skfgnk frnk j?.”

• ;zt?XkfBe ftek; d/ bJh nB/e g~XshnK T[s/ fBoGo ehsk iKdk j?, fit/A – gqEktK, ohsh–fotki,gqPk;eh nfXnkd/P, e'oN d/ fBoD ns/ ftfrnkB T[fd:'fre nB[;zXkB nkfd. fJBQK g~XshnK s'A th;gPN ns/ gqsZy g~Xsh ;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XB jB fJ;dh ifNbsk ns/ ;zftXkB dh gqfsPmk dk fynkboyd/ j'J/ fJ; gZXsh dk xZN gq:'r j[zdk j?L go ;ftNIob?Av ftu j'o ftXhnK d/ T[bN ;zftXkfBegfotosD fbnkT[D d/ bJh ;zftXkfBe ;zP'XB dh gZXsh T[s/ jh fInkdk fBoGo ehsk frnk j?.;ftNiob?Av ftu f;oc 77 ;kbK ftu (1874^1975 JhH) 50 ;zP'XB ehs/ rJ/, idfe nw/foek ftu170 ;kbK ftu (1789 JhH s'A n~i se) f;oc 26 ;zP'XB ehs/ rJ/.

• ;z:[es oki nwohek d/ ftXkBwzvb B{z ‘eKro;’ fejk iKdk j?. nwohek ftu ;zxh Pk;B gqDkbh(Federal Government ) gqufbs j?. T[E/ dh ;zxh ;oeko g{o/ okPNo Bkb ;zpzXs wkwfbnK dk Pk;BubkT[Adh j? – gziku okiK dh ;oekoK nkgD/–nkgD/ oki Bkb ;zpzXs wkwfbnK dk Pk;B ubKdhnK jB.;zxh gqDkbh dh io{os d/ nB[o{g T[E/ ;zx d/ ftXkBwzvb noEks eKro; ftu d' ;dB oy/ rJ/ jBL(1) gqshfBXh ;Gk (House of Representatives) ;zg{oB okPNo d/ iB;kXkoD dk gqshfBXhsteodh j? ns/ (2) ;hB/N (Senate) nb~r–nb~r okiK dk gqshfBXhst eodh j?. gqshfBXh ;Gk B{z EZbV/;dB iK nto ;dB (Lower House) fejk iKdk j? ;hB/N B{z T[Zu ;dB, T[gobk ;dB (UpperHouse) iK d{ik ;dB (Second Chamber) fejk iKdk j?. gqshfBXh ;Gk d/ w?Apo Bz{ eKro;–w?Apofejk iKdk j? ;hB/N d/ w?Apo Bz{ ;hB/N w?Apo iK ;hB/No (Senator) fejk iKdk j?.

• ;z:[es oki nwohek dk T[gokPNogsh;z:[es oki nwohek dk T[gokPNogsh;z:[es oki nwohek dk T[gokPNogsh;z:[es oki nwohek dk T[gokPNogsh;z:[es oki nwohek dk T[gokPNogsh (Vice President) ;hB/N dk ;Gkgsh ;hB/N dk ;Gkgsh ;hB/N dk ;Gkgsh ;hB/N dk ;Gkgsh ;hB/N dk ;Gkgsh (Chairman)j[zdk j?. nwohek d/ okPNogsh dh soQK T[gokPNogsh dh u'D th iB;kXkoD d/ d[nkok fBotkue r[Dd/ wkfXnw Bkb, uko ;kb dh fBns ;w/A d/ bJh j[zdk j?.

• ft~s ftX/neft~s ftX/neft~s ftX/neft~s ftX/neft~s ftX/ne (Finance Bills) f;oc gqshfBXh ;Gk s'A jh P[o{ ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB. gozs{ T[BQK d/ bJh;hB/N dk nB[w'dB io{oh j[zdk j?. fJ; fdqPNh Bkb, ftXkBwzvb d/ d{i/ ;dB d/ o{g ftu ;hB/N dhPesh p/i'V j?. fJjh ekoD j? fe nwoheh ;hB/N Bz{ ftPt dk ;G s'A PeshPkbh d{ik ;dBnwoheh ;hB/N Bz{ ftPt dk ;G s'A PeshPkbh d{ik ;dBnwoheh ;hB/N Bz{ ftPt dk ;G s'A PeshPkbh d{ik ;dBnwoheh ;hB/N Bz{ ftPt dk ;G s'A PeshPkbh d{ik ;dBnwoheh ;hB/N Bz{ ftPt dk ;G s'A PeshPkbh d{ik ;dB(Most Powerful Second Chamber of the World) fejk iKdk j?.

• fJ;d/ nbktk okPNogsh T[Zu gdk d/ bJh (fit/A fe wzsohnK, okid{sK, iZiK, wjkfBnKtkdhnK d/ gdT[s/) i' fB:[eshnK eodk j?, iK ftd/PK d/ Bkb i' ;zXhnK eodk j?, T[BQK d/ bJh ;hB/N dk nB[;woEB(Ratification) io{oh j[zdk j?. fJe gqEk (Convention) d/ nB[;ko, i/eo okPNogsh Bz{ nfij/ okiftu e'Jh fB:[esh eoBh j't/ fiZE/ dk ;hB/N–w?Apo okPNogsh d/ nkgD/ okiBhfse db s'A j't/ sKokPNogsh nfijh fB:[esh eoB s'A gfjbK T[; ;hB/N–w?Apo Bkb ;bkj eo b?Adk j?. i/eo T[j w?Apogq;skfts fB:[esh dk nB[w'dB eo fdzdk j? sK ;hB/N th T[; fB:[esh dh g[PNh BjhA eo/rh. fJ;gqEk Bz{ ;hB/N–t~b'A (Senatorial Courtesy) dh ;zfrnk fdZsh iKdh j?.

• ;ftNiob?Av dk ;wki g[oP–gqXkB ;wki j? fJ~E/ 1971 se fJ;sqhnK Bz{ ;zxh u'D ftu t'N d/D Bz{nfXeko BjhA ;h. fJ~E/ 1984 ftu gfjbh tko wzsohwzvb ftu e'Jh fJ;sqh oyh rJh. T[;B/ 1988ftu fsnkr g~so d/ fd~sk, ns/ T[E/ d{ih fJ;sqh 1993 ftu oyh rJh. 1999 ftu ;zxh ;Gk (FederalAssembly) B/ gfjbh fJ;sqh w[yh dh u'D ehsh.


B ØN


• ;ftNiob?Av dk ;zftXkB 1874 s'A ufbnk nk fojk j?. fJ; ;zftXkB d/ nzsors ;zxh ;oeko(Federal Government) Bz{ ftfPPN PeshnK gqdkB ehshnK rJhnK jB ns/ ntfPPN PeshnK(Residual Powers) e?ANBK d/ e'b ofjD fdshnK rJhnK jB. jo/e e?ANB dk nkgDk–nkgDk;zftXkB, nkgDh^nkgDh ftXkB ;Gk (Assembly) ns/ nkgDh–nkgDh ;oeko j?.

• ;ft; ;zftXkB d/ nzsors, ;zx d/ g~Xo T[s/ ;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk (Federal Assembly) dh ftnt;Ek ehshrJh fi; ftu d' ;dB jB. j/mb/ ;dB B{z okPNoh gfoPdokPNoh gfoPdokPNoh gfoPdokPNoh gfoPdokPNoh gfoPd (National Council) fejk iKdk j?lT[gob/ ;dB Bz{ oki gfoPdoki gfoPdoki gfoPdoki gfoPdoki gfoPd iK oki ;Gk oki ;Gk oki ;Gk oki ;Gk oki ;Gk (Council of States) fejk iKdk j?. okPNoh gfoPdftu 200 w?Apo j[zd/ jB i' ;kotifBe ftn;e wskfXeko (Universal Adult Suffrege) d/ nkXkoT[s/ nkB[gkfse gqshfBXhst (Proportion Representation) d/ f;XKs d/ nB[;ko dbhJ/ ;{uh gqDkbh(Part List System) s'A uko ;kb d/ bJh u[D/ iKd/ jB.

• ;ftNiob?Av ftu ;zxh ;oeko dh ekoiekoh Pesh (Executive Power) ;zxh gfoPd;zxh gfoPd;zxh gfoPd;zxh gfoPd;zxh gfoPd (FederalCouncil) d/ j~EK ftu ofjzdh j?. fJ; ftu ;~s w?Apo jz[zd/ jB fiBQK Bz edh–edh wzsoh (Minister)fejk iKdk j/.


• thN' (Veto) L fBP/XkfXeko• nfG:[es L nfG:'fis ftnesh


1H fJzrb?Av (UK) ns/ nwoheh (USA) ;zftXkB d/ ftek; s/ gqekP gkU.

2H oPhnk, uhB, ;ftNIob?Av ns/ cqK; dhnK ;zftXkfBe ftP/PsktK dk toDB eo'.3H nwohek (USA) ns/ ;ftNIob/Av ft~u ;zftXkB ;zP'XB dh gqfeqnk dk ftt/uB eo'.4H4H nwohek (USA) ns/ ;ftNIob/Av dh ;zxh ftt;Ek dh ftnkfynk eo'.

T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment)1H (1) r (2) e (3) y (4) r (5) e

2H (1) eKro; (2) ;zxh Pk;B (3) d{ik ;dB (4) e?ANB

(5) ;zxh gfoPd


p[e; 1H s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ okiBhfse ;z;EktK^;hH phH r/Bk ftek; gpfbfPzr jkT{;gqkH fbH nz;koh o'v, fd~bh.




fJekJh^7L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ekoigkfbekfJekJh^7L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ekoigkfbekfJekJh^7L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ekoigkfbekfJekJh^7L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ekoigkfbekfJekJh^7L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ekoigkfbek

B ØN


fJekJh–7L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ekoigkfbekfJekJh–7L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ekoigkfbekfJekJh–7L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ekoigkfbekfJekJh–7L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ekoigkfbekfJekJh–7L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ekoigkfbek(Constitutional Structure–Executive)



7H1 fpqfNP ;wokN ns/ gqXkBwzsoh (British King and Prime Minister)

7H2 :{Hn?;HJ/H cqK;, oPhnk, uhB dk okPNogsh ns/ ;ftNiob?Av dh pj[b ekoigkfbek (ThePresident of U.S.A. France, Russia, China and Plural Executive of Switzerland)






fJ; fJekJh d/ nfXn?B sØA pknd ftfdnkoEh :Ør jØDr/L

• fpqfNP okik ns/ gqXkBwzsoh, :{Hn?;HJ/H, cqK;, oPhnk ns/ uhB d/ okPNogsh dh ;zt?XkfBe ;fEsh dhftnkfynk eoB ftu.


ekoigkfbek ;oeko dk d{ik wj~stg{oB nzr j?. fJ;Bz{ ftXkB wzvb dk g{oe ns/ pokpe d'B'A fejk iKdkj?. ekoigkfbek dk gqw[~y ekoi fBofws ekBz{BK Bz{ feqnKfts eod/ j'J/ d/P dk Pk;B eoBk j?. frbeqkJh;Nd/ PpdK ftu, “ekoiekoDh ;oeko dk T[j nzr j? i' ekBz{B d/ o{g ftu nfGftnes iBsk dh fJ~Sk Bz{ekoi ftu g{ok eodh j?.” fJj T[j X[oh j? fi;d/ uko'A soc oki dk tk;sfte gqPk;B–:zso x[zwdk j?.”d/P d/ gqPk;B ftu fB:[es ;ko/ gdkfXekoh ekoigkfbek d/ nzsors Pkwb jB. g'qH rkoBo dk eEB j?fe “ftnkge ns/ ;w{je noE ftu ekoigkfbek ftGkr nzsors ;ko/ nfXekoh, oki eowukjh ns/J/iz;hnK nk iKdhnK jB fiBQK dk ekoi oki dh fJ~Sk, fi;Bz{ ftnt;Ekfgek B/ fBoXkfos eoe/ ekBz{B d/o{g ftu ftnes ehsk j? Bz{ ekoi o{g ftu g{ok eoBk j?.”

7H17H17H17H17H1 fpqfNP ;wokN ns/ gqXkBwzsoh fpqfNP ;wokN ns/ gqXkBwzsoh fpqfNP ;wokN ns/ gqXkBwzsoh fpqfNP ;wokN ns/ gqXkBwzsoh fpqfNP ;wokN ns/ gqXkBwzsoh (British King and Prime Minister)

eqkT{B dh gfoGkPk – eqkT{B e'Jh ftnesh ftP/P BjhA j?. fJj fJe xVh j'Jh :'iBk, fJe nw{os ftukoj?. g'qH w[Bo' d/ nB[;ko “eqkT{B fJe feqsow j? ns/ ftXh–ftnes j?. fJj Bk Poho XkoB eodk j?, Bkwodk j?.” ;o wkfo; J/w"; d/ PpdK ftu “eqkT{B t?XkfBe o{g ftu ;wokN dh gqG{–PeshnK, n;kXkoDnfXekoK ns/ nkw nfXekoK dk Gzvko j?.” ;o f;vh b' fJ; Bz{ “;[ftXkiBe ezw ubkT{ T[gebgBK” efjzd/jB. vkH ckJhBo d/ eEkB[;ko “id n;hA okiBhsh ftu ekoiK dh ftt/uBk eod/ jK sd ;kvk wsbp T[;gq/oe Pesh s'A j? fi;dk fBowkD iBsk, ;z;d ns/ wzsoh gfoPd B/ ;dhnK d/ ;zftXkfBe ftek; ftu;Ekfgs e[M Ugukfoe gqpzXK d/ nB[;ko ehsk j?. eqkT{B fJBQK okiBhfse PeshnK d/ n;bh e/AdoK d/ T[s/fJe nbzfeqs T[gkXh j?.” n'r ns/ fizr d/ PpdK ftu, “eqkT{B okik, wzsohrD ns/ ;z;d d/ ftbZyD ;zrws'A fBofws ;otT[Zu ekoi gkfbek Pesh d/ fgZS/ fJe ebgBk j?. n;hA ;~sk d/ fJ;h e[M–e[M nftukoDhJ/


B ØN


;fwqPB Bz{ eqkT{B efjzd/ jk. fJ; gqeko eqkT{B okik, wzsoh ns/ ;z;d fszBk dk ;zi'r j?. okik eqkT{B dknoE “g{oh ;oeko” (The Government) s'A j?.

;wqkN ns/ eqkT{B ftu d' gqw[Zy G/d –;wqkN ns/ eqkT{B ftu d' gqw[Zy G/d –;wqkN ns/ eqkT{B ftu d' gqw[Zy G/d –;wqkN ns/ eqkT{B ftu d' gqw[Zy G/d –;wqkN ns/ eqkT{B ftu d' gqw[Zy G/d – fBPeoP o{g ftu okik ns/ eqkTB (King and Crown) ftud' gqw[Zy G/d jB. gfjbk, okik fJe ftnesh j?l b/feB eqkT{B fJe ;z;Ek j?. okik wodk j?, go eqkT[B;EkJh j?. okik fdqPNwkB j?, eqkT{B nfdqP j? d{ik okik eqkT{B dk fJe nzr j?. T[;d/ nbktk wzsoh gfoPdns/ ;z;d fwb e/ eqkT{B dk fBowkD eod/ jB – ;' eqkT{B dh PeshnK dk T[g:'r okik nkw iB–;kXkoDd/ gqshfBXhnK d[nkok eodk j?.

eqkT{B dh Peshnk (eqkT{B dh Peshnk (eqkT{B dh Peshnk (eqkT{B dh Peshnk (eqkT{B dh Peshnk (Power of Crown)L)L)L)L)L ;wokN dh nfGfjs PeshnK, eqkT{B PeshnK ;wokN dhnKfBih PeshnK BjhA pbfe T[;dh nfGfjs PeshnK (Norminal Power) j?. fJBQK PeshnK dk T[g:'r;wokN y[d BjhA eodk, wzsohrD ;wokN d/ Bkw T[s/ eod/ jB. wzsoh b'e ;z;d d/ gqsh itkpd/j j[zd/jB. ;' ;wokN B/ T[BQK Bz{ nfXeko fdZsk j? fe T[j fJBQK PeshnK dk T[g:'r eod/ jB.

;wokN – ;wokN – ;wokN – ;wokN – ;wokN – gd ns/ T[ZsokfXeko d/ fBnw (Title and Succession to the throne) – fJzrb?Av ftu;wokN gd ns/ T[ZsokfXeko d/ fBnw 1701 JhH d/ ;wM"sk nfXfBnw (Act of Settlement, 1701) T[s/nkXkfos jB fJBQK Bz{ ;z;d B/ gk; ehsk ;h. fJBQK d[nkok fJj ftnt;Ek j? fe okigd j/B'to tzPhJ/ fJzrb/eNq; ;'chnk d/ tzPiK ftu nkB[tzfPe eqw Bkb ub/rk id se fe okik ns/ tzP gq'N/;N?AN Xowktbzph pfDnkoj/rk. d{ik fBnw iJ/Phst (Primogeniture) dk ;h. fJ;d/ nbktk fJ;sqh dh s[bBk ftu g[oP tzPidh Pq/Pmsk gqdkB ehsh rJh. 1714 JhH ftu okDh J/fbikp/E d{ih fJ; tzP dh 11thA T[ZsokfXekoDh, fiBQKdh gdth 1931 JhH d/ f;zxk;B–fsniB nfXfBnw (Abdiction Act of 1931) d/ nkXko T[s/ jB. gfjb/wjk:[ZX d/ pknd j?B'to tzP dk Bkw pdb e/ ftzv;o tzP eo fdZsk frnk. 1936 JhH d/ ;N/fuT[N t?;NfwfB;No (Statutes of westminister, 1936) d/ nB[;ko ;wokN d/ T[ZsokfXeko d/ fBnwK iK T[gkXhnKftu gfotosD eoB tkb/ ekBz{B d/ bJh fpqN/B d/ ;toki gqkgs T[gfBt/PK d/ ftXkB–wzvb dh nkfrnkio{oh j?. T[ZsokfXeko dk fJe j'o fBnw J/iz;h Bkb ;zpzXs j?. 1937 ns/ 1943 JhH d/ ohi?A;h nfXfBnw(Regency Act) d/ nB[;ko i/eo ;wokN Bkpkfbr j't/ iK fe;h wkBf;e ns/ Pohoe o'r d/ ekoB Pk;BeoB :'r Bk j't/ sK foi/AN dh ftnt;Ek eo fdZsh iKdh j? ns/ i/ ;wokN ns/ ;ozfyne d'B'A jh ekoi–;zukbB d/ bJh nB[g:[es j'D sK j/m fby/ f;XKsK T[s/ nkXkfos j?.

(e) oki–gd nkB[tzfPe eqw (Hereditary) s'A ub/rk.(y) oki–gd iJ/Pmst (Primogeniture) d/ fBnw T[s/ fwb/rk,

(r) fJ;sqh dh s[bBk ftu g[oP tzP dh P/qPmsk gqdkB ehsh rJh j?,(x) gq'N/;N/AN Xowktbzph jh, e?E'fbe BjhA, okir~dh T[s/ p?m ;edk j?,(C) T[ZsokfXekoh d/ fBnwK iK T[gkXhnK ftu gfotosD fbnkT[D d/ bJh ;toki gqkgs T[gfBt/PK dh

;thfeqsh Io{oh j?,(u) Bkpkfbr iK gqfeosh n:'rsk dh dPk ftu foi/A; iK gokwoPdksktK dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j?.

tzPkB[rs f;XKs dk wjZst –tzPkB[rs f;XKs dk wjZst –tzPkB[rs f;XKs dk wjZst –tzPkB[rs f;XKs dk wjZst –tzPkB[rs f;XKs dk wjZst – okigd dk nkB[tzfPe nkXko okiBhfse o{g s'A pj[s jh ;cb ns/T[g:'rh j?. okirZdh d/ bJh edh–edh fttkd BjhA yVk j[zdk ns/ u'DK s'A d{o j'D d/ ekoD fJ;dhgftZsosk th BPN BjhA j[zdh j?. Gkt/A tzPB[rs (Hereditary Principle) d fto[ZX pj[s/ ftt/eg{oB sefds/ ik ;ed/jB, fco th fInkdkso ftnesh fJ; Bz{ gq;zBskg{ote ;thfeqsh d/Ad/ jB. feT[Afe Gkr ns/nfdqP ftu ftPtk; eoBk wkBt ;[Gkt j?.

;zftXkfBe fdqPNh s'A eqkT{B dk noE j? – ;wokN dk gd fJe ;z;EkB d/ o{gftu. fJ; gqeko ;wokN fJe ftnesh j?, gozs{ eqkT{B fJe ;z;Ek (Crown– an Institution) j?, fi; ftu Pk;B dh PeshnK ns/ gozgoktK fBfjs jB.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j'


B ØN


;wokN d/ ftP/PkfXeko ns/ T[Bw[eshnK (;wokN d/ ftP/PkfXeko ns/ T[Bw[eshnK (;wokN d/ ftP/PkfXeko ns/ T[Bw[eshnK (;wokN d/ ftP/PkfXeko ns/ T[Bw[eshnK (;wokN d/ ftP/PkfXeko ns/ T[Bw[eshnK (Royal Privileges and Immunities)L )L )L )L )L ftP/PkfXekons/ T[Bw[eshnK fpqfNP ;wokN nB/e ftP/PkfXeko ns/ T[Bw[eshnK (Privileges nd Immunities) dkT[g:'r eodk j?. T[;Bz{ frocsko BjhA ehsk ik ;edk, e'Jh wkb e[oe BjhA j' ;edk, okiGtB ftu T[;d/fto[~X fBnKfJe ekotkjh BjhA ehsh ik ;edh ns/ fejk iKdk j? fe i/ ;wokN gqXkBwzsoh Bz{ r'bh wko d/t/ sK th T[; T[s/ ekB{zBh ekotkjh BjhA j'J/rh.

nkofEe ;jkfJsk LnkofEe ;jkfJsk LnkofEe ;jkfJsk LnkofEe ;jkfJsk LnkofEe ;jkfJsk L f;ftb fb;N – f;ftb fb;N – f;ftb fb;N – f;ftb fb;N – f;ftb fb;N – fpqfNP ;wokN B{z okie'P s'A ;kbkBK nB[dkB fwbdk j?. gfjbKokik dh fBih ikrhodkohnK ;B ns/ ;zgsh d/ j'o ;kXB j[zd/ ;B fi;dh nkwdBh s'A T[; dk you ubdk;h. nZi th ;zgsh gqkgs eoB, T[;dk gqpzX eoB, T[; Bz{ d/yD iK t/u d/D dk nfXeko j?. gozs{ youtXD d/ ekoD ;z;d d[nkok nB[dkB d/D dh gqEk ub gJh j?. 1889 JhH se ;wokN d/ ftneshrs T[gG'rns/ ;kotifBe ekoiK d/ bJh nB[fds Xo–okPh Bz{ jh Bkb ofynk iKdk ;h, go j'bh–j'bh d'tK Bz{ nbrehsk ikD b~rk. nZieb ;z;d d[nkok ;wokN okixokD/ d/ w?ApoK B{z fBih you d/ bJh okie'P s'A ;kbkBknB[dkB s?n eo fdZsk iKdk j?. fJ; nB[dkB B{z f;ftb fb;N (Civil List) fejk iKdk j?.

;wokN dk ;EkB (;wokN dk ;EkB (;wokN dk ;EkB (;wokN dk ;EkB (;wokN dk ;EkB (The Position of King)L)L)L)L)L f;XKs ns/ ftntjko – 1688 JhH d/ r"otg{oD eqKshse ;wokN B{z nrkX ns/ fBoe[zP PeshnK gqkgs ;B. T[j f;oc okPNo dk gqXkB BjhA ;h, pbfetk;sfte Pk;e th ;h. nZi oki dk g{ok Pk;B T[; d/ Bkw T[s/ jz[dk j?, gozs{ ftntjko ftu PeshnKdk T[g:'r BjhaA eodk. nZi th d{o s'A d/yD T[s/ T[;dk gd ftPkb BIo nkT[Adk j?. ftPkb okiGtBns/ d[or, ;[d{o c?b/ j'J/ T[gfBt/P, okPNoh ihtB ftu T[;dk ;EkB nkfd T[BQK d/ gd Bz{ j'o ;[zdo pDkfdzd/ jB. gozs{ tk;sftesk s/ fJj j? fe ftneshrs ;fEsh ftu ;wokN nZi Bk d/ pokpo j?, T[;dk;EkB f;oc ;?XKfse ns/ fJfsjk;e wj~st dk ofj frnk j?, ftntjkfoe BjhA.T[;dh PeshnK dk T[g:'rT[;d/ Bkw T[s/ iBsk d/ gqshfBXh eod/ jB. ;wokN dhnK PeshnK dk toDB eod/ j'J/ ckJhBo efjzdkj?, “fJj ftPkb rrBuz[ph ns/ t?Gtg{oB n~Nkfbek j? fi;d/ nzdo okiBhfse Pesh dk P[zfBn ;EkB j?.”fpqfNP ;zftXkB d/ nzsors ;wokN dk ;EkB f;XKs ns/ ftntjko d/ nzso dk ;otT[Zsw T[dkjoD j?.

“;wokN oki eodk j?, Pk;B BjhA” “;wokN oki eodk j?, Pk;B BjhA” “;wokN oki eodk j?, Pk;B BjhA” “;wokN oki eodk j?, Pk;B BjhA” “;wokN oki eodk j?, Pk;B BjhA” – fJ; gq;zr ftu fJj fejk iKdk j? fe “;wokN oki eodk j?, Pk;BBjhA.” fJ;dk ;XkoD noE fJj j? fe ;wokN ;kotifBe ekoiK d/ fe;h gqs~y ns/ feqnkswe fBnzsoD dkT[g:'r BjhA eodk. ;wokN dh PeshnK nZi th n;hw jB, gozs{ T[BQK dk gq:'r fJj ftneshrs o{g ftuBjhA eodk j?. T[;d/ Bkw T[s/ T[;dhnK PeshnK dk T[g:'r, T[;dk gq:'r wzsohwzvb ns/ ;z;d eodh j?.;wokN okPNo dk gqXkB j?. T[j oki dh ;kohnK PeshnK dk ;q's j?, fco th fJj PeshjhB j?, fw~Nh dh w{osj?. ekBz{Bh s"o T[s/ wzsohnK d/ ;bkj Bkb T[j Pk;B eodk j?, gozs{ ftntjko ftu wzsohnK dh ;bkj Bkb T[jwip{o j? ns/ T[j wip{oh fJzBh em'o j? fe ;wokN wzsohnK dh ;bkj dk T[bzxD BjhA eo ;edk. fJ; soQK;wokN oki dk gqXkB wkso ofj iKdk j?, Pk;B dk BjhA. ftXkBsL T[j ;opPeshwkB j?, gozs{ ftntjko ftue/tb fJe nbzeko. fpqfNP Pk;B–g~Xsh w[~y s"o s/ d' f;XKsK T[s/ nkXkos j?, (1) ;wokN wzsohnK d/ ;bkjs'A pkjo e'Jh th ;kotifBe ekoi BjhA eo ;edk j? fiBQK dk t?fXe wj~st j?. T[;dk jo ekoi T[;d/ wzsohnKdk ekoi j?. id n;hA fJj efjzd/ jK fe eqkT{B ;kotifBe gdkfXekohnK dh fB:[esh eodk j? sd ;kv/ eEBdk noE fJj j[zdk j? fe ;wokN ;z;d d/ gqsh T[ZsodkJh wzsohnK d/ ;bkj nB[;ko ;kotifBe gdkfXekohnKdh fB:[esh eodk j? ;wokN ;z;d dk nfXt/PB nkwzfsqs eodk j?, T[; Bz{ ft;ofis ik ftxfNs eodk j?, T[;ftu nkgDk GkPD gVQdk j?, :[~X, PKsh ik ;zXh dh x'PDk eodk j?l gozs{ fJBQK ekoiK dk ;zgkdB wzsohnK d[nkokj[zdk j?. rb/v;N'Brb/v;N'Brb/v;N'Brb/v;N'Brb/v;N'B B/ fJ;h s~E Bz{ fJBQK PpdK ftu ofynk j? – “okinfGP/y s'A fwqs{gfonzs okik d/ ihtBftu e'Jh gb nfijk BjhA j[zdk id fe fe;h ;kotifBe ekoi d/ bJh T[j fpqfNP ;z;d d/ gqsh T[ZsodkJh Bkj't/ ns/ eqkT{B dh Pesh dk nfijk e'Jh gq:'r BjhA j' ;edk fi;d/ bJh T[j fe;/ wzsoh Bz{ nkg T[ZsodkJhpDkT[D d/ bJh fsnko Bk gk ;e/.”

fpqfNP ;zftxkB dk d{ik f;XKs fJj j? fe jo/e ;kotifBe ezw d/ bJh wzsohrD ;z;d d/ gqsh T[ZsodkJhj[zd/ jB. fJj/ gqfeosh dk fBnw j? fe Pesh ns/ T[ZsodkfJst Bkb–Bkb ubd/ jB, ;wokN dh PeshnKdk j;sKsfos wzsohnK Bz{ j' frnk j? ns/ T[j Pk;B d/ tk;sfte nfXekoh j' rJ/ jB ns/ ;wokN Bkwwkso d/ bJh oki dk gqXkB ofj frnk j?.


B ØN


“;wokN e'Jh rbsh BjhA eo ;edk”“;wokN e'Jh rbsh BjhA eo ;edk”“;wokN e'Jh rbsh BjhA eo ;edk”“;wokN e'Jh rbsh BjhA eo ;edk”“;wokN e'Jh rbsh BjhA eo ;edk” – fpqfNP ;wqkN d/ ;zpzX ftu fJe d{ik eEB j? – “;wokNe'Jh rbsh BjhA eo ;edk.” fJ; eEB dk gq:'r fJ; noE ftu ehsk iKdk j? fe ;wokN Bz{ fe;/ ekoid/ bJh d'Ph BjhA mfjokfJnk ik ;edk. T[;d/ Bkw T[s/ ehs/ rJ/ fe;h ekoi d/ bJh e'Jh wzsoh iKwzsohgfoPd T[Zsodkjh j[zdh j?. nzfsw o{g ftu fJ;dk wsbp fJj j? fe ;wokN ;tftt/e s'A, rbs iK;jh, e'Jh th ekoi BjhA eo ;edk j?. fJ; ;{so d/ j'o noE th j' ;ed/ jB. fJ; Bz{ j/m fby/ f;ob/yK d/ nzsors ;wMkfJnk ik ;edk j?L

(((((i) ekB{zBK dh wo:kdk s'A T[Zgo) ekB{zBK dh wo:kdk s'A T[Zgo) ekB{zBK dh wo:kdk s'A T[Zgo) ekB{zBK dh wo:kdk s'A T[Zgo) ekB{zBK dh wo:kdk s'A T[Zgo – T[Bw[eshnK d/ nzsors n;hA d/fynk j? fe ;wokN ftXh d/ T[Zgo(Above the Restriction of Law) j? T[j ;wkfBn fBnKnkfbnK d/ y/so s'A T[Bw[es j?. T[;Bz{ fe;h thekoi d/ bJh, ukj/ T[j j~fsnk jh feT[A Bk j't/, fBnKfbnk d/ ;w[y d'Ph BjhA mfjokfJnk ik ;edk.

(((((ii) ;wokN ;kotifBe ekoiK d/ bJh d'Ph BjhA j' ;edk –) ;wokN ;kotifBe ekoiK d/ bJh d'Ph BjhA j' ;edk –) ;wokN ;kotifBe ekoiK d/ bJh d'Ph BjhA j' ;edk –) ;wokN ;kotifBe ekoiK d/ bJh d'Ph BjhA j' ;edk –) ;wokN ;kotifBe ekoiK d/ bJh d'Ph BjhA j' ;edk – ;wokN d/P dh ekoigkfbek BjhAj? ns/ Bk T[j fe;/ Bz{ nfXfeqs eoB dh Pesh oydk j?. T[; Bz{ fe;/ th ekoi d/ bJh d'Ph BjhA mfjokfJnk(Not guilty for Public Acts) ik ;edk j?. wzsohrD tk;sfte PeshnK ns/ nfXeko oyd/ jB ns/e/tb fJj b'e jh T[ZsodkJh mfjokJ/ ik ;ed/ jb. bkov fcPobkov fcPobkov fcPobkov fcPobkov fcPo d/ wskB[;ko, “okik d/ pj[s gowkfXekojB gozs{ id fJ;Bz{ ekoio{g ftu g{ok ehsk iKdk j? sd e/tb ;z;d gqsh T[ZsodkJh wzsoh dh ;bkj T[s/T[BQK dk gq:'r j' ;edk.” fJ;/ b/ye d/ PpdK ftu “wzsohwzvbh T[ZsodkfJst okiszso dk ;ozfyne j?.fJ;d/ nGkt ftu okiszso okiBhsh MrfVnK dh jB/ohnK ns/ okiBhfse s[ckBK d/ ftu finkdk ;w/A seBjhA mfjo ;edk j?.” bkov n;zfeBbkov n;zfeBbkov n;zfeBbkov n;zfeBbkov n;zfeB d/ nB[;ko, “okik nfijk e'Jh nzsLeoD BjhA oy ;edk i'T[ZsodkJh BkrfoeK dh Xo'jo BjhA j?–;ko/ ftneshnK ftu d'P j' ;ed/ jB, gozs{ ;kv/ Pk;B dh p[ZXhwskT[BQK d'PK Bz{ okik s'A d{o oydh j? – T[j e'Jh th ekoi fpBk ;bkj d/ BjhA eo ;edk ns/ i' e[M ehskfrnk j? T[;dh wid{oh gdko{V ftnesh fdzdk j?, ukj/ fe;h th ;q's s'A nkozG j'fJnk j't/.” fejk iKdkj? fe fJe tko ukob; d{i/ d/ fJe dopkohukob; d{i/ d/ fJe dopkohukob; d{i/ d/ fJe dopkohukob; d{i/ d/ fJe dopkohukob; d{i/ d/ fJe dopkoh B/ oki d/ ;"AD tkb/ ewo/ T[s/ j/mbhnK gzrshnK fbyfdZshnK ;B – “fJZE/ fJe wjkB ns/ PeshPkbh okik b/Nk j'fJnk j? fi;d/ tuBK dk e'Jh ftPtk; BjhAeodk i' edh rbs rZb BjhA efjdk ns/ Bk edh p[ZXhwZsk dk ekoi eodk j?.” ukob; d{i/ dk noE;h fe fJj ;G pj[s e[M ;Zu j? T[;d/ Ppd T[;d/ ;B. gozs{ T[;d/ ekoi wzsohnK d/ ekoi ;B.” T[g:[esb/yeK d/ eEB d/ d[nkok fJj dZ;D dh e'fPP ehsh rJh j? fe ;wokN ;tftt/e d/ nzsors e'Jh ekoiBjhA eo ;edk j?. nzss'rst, T[;d/ ;ko/ ekoi T[;d/ wzsohnK d/ ekoi jB ns/ fe;h th rbsh d/ bJhT[BQK Bz{ jh d'Ph eoko fdZsk ikJ/rk, ;wokN Bz{ BjhA.

(((((iii) nt?XkfBe ekoi d/ bJh ;wokN d/ Bkw fe;h dh T[Bw[esh BjhA –) nt?XkfBe ekoi d/ bJh ;wokN d/ Bkw fe;h dh T[Bw[esh BjhA –) nt?XkfBe ekoi d/ bJh ;wokN d/ Bkw fe;h dh T[Bw[esh BjhA –) nt?XkfBe ekoi d/ bJh ;wokN d/ Bkw fe;h dh T[Bw[esh BjhA –) nt?XkfBe ekoi d/ bJh ;wokN d/ Bkw fe;h dh T[Bw[esh BjhA – fJ; ;{so dk shik noEfJj j' ;edk j? fe ;wokN fe;h th ftnesh Bz{ rbsh eoB d/ bJh nfXfeqs BjhA eo ;edk (No Legalimmunity to any body for unconstitutional acts in the name of the King). e'Jh nfXekohnkgD/ d[nkok ehs/ rJ/ fe;/ nt?X iK nt?XkfBe feqs d/ bJh ;wokN d/ nkd/P dh PoD BjhA b? ;edk j?.nob nkc v/Bth eKv (Denbey's Case, 1678) ftu fJ; f;XKs dk gqfsgkdB ehsk frnk. fJe gZsofbyD d/ ngokX ftu v/Bth T[s/ nfG:'r brkfJnk sK T[;B/ nkgD/ puk ftu fJj soe g/P ehsk fe T[esg~so ;wokN d/ nkd/P d/ nXhB fbfynk frnk ;h ns/ ;wokN e'Jh rbsh BjhA eo ;edk. ;' T[j d'PhBjhA j?. gozs{ ;z;d B/ fJ; dbhb Bz{ n;theko eod/ j'J/ fJj f;XKs gqfsgkfos ehsk fe nkgD/ ekoid/ wzsoh jh fizw/tko jB. fBPeoP fJj j? fe ftneshrs o{g s'A ;wokN e[M BjhA eo ;edk, fJ; bJhT[j e'Jh th rbsh BjhA eodk.

rbs fBPeoP – rbs fBPeoP – rbs fBPeoP – rbs fBPeoP – rbs fBPeoP – ;wokN dh ;fEsh d/ T[g:[es ftPb/PD s'A fJj fBPeoP fBebdk j? fe T[j fwqs tKrj?, fJe ;tofDwP{fBn iK fwZNh dh w{osh wkso j?. ;k;B d/ y/so ftu fJj fBPes ns/ gqGktjhB j?.;' T[;d/ gd dh e'Jh T[g:'rsk BjhA.

Pesh d/ ;EkB T[s/ gqGkt – gozs{ pks nfijh BjhA j? ;wokN dk gd wj~stg{oB ns/ gqGktg{oB j?.;wokNftnshrs o{g Bkb e[M ekoiK Bz{ eodk j? fi; Bz{ j'o e'Jh BjhA eo ;edk j?. T[j ftd/Ph okid{sK dk;tkrs eodk, ghno fB:[es eodk, T[gbpXhnK fdzdk, f;zxk;B–GkPD fdzdk. fJBQK S'N/–w'N/ ekoiK d/nbkt T[j d' gqw[Zy ekoi eodk j? – gqXkBwzsoh dh fB:[esh eoBk ns/ b'e;Gk Bz{ ftxfNs eoBk. Gkt/A fJBQK


B ØN


ekoiK d/ ;zpzX ftu ;XkoD s"o s/ T[;dh PeshjhB j' frnk, fco th T[;dk gqGkt tX frnk j?. rb?Av;N'Bd/ ftuko nB[;ko, “;skoQthA Pskpdh ftu oki dh ;fEsh ftu i' gfosD j'J/ jB T[;d/ d[nkok Pesh d/ ;EkBT[s/ bkGdkfJe gqGkt dh ;EkgBk j'Jh j?.” p/ijkN d/ eEB Bkb fJ; gqGkt dh rfjokJh dk gsk ubdkj? – gqPk;B ns/ Bhsh–fBoXkoD d/ ;zpzX ftu ;wqkN d/ fszB okiBhfse nfXeko jB :Ek ;bkj d/ bJhg[ZS/ ikD dk nfXeko, g'qs;kjB d/D dk nfXeko ns/ u/sktBh d/D dk nfXeko.” Gkt/A ;wokN d/ fJjnfXeko w[~y s"o s/ ;?XKfse j?, fco th T[; Bz{ gqGktPhb pDkT[D ftu fJBQK dk pj[s j~E j?.

fpqfNP gqXkBwzsoh fpqfNP gqXkBwzsoh fpqfNP gqXkBwzsoh fpqfNP gqXkBwzsoh fpqfNP gqXkBwzsoh (The British Prime Minister)nB"gukfoe nkXko (nB"gukfoe nkXko (nB"gukfoe nkXko (nB"gukfoe nkXko (nB"gukfoe nkXko (Informal Base)L)L)L)L)L fpqN/B dh j'o ;;EktK dh soQK fpqfNP gqXkBwzsoh dk gd thnke;fwe xNBktK dk Bshik ns/ ;zi'r dh rZb (A Child of chance) j?. fJ; gd dh T[sgsh gqEktKd/ d[nkok j'Jh. fJ;dh ;fEsh d/ pko/ ftu fe;/ th gfofBnw iK ;zftXkB ftu e[M fieo BjhA j?. fJB'totzP d/ Pk;B ekb ftu tkbg'b dh w[yh ns/ ;zukbB eoB dk nt;o fwfbnk. fJ; gqeko tkbg/N gfjbkgqXkB wzsoh pfDnk. gozs{ T[;Bz{ fInkdkso b'e gfjbk wzsoh (First Minister) jh efjzd/ jB. gqXkBwzsoh dh gdth b{Jh u"dth d/ Pk;B ekb d/ gqkJhw fwfB;No dh Beb d[nkok ngDkJh rJh. gozs{ 1878JhH d/ g{ot fJ; Ppd dk gq:'r fe;/ okPNoh gqb/y ftu BjhA j'fJnk ;h. T[; ;kb gfjbh tko pofbBdh ;zXh ftu T[;dk T[b/y ehsk frnk. ;zXh dh gqEw Xkok ftu bkov phez;chbvbkov phez;chbvbkov phez;chbvbkov phez;chbvbkov phez;chbv (Lord Beaconsfield)Bz{ okDh “Nq/ioh dk gqEw bkov ns/ fJzrb?Av dk gqXkB wzsohNq/ioh dk gqEw bkov ns/ fJzrb?Av dk gqXkB wzsohNq/ioh dk gqEw bkov ns/ fJzrb?Av dk gqXkB wzsohNq/ioh dk gqEw bkov ns/ fJzrb?Av dk gqXkB wzsohNq/ioh dk gqEw bkov ns/ fJzrb?Av dk gqXkB wzsoh” (First Lord of Majest's Treasuryand Prmie Minister of England) efj e/ ;ze/s ehsk frnk. ;o f;vB b';o f;vB b';o f;vB b';o f;vB b';o f;vB b' d/ ftuko ftu, “fJjBkweoD T[BQK ftd/PhnK d/ nfrnkB d/ gqfs e[M fonkfJs wkso ;h i' fpqN/B d/ g{oD Pesh:[es wjkd{sdh tk;sfte ;fEsh B{z ;wM BjhA gkT[Ad/ ;B.” fJ;d/ pknd 1906 JhH ftu gqXkBwzsoh dh ;fEsh Bz{oki d/ T[s;tK Bkb ;zpXs ;wkfie gqkEfwesktK dh skfbek ftu wkBsk gqdkB ehsh rJh ns/ okiehJ/T[dx'PDk d[nkok T[; B{z oki d/ nkdo dh fdqPNh s'A u"E/ Bzpo dk gqikiB wzfBnK ikD bZrk. T[;Bz{ :koed/ nkoe ftPg s'A j/mbk doik fdZsk frnk. 1917 JhH d/ u/eo; ;N/N n?eN (Chequers Estate Act,1917) ftu gqXkBwzsoh dk gd rqfjD eoB tkb/ ftnesh dh uouk ehsh rJh j? ns/ T[; gd d/ XkoDeoB tkb/ ftnesh Bz{ u/eo; gq:'r eoB dh nkfrnk fd~sh rJh j?. u/eo; dk noE j[zdk j? gqXkBwzsohdk nfXekoh d/jksh ;EkB fJ; nfXfBnw s'A f;oc gqXkBwzsoh Bz{ ;zftXkfBe ;fEsh dh wkBsk fwbh j?,fezs{ T[; ;fEsh Bz{ ni/ se ;zftXkfBe ;o{g gqdkB BjhA ehsk frnk j?. gqXkBwzsoh d/ e'b ekBz{B d[nkok gqkgstk;sfte Pesh fpbe[b BjhA j?. T[;dh swkw PeshnK ns/ nfXeko ;zftXkfBe nfG;fwnK s'A jh gqkgs j'J/jB ns/ T[j ;ko/ nfXeko T[BQK nfG;fwnK Bkb wo:kfds th j?. noE fJj j? fe T[BQK dh ;fEsh ns/ T[;d/nfXeko okiBhfse jB ns/ T[; T[ZsodkJh ;oeko dh io{os d/ nB[;ko pD gkJ/ jB, fiZE/ ;z;d j? ns/;kotifBe wskfXeko T[s/ nkXkos j?. T[j wzsohwzvb dh gozgokrs nB[:kJh d/ ekoB fBoD/ eodk j?l gozs{T[;d/ fBoD/ Bz{ ekBz{Bh o{g wzsohnK, fgqth gfoPd iK ;wokN d[nkok jh fwbdk j?. fJ; gqeko j'o nfXekohT[;dh nrtkJh Bz{ fJ; bJh BjhA wzBd/ fe T[;dk nkXko ;zftXkB j?l pbfe fJ; bJh fe T[j fJe dbdk B/sk j?. rb?v;N'Brb?v;N'Brb?v;N'Brb?v;N'Brb?v;N'B B/ mhe jh fejk ;h fe “fes/ th fJzB/ S'N/ gdkoE dh fJzBh tZvh SK BjhA.”

(((((i) gqXkBwzsoh dh u'D () gqXkBwzsoh dh u'D () gqXkBwzsoh dh u'D () gqXkBwzsoh dh u'D () gqXkBwzsoh dh u'D (Choice of the Prime Minister)L )L )L )L )L pj[ws db dk B/sk ;zftXkBskgqXkBwzsoh dh fB:[esh ;wokN d[nkok j[zdk j?. gozs{ dbrs ;oeko d/ ftek; B/ fJe gqEk ubk fdZsh j?,;wokN b'e;Gk ftu fBotkfus pj[;zfyns okiBhfse db d/ wkB:'r B/sk Bz{ gqXkBwzsoh dh gdth rqfjD

1937 JhH d/ eqkT{B d/ nfXfBnw (the Ministers of the Crown Act, 1937) ftugfjbh tko gqXkBwzsoh B{z ekBz{Bh wkBsk fdZsh rJh fe “T[; ftnesh Bz{ i' gqXkBwzsohns/ eqkT{B dk gfjbk wzsoh (First Lord of the Treasury) j'J/rk, d; jIko g"Av sBykjfwb/rh.” fJ; gqeko gqXkBwzsoh dk gd Nq/ioh d/ gfjb/ bkov d/ fJd dk jh o{g j? ns/ni/ th d'B'A gd fJe ;kE i[N/ j'J/ jB.

B'N;


B ØN


eoB ns/ wzsohwzvb fBowkD d/ bJh nkwzfsqs eodk j?. 18thA Pskpdh sd fpqfNP wzsohwzvb dk nGktfijk ;h ns/ T[; ;w/A se eqkT{B d/ gqXkBwzsoh d/ bJh fJj i{ooh fe T[;d/ T[Zgo ;wokN dh feqgk j't/ns/ Bkb–Bkb ;ot;kXkoB dk ;woED gqkgs j't/ gozs{ nZi ;wqkN dk ;t/SkfXeko BjhA j? feT[Afe b'e;Gkd/ w?ApoK d/ n;zrfms dbK d/ fto'Xh B/sktK d/ gqsh nfBPfus tckdkoh dk nzs j' frnk j?. 19thA Pskpdhftu th T[dko db ns/ nB[dko db ftu Bhsh wsG/d, db d/ nzsors wsG/d, p[Ykgk iK fpwkoh nkfdd/ nkXko T[s/ fe;h th ftnesh Bz{ db dk B/sk j'Dk ;zd/jkswe j' iKdk ;h. gozs{ thjthA Pskpdh ftudb d/ fdqV ;zrmB d/ cb;o{g fBPfus ns/ fB;zd/j o{g ftu e'Jh ftnesh B/sk u[D fbnk iKdk j? ns/;wqkN Bz{ T[; Bz{ jh gqXkBwzsoh gd d/ bJh nkwzfsqs eoBk g?Adk j?. fJ; gqeko nfG;w/A d/ nB[;ko b'e;Gkftu pj[ws db (Majority Party) dk B/sk gqXkBwzsoh pDdk j?. ;' gqXkBwzsoh dh u'D ftu ;wokN dhPesh ;hws iK Bk d/ pokpo j?.

(((((ii) ;wokN dk ;t/SkfXeko L) ;wokN dk ;t/SkfXeko L) ;wokN dk ;t/SkfXeko L) ;wokN dk ;t/SkfXeko L) ;wokN dk ;t/SkfXeko L fco th e[M nfijhnK gfo;fEshnK jB id ;wokN fBih fBoD/(Discretion) d/ nB[;ko ekoi eo ;edh j?. ;G s'A gfjbK nfijh gfo;fEsh sd T[sgzB j[zdh j? idgqXkBwzsoh fJ; rZb dk ;p{s S~v/ fpBk fe db fe;Bz{ T[ZsokfXeko pDkT[Dk ukj[zdk j?, fsnkr–g~so d/fdzdk j? iK pj[ws db dk e'Jh ;gPN ns/ fBPfus B/sk BjhA j?. gozs{ fJj nfXeko nfijk j? fi;dk;cb gq:'r fJ; rZb s/ fBoGo eodk j? fe ;wokN d[nkok BkwId okiBhfsr PeshPkbh ;oeko dk feZE/se fBowkD eo ;edk j?. T[dkjoD bJh, 1880 JhH ftu bkov jkoNhrB T[dkotkdh db dk b'e;Gk ftuB/sk ;h ns/ rq/BtkJhb T[;d/ bkov ;Gk ftu B/sk ;h, gozs{ db ftu rb?v;N'B th Pkwb ;h ns/ T[dkotkdhfiZs dk nBkdo j'D d/ ekoD Gkth gqXkBwzsoh ;wfMnk iKdk ;h, go wjkokDh T[BQK Bz{ Bkg;zd eodh ;h.;' jkoNhrNB ns/ rq/BtkJhb Bz{ tkoh–tkoh nkwzfsqs ehsk frnkl go T[BQK B/ wzsohwzvb pDkT[D s'A fJBekoeo fdZsk ns/ rb?v;N'B dh nrtkJh Bz{ nt~PzGkth d~f;nk. nzs ftu, okDh pj[s d{o se BjhA iKdh.;wokN dk nfXeko fe;h th ;w/A db d/ nzdo dh okJ/ ns/ pkjoh b'ews d/ d[nkok ;hws ofjzdk j?. d{ih;fEsh idfe ;wokN nkgD/ fBoD/ Bz{ bkr{ eo ;ed/ jB T[j j? fi; ftu ;ko/ db d/ ozr–Yzr e[M nfij/j'D fe ;gPN ;oeko dk nB[wkB BjhA j' gkT[Adk j?. T[dkjoD 1832 JhH d/ pknd 11 nbg;zfyne ;oekoKns/ 3 ;z:[es ;oekoK pD u[~ehnK jB. fJ; ;koh gfo;fEshnK ftu eJh nfijh r[zikfJP ofjzdh j? fiBQKd[nkok ;wokN nkgD/ gqGkt dk T[g:'r eo ;ed/ jB gozs{ T[BQK d/ bJh fJj ftuko io{oh j? fe T[j;[fBPfus gozgoktK d/ nzdo ofjzd/ j'J/ th ezw eoD. i/eo jko j'D s/ ;oeko fsnkr–g~so d/ fdzdh j?sK ;wokN Bz{ fto'Xh db d/ B/sk Bz{ ;oeko pDkT[D d/ bJh nkwzfsqs eoBk ukjhdk j?. i/fBz; B/ fJ;dhftnkfynk eod/ j'J/ fbfynk j?, “;wokN dk ekoi e/tb ;oeko fBoD/ eoBk j?. T[; ;oeko dk BjhA fi;dkT[j nB[w'dB eod/ jB. i/eo T[j nfijk eoDr/ sK dbrs okiBhfs ftu c; ikDr/. fJj io{oh j? feiBsk dk ;wokN dh fBog~ysk ftu ftPtk; pfDnk oj/. fJ;d/ bJh ;wokN Bz{ Bk e/tb fBogZysk Bkbjh ekoi eoBk ukjhdk j? pbfe T[; Bz{ fBogZysk s'A ezw eod/ j'J/ gqshs th j'Dk ukjhdk. fJ;B eoBdk fJe wkso T[gkn fto'X db d/ B/sk Bz{ ;oeko pDkT[D d/ bJh s[ozs nkwzfsqs eoBk j?.” fJj fJj j?fe 1839 JhH d/ pknd jo/e nt;o T[s/ fJjh ehsk frnk j?. 1866 JhH ftu id bkov ;?fb;toh B/fsnkr–g~so fdZsk ;h sK wjkokDh fteN'ohnk dh rb?v;N'B d/ gqsh Bcos B/ T[BQK Bz{ gozgok s'A jNDdh gq/oDk fd~sh. gozs{ ekch ;w/A se Pfvnzso ikoh oyD d/ pknd th T[j ;cb Bk j'Jh. ;wokN Bz{ fto'Xhdb d/ B/sk Bz{ nkwzfsqs eod/ ;w/A j'o fe;h okiBhfse s'A ;bkj BjhA b?Dh ukjhdh feT[Afe fJ; gqeko dhwPtok fJj ;zd/j T[sgzB eo ;edh j? fe ;wokN fto'Xh db d/ B/sk dh ;oeko pDkT[D d/ nfXeko dknfseqwD eo oj/ jB. id edh ;wokN B/ fe;h ftnesh d/ Bkb ;bkj–wPtok ehsk j?, i' fto'Xh dbdk wkB:'r B/sk BjhA j?, sK T[j ftnesh 1861 JhH d/ b?A;v'B dh GKsh bkov;Gk ftu fto'Xh db dk B/sk fojk j?. 1916 JhH ns/ 1931 JhH dh ;z:[es ;oekoK fJe gqPB yVk eo fdzdh j?, feT[Afe d'tK nt;oKT[s/ ;wokN d/ ftuko–tNKdo/ d/ pkti{d fJe nfijk ftnesh gqXkBwzsoh j'fJnk i' iK db dk B/sk BjhA;h iK x~N s'A x~N T[; ;w/A db dk B/sk BjhA ;h fJj fBPfus j? fe 1916 JhH ftu gozgoktK dk gkbBehsk frnk ;h. J/f;etEk d/ fsnkr–g~so d/ pknd ;wqkN B/ p'Bo bkn B/ n;thfeqs eo fdZsk. 1931JhH ftu w?ev'Bbv dh pjkbh ;wqkN d/ fBih fJ~Sk dk cb gsk ubdk j?. T[j nkgD/ db d/ gqshfBXh j'Dd/ noE ftu gqXkBwzsoh d/ o{g ftu T[;dh T[g;fEsh T[;/ gqeko dh fJe “gqk;kd eqKsh” (Palace


B ØN


Revolution) brdh j? fit/A fe 1968 JhH d/ bkov fpT{N d/ gqXkBwsoh pDB T[s/ gsk uZbh ;h. p/tns/ i/fBzr; ;wqkN d/ fJ; ekoi Bz{ t?frnkBe d~;d/ jB b/feB bk;eh dh okJ/ ftu t?XkBe Ppd pj[sbuhbk j?. 1957 JhH ftu fJv/B fsnkr–gZso d/ pknd w?efwbB dh pjkbh ftu wjkokDh dk pj[s jZE;h.

(((((iii) bkov–;Gk dk w?Apo gqXkBwzsoh BjhA L ) bkov–;Gk dk w?Apo gqXkBwzsoh BjhA L ) bkov–;Gk dk w?Apo gqXkBwzsoh BjhA L ) bkov–;Gk dk w?Apo gqXkBwzsoh BjhA L ) bkov–;Gk dk w?Apo gqXkBwzsoh BjhA L ;o okpoN tkbg'b d/ ;w/A s'A fJj fJe ;[fBPfusfBnw fijk pD frnk j? fe gqXkBwzsoh b'e;Gk, bkov ;Gk d'tK ftu' fe;/ fJe ;dB dk w?Apo oj/. gozs{thjthA Pskpdh ftu fJj th fBPfus j' frnk j? fe gqXkBwzsoh Bz{ b'e;Gk dk w?Apo io{o jh j'Dk ukjhdkj?, bkov ;Gk dk w?Apo noEks ghno gqXkBwzsoh BjhA pD ;edk j?. 1902 JhH ftu bkov ;?fb;ph d/fsnkr–g~so d/D d/ pknd e'Jh th ghno gqXkBwzsoh BjhA pfDnk j?. 1923 JhH ftu fJj ;wZf;nkT[sgzb j'Jh fe eh fe;h ghno Bz{ gqXkBwzsoh pDkfJnk ik ;edk j?. p'Bo bkn d/ fsnkr–g~so d/D d/pknd ;wqkN d/ ;kwQD/ gqPB T[fmnk – bkov eoiB, i' fJe ghno ;h ns ;N/iBh tkbvftB, i' b'e;Gkdk w?Apo ;h, d'tK ftu fe; B{z gqXkwzsoh u[fDnk ikt/. nzs ftu, tkbvftB Bz{ jh gqXkBwzsoh pDkT[Dkfgnk, Gkt/A T[;B{ eoiB dh s[bBk ftu wzfsqst dk BjhA d/ pokpo nB[Gt ;h. fJ; gqPB T[s/ fBPeoPfJjh fd~sk iKdk j? fe Gkt/A fJ; fBnw fe gqXkBwzsoh Bz{ b'e;Gk dk w?Apo io{o j'Dk ukjhdk j?, io{oh BjhAj?, fco th fi; soQK fe efjDk j?, fe “gqXkBwzsoh gd d/ bJh fe;h e[bhB g[oP dk u[D fbnk ikDk fe;kXkoD fijh rZb j' rJh j?.” feT[Afe wzsohwzvb b'e;Gk d/ gqsh T[ZsodkJh j? ns/ T[;dk ihtB–woDb'e;Gk d/ ftPtk; s'A ;zpzXs j? fJ; bJh T[;d/ B/sk B{z io{o jh b'e;Gk dk w?Apo j'Dk ukjhdk.

(((((iv) gqXkBwzsoh d/ ftneshrs r[DL) gqXkBwzsoh d/ ftneshrs r[DL) gqXkBwzsoh d/ ftneshrs r[DL) gqXkBwzsoh d/ ftneshrs r[DL) gqXkBwzsoh d/ ftneshrs r[DL Gkt/A fBnfws gqXkBwzsoh gdth d/ bJh e'Jh fBPfus :'rsk BjhAj?, fco th ftntjko ftu T[;d/ bJh e[M fBih r[DK dk j'Dk io{oh j?. ftfGzB ftdtkBK B/ gqXkBwzsoh d/ bJhftfGzB :'rsktK dk T[b/y ehsk j?. w[Bo' d/ PpdK ftu, “fpqN/B d/ gqXkBwzsoh e[bhB, ;[f;fyns ns/ XBtkBjz[d/ jB. T[j S'Nh T[wo ftu jh okiBhsh ftu gqt/P eod/ ns/ fJ; Bz{ nkgDk feZsk pDk b?Ad/ jB.” wrofgN gqXkBwzsoh d/ fJ; r[DK dk T[b/y ehsk j? L “gfjbk tefsst Pesh, d{ik frnkB, shi/ fwjBs, ns/ nzsftu Xhoi.” T[; Bz{ e/tb b'ews dk nfXn?B eoB tkbk ftfdnkoEh jh BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk, pbfe T[; Bz{ gqukoebk dk gzfvs th j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ckJhBo efjzdk j? fe “T[;d/ r[D j'D/ ukjhd/ jB ;ko/ ysfonK d/ gqsh ;dk;ktXkB, T[BQK s'A GZiD tkbk BjhAl ;ko/ ftqjs frnkB ns/ :'rsk, fInkdk ftfPPNsk iK nfrnkB BjhA ns/;fEo nke[bsk ns/ T[s;kj dh :'rsk fBPubsk BjhA.” vkH i/fBzr; d/ nB[;ko, T[BQK d/ ftneshst ns/;BwkB dk iBws Bz{ gqGkfts eoB ftu ftP/P gqGkt g?Adk j?. fJ; bJh T[BQK ftu f;B/–nfGB/sktK d/ ;wkBiBsk d/ wB B{z nkeofPs eokT[D d/ bJh e[M ftP/P e"se j'Dk ukjhdk j? ns/ T[; Bz{ nkgD/ ftneshst Bz{nkeoPe eokT[D d/ bJh isB eoBk ukjhdk fit/A – gkJhgK tkb/ pkbvftB ns/ f;rkoK tkb/ uofub. T[;B{zGkPDK dk nZSk nftPekoe ns/ e[Pb p[bkok th j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ;zGt s"o s/ T[;s'A th fInkdk io{oh XtBhft;skoe T[s/ p'bD dh ftXh j?. nzs ftu, fJj io{oh j? fe T[j nkgD/ okiBhfse fwZsoK dh fBPmk Bz{ pDke/ oy/.” bk;eh B/ th gqXkBwzsoh d/ r[DK dk toDB fJ; gqeko ehsk j?, “ftt/e, e"Pb, wB[ZyK T[s/ Pk;B dhPesh, ftPt;Bh ftneshnK dh gSkD, gqGktPkbh p'bD dh :'rsk, nfijk f;fynkswe fBoD/ fe T[j pbns/ b'ews Bkb nZr/ s/ ntZP j't/, gozs fJzBK Bk j't/ fe T[;dk ;[rwskg{ot gkbB Bk j' ;e/, fJe nfijhwjZsteKPk i' nZr/ s/ tXkJ/, go Bkb nke;fwesk d/ gqdoPB ftu ;ktXkB j't/, ftneshnK iK ekoiK d/ pko/ftu ssekbhB fBoD/ d/ ;w/A wo:kfds ftnrqsk – fJj ;ko/ nfij/ r[D jB fiBQK d/ fpBK fe;/ gqXkBwzsoh dkezw BjhA ub ;edk.”

gqXkBwzsoh d/ nfXeko ns/ eosZt (gqXkBwzsoh d/ nfXeko ns/ eosZt (gqXkBwzsoh d/ nfXeko ns/ eosZt (gqXkBwzsoh d/ nfXeko ns/ eosZt (gqXkBwzsoh d/ nfXeko ns/ eosZt (Powers and Functions of the Prime Minister)L)L)L)L)L ;wokNfJe Bkw wkso dk gqXkB j?. ftntjko ftu T[;dh swkw PeshnK dk gq:'r wzsohwzvb d[nkok j[zdk j? i'nzs ftu gqXkBwzsoh d/ j~E ftu ufbnk iKdk j?. gqXkBwzsoh d/ j~E ftu jh Pk;B dk swkw nfXeko ofjzdkj?. T[j fpqfNP ;zftXkB dh e[zih j?. vkH i/fBzr; T[/; Bz{ “;zftXkB dh BhAj efjzd/ jB. Gkt/A T[BQK dhnKPeshnK ;zftXkB ftu fes/ fbyhnK j'JhnK BjhA jB, fco th T[j fJzBhnK fInkdk jB fe ftPt d/ fe;/th ;zftXkfBe Pk;B Bz{ T[ABh fInkdk PeshnK gqkgs BjhA jB. rqhtI mhe efjzdk j? fe “T[;dh UgukfoePeshnK fJe nfBnzfsqs Pk;e fijh jh fdykJh fdzdh j?.”


B ØN


PeshnK d/ ;q's L PeshnK d/ ;q's L PeshnK d/ ;q's L PeshnK d/ ;q's L PeshnK d/ ;q's L T[;dh PeshnK d/ w[~y s"o s/ d' ;q's jB – ftXh ns/ ftfis db d/ B/sk dh ;fEsh.fgSbh PskpdhnK ftu ;wokN Pk;B dk tk;sfte nfXekoh ;h, gozs{ ;w/A phsD d/ Bkb T[;dh PeshnKeqkT{B Bz{ j;sKsfos j' rJhnK ns/ T[BQK Bz{ o{VhnK d/ o{g ftu b? fbnk. eqkT{B d/ nzsors PeshnK dktk;sfte gq:'reosk wzsohwzvb ns/ T[;dk gqXkBwzsoh j?. fJ; gqeko gqXkBwzsoh ;wokN d/ ;EkB T[s/d/P dk tk;sfte Pk;e pD frnk j?. T[;dh PeshnK dk gqwZy nkXko dbrs okiBhsh dk ftek; j?.T[j pj[ws db d/ B/sk d/ o{g ftu gqXkBwzsoh ofjzdk j?. id se b'e;Gk ftu T[;d/ db dk pj[ws j?,T[j fpBk fe;/ fBnzsoD d/ Pk;B eodk j?. gqXkBwzsoh d/ Bkb g{o/ db dk ;[Gkr pzfBQnk ofjzdk j?, fJ;bJh db d/ w?ApoK dk g{oB ;woEB gqkgs j[zdk j?. T[;dh PeshnK d/ fJe j'o ;q's dk th T[b/y ehsk ik;edk j?. nZi eb nkw iBsk ;z;d Bz{ Pe dh BIo Bkb d/yD brh j? fe T[j ftP/P fjsK dk gqshfBXhj? idfe gqXkBwzsoh nkw fjsK dk oZfyne j?. gqXkBwzsoh dh ;fEsh db–;zrmB d/ cb;to{g fJzBh fdqVj[zdh j? fe T[j ftneshrs ns/ torh fjsK s'A x~N gqGkfts j[zdk j? ns/ ;ko/ iBsk d/ fjsK Bz{ ;wMkT[Dns/ ;[bMkT[D dk isB eodk j?. ;' nkw iBsk nrtkJh d/ bJh gqXkBwzsoh dh soc NeNeh brk e/ ofjzdhj?. iBsk dk ;woEB gqXkBwzsoh Bz{ pj[s PeshPkbh pDk fdzdh j?.

(((((i) wzsohwzvb dk fBowkD, ihtB ns/ woD dk e/Ado–;Eb L ) wzsohwzvb dk fBowkD, ihtB ns/ woD dk e/Ado–;Eb L ) wzsohwzvb dk fBowkD, ihtB ns/ woD dk e/Ado–;Eb L ) wzsohwzvb dk fBowkD, ihtB ns/ woD dk e/Ado–;Eb L ) wzsohwzvb dk fBowkD, ihtB ns/ woD dk e/Ado–;Eb L gqXkBwzsoh wzsohwzvb d/ fBowkD,ihtB ns/ fwqs{ dk e/Ado (Centre of Formation, Life and Death) j?. gqXkBwzsoh gd dh tkrv'o;zGkbD d/ pknd T[;dk eosZt j[zdk j? wzsohwzvb dk fBowkD eoBk. N/eBheb o{g Bkb j'o wzsohnK dhfB:[esh oki d/ gqXkB noEks ;wokN d[nkok j[zdh j?, gozs{ nB"gukfoe o{g Bkb gqXkBwzsoh jh T[BQK Bz{fB:[es eodk j?, feT[Afe T[;dh ;bkj T[s/ ;wokN T[BQK Bz{ wzsohwzvb ftu Pkwb eodk j?. ;kXkoD s"os/ ;wokN gqXkBwzsoh d[nkok wzsohgfoPd d/ w?ApoK dh ;uh fpBk fjue ;thfeqs eo b?Adk j?. noE fJjj? fe gqXkBwzsoh wzsohwzvb d/ fBowkD ftu pj[s e[M ;[szso j?, go gqXkBwzsoh d/ j~E th e[M ftntjkfoegqshpzXK Bkb pzBQ/ j'J/ jB, T[; Bz{ fJj d/yDk g?Adk j? fe T[;d/ db d/ gqw[Zy w?Apo T[BQK d/ wzsohwzvb ftunk ikD. edh–edh sK T[;Bz{ nfij/ ftneshnK Bz{ wzsohwzvb ftu oyDk g?Adk j?. fiBQK Bz{ T[j BjhA ukj[zdkns/ fiBQK Bz{ BjhA oyD Bkb T[j ;zeN ftu g? ;edk j?. fJ;d/ nbktk T[; Bz{ ftfGzB torK, ftfGzB XowK,ftfGzB G"r'fbe y/soK, Bt:[te okiBhfsfrnK nkfd d/ gqshfBXhst Bz{ fXnkB ftu oyDk g?Adk j?. fJzBkjh BjhA, db iK ;z;d d/ pkjo d/ ftnesh Bz{ th T[j wzsohwzvb ftu ;EkB d/ ;edk j?, i/ T[; Bz{ fe;/ezw d/ bJh :'r ;wM/. T[dkjoD ;o{g, 1903 JhH ftu pkbco (Balfour) B/ T[gfBt/P wzsohst bkovfwbBo (Lord Milner) Bz{ T[; ;w/A d/ fdZsk id fe T[j d~yDh ncqhek ftu T[Zuk:[es ;h ns/ idfe T[;Bz{fpbe[b ;z;dh nB[Gt BjhA ;h. w?ev'Bbv (Macdonald) B/ ;zB 1942 JhH ftu fe;/ th db s'A n;zpXGkos d/ ntekP–gqkgs tkfJ;okJ/ bkov u/w;c'ov (Lord Chelmsford) Bz{ B";?fBe wzsoh dh gdthfdZsh. 1924 JhH ftu nB[dkotkdhnK d/ fto'X d/ pkti{d pkbvftB B/ uofub Bz{ ftZs wzsoh fB:[esehsk. fJ; gqeko fJj gqXkBwzsoh jh fBoD/ eodk j? fe wzsohwzvb ftu fezB/ wzsoh j'D ns/ T[; ftue"D–e"D wzsoh fbZs/ ikD. tk;st ftu Pk;B d/ fBowkD ftu gqXkBwzsoh Bz{ g{oh S[ZN ofjzdh j?. “fJ;;zpzX ftu Bk sK ;z;d Bk dbhJ/ ekoigkfbek B/ jh T[;d/ T[Zgo dpkn gkfJnk j?.”

gqXkBwzsoh e/tb wzsohwzvb dk fBowkD jh BjhA eodk j?, pbfe T[; Bz{ ihtB fdzdk j? ns/ rsh gqdkBeodk j?. wzsohnK d/ ftZu ftGkrK dk ftsoD gqXkBwzsoh jh eodk j? i/ e'Jh nB[Gth okiBhfse ukj/ sKfe;/ ftGkr Bzz{ n;thfeqs th eo ;edk j?, pPos/ fe T[; db ftu T[;Bz{ fJzBk ;woED gqkgs j't/ fe Pk;BBz{ T[;dh ;/tktk nfsnzs io{oh j'D ns/ db d/ bJh th nfij/ ftnesh s'A tzfus j'Dk p[ZXhwkBh Bkj't/. ;kXkoD s"o s/ ftGkrK d/ ftsoD d/ ;zpzX ftu gqXkBwzsoh dk fBod/ nzfsw j[zdk j?. gd dhn;thfeqsh dk noE j' ;edk j?, f;oc T[; ;z;d ekb d/ bJh jh BjhA pbfe ;dk d/ bJh Pk;B nfXekos'A tzfus ofjDk. ;o okpoN jkB tor/ ;cb ftZs wzsoh B/ id pkbvftB d[nkok fds/ rJ/ ow–wzsokfbnkdk gqXkB pDBk n;theko eo fdZsk s/ GftZy ftu fco edh fe;/ gd d/ bJh T[BQK d/ Bkw T[s/ ftukojh BjhA ehsk frnk. fJzBK jh BjhA, gqXkBwzsoh fJj th d/ydk j? fe jo/e wzsoh dh d/y–o/y ftu ;GftGkr mhe s'A ekoi eo oj/ jB, iK BjhA, ;ko/ gqPk;B dk w[yhnk j'D d/ Bks/ T[j ;ko/ ftGkrK dk fBohyDeodk j?. fJ;d/ nbktk gqXkBwzsoh wzsohwzvb dh p?meK dk ;Gkgfsst eodk j?. T[j wzsohwzvb dhnK;kohnK ekotkjhnK dk ;zukbB eodk j?. wzsohwzvb dh ekoiftXh (Agenda) T[s/ T[;dk fBnzsqD j[zdk


B ØN


j?. wzsohwzvb d/ fBod/ ns/ Bhsh fBoXkoD ftu gqXkBwzsoh dk jh ;G s'A T[goh j~E ofjzdk j?. t?;/ sKwzsohwzvb dk fBoD/ wsdkB d[nkok j[zdk j? gozs{ nzs ftu gqXkBwzsoh dh ;bkj jh fBoDkfJe j[zdh j?.pzd ewo/ ftu wzsohnK ftu nkg;h wsG/d j' ;edh j?, fezs{ nzs ftu ;kfonK Bz{ fJews j'Dk gJ/rk,feT[Afe swkw db dh go;go nXhBsk Bz{ ;[oZfyns oyD d/ bJh io{oh j?. ;Zu g[~FfSnk ikt/ sK nkg;hn;fjwsh ns/ fto'X dh ;zGktBk pj[s x~N j?. i/eo d' wzsohnK ns/ d' ftGkrK ftu wsG/d j' ikJ/ sKT[j nkgDh rZbpks d[nkok ns/ gqXkBwzsoh d/ phu–pukn d[nkok s?n j' ;edk j?. i/eo wzsohwzvb d/ftuko–tNKdo/ ftu wsG/d T[sgzB j' ikJ/ sK wzsohwzvb dk gqXkBwzsoh ns/ db d/ B/sk j'D d/ ekoDgqXkBwzsoh dh ;fEsh fJzBh ;[fdqV j[zdh j? fe T[j e[M Bk e[M fBoD/ eo fdzdk j?. wzsohwzvb d/ w?Apo tkd–fttkd d/ bJh th i' ftP/ ftukokoE gq;skt Bz{ gq;s[s eoB T[j g{ot gqXkBwzsoh dh okJ/ Io{o b?Adk j?ns/ T[;dh ;jkfJsk dh wzr eodk j?.E'V/ ftu gqXkBwzsoh dk gE–gqdoPe j?. T[j gqXkB j'D d/ Bks/ ;ko/wzsokfbnK dh BhshnK dk skbw/b eodk j?. T[j Pk;B o{gh ;zrmB dk gqw[Zy gqpzXe j?. T[j ;ko/ Pk;Bd/ ekoiK dh d/yGkb eodk j? ns/ Pk;B d/ ftftX feqnk–ebkgK Bz{ fJe d{i/ Bkb ;zpX eokT[Adk j?. fJ;gqeko gqXkBwzsoh dk eosZt j? fe T[j d/y/ fe jo/e ftGkr dh rZvh rshPhb j?. T[;dk ekoi pj[s jhifNb j?. T[j wzsohwzvb Bz{ f;oc ihtB jh BjhA fdzdk, pbfe T[;Bz{ ihts oZyD dk th isB eodk j?ns/ rshPhb pDkT[Adk j?.

gqXkBwzsoh dk f;oc fBowksk ns/ gkbBeosk jh BjhA, pbfe ;zjkoeosk (destroyer) th j?. ;ko/wzsohnK dk GftZy T[;/ d/ Bkb pzfBQnk j'fJnk j?. gqXkBwzsoh d/ Bkb jh j'o wzsoh th s?od/ iK v[Zpd/ jB.T[;d/ fsnkr–g~so d/ Bkb g{oh wzsoh gfoPd Gzr j' ikJ/rh. fJ;d/ nbktk T[; s'A n;fjws j'D tkb/j'o wzsoh Bz{ fsnkr–g~so d[nkok gd–fsnkr eoBk g?Adk j?. T[dkjoD bJh, 1922 JhH ftu Gkos–wzsohwKN/frT[ B{z ;fj:'rhnK dh ;bkj d/ fpBK fJe nBktPe x'PD eoB d/ ekoD wzsohst fsnkrBk fgnk ;h.T[;/ gqeko 1935 JhH ftu ;?w[nb j'o dh ‘;[szso t?d/fPe Bhsh’ d/ ekoD gd–fsnkr eoBk fgnk. fJ;/sZE Bz{ okpoNg'b B/ fJBQK PpdK ftu ;gPN ehsk j?, “;kXkoD s"o s/ i/eo gqXkBwzsoh ns/ T[;d/ fJewzsoh ftu rfjok wsG/d T[sgzB j' ikJ/ ns/ i/ T[j wsG/d wzsohnK ftu r~bpkd s?n Bk j' ;e/ sK T[;dkcb fJj j'J/rk fe wzsoh Bz{ jNkT[Dk gJ/rk, gqXkBwzsoh B{z BjhA.” i/eo gqXkBwzsoh Bz{ fJj ftPtk; j'ikJ/ fe fe;/ wzsoh ftP/P d/ wzsohwzvb ftu ofjD Bkb ;ko/ wzsohwzvb dh ekoi–:'rsk, :'rsk,fJwkBdkoh ns/ Pk;B dh Bhsh T[s/ p[ok gqGkt g?D dh nPzek j? sK T[j ;ko/ Pk;B d/ w[yhnk j'D d/ Bks/nkgD/ ;kEh s'A fsnkr–gZso wzr ;edk j?. t?;/ sK ftXh nB[;ko wzsohnK Bz{ poyk;s (Dismiss) eoDdk nfXeko ;wokN dk ftP/PkfXeko j?, gozs{ ftntjko ftu fJj gozgok pD rJh j? fe fJ; nfXekodk gq:'r T[j gqXkBwzsoh dh ;bkj Bkb eo/rk. ;' wzsohnk dh fB:[esh dk nfXeko gqXkBwzsoh dk nfXekoj?. fJZE/ fJe T[b/yBh gqEk fJj j? fe e'Jh th wzsoh b'e fjs d/ bJh jh wzsoh–gd d/ ofj ;edk j?.fJ; bJh i/ fe;/ wzsoh B{z fJj gsk j' iKdk j? fe T[;d/ T[dk;hB j'D Bkb nkw b'eK d/ nfjs dh ;zGktBkj? iK iBws T[/;d/ fto[ZX j? sK T[;dk eosZt j' iKdk j? fe fsnkr–g~so d/ d/t/.” wzsohnK B/ fJ; gozgokdk gkbB th ehsk j?. T[dkjoD bJh fw;No b"t/ (Mr. Lowe) ns/ fw;No J/ohNB (Mr. Aryton) B/ ;zB1873 JhH ftu fsnkr–gZso fdZsk, eoBb ;hbh (Colonel Seely) B/ 1914 JhH ftu fsnkr–gZso fd~sk,fwH wKN/frT[ (Mr. Montague) ns/ fwH nk;fNB u/Apob/B (Mr. Austin Chamberloin) B/ 1917 JhHftu fsnkr–gZso fdsk, ns/ n?AEBh fJv/B (Anthony Eden) B/ 1956 JhH ftu gd–fsnkr ehsk ns/gq'fc:{wK B/ 1963 ftu.

fJ; gqeko gqXkBwzsoh wzsohwzvb d/ fBowkD, ihtB ns/ woD d/ e/Ado–fpzd{ jB. T[j wzsohwzvb dkfBowkD eosk, gkbBeosk ns/ ;zjkoeosk, noEks pqjwk, ftPBz{ ns/ wj/P j?. wzsohwzvb o{gh w/jokp(Arch) dh nkXkofPbk j?. wzsoh gfoPd dh T[j e[zih j?. gozs{ nwfoek d/ okPNogsh dh soQK wzsohwzvbdk wkfbe BjhA j?, wzsohwzvb d/ j'o w?Apo T[;d/ B"eo BjhA pbfe ;fj:'rh jB.gqXkBwzsoh ns/ ;fj:'rhnKftu eh ;zpzX jB, fJ;Bz{ ftdktkBK B/ ftfGzB o{g ftu ftnes ehsk j?. bkov wkob/ b? ‘;weePK ftugfjbk’ (Primus Interpares) fejk ;h. T[;dk efjDk ;h fe “Gkt/A gqXkBwzsoh ns/ T[;d/ ;fj:'rh nkws"o s/ fJe ;wkB j[zd/ jB, T[; ftu ;ko/ fBPu/ fJews Bkb ehs/ iKd/ jB, ns/ T[j GkJhuko/ Bkb fwbe/ ezw eod/ jB, gqXkBwzsoh dh fJews ftu ftP/P ;fEsh ns/ nkXko–;~sk dk gq:'r eodk j?.” gozs{


B ØN


fpqfNP T[dkotkdh b/ye okwi/ fwUo T[; ftuko Bkb ;fjws BjhA jB. T[BQK dh okJ/ ftu gqXkBwzsoh Bz{nkw ftneshnK ftu gqEw efjDk ;otEk Gqw w{be j?l feT[Afe T[j nkgD/ ;fj:'rhnK Bz{ fB:[es eodkns/ gdfuT[s eodk j?. ftXh ftu BjhA, go ftntjko ftu T[j oki dk ekoiekoh gqXkB j?, fi;dhPeshnK fJzBh ftnge jB fizBk fe ftPt ftu fe;/ th ;zftXkfBe Pk;e, fJE'A se fe nwfoeBokPNogsh Bz{ gqkgs BjhA” wkob/ dh T[gwk s'A T[Zsw ;o ftfbnw jkoe'oN (Sir William Harcourt)dk b?fNB tke ‘BeP~sqK d/ ftu uzdqwk’ j?. fezs{ fJj tke th gqXkBwzsoh ns/ wzsohnK d/ ftu mhe–mhe;fEsh dk w[bKeD eoBk n;gPN j?. vkH i/fBr; dk efjDk j? fe “gqXkBwzsoh e/tb ;wkB Pq/Dh tkfbnKftu gqEw jh BjhA jB ns/ Bk e/tb jkoe'oN d/ PpdK ftu ‘f;skfonK d/ ftu uzdowk jh j?. T[j ;{oid/ ;wkB j? fi;d/ uko' soc rqfj x[zwd/ jB.” i/fBzr; dk eEB pj[s ;jh j? tk;st ftu gqXkBwzsoh ;{oij? fi;d/ uko'A soc wzsoh o{gh T[grqfj uZeo eZNd/ jB.

gozs{ fJ;dk wsbp fJj BjhA fe gqXkBwzsoh skBkPkj j' ;edk j?. Gkt/A T[j wzsohnK Bz{ fB:[es eodkns/ Pk;B ftu ;EkB fdzdk j? fco th T[;d/ gqsh BjhA, T[j ;z;d d/ gqsh T[ZsodkJh j?. T[;d/ BkbnfXBkfJe dh soQK ftntjko BjhA eo ;edk j?, pbfe T[j T[BQK Bz{ nkgD/ Bkb b? e/ ubdk j?. gqXkBwzsohT[;d/ ftukoK dh T[g/ePk BjhA eo ;edk ns/ Bk T[; Bkb ;tkwh dh soQK rZbpks eo ;edk j?. ckJhBodk efjDk j? fe “fJj wzBdk jh gJ/rk fe gqXkBwzsoh e'Jh ;hio BjhA j? ns/ Bk ;kEh nfijk j? fi;Bz{u[D'sh BjhA fdZsh ik ;e/. T[;dk ftuko th nB[bxBh j?. T[;dh ;~sk dk fJe wkso nkXko fJj j? feT[j okPNo dh fezBh ;/tk eo ;edk j?. fe;/ th ;w/A T[;dk fto'Xh T[;dk ;EkB rqfjD eo ;edk j?.”T[;dh gqfsPmk dk nkXko T[;d/ db dk ;woEB j?. bk;eh B/ mhe jh fejk j? fe “db ;zrmB d/ gq;zrftu T[;dh Pesh T[;d/ gqGkt T[s/ nkXkos j?. ;koKP ftu, gqXkBwzsoh fe;/ ;fj:'rh Bz{ fttP eoe/ BjhApbfe ;wMk p[Mk e/ nkgD/ ftukoK Bz{ wzBtk ;edk j?. T[;dh Pesh nB[Pk;fBe (disciplined) d/ Bkb–Bkb B?fse (ethical) th j?. ;' T[; Bz{ ;fj:'rhnK d/ gqsh fXqPN, em'o, ne[Pb ns/ nfBnKg{oB BjhAj'Dk ukjhdk BjhA s/ db dh J/esk Bz{ X~ek gj[zu/rk s/ cb;to{g T[;dk GftZy th nzXekown j' ikJ/rk.

(((((ii) db dk B/sk L) db dk B/sk L) db dk B/sk L) db dk B/sk L) db dk B/sk L Pk;B dk gqXkB j'D d/ nbktk gqXkBwzsoh pj[ws db dk B/sk (Party Leader) j[zdkj?. d/P ftu T[;dh ;otT[Zu Pesh dk tzvk oki j? fe T[j fiZs/ j'J/ db dk B/sk j[zdk j?. db B/sk j'Dd/ Bks/ jh T[j Pk;B dk gqXkB j' gkT[Adk j?. fJ; ;fEsh ftu T[;dk ftneshst ;kotifBe o{g b? b?Adkj?. o/vhU, ekoN{B, gq?; nkfd d[nkok iBsk d/ ;Bw[y T[;d/ fto[ZX T[Arbh u[eDk d/ Bkb ftPtk;xkswzfBnk iKdk j?. T[j db dh J/esk dk gqw[Zy ;szG j?. gqXkBwzsoh d/ GftZy d/ Bkb d/ dk GftZy pzfBQnkofjzdk j? . nkw u'DK (General Election) T[;/ d/ ftneshst Bz{ e/Ado pDk e/ bfVnk iKdk j?. fJ;bJhfJj efjDk mhe jh j? fe nkw u'DK jh gqXkBwzsohnK d/ ftu iBws ;zraqfj (Plebiscite) j?. rb?v;N'BB/ 1857 JhH d/ nkw fBotkuB d/ T[s/ gqekP gkT[Ad/ j'J/ fejk ;h fe fJj 1874 JhH tork nkw fBotkuBBjhA j?, idfe fiN B/ d/P Bz{ nghb ehsh ;h eh eqkT{B Bz{ nbgws tkb/ Pk;B dk dk; ofjDk ukjhdkj?< Bk fJj fBotkuB 1831 JhH d/ fBotkuB dh soQK j? id fe ;[XkoK d/ T[Zs/ iBws wzfrnk ;h, Bk fJjfBotkuB 1882 JhH tork j? idfe fBotkuB–tgko ;ozfynB d/ nkXko T[s/ bfVnk frnk ;h. d/P Bz{fJ; (1857 JhH) nkw u'D ftu Bhsh d/ pko/ ftu s? eoBk BjhA ;h, pbfe e/tb fJj s?n eoBk ;h fed/P gkw;NoB Bz{ gqXkBwzsoh u[D/rk iK BjhA. 1880 JhH d/ nkw u'DK ftu s?n eoBk ;h fe d/P bkovp/ez;chbv Bz[{ gqXkBwzsoh pDkT[Dk ukj[zdk ;h iK rb?v;N'B Bz{. 1945 JhH d/ nkw u'DK ftu nB[dko B/ BjhApbfe uofub B/ ftneshrs o{g ftu d/P Bz{ nghb ehsh. jo/e jkb ftu gqXkBwzsoh dh s;tho NzrfdZsh rJh ;h fi;d/ E~b/ fJj Ppd fby/ ;B “fJ;Bz{ :[~X dk nX{ok ezw eoB d'” ns/ T[;d/ E~b/ S'N/ nZyoKftu j/m fby/ nz;rs Ppd i[V/ j'J/ ;h “:[~XifBn B[e;kB Bz{ t'N d'.” nB[dko db B/ u"D x'PDk–gZsoth gqekPs BjhA eokfJnk, fezs{ uofub B/ nkgDk u'D x'PDk–gZso gqekPs eokfJnk, i' “w?A” Ppd s'AnkozG j[zdk ;h. fBotkuB dk Bkok ;hl “uofub iK bk;eh” fi; ftu bkw;eh Bz{ ftP/P o{g ftu P?skBdZf;nk frnk ;h. 1983 d/ fJfsjk;e nkw u'DK dk w[Zy w[Zdk “E?uotkd pBkw ;wkitkd” (Thatcherirsmvs. Socialism) ;h. nB[dko db dh gqfsnkfPe fi~s dk w[Zy ekoB E?uo dk “b'j wfjbk” (Iron Lady)dk ftneshst ns/ “fpqfNP ;[oZfynk d/ yso/ dk ;kwQDk eoB dh fJZSk ns/ skes (The will and thecapacity to meet threats to British Security) ;h.” wid{o db dh jko dk fJe w[Zy ekoD db d/


B ØN


B/sk wkJheb c{N dk ‘Bow’ (moderate) ftneshst ;h. ;ko/ nkw u'D, dbK d/ B/sktK d/ ftZu j[zd/ jBBk fe nB[dko db ns/ wid{o db d/ ftu. fBotkuB d[nkok gqXkBwzsoh okPNo dk gqshe pD iKdk j?.T[;d/ ftneshst ftu db dh gqfsPmk ns/ Pesh gkJh iKdh j?. fJBQK ekoDK Bkb db d/ nzsors e'Jhth ftnesh T[; Bz{ gdfuT[s eoB ftu ;cb BjhA j' ;edk j?. fJe tko gqXkBwzsoh j'D ikD d/ pkndT[;Bz{ B/sk–gd s'A e~Y d/Dk w[Pfeb j' iKdk j?, fi; gqeko t/dB ns/ T[;d/ nB[:kJh J/Nbh Bz{ ns/ uofubns/ T[;d/ nB[:kJh B/ftbh u/Apob/B Bz{ gdfuT[s eoB ftu n;cb oj/. gqXkBwzsoh d/ ftneshst T[s/db fNfenk ofjzdk j?. nfrnkB s'A nfrnkB wB[~y th 10, vkBfBzr ;NqhN Bz{ ikDdk j?, gozs{ j'o wzsohnKiK okiBhfseK d/ pko/ ftu e'Jh fuzsk BjhA eodk. Bshi/ ti' pj[ws db d/ B/sk j'D d/ ekoB gqXkBwzsohdh ;fEsh pj[s jh PeshPkbh j' iKdh j?.

(((((iii) b'e ;Gk dk B/sk –) b'e ;Gk dk B/sk –) b'e ;Gk dk B/sk –) b'e ;Gk dk B/sk –) b'e ;Gk dk B/sk – gqXkBwzsoh ;z;d dk nZieb w[~y s"o s/ b'e;Gk dk B/sk (Leader of theCommons) j[zdk j?. bkov ;Gk ftu T[j fe;/ Bz{ fB:[es eo fdzdk j? i' T[; ;dB ftu T[;dk gqshfBXhsteodk j?. b'e;Gk ftu fJ; gqeko gqshfBXh dh fB:[esh dh gqEk j? go ftntjko ftu gqXkBwzsoh jhiBfgqn ;dB dh nrtkJh eodk j?. wzsohwzvb dk j'o e'Jh w?Apo gqXkBwzsoh dh soQK b'e;Gk ftu ;ko/wzsohwzvb dk gqshfBXhst BjhA eo ;edk j?. Pk;B dh Bhsh Bkb ;zpzXs nzfsw ns/ nfXfeqs GkPDgqXkBwzsoh dk jh j[zdk j?. ;oeko dh Bhsh ns/ ekoi d/ pko/ ftu gqw[Zy x'PDktK gqXkBwzsoh Bkb jh j[zdhj?. b'e;Gk ftu nftGkrhJ/ ns/ nb'uBkswe ;wZf;nktK T[s/ gqPB gqXkBwzsoh s'A jh g[~S/ iKd/ jB, fe;/;kEh d/ d[nkok fd~s/ rJ/ GkPD s'A T[sgzB rbscfjwh Bz{ s[ozs d{o eoB dk ezw T[;/ dk j?. nkgD/ ;kEhnKd/ GkPD ftu fJ; gqeko ;[Xko b?D dk nfXeko f;oc gqXkBwzsoh Bz{ j? j'o fe;/ wzsoh Bz{ BjhA. gqXkBwzsohjh b'e;Gk ftu wj~stg{oB ftfPnK T[s/ nzfsw ;[tesk (Ultimate to Oracle) ns/ Bhsh ;q's (Foundationof Policy) j?.

b'e ;Gk d/ ;zukbB ftu th gqXkBwzsoh nrtkjh gqdkB eodk j?. T[j ftnt;Ekfgek dk gqXkB j[zdk j?. T[jftnt;EkgB dk Bhsh fBoXkoD eo ;z;d dk gE–gqdoPB eodk j?. ;ko/ ;oekoh ftX/ne, T[;dh fBrokBhftu ns/ T[;dh ;bkj d/ nB[;ko fsnko ehs/ iKd/ jB. ;kbkBk piN fsnko eoB ftu gqXkBwzsoh dk pj[stZvk j~E ofjzdk j?. b'e ;Gk ftu ftnt;Ek oyD d/ bJh T[j w[yh jh ;jkfJsk eodk j?. dbhJ/ ;u/se d[nkokT[j db d/ w?ApoK Bz{ io{oh nkd/P fdzdk j?. T[j ;dB dk ;w/A dh tzv s/ g'qrokw fsnko eodk j?l ;oekoh ns/fBih ezw dk ;w/A fBoXkfos eodk j?. ekoi fto'Xh db dh ;bkj Bkb jo/e ekotkjh d/ bJh ;wK fBoXkoseodk j?.

;z;d Bkb ;zpzXs gqXkBwzsoh dk j'o wj~stg{oB nfXeko b'e;Gk Bz{ ftxfNs eoB dk j?. gqXkBwzsoh ;wqkNBz{ b'e;Gk Bz{ Gzr eoB dh ;bkj d/ ;edk j? ns/ ;wokN ;kXkoD s"o s/ T[; Bz{ n;theko BjhA eo ;edk.fgSb/ fJe ;" ;kbK ftu ;wqkN B/ nfijk edh BjhA ehsk j?. gqXkBwzsoh d/ j~E ftu fJj pj[s jh PeshPkbhjfEnko j? fi;d/ d[nkok T[j b'e;Gk d/ w?ApoK Bz{ nB[Pkf;s ns/ fBnzfsqs eodk j?.

(((((iv) ;wokN ns/ wzsohwzvb d/ ftu dh eVh L) ;wokN ns/ wzsohwzvb d/ ftu dh eVh L) ;wokN ns/ wzsohwzvb d/ ftu dh eVh L) ;wokN ns/ wzsohwzvb d/ ftu dh eVh L) ;wokN ns/ wzsohwzvb d/ ftu dh eVh L gqXkBwzsoh nkw iBsk d/ wj~st dh rZbK Bz{ ;wqkNse gj[zukT[D dk wkfXnw (link) j?, T[j ;wqkN ns/ wzsohwzvb Bz{ fJe d{i/ Bkb i'VD tkbh eVh dk ezweodk j?. nkozG ftu “gqXkBwzsoh dh T[g/ePk eo” j'o wzsoh ;wokN Bkb f;~Xk ;zgoe ;Ekgs eo b?Ad/;B, gozs{ n~ieb fJj gozgok ;Efrs j' rJh j?. f;oc gqXkBwzsoh jh ;wokN Bz{ Pk;B ;zpzXh ;{uBktKd/ ;edk j?, fJ~E'A se fe ftP~[X ftGkrhJ/ wkwfbnK ftu th gqXkBwzsoh jh wkfXnw dk ezw eo ;edk j?.wzsohwzvb ;futkfbnk wzsohwzvb d/ fBofDnK Bz{ fbydk j? ns/ T[j T[;dh Beb ;wokN Bz{ G/idk j? fJ;d/nbktk wzsohwzvb d/ j'o ftukoK ns/ fBofDnK dh ;{uBk gqXkBwzsoh Bz{ ;t/Sk Bkb ;wqkN Bz{ fdzdk j?. fJetko fi~E/ gqXkBwzsoh B/ ;wokN Bz{ fJ; ;zpzX ftu ;{uBk d/ fd~sh fco, “fe;/ j'o wzsoh d[nkok d[jokJ/ikD dh io{os BjhA” fJ; gqeko gqXkBwzsoh ;wokN dk gqw[Zy ;bkj d/D tkbk j?. nkgksekb ftu ;wokN;G s'A gfjbK gqXkBwzsoh s'A jh ;bkj bt/rk. fJ~E'A se gqXkBwzsoh ;wokN d/ ftneshrs ihtB d/wkwfbnK Bz{ th fBnzfsqs eodk j?. ;wokN fejV/–fejV/ ;oekoh ekoiK ftu Gkr bt/rk, ;woki iKokPNwzvb d/ fe; Gkr dh :ksok eo/rk nkfd rZbK dk fBoDk gqXkBwzsoh jh eodk j?. ;N?Bb/ pkbvftBfJ;B{z nkgDk nfXeko ns/ eosZt ;wMd/ ;h. fJ;h nfXeko d/ nzsors T[BQK B/ J/vtov nPNw Bz{


B ØN


;qhwsh f;zg;B Bkb ftnkj BjhA eoB/ dh ;bkj fd~sh ;h ns/ wzsohwzvb Bkb rZb ekch n~r/ t~X ikDT[Zs/ ;bkj ehsh ;h. gqXkBwzsoh fJ; nfXeko d/ d[nkok ;wqkN Bz{ fBnzfsqs eodk j? ns/ Pk;B dktk;sfte gqXkB pD iKdk j?.

(((((v) nzsookPNoh gqshfBXh L) nzsookPNoh gqshfBXh L) nzsookPNoh gqshfBXh L) nzsookPNoh gqshfBXh L) nzsookPNoh gqshfBXh L nzsookPNoh y/so ftu fpqfNP gqXkBwzsoh dk pj[s wj~stg{oB n;EkBj?. T[j t?d/fPe Bhsh T[s/ g{oB fBnzsoD oydk j?. Gkt/A ftd/P–ftGkr T[;d/ j~E ftu BjhA ofjzdk, fcoth t?d/fPe Bhsh dk T[jh fBowkDeosk j?. ftd/P wzsoh d/ ekoi ebkgK T[s/ eVh fBrokBh oydk j?. fit/A –u/Apob/B d[nkok fJv/B T[s/, u?Apo b/B d[nkok jkbh cke; T[s/ w?ev'B/bv d[nkok j?Avo;B T[s/ ns/ uofubd[nkok fJv/B T[s/. t?d/fPe Bhsh ;zpXh wj~stg{oB ;zw/bBK, T[s;tK v'fwfBnBK ns/ okPNowzvb d/ d/PK d/ Bkb nzsookPNoh ;wZf;nktK T[Zs/ ftuko–tNKdo/ ftu Gkr b?Adk j?. bkov fte;chbv B/ pofbBdh ;gk ftu Gkr fbnk, bkfJv ikoi B/ g/fo; d/ PKsh ;zw/bB ftu j~E tzvkfJnk, ns/ B/ftb u?Apob/Bdh e'fPP d/ cb;to{g fwT[fBi ;wM"sk j'fJnk, uofub B/ sK d{i/ wjk:[~X ekb ftu S/ tko okPNogsho{it/bN Bkb j'o d' tko ;NkfbB Bkb G/N ehsh, gqXkBwzsoh ftb;B Bz{ th o'v;hnk dh ;[szsosk ;zpzXh;w~f;nk Bz{ ;[bMkT[D d/ bJh ;fwE Bkb ;t?w fwbDk fgnk ;h. gqXkBwzsoh nzsookPNoh ;zw/bBK,okPNowzvbhJ/ gqXkBwzsoh d/ ;zw/bB ns/ j'o ;zw/bBK ftu Gkr b?Ad/ jB ns/ j'o oki w[yhnK Bkb ftuko–tNKdo/ bJh fwbd/ jB. fJ; gqeko gqXkBwzsoh fpqfNP okPNo dk nzsookPNoh gqshfBXh j?.

(((((vi) ;ozfynD ns/ T[gkXhnK ;zpzXh Pesh L) ;ozfynD ns/ T[gkXhnK ;zpzXh Pesh L) ;ozfynD ns/ T[gkXhnK ;zpzXh Pesh L) ;ozfynD ns/ T[gkXhnK ;zpzXh Pesh L) ;ozfynD ns/ T[gkXhnK ;zpzXh Pesh L gqXkBwzsoh d/ e' ;ozfynD ns/ feqgk d/ ngko ;q's jB.T[gkXhnK gqdkB eok ;wokN dk ftP/P nfXeko j?. gozs{ gqXkBwzsoh dh f;ckfoP T[s/ jh ;wokN fe;/ Bz{T[gkXh d/ ;edk j? iK ghno pDk ;edk j?. fezs{ fJ; ;zpzX ftu e[M nfij/ jh th ngtko j? fit/A nkovonkc ;N/ ;?AN wkJheb n?Av ;?AN ikoi (Order of St. Miochael and St. George) ns/ B";?Bk, ;Eb ;?Bns/ tk:{ ;?Bk ;zpzXh T[gkXhnK fi; ftu ;zpzXs wzsoh ;wokN Bz{ sdoE ;~sk fdzd/ jB. T[gkXhnK d/ nbktk;ko/ [tZv/ gdK T[s/ fB:[eshnK gqXkBwzsoh d/ d[nkok jh ehshnK iKdh jB. fpPg, okid{s, i~i, ftGkrhJ/gqw[ZyrD, T[gfBt/PK d/ rtoB, ;EkJh nk:'rK ns/ p'ovK d/ w[~y nfXekoh, gqXkBwzsoh d/ jh feqgk–gksojB. Gkt/A fB:[eshnK d/ ;zpzX ftu ftGkrhJ/ wzsohnK dh okJ/ bJh iKdh j?. fco th gqXkBwzsoh dk jhfBoDk nzfsw j[zdk j?. nzso ftu f;ftb ;oft; T[s/ ft~s wzsokfbnk dk fBnzsoD j[zdk j?. ns/ ft~s–wzsokfbnk d/ T[go gqXkBwzsoh dk gfjbk bkov j'D d/ Bks/ fBnzsoD ofjzdk j?.

(((((vii) nkgksekbhB nfXeko () nkgksekbhB nfXeko () nkgksekbhB nfXeko () nkgksekbhB nfXeko () nkgksekbhB nfXeko (Emergency Powers)L)L)L)L)L gqXkBwzsoh Bz{ nkgksekbhB nfXeko th gqkgsj?. :[~X, noE–;zeN iK j'o fJ;h gqeko d/ ;zeNK d/ ;w/A ftu T[BQK dh Pesh tX iKdh j?. Gkt/A Gkosh;zftXkB dh BthA ftXh–ftjhB BjhA j?, fco th s[ozs edw T[mkT[D d/ bJh g{o/ okPNo dh Pesh Bz{ w[PfebBkb bVD d/ bJ fJj io{oh j' iKdk j? fe ekoigkfbek ekch PeshPkbh pD ikJ/. d{i/ ftPt:[~X d/ ;w/A fJegqiksKsfoe oki ftu uofub B/ skBkPkjh okiK d/ fjNbo ns/ w[;'fbh s'A x~N Pesh dk gq:'r BjhA ehsk.nkgksekb ftu ;zftXkfBe skBkPkjh dh ;EkgBk j' iKdh j? fi;dk skBkPkj gqXkBwzsoh j[zdk j?. edh–edhsK ibdpkih ftu i/ ekoi eoB s'A gfjbK ftuko–tNKdo/ dk ;w/A BjhA fwbdk j? sK T[; ekoi B{z g{ok eoBd/ pknd wzsohwzvb dh ;thfeqsh bJh iKdh j?, fit/A – fvio?bh B/ ;t/i Bfjo ftu fjZ;k yohdD d/ pkndT[; Bz{ wzsohwzvb d/ ftuko–tNKdo/ d/ bJh gq;s[s ehsk. gaqqXkBwzsoh dh :[~X ekbhB ;fEsh dh uouk eod/j'J/ ekoNB nkfd B/ fbfynk j? fe :[~X–;zukbB d/ ;zpzX ftu gqXkBwzsoh eh eodk j?l fJj T[;dh nkgDho{uh ns/ :'rsk T[s/ fBoGo eodk j?. gozs{ fJj ;gPN j? fe fgSbh Pskpdh dh ng/ePk T[;dk Gkr j[DfInkdk ftnkge j' frnk j?. nkgD/ ;bkj eosktK T[s/ Gkt/A T[j ;G fJews th j'D, sd th wkwb/ BjhAS~v/ ik ;ed/. id ;?fBe wkwb/ okiBhfse T[d/PK ns/ xo/b{ io{osK Bz{ gqGkts eod/ j'D, sK T[;Bz{ nkgfBoDk eoBk io{oh j?. gqXkBwzsoh jh e/tb fJ; ;fEsh ftu jz[dk j? fe :[~X ;zukbB d/ ;ko/ fdqPNhe'DkT[s/ ftuko eo T[BQK dk ftPb/PD eo ;e/. e'Jh T[;dk n;EkB BjhA b? ;edk. e'Jh T[;dk T[ZsodkfJstrqfjD BjhA eo ;edk. j[D ;?fBe fBoD/ eoB ftu T[j Gkr BjhA b?Adk gozs{ nzfsw T[d/PK Bz{ fBoXkoseoB ftu T[j fBPu/ jh Gkr b?Adk j?. :[~X ekb ftu Pesh ns/ T[ZsodkfJst d/ e/AdoheoD eoB dh io{osj?. bkov ikoi ns/ uofub d'tK B/ nkgD/ wzsohwzvbK dk :[ZX d/ d"okB w[V rmB ehsk. uofub sK;[oZfynk wzsoh d/ gd dk fBowkD eo e/ nkg T[; T[s/ nk;hB j' frnk. T[j :[ZX dh rshftXhnK s'A pj[s


B ØN


fBeN ;zgoe oydk ;h ‘uhc nkc efwNh’ dk nkg fBnzsoD–fBod/PD eodk ;h ns/ fJ~E'A se fe B";?fBe:'iBktK, :ksk;ks, ykfdn nkg{osh, okPNoh ftZs nkfd T[s/ nkg fBrokBh oydk ;h. fJ; gqeko :[Z~X;zukbB dh Pesh T[BQK d/ j~EK ftu e/Afdqs j' rJh ;h. wJh, 1966 ftu B";?fBe eowukohnK (Seaman)dh jVskb d/ ekoD gqXkBwzsoh ftb; B/ ;zeN ekb dh x'PDk ehsh ;h fi;d/ nB[;ko ykfdn–nzB d/ nk:ksfBo:ks ns/ io{oh ;/tktK ftu o'e gj[zukT[D tkfbnK Bz{ ;ik dk Gkrh j'Dk fgnk.

7H27H27H27H27H2 :{Hn?;HJ/H, cqK;, oPhnk, uhB dk okPNogsh ns/ ;ftNIob?Av dh:{Hn?;HJ/H, cqK;, oPhnk, uhB dk okPNogsh ns/ ;ftNIob?Av dh:{Hn?;HJ/H, cqK;, oPhnk, uhB dk okPNogsh ns/ ;ftNIob?Av dh:{Hn?;HJ/H, cqK;, oPhnk, uhB dk okPNogsh ns/ ;ftNIob?Av dh:{Hn?;HJ/H, cqK;, oPhnk, uhB dk okPNogsh ns/ ;ftNIob?Av dhpj[b ekoigkfbek pj[b ekoigkfbek pj[b ekoigkfbek pj[b ekoigkfbek pj[b ekoigkfbek (The President of U.S.A., France, Russia, China,and Plural Executive of Switzerland)

nwfoeh okPNogsh nwfoeh okPNogsh nwfoeh okPNogsh nwfoeh okPNogsh nwfoeh okPNogsh (American President)fcbkv/bfcnk ;zw/bB d[nkok okPNogsh gd dk f;oiB –fcbkv/bfcnk ;zw/bB d[nkok okPNogsh gd dk f;oiB –fcbkv/bfcnk ;zw/bB d[nkok okPNogsh gd dk f;oiB –fcbkv/bfcnk ;zw/bB d[nkok okPNogsh gd dk f;oiB –fcbkv/bfcnk ;zw/bB d[nkok okPNogsh gd dk f;oiB – ;z:[es oki nwfoek ftu w[yh–g~Xshdh ;oeko j?. 1787 ftu fcbkv/bfcnk ;zw/bB (Philadelphia Convention) B/ tkd–fttkd d/ pkndfJ; g~Xsh B{z ngDkfJnk fi;d/ Bshi/ ti'A ;zftXkB ftu okPNogsh dk f;oiB ehsk frnk. fcbkv/bfcnk;zw/bB d/ gqshfBXh fJews ;B fe e/Ado ftu fJe PeshPkbh ekoigkfbek dk fBowkB ehsk ikt/l feT[Afeokiwzvb nB[S/dK (Articles of Confederation) ftu fJe ;[fBPfus ns/ e/Adoh ekoigkfbek d/ nGktdk T[BQK Bz{ eN{ nB[Gt j' u[ek ;h. fco th T[BQK Bz{ fXnkB oyDk ;h fe ekoigkfbek T[ABh PeshPkbh thBk j't/ i' fBoze[P pD ikJ/. ;' PeshPkbh, go fBnzfsqs, ekoigkfbek d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A nB/e ftebg gq;s[sehs/ rJ/, fit/A – tzPkB[rs okik, iBsk d[nkok fBotkfus gqXkB ftnt;Ekfgek d/ gqsh T[ZsohdkJhekoigkfbek J/eb iK pj[b ;zxh ekoigkfbek nkfd. nzs ftu fcbkv/bfcnk ;zw/bB ftu fBPfusekoiftXh d/ bJh fBotkfus J/eb ekoigkfbek d/ gZy ftu ;wM"sk j'fJnk. ;' ;zftxkB ftu fJjftnt;Ek ehsh rJh fe ekoi gkfbek Pesh fJe okPNogsh ftu fBfjs j't/rh i' uko ;kb d/ bJhngqsZy o{g Bkb fBotkfus j'D.

okPNogsh dk fBotkuB (okPNogsh dk fBotkuB (okPNogsh dk fBotkuB (okPNogsh dk fBotkuB (okPNogsh dk fBotkuB (Election of the President)))))

(e) ;zftXkfBe T[gbpX ((e) ;zftXkfBe T[gbpX ((e) ;zftXkfBe T[gbpX ((e) ;zftXkfBe T[gbpX ((e) ;zftXkfBe T[gbpX (Constitutional Provisions)

fcbkv/bfcnk ;zw/bB dk fBoD/ –fcbkv/bfcnk ;zw/bB dk fBoD/ –fcbkv/bfcnk ;zw/bB dk fBoD/ –fcbkv/bfcnk ;zw/bB dk fBoD/ –fcbkv/bfcnk ;zw/bB dk fBoD/ – fcbkv/bfcnk ;zw/bB ftu okPNogsh dh fBotkuB g~Xsh d/ gqPBT[s/ gqshfBXhnK ftu wsG/d ;h. w[~y s"o s/ d' ;[Mkn gq;s[s ehs/ rJ/. gfjbk, e[M gqshfBXhnK B/ iBskd[nkok gqsZy fBotkuB dk ;[Mkt ofynkL gozs{ fJ; B{z ftntjkos n;zGt ;wMkfJnk. fJ; g~Xsh Bkbnftnt;Ek, j[bVpkih ns/ okiBhfse n;ziw dk th vo ;h. ;' fJ; ;[Mkn Bz{ BjhA wzfBnk frnk. d{ik,okPNogsh dk eKro; d[nkok fBotkuB dk ;[Mkn gq;s[s ehsk frnk fi;Bz{ ;zw/bB dk ;woED gqkgsj'fJnk. gozs{ fJj g~Xsh PeshnK d/ t~yo/gB d/ f;XKs dk T[bzxD eodh ;h ns/ ;zftxkB fBowkskokPNogsh Bz{ ftXkB gkfbek s'A ;[szso ;fEsh d/Dk ukj[zd/ ;B. fJj ;[Mkn th n;thfeqs jh fojk. nzsftu d'tK ;[MktK d/ ftu dk o;sk ngDkfJnk frnk. fJe nfijh fBotkuB–g~Xsh dh y'i ehsh rJh i'okPNogsh Bz{ eKro; s'A ;[szso ;fEsh gqdkB eodh ns/ ngqs~y o{g Bkb iBsk B{z fBotkuB ftu th Gkrb?D dk nt;o gqdkB eodh.

fBotkuB wzvb (fBotkuB wzvb (fBotkuB wzvb (fBotkuB wzvb (fBotkuB wzvb (Electoral College) –) –) –) –) – ;zftXkB d/ d{i/ nB[S/d ftu okPNogsh d/ fBotkuB ftXh(Procedure of Election) dk T[b/y ehsk frnk j?. okPNogsh dk fBotkuB fJe fBotkue wzvb(Electoral College) d[nkok j[zdk j?. fBotkue–rD okiK d[nkok fB:[es w?Apo (Electoral) j[zd/ jB. jo/e oki s'A fBotkueK dh ;zfynk eKro; d/ d't/A ;dBk ftu oki d/ gqshfBXhnK d/ pokpo j[zdh j? noEksjo/e oki s'A fBotkueK dh ;zfynk eKro; d/ ;dBK ftu fwbe/ gqshfBXh j[zd/ jB. fBotkueK dh fB:[eshjo/e oki d/ ftXkBwzvb d[nkok fBoXkfos ohsh Bkb j[zdh j?. brGr ;" ;kbK s' ;ko/ okiK ftu fBotkueKdk fBotkuB gqsZy o{g Bkb iBsk d[nkok ftn;e wskfXeko d/ nkXko T[s/ j[zdk j?. fJ; gqfeqnk Bz{T[dkjoD d[nkok ;wMkfJnk ik ;edk j?, i/ fe;/ oki dh ;hB/N ftu d' w?ApoK ns/ gqshfBXh ;Gk ftu S/w?Apo j'D sK fBotkue–rD ftu T[; ;w/A s'A n~m (d'–S/) w?Apo j'Dr/. fBotkueK dh ;zfynk fBT[:koe


B ØN


ftu 45, e?bhc'oBhnK ftu 32 ns/ fJfbBkfJ; ftu 27 s'A b? e/ B/tkv, vkbt/no, tow"N jo/e ftu 3–3 jB. fBotkue–wzvb dk ekoi okPNgsh ns/ T[gokPNogsh u[DB d/ nbktk j'o e[M BjhA j?.

fBotkueK dh :'rsk –fBotkueK dh :'rsk –fBotkueK dh :'rsk –fBotkueK dh :'rsk –fBotkueK dh :'rsk – e'Jh nfijk ftnesh, i' eKro; d/ d't/A ;dBK ftu' fe;/ d/ w?Apo j't/ ns/ ;z:[esoki d/ nXhB fe;/ bkG iK T[ZsodkfJst d/ gd T[s/ ezw eo fojk j't/ iK No~;N d/ gd s/ j'D, fBotkuefB:[es BjhA j' ;edk.

wsdksk – wsdksk – wsdksk – wsdksk – wsdksk – fBotkue Bz{ gqs~y o{g ftu wsdksktK d[nkok u[fDnk iKdk j?. wsdksktK d/ ;pzX ftu 1970JhH ftu ‘wsdkB nfXeko fBnw’ ftu ;zP'XB ehsk frnk. fJ;d/ g{ot 21 ;kb dh T[wo d/ jo Bo–Bkoh Bz{ t'N d/D dk nfXeko gqkgs ;h, fezs{ j[D 18 ;kb dh T[wo d/ jo/e Bo–Bkoh Bz{ t'N dk nfXekogqdkB eo fdZsk frnk j?. d{ik gfotosD d/ nktk; dh ntXh Bkb ;zpzXs 1970 d/ g{ot nw/foek ftuxZN s'A xZN 30 oki nfij/ ;B, fi~E/ T[jh ftnesh t'N d/ ;edk ;h i' x~N s'A x~N fJe ;kb oki ftubrksko fojk j't/. fJj ;wK j[D 30 fdB eo fd~sh rJh j?. shik gfotosD fJj j'fJnk fe 1970 d/;zP'XB d/ g{ot wsdksk Bz{ nkgDk Bkw gzihfeqs eotkT[D s'A g{ot fJe ;kyosk dh gohfynk d/Dh j[zdh;h. j[D fJj gqshpzX jNk fd~sk frnk j?. nfijk gfotosD Bhrq' BkrfoeK Bz{ wskfXeko gqkgs eokT[Dd/ T[d/: s'A ehsk frnk. fJBQK ;zP'XBK d/ gfoDkw ;o{g 1972 d/ okPNogsh u'DK ftu 1 eo'V 10 bZygJ/ ftneshnK Bz{ t'N d/D dk nfXeko gqkgs j'fJnk.

wsdkB ns/ rDBk –wsdkB ns/ rDBk –wsdkB ns/ rDBk –wsdkB ns/ rDBk –wsdkB ns/ rDBk – jo/e oki d/ fBotkue fJe fBPfus ;EkB T[s/ d;zpo d/ d{i/ p[~Xtko d/ pkndgfjbh ;'wtko Bz{ fJe~sq j 'e/ okPNoh d/ gd bJh d' T[whdtkoK d/ g~y ftu ws d/Dr/. wsdkB ftn;ewskfXeko d/ nkXko T[s/ ns/ r[gs gofunK (Sectret Ballot) d[nkok j[zdk j?. fJBQK ftu x~N s'A x~N fJeftnesh nfijk j'Dk ukjhdk j? i' T[; oki dk fBtk;h Bk j't/. fBotkuB d/ cb;o{g fszzB gqwkD–g~so(Certificate) fsnko ehs/ iKd/ jB, fi; ftu fv;fNqeN e'oN ftu ;[oZfyns ofjzdk j?, d{ik vke d[nkok:hB/N d/ w[yh d/ e'b G/fink iKdk j? ns/ shik T[;d/ e'b fJe ftP/P ;zd/P–tkje (Messenger) d[nkokG/i fd~sk iKdk j? 6 iBtoh Bz{ w[yh eKro; d/ d't/A ;dBK d/ ;kjwd/ T[BQK Bz{ y'bQ/rk ns/ T[BQK dh frDsheo/rk. okPNogsh ns/ T[gokPNogsh d'tK P/qDhnK d/ T[whdtkoK ftu fiBQK Bz{ ;G s'A fInkdk t'N gqkgsj'Dr/, T[BQK Bz{ fBotkfus x'fPs ehsk ikJ/rk, gozs{ d'tK fBotkueK dh e[b ;zfynk dk pj[ws gqkgs j'Dkukjhdk. 20 iBtoh Bz{ okPNogsh PgE rqfjD eodk j?.

id fe;/ T[whdtko Bz{ ;gPN pj[ws BjhA fwbdk – ;zftXkB ftu okPNogsh d/ u'D d/ ;zpzX ftu e[Mj'o T[gbpX th jB. i/ fe;/ T[whdtko Bz{ ;gPN pj[ws gqkgs Bk j't/ sK eh j't/rk< ;zftXkB d/nB[;ko fJ; ;fEsh ftu gqshfBXh ;Gk T[BQK gzi ftneshnK ftu'A (1804 JhH d/ ;zP'XB d/ nB[;kofszB ftneshnK ftu'A) fiBQK Bz{ fInkdk t'N gqkgs j'JhnK j'D, fe;/ fJe Bz{ okPNogsh fBotkfus eo/rh.fJ~E/ fJj T[b/yBh j? fe gqshfBXh ;Gk d/ w?Apo ftneshrs o{g ftu wsdkB BjhA eoKr/, pbfe, “okid[nkok wsdkB” (Voting by States) j'J/rkl noEks ;ko/ gqshfBXh okiK d/ nkXko T[s/ nkgDh–nkgDh wzvb pDkT[Dr/ ns/ jo/e wzvb Bz{ fJe–fJe t'N d/D dk nfXeko j'J/rk. fJ; gqeko (1) okid/ gqshfBXh nbr–nbr T[whdtkoK Bz{ t'N BjhA d/ ;ed/, (2) jo/e wzvb fJe jh ftnesh d/ gZyftu wsdkB eo/rk ns/ (3) jo/e oki Bz{ fJe jh t'N gqkgs j't/rk. d[ih ;fEsh sd g?dk j[zdh j?,id d' ftneshnK Bz{ fBotkueK dk pj[ws gqkgs j't/, gozs{ d't/A gqkgs t'NK dh ;zfynk ;wkB j't/.fJ; fdPk ftu th gqshfBXh ;Gk jh “oki d[nkok wsdkB” (Voting by State) dh g~Xsh ftu fe;/fJe Bz{ okPNogsh fBotkfus eo/rh.

fJ;/ gqeko i/ fe; th T[whdtko Bz{ T[gokPNogsh gd d/ bJh ;gPN pj[ws gqkgs BjhA j' gkT[Adk sK ;Gs'A fInkdk t'N gqkgs eoB tkb/ d' T[whdtkoK ftu'A ;hB/N fe;/ fJe T[whdtko Bz{ u[D b?Adh j?. fJ; bJhe'ow e[b ;hB/NoK dk d'–fsjkJh pj[ws ukjhdk j?. fJ; u'D ftu jo/e ;hB/No dh fJe t'N jz[dh j? ns/fi; T[whdtko Bz{ fBogZy pj[s j' ikD, T[j T[gokPNogsh u[fDnk iKdk j?.

pkoQtK ;P'XB – pkoQtK ;P'XB – pkoQtK ;P'XB – pkoQtK ;P'XB – pkoQtK ;P'XB – w{b ;zftXkB d[nkok ftnt;fEs okPNogsh dh fBotkuB–g~Xsh d'Pg{oB ;h. pkoQt/A ;P'XB(1840 JhH) d[nkok fJ; ftu d' ;[Xko fbnkJ/ rJ/. gfjbk,gfjbk,gfjbk,gfjbk,gfjbk, i/ fe;/ th ftnesh Bz{ fBotkueK dk pj[ws gqkgsBk j't/ sK gqshfBXh ;Gk T[BQK fszBK ftneshnK ftu'A fiBQK Bz{ pj[ws gqkgs j'fJnk j't/, fe;/ fJe Bz{ okPNogsh


B ØN


fBotkfus eo/rh, w{b ;zftXkB ftu fszB ftneshnK d/ irkj gzi ftneshnK ftu'A u[DB dk ftXkB j?.d{ik,d{ik,d{ik,d{ik,d{ik, fBotkue d' ftneshnK d/ gZy ftu wsdkB eod/ ;w/A nkgD/ wsg~so T[s/ fJe ftnesh d/ Bkwd/ nZr/ ‘okPNogsh’ ns/ d{i/ ftnesh d/ Bkw d/ n~r/ ‘T[gokPNogsh’ fby d/D. w{b ;zftXkB ftu f;ocd' T[whdtkoK Bz{ ws d/D dh ftne;Ek ;h, okPNogsh ns/ T[gokPNogsh d/ bJh nb~r–nb~r t'N d/Ddk ftXkB BjhA ;h, cb;to{gh 1900 JhH d/ fBotkuB ftu i/co;Bi/co;Bi/co;Bi/co;Bi/co;B ns/ pZo pZo pZo pZo pZo Bz{ pokpo t'N gqkgs j'J/. ;'fJj fBPfsu eoBk efmB j' frnk fe e"D okPNogsh j't/rk ns/ e"D T[gokPNogsh< gqshfBXh ;Gk Bz{fJ;dk fBoDk eoBk fgnk. gozs{ ;zxoP fJzBk s/i ;h fe 36 tko wsdkB d/ T[gozs jh fBoD/ j' ;fenk.fJ;/ ;fEsh s'A puD bJh ‘okPNogsh’ ns/ ‘T[gokPNogsh’ dk T[b/y io{oh eo fd~sk frnk j?.

PgE rqfjD – PgE rqfjD – PgE rqfjD – PgE rqfjD – PgE rqfjD – 1933 d/ gfjbK se fBotkuB d'D d/ brGr 4 wjhB/ pkd 4 wkou Bz{ Bt/A okPNogshd[nkok gd–rqfjD ehsk iKdk ;h. thjt/A ;zP'XB thjt/A ;zP'XB thjt/A ;zP'XB thjt/A ;zP'XB thjt/A ;zP'XB (1933) d[nkok fJ; ftu gfotosD fbnkfJnk frnk.fJ;d/ nB[;ko Bt–fBotkfus okPNogsh j[D 4 wkou Bz{ BjhA pbfe 20 iBtoh Bz{ nkgDk gd rqfjD eodkj?. fJ; ;zP'XB d/ d[nkok fJj th s? ehsk frnk fe i/ Bt/A okPNogsh dh nkgD/ gd T[s/ nk;hB j'D s'Ag{ot fwqs{ j' iKdh j? sK T[gokPNogsh okPNogsh pD ikJ/rk.

gd rqfjD d/ ;w/A ;otT[Zu fBnKnkfbnk dk w[~y i~i okPNogsh Bz{ PgE rqfjD fdbkT[Adk j?. PgE fJ;gqeko j? – “w?A rzGhosk Bkb PgE b?Adk jK fe nwfoek d/ okPNogsh gd fBPmkg{ope ezw eoKrk ns/nkgDh :'rsk T[s/ nw/foek d/ ;zftXkB dk ;ozfynB, ;[o~fynk ns/ gqfsoyPD eoKrk.

(y) ftntjko ftu iBsk d[nkok gqs~y fBotkuB ((y) ftntjko ftu iBsk d[nkok gqs~y fBotkuB ((y) ftntjko ftu iBsk d[nkok gqs~y fBotkuB ((y) ftntjko ftu iBsk d[nkok gqs~y fBotkuB ((y) ftntjko ftu iBsk d[nkok gqs~y fBotkuB (In Practice Directed Election by thepeople)L)L)L)L)L nwoheh ;zftXkB d/ fBowksk okPNogsh d/ fBotkuB d/ bjh nfijh g~Xsh dh y'i ftu ;Bi' ‘j[b~V ns/ nftnt;Ek’ (Tumult and Disorder) s'A d{o j?. cb;o{g T[BQK B/ fBotkue rD(Electoral College) dh g~Xsh Bz{ ngDk e/ go'y fBotkuB (Indirect Election) dh ftnt;Ek ehsh.gfjb/ d' fBotkuB ;zzftXkfBe T[gbpX d/ tk;sfte noE d/ nB[e{b ;zgzB j[J/, gozs{ shi/ fBotkuB (1976JhH) ftu e[M ns/ u"E/ fBotkuB (1800 JhH) d/ ;w/A s'A ;fEsh ftu ;gPN gfotosD j' frnk. dbrsnkXko s/ fBotkueK B/ i/co;B ns/ p~o (Jefrferson and Burr) iK n?vw; ns/ fgzeBh (Pinckney) B{zt'N fdZsk. T[; ;w/A se d' okiBhfse dbK – c/vofb;N ns/ fogpfbeB dk nG:[dB j' u[~ek ;h fJBQKdbK B/ u'D d/ gfjb/ nkgD/ jh T[whdtkoK Bz{ u[D fbnk ;h ns/ T[j T[BQK Bz{ t'N d/D tkb/ fBotkueK dk;woED eo oj/ ;B. fJ; gqeko pj[s gfjb/ jh okPNogsh d/ fBotkuB Bz{ dbrs okiBhsh s'A d{o o~yDdk ;zftXkB–fBowksktK dk T[d/P XkokPkjh j' frnk. go'y fBotkuB dh gqfeqnk okiBhfse dbK d/ ftek;d/ ekoB fSzB–fGzB j' rJh. ;zftXkB ftu nk:'fis ftnt;Ek Bkb ftfGzB o{g fJ;B/ b? fbnk. fJe gk;/fJj dbpzdh d/ ikb ftu c; frnk ns/ ‘j[~bVpkih gqfeosh’ (Tumultuous Characteristic) Bz{ngDkfJnkl d{i/ gk;/ okPNogsh fBotkue, wzvb ‘Bk pokpo’ (Raw Ciphers) iK ‘:zsots’ (RecordingMachine) [D frnk. fJBQK d'tK BshfinK dk ekoB fJj j? fe okPNogsh fBotkueK dh u'D iBsk fJjfXnkB oy e/ eodh j? fe cbkDk fBotkue fe; T[whdtko Bz{ t'N fdzdk. ;' ;u g[ZfSnK ikt/ sK iBskgqs~y fBotkueK d/ wkfXnw Bkb okPNogsh gd d/ T[whdtkokK Bz{ jh t'N fdzdh j?. n'r n/s o/ d/ PpdKftu, “fbfys w"fbe ftXh Bz{ fpBk j'J/ ekoi o{g ftu ;zfXkB ftu fe; gqeko gfotosD j' iKdk j?, fJ;dkT[dkjoD, fJ;s'A T[Zsw fes/ BjhA fwb ;edk.”

gqPB T[mdk j?, nZi dk okPNogsh fBotkue dk tk;sfte o{g eh j? < fJ;dh ikDekoh j/m fby/ uoDknB[;ko ehsh ik ;edh j?^

(1) T[whdtkoK dk wB'BfJnB (1) T[whdtkoK dk wB'BfJnB (1) T[whdtkoK dk wB'BfJnB (1) T[whdtkoK dk wB'BfJnB (1) T[whdtkoK dk wB'BfJnB (Nomination of the Candidate)– Bt/A okPNogsh d/ gd rqfjDeod/ jh nrb/ uko ;kbK d/ pknd j'D tkb/ okPNogsh u'D dh uouk j'D brdh j?. fit/A–fit/A ;w/A BidhenkT[Adk iKdk j?, T[whdeko ;kjwD/ nkT[D brd/ jB. gozs{ okPNogsh u'D dk tk;sfte jzrkwk ftftXdbK d[nkok T[whdtkoK dh u'D d/ Bkb jh P[o{ jz[dk j?. 1840 d/ g{ot okPNogsh gd d/ T[whdtkoK dkwB'BfJnB db–ftP/P d/ ;hB/No ns/ gqshfBXh ;G d/ w?Apo nkgDh nB'gukfoe p?me (Caucus) ftueod/ ;B, gozs{ fJ; db d/ nkw w?ApoK dh okJ/ dk e'Jh wjZst BjhA ofjzdk ;h ns/ T[BQK okiK dh fJ~SktKth BjhA wzBhnK ik ;edhnK ;B, fi~E/ db nbgws ftu j[zdk ;h. 1840 ftu ‘eke;’ d[nkok b'efgqn


B ØN


T[whdtko n?AvfoT[ i?e;B dh T[whdtkoh Bz{ n;theko eoB d/ ekoD dbK d[nkok okPNogsh d/ gd d/T[whdtkoK d/ wB'BfJB dh ftXh ftu gfotosD fbnk frnk j?.

j[D T[whdtkoK dh u'D v/w'e/qfNe ns/ fogpbfeB dbK d/ okPNoh ;zw/bBK (National Convention) d[nkokj[zdk j?. fJ; j/s{ ;zftXkB ftu e[M BjhA fejk frnk j?. jo/e db dh okPNoh ;fwsh nkgD/–nkgD/ dbd/ bJh ;zw/bB d/ ;w/A ns/ ;EkB dk fBoD/ eodh j?. fJ; ;zpzX ftu gkozfGe ftnt;Ek eodh j?.jo/e db nkgDk ;zw/bB i[bkJh iK nr;s d/ wjhB/ ftu eodk j?. okPNoh ;zw/bB d/ gqshfBXh(Delegates) d/ u'D d/ bJh db ftfGzB sohe/ ngDkT[Ad/ jB, fit/A–nkozGe y/soK d[nkok, okiK fibK ;zw/bBK d[nkok, e/Adoh ;whshnK d[nkok ns/ edh–edh oki dh dbhJ/ ;whsh d[nko gqshfBXh u[D/ iKd/ jB.gqshfBXhnK dh ;zfynk nkw s"o s/ 1500 s'A 3,000 d/ ft~u j[zdh j?. ;zw/bB ftu gqshfBXhnK d/ nbktke[M t?ebfge gqshfBXh (Alternate Delegates) th j[zd/ jB i' fBnfws gqshfBXhnK (Regular Delegates)dh r?ojkIoh ftu wsdkB ftu Gkr b?Ad/ jB. ;zw/bB fJe jkb ftu j[zdk j? fi; ftu gqshfBXhnK d/ nbktko/vhU fog'oNoK, g?q: ;ztkddksktK ns/ NhekekoK Bz{ th ;Zdk fd~sk iKdk j?. ;zw/bB dk tksktoD pj[s jhT[s/fis ofjzdk j?, P'o–Pokp/ Bkb jkb r{zidk ofjzdk j? ns/ i'Pg{oB GkPB ;[DB Bz{ fwbd/ jB. T[whdtkoKdh u'D nfij/ ebfjg{oB tksktoD ftu BjhA ;edh j?. fJ;bJh db d/ gqw[Zy B/sk go;go ;"d/pkih eod/jB ns/ okPNogsh ns/ T[gokPNogsh gd d/ bJh nfij/ T[whdtkooK Bz{ u[DB dh e'fPP eod/ jB fiBQKBz{ gqshfBXhnK dk ;gPN pj[ws (Absolute majority) fwb ikJ/.

Ugukfoe o{g ftu jo/e T[whdtko dk Bkw T[;d/ fe;/ ;woEe d[nkok Ui;th GkPD d/ Bkb gq;skftsehsk iKdk j? ns/ fe;/ d{i/ gqshfBXh d[nkok T[; Bkiw dk ;woEB ehsk iKdk j?. T[whdtkoK dk Bkwgq;skfts j' ikD d/ pknd wsdkB j[zdk j?. T[;h ftnesh Bz{ db dk T[whdtko x'fPs ehsk iKdk j/. fi;Bz{ gqshfBXhnK dk ;gPN pj[ws gqkgs j' ikJ/. i/ fe;/ T[whdtko Bz{ ;gPN pj[ws gqkgs Bk j' ikJ/. eJhtko wsdkB d/ nB/e d"o ubd/ jB. T[dkjoD ;o{G, 1880 ftu fogpfbeB db d/ okPNoh ;zw/bb fturkochbv d/ wB'BfJB j/s{ 36 tko wsdkb j'fJnk ns/ 1904 ftu v/w'feqfNe db d/ okPNoh ;zw/bB ftuikB v/ftv d/ wB'BfJB j/s{ 103 tko wsdkB eoBk fgnk.

T[gokPNogsh gd d/ bJh wB'BfJB –T[gokPNogsh gd d/ bJh wB'BfJB –T[gokPNogsh gd d/ bJh wB'BfJB –T[gokPNogsh gd d/ bJh wB'BfJB –T[gokPNogsh gd d/ bJh wB'BfJB – T[gokPNogsh gd d/ bJh T[whdtkoK dk wB'BfJB okPNogshdh GKsh jh j[zdk j?. fJ; ;zpzX ftu fJj gozgok pD rJh j? fe okPNogsh ns/ T[gokPNogsh gd d/T[whdtko e/tb fJe oki d/ BjhA j'Dr/ pbfe fJe y/so d/ th BjhA j'Dr/. fJ;dk noE fJj j? fe i/okPNogsh gd dk T[whdtko T[Zsoh okiK s'A j? sK T[gokPNogsh gd d/ bJh T[whdtko d~yDh okiK s'Aj'Dk ukjhdk j?. feT[AFe T[gokPNogsh d/ gd dk wj~st nwoheh okiBhsh ftu Bk pokpo j?, fJ; bJhfJ; gd d/ bJh seVk ;zxoP BjhA j[zdk j? ns/ ibdh j? e'Jh T[whdtko ;gPN pj[ws gqkgs eo b?Adkj?.

(((((ii) u'D nfGnkB –) u'D nfGnkB –) u'D nfGnkB –) u'D nfGnkB –) u'D nfGnkB – okPNogsh ns/ T[gokPNogsh d/ gdK d/ bJh wB'BfJB ;wkgs j[zd/ jh T[whdtkonkgD/ db dh fJe okPNoh ;whsh dk rmB eodk j?. fJj ;whsh nkgDk fJe gqXkB ns/ yiKuh u[Ddhj?. okiK, fifbnK ns/ j'o ;EkBK ftu db d/ dcso y'b/Q iKd/ jB. u'D gquko i'oK Bkb P[o{ j[zdk j?. bZyKvkbo you ehs/ iKd/ jB. Gkt/A u'D nfGnkB T[s/ ekBz{BB 30 bZy vkbo se you ehsk ik ;edk j?, gozs{T[whdtko fJ; ;hwk ftu pj[s fInkdk you eod/ jB. 1960 d/ u'D ftu ;ko/ T[whdtkoK B/ e[b fwbke/ brGr 2750 b~y vkbo you ehs/, 1964 d/ u'D ftu 360 b~y vkbo ns/ 1972 d/ u'D ftu 400 b~yvkbo T[whdtkoK B/ you ehs/. ;wkuko g~soK, o/vhU, N/bhftIB T[s/ T[whdtkoK d/ ihtB–ufo~sq ns/dbhJ/ BhshnK dk gqekPB, ;GktK ftneshrs ;zgoe nkfde ftfGzB sohe/ u'D–gquko d/ ezw ftu fbnkJ/iKd/ jB.

(((((iii) fBotkuB wzvb dh u'D – ) fBotkuB wzvb dh u'D – ) fBotkuB wzvb dh u'D – ) fBotkuB wzvb dh u'D – ) fBotkuB wzvb dh u'D – nrbk esw fBotkue wzvb dk iBsk d[nkok u'D j?. d'tK dbK d[nkokfBotkue wzvb d/ bJh T[whdtko yV/ ehs/ iKd/ jb fJBQK T[whdtkoK Bz{ nkgD/–nkgD/ dbK d/ okPNogshns/ T[gokPNogsh gdK d/ bJh T[whdtkoK Bz{ t'N d/D dh gqfsfrnk b?Dh g?Adh j?. fBotkue dh u'DwsdksktK d[nkok j[zdk j?. jo/e oki ftu fBotkue wzvb d/ w?ApoK dh u'D–gqDkbh (list system) d/ nkXkoT[s/ j[zdk j? noEks t'N fe;/ T[whdtko bJh BjhA pbfe db dh ;{uh d/ g~y ftu gkJ/ iKd/ jB. fI; fdB


B ØN


wsdkB j[zdk j?, T[; Bkb fJe fdb gfjbK okPNogsh gd d/ T[whdtko nkgD/ dcso s'A o/vhU iK N?bhftIBd[nkok nzfsw GkPD fdzd/ jB ns/ wsdksktK s'A nkgD/ gZy ftu t'N d/D bJh nghb eod/ jB. fBotkuBwzvb d/ w?ApoK dh u'D–ftneshrs Bk j'e/ ;w{je j[zdk j? noEks fJj gozgok pD rJh j? fe fi; dbB{z fe;/ oki ftu wsdksktK dk pj[ws gqkgs j' iKdk j? T[;h db d/ ;ko/ T[whdtko okPNogsh d/ fBotkuBwzvb d/ T[whdtko u[D/ iKd/ jB. d{i/ db Bz{ fJe ;EkB th BjhA fwbdk. T[dkjoD ;o{g i/ v/w'e/qfNe ;{uhBz{ 3,00,000 t'N gqkgs j'J/, fogpfbeB Bz{ 2,99,00 ns/ ;wkitkdhnK Bz{ 10,000 s/ v/w'eq/fNe ;{uh d/;ko/ T[whdtko fBotkfus wzB/ ikDr/. fJj ;zGt j? fe fe;h oki s'A e/tb 51 gqshPs t'N gqkgs eoe/ jhokPNogsh gd Bz{ e'Jh T[whdtko T[; oki d/ ;ko/ fBotkue wsK (fit/A – fBT[:koe 41 iK Ujhnk 25)Bz{ gqkgs eo bt/. i/ fe;/ j'o oki ftu T[;Bz{ 49 gqshPs Bz{ t'N fwb/ sK fJe th fBotkuB t'N T[; Bz{gqkgs BjhA j't/rk. fJ; gqeko fe;/ T[whdtko d[nkok gqsZy t'NK ns/ T[;d/ ;woEe fBotkueK dhfBotkfgus ;zfynk ftu e'Jh f;ZXk ;zpzX BjhA j[zdk. fBotkue t'NK dh ;zfynk dk gqsZy Bkb e'Jh ;zpzXBjhA j[zdk BjhA sK fJ; ;zpzX ftu Gow jh g?dk j[zdk j?. feT[Afe fJ;d/ d[nkok oki T[s/ fBotkue dk Bshikjh gqrN j' gkT[Adk j?. 1968 dhnK u'D ftu 538 fBotkueK ftu'A 301 B/ fBe;B Bz{, 191 B/ jopoN jzco/Bz{ ns/ 46 B/ ;[szso dbhJ/ T[whdtko ikoi t?b/; Bz{ t'N fd~s/ ;B. fBe;B, jzco/ ns/ t?b/ Bz{ gqs~y eqwB[;ko31,77,023 t'N, 21,2,70,533 t'N ns/ 9,96,141 t'N gqkgs j'J/ ;B. 1972 d/ u'D ftu fBe;B Bz{ 52ns/ w?ertoB Bzz{ 17 fBotkue t'N gqkgs j'J/ id fe fJBQK d/ d[nkok b'efgqn wsK dh ;zfynk eqwB[;ko41,5,37,286 (61#) ns/ 255,03,308 (38#) ;h. ftb;B, Nq{wB, e?B/vh tor/ u'Nh d/ okPNogshfJ;d/ T[dkjoD jB. okPNogsh gd dk i' T[whdtko 538 fBotkueK ftu 270 ;EkB gqkgs eo b?Adk j?,T[;Bz{ fi~fsnk j'fJnk x'fPs ehsk iKdk j?. 1977 ftu ekoNo Bz{ 303 ns/ c'ov Bz{ 235 t'N gqkgsj'J/. i/eo fBotkue wzvb d/ wsK ftu fe;h th T[whdtko Bz{ ;gPN pj[ws gqkgs BjhA j[zdk sK gqshfBXh;dB okPNogsh dk ns/ ;hB/N T[gokPNogsh dk fBotkuB eodk j?.

(((((iv) fBotkue wzvb d[nkok wsdkB –) fBotkue wzvb d[nkok wsdkB –) fBotkue wzvb d[nkok wsdkB –) fBotkue wzvb d[nkok wsdkB –) fBotkue wzvb d[nkok wsdkB – fit/A fe fejk ik u[~ek j?, u'D ;kb ftu d;zpo wjhB/ d{i/p[~Xtko Bz{ fBotkue wzvb d/ w?ApoK nkgD/̂ nkgD/ okiK dh okiXkBhnK ftu fJe~so j[zd/ jB ns/ okPNogshns/ T[gokPNogsh gd d/ bJh ftfGzB T[whdtkoK d/ gZy ftu wsdkB eod/ jB, fBotkueK d[nkokokPNogsh dh u'D fJe Ugukfoesk wkso j?. g{ot fBPu/ d/ nB[;ko fJj s?n ofjzdk j? fe fe; db d/T[whdtko Bz{ T[BQK Bz{ t'N d/Dh j?. T[j nkgD/ dh ‘foekofvzr wPhB’ d/ o{g ftu ezw eod/ jB. ;' fBotkuewzvb dh u'D jz[d/ jh ;gPN j' iKdk j? fe okPNogsh e'D j't/rk<

fBotkuB gqDkbh d/ d'P (fBotkuB gqDkbh d/ d'P (fBotkuB gqDkbh d/ d'P (fBotkuB gqDkbh d/ d'P (fBotkuB gqDkbh d/ d'P (Defects of the system of Election)L )L )L )L )L ;zftXkB fBowksktK B/ okPNogshdh fBotkuB g~Xsh Bz{ fBoXkos eod/ ;w/A fJ; iBe'bkjb ns/ nftnt;Ek s'A pukT[Dk ukfjnk ;h. ;'fBotkuB ;zpzXh w{b :'iBk dk T[d/P ;h fe Gftn Bkrfoe fBotkue u[D/ ikDr/ ns/ fe;h T[Zu e'Nh d/nw/foeB Bz{ okPNogsh u[DBr/A. gozs{ db–gqEk d/ ekoB fJ; T[d/P dh g{osh Bk j' ;eh ns/ fBotkuBftu nB/e d'P tV nkJ/. fBotkuB wzvb dk gqktXkB th nB/e d"PK d/ bJh T[ZsodkJh j?.

(((((i) nbgws okPNogsh –) nbgws okPNogsh –) nbgws okPNogsh –) nbgws okPNogsh –) nbgws okPNogsh – ;G s'A gfjbK, fBotkuB–g~Xsh dk d'P fJj j? fe edh–edh nfijk ftneshokPNogsh fBotkfus j' iKdk j? fi; B{z fBotkue wzvb d/ w?ApoK dk pj[ws sK gqkgs j[zdk j? gozs{ d/Pdh iBsk dk pj[ws gqkgs BjhA j[zdk. fJ; d'P dk ekoB ‘fJekJh fBnw (Unit rule) j? i' fJ; gqekoj?L jo/e oki ftu okiBhsh db nbr–nbr fBotkue dh ;{uh iBsk d/ ;Bw[y oyd/ jB. fi; db Bz{;G s'A fInkdk t'NK fwbdhnK jB T[; dh ;{uh iBsk d[nkok ;thfeqs ;wMh iKdh j?, noEks fi~s/ j'J/db Bz{ T[; oki d/ fBotkueK dh ;ko/ ;EkB fwb iKd/ jB. T[dkjoDkoE, i/ UjhU (Ohio) ftu fogpbfeBfBotkue ;{uh Bz{ 15,00,000 t'N fwbd/ jB ns/ v/w'e/qfNe fBotkue–;{uh Bz{ f;oc 1,500,541 UjhUoki d/ 35 fBotkue d/ ws v/w'e/qfNe db d/ jh ikDr/. fJ; gqeko tZv/ okiK ftu pj[s xN t'N nkT[Ds/ th fBotkue–rD ftu T[; eb d/ fBotkueK dh ;zfynk pj[s fInkdk j' ikJ/rh, Gkt/A d{i/ db Bz{ g{o/okPNo ftu e[b fwbk e/ pj[s fInkdk t'N feT[A Bk gqkgs j'D< ;' ;zg{oB okPNo dh iBsk dk pj[ws gqkgsBjhA j'D T[s/ th e'Jh ftnesh okPNogsh fBotkfus j' ;edk j?. 1860 ns/ 1912 JhH ftu eqwB[;kofbzeB ns/ ftb;B okPNogsh u[D/ rJ/, feT[Afe fBotkueK dk pj[ws T[BQK Bz{ gqkgs ;h, gozs{ d/P ftu


B ØN


iBsk dk pj[ws BjhA. fJ; gqeko 1876 JhH ftu j/i (Hayse) Bz{ fNbvB (Tilden) s'A eohp 3 bZyt'N xN fwb/ ;B, fco th T[j fBotkfus x'fPs j'fJnk. fJ; gqeko edh–edh nbgws okPNogsh(Minority President) fBotkfus j' iKd/ jB gozs{ ;[GkrtP nfijk x~N j[zdk j?.

(((((ii) T[whdtko dh nghb Pesh T[s/ i'o –) T[whdtko dh nghb Pesh T[s/ i'o –) T[whdtko dh nghb Pesh T[s/ i'o –) T[whdtko dh nghb Pesh T[s/ i'o –) T[whdtko dh nghb Pesh T[s/ i'o – okPNoh ;zw/bB (National Convention) dh g~Xsh B/fBotkuB Bz{ d'Pg{oB pDkfJnk j?. fJ;d/ ubd/ okPNogsh d/ fBotkuB T[s/ iB–;w{j dk gqGkt fInkdktX frnk j?. ;' okPNogsh d/ wB'BfJB d/ bJh nfGnoEh dh :'rsk T[s/ x~N jh fXnkB fdZsk iKdk j?lpbfe nfij/ ftnesh Bz{ T[whdtko u[fDnk iKdk j? i' fInkdk s'A fInkdk b'eK dh nghb eo ;e/, fit/A Xowfto'Xh, T[rqtkdh, nzsookPNoh y/so ftu nB[dko ns/ o'wB e?E'fbe j't/.

(((((iii) ftfPPN ftneshnK dk fBotkuB BjhA –) ftfPPN ftneshnK dk fBotkuB BjhA –) ftfPPN ftneshnK dk fBotkuB BjhA –) ftfPPN ftneshnK dk fBotkuB BjhA –) ftfPPN ftneshnK dk fBotkuB BjhA – fJj fejk iKdk j? fe okPNoh ;zw/bBK d/ ekoB jhgqfsGkPkbh ftnesh okPNogsh gd d/ bJh yV/ BjhA j' ;ed/ jB. w[Bo' B/ fejk th j? fe ;z:[es okinw/foek pj[s/ ftneshnK Bz{ okPNogsh gd T[s/ ;[P'fGs BjhA eo ;fenk i' ;uw[u ftfPPN okiBhfsr;B, fit/A – j/fwbNB, wkoPb, p/p;No, e?bNb, j/o{N nkfd. bkov pqkJh; B/ th fJe gqPB ehsk j?,“wjkB ftnesh okPNogsh feT[A BjhA u[D/ iKd/ jB<” fJ;dk w[Zy ekoB fJj j? fe okPNoh ;zw/bB d/gqshfBXh n;zrs, n;?XKfse ns/ ;tkoEg{oB jz[d/ jB fiBQK d/ Bshi/ ti'A ;wM"s/ d[nkok jh fe;/ T[whdtkoBz{ u[fDnK iKdk j?l T[;d/ r[DK T[s/ xN fXnkB fdZsk iKdk j?. fJ;d/ nbktk gqshfBXh ;[szso BjhA j[zd/, T[BQKd/ ftuko ftftX gqGktK d/ Bshi// jB, T[BQK T[s/ nB/ek–nB/e gqsZy ns/ ngqsZy gqGkt g?Ad/ jB, fit/AXBghnK, ftfGzB okiK d/ gqshFfBXh wzvb d/ ftu b?D–d/D, g?q; d[nkok gquko ns/ rbs–;jh nctkjK d/gqGkt. gozs{ fJ; nb'uBk dk fJj noE BjhA fe okPNogsh gd T[s/ edh ftfPPN ftnesh nk;hB jhBk j' ;e/. tkfPzrNB, w/vh;B, i/co;B, fbzeB, ftb;B, d't/A o{it/bi nkfd ftfPPN ftneshst d/T[dkjoD jB. i/eo e'Jh ftfPPN ftnesh jko th frnk sK fe;h–fe;h ekoB Bkb jh.

(((((iv) T[whdtko Bz{ Pk;B dk g{ot nB[Gt BjhA –) T[whdtko Bz{ Pk;B dk g{ot nB[Gt BjhA –) T[whdtko Bz{ Pk;B dk g{ot nB[Gt BjhA –) T[whdtko Bz{ Pk;B dk g{ot nB[Gt BjhA –) T[whdtko Bz{ Pk;B dk g{ot nB[Gt BjhA – bk;eh d/ tesftn Bkb nwoheh okPNogsh dhfBotkuB–g~Xsh d'Pg{oB fdZydh j?. T[;dk efjDk j? fe nwoheh okPNogsh Bz{ Pk;B dk g{oB nB[Gtftob/ jh ofjzdk j? id fe fpqfNP gqXkBwzsoh fJ; gd T[s/ nk;hB j'D s'A gfjbK gfonkgs nB[Gt, eKro;ns/ wzsoh wzvbK dh w?ApofPg nkfd okPNogsh d/ bJh ftP/P r[D BjhA ;wfMnk iKdk j?. fit/A fe bk;ehB/ fejk j? “T[ZE/ tehb, ;?fBe, feokJ/ Bkb nkwdB gqkgs eoB tkb/ ftnesh, okiBhfsr, iK okiBhshs'A ihtek ubkT[D tkbk ftnesh – fJBQK torK s'A T[whdtko fBotkfus j[zd/ jB.”

cqK;h;h okPNogsh cqK;h;h okPNogsh cqK;h;h okPNogsh cqK;h;h okPNogsh cqK;h;h okPNogsh (French Presidenty)u"E/ rDszso dk ;zftXkB fpqfNP ;zftXkB dh soQK g{oBsk ;z;dkswe (Parliamentary) ;h. tk;sftePk;B–Pesh wzsohgfoPd d/ j~E ftu ;h. okPNogsh Bkw wkso dk iK ;zftXkfBe (Nominal orConstitutional) ekoigkfbek–gqXkB ;h. T[j PeshjhB ;h. n~p/ bks/ B/ fJ; gd dk fJewkso r[DBg[z;esk d~f;nk j? gozs{ gzuw rDszso ftu okPNgsh dh ;fEsh ftu eqKshekoh gfotosD j'fJnk j? fJ;ftu okPNogsh dh Pesh ftu ngko tkXk j'fJnk j? ns/ wzsohgfoPd ns/ ;z;d dh PeshnK ftu jqk;.cqK; d/ fJe ;kpek gqXkBwzsoh w/Avhi cqK; d/ nB[;ko okPNogsh fJe ntPkB[rs okik pDkfJnk frnkj? ns/ nfijhnK PeshnK gqdkB ehshnK rJhnK jB fiBQK ftu T[j nkgD/ Bz{ fJe t?XkfBe nfXBkfJepDk ;edk j?. wko;/b gb/ik d/ PpdK, “okPNogsh d/ gfotofss gowkfXekoK Bz{ d/y e/ okik okPNogshdh n;[yeo ;fwqshnK ikr T[mdhnK jB.” noE fJj j? fe gzuw rDszso ftu okPNogsh Pk;B dk;G s'A tZvk PeshPkbh ns/ e/Adoh nzr pDk frnk j?.

okPNogsh dk fBotkuB (okPNogsh dk fBotkuB (okPNogsh dk fBotkuB (okPNogsh dk fBotkuB (okPNogsh dk fBotkuB (Election of the President) :'rsktK L ) :'rsktK L ) :'rsktK L ) :'rsktK L ) :'rsktK L 1946 JhH d/ ;zftXkB ftuokPNogsh gd d/ bJh :'rsktK (Qualifications) dk T[b/y BjhA ;h. f;oc fJzBk fejk frnk ;h fe cqK;d/ fe;/ ;kpek okitzP dk tzPi fJ; gd bJh T[whdtko BjhA j' ;edk ;h. fJ; T[[gpzX dk T[d/P okiszsodh d[pkok ;EkgBk Bz{ o'eDk ;h. ;' okitzP d/ ftneshnK Bz{ SZv e/ 18 ;kb s'A fInkdk T[wo tkbk e'Jhth ftnesh fJ; gd bJh yVk j' ;edk ;h. fInkdk so w~fXnw :'rsk d/ ftnesh okPNogsh fBotkfusj[zd/ ;B, feT[Afe tk;sfte Pesh d/ nGkt ftu gqGktPkbh ftnesh fJ; gd Bz{ g;zd BjhA eod/ ;B.gzit/A rDszso dk ;zftXkB th okPNogsh dh :'rsktK d/ ;zzpzX ftu u[~g j?. fJ~E'A se okitzP ;zpzXh gqshpzX


B ØN


dh th uouk BjhA ehsh rJh j?. ;' Bt/A ;zftXkB ftu e'Jh th ftn;e cqK;h;h Bkrfoe okPNogsh gdd/ bJh yVk j' ;edk j?.

fBotkuB^ftXh u"E/ rDszso fBotkuB^ftXh u"E/ rDszso fBotkuB^ftXh u"E/ rDszso fBotkuB^ftXh u"E/ rDszso fBotkuB^ftXh u"E/ rDszso ftu okPNogsh dk fBotkuB ;z;d d/ d't/A ;dBK d/ ;zz:[es nfXt/PBftu r[gs wsdkB d[nkok ;zg{oB pj[ws Bkb j[zdk ;h. gozs{ gzit/A rDszsogzit/A rDszsogzit/A rDszsogzit/A rDszsogzit/A rDszso ftu fBotkue wzvb Bz{ft;fsqs eo fdZsk frnk, feT[Afe okPNogsh Bz{ tk;sfte o{tg ftu ekoigkfbek–gqXkB ns/ okPNoh B/sk pDkT[Dk ;h. T[;d/ fBotkuB d/ bJh ftnt;fEs fBotkue wzvb (Electoral College) d/ j/m fby/w?Apo jB.

(e) ;z;d d/ w?Apo

(y) ;w[zdo gko gqd/PK dh ftXkBgkfbek iBob e'Af;b d/ w?Apo, ns/

(r) BrogkfbeKtK d/ gqshfBXh.

;zftXkB dh Xkok 7 d/ nB[;ko d' nbr–nbr wsdkB j[zd/ ;B. gfjb/ wsdkB ftu nfGnoEh Bz{ ;gPNgqkgs j'Dk io{oh ;h. i/ fe;/ th nfGnoEh B{z ;gPN pj[ws gqkgs j't/ sK d{i/ wsdkB ftu ;kg/fye pj[ws(Relative Majority) d/ nkXko T[s/ fBotkuB j[zdk ;h.

G/iD dk nfXeko ;h. 1968 JhH d/ ;zftXkB ftu th okPNogsh Bz{ ftXhnK d/ ;{sogks dk nfXeko BjhAj?l T[j ;z;d Bz{ e/tb ;zd/P G/i ;edk j? fJ; ;zpzX ftu d't/ ;zftXkBK ftu pkjoh o{g Bkb Gb/ jh ;wkBskj't/, gozs{ tk;sftesk ftu pj[s nzso j?. u"E/ rDszso u"E/ rDszso u"E/ rDszso u"E/ rDszso u"E/ rDszso ftu okPNoh ;Gk Bz{ jh okPNogsh ;zd/P G/idk ;h. T[;d/ jo/e ;zd/P T[s/ fe;/ wzsoh dk gqshj;skyo io{oh ;h ns/ wzsohrD T[;d/ gqGkt ftu BjhA;B. fJ; bJh T[;dk fJj nfXeko wj~stjhB ;h. gozs{ gzit/A rDszso gzit/A rDszso gzit/A rDszso gzit/A rDszso gzit/A rDszso d/ okPNogsh g{oh ;z;d –;z;d –;z;d –;z;d –;z;d –d't/A ;dBK Bz{ ;zd/P G/idk j?, nB/e ftfPnK Bkb ;zpzXs ;zd/P T[s/ wzsohnK d/ gqshj;skyo dh io{os BjhAofj rJh j? ns/ wzsohnK dh ;fEsh okPNogsh d/ nB[uo fijh j' rJh j?. ;' ftXhnK d/ ;{sogks ftuokPNogsh dh Pesh ekch gqGktPkbh j' rJh j?.

d{ik, 1946 JhH d{ik, 1946 JhH d{ik, 1946 JhH d{ik, 1946 JhH d{ik, 1946 JhH d/ ;zftXkB ftu ;z;d d[nkok gk; fe;/ ftX/ne Bz{ ekBz{B pDkT[D d/ bJh okPNogshokPNogshokPNogshokPNogshokPNogshdh ;thfeqshdh ;thfeqshdh ;thfeqshdh ;thfeqshdh ;thfeqsh io{oh ;h. ;z;d d[nkok gk; ehs/ ftX/ne Bz{ 10 fdBK iK io{oh j'D T[s/ 5 fdBK d/ nzdookPNogsh Bz{ bkr{ (Promulgate) eoBk g?Adk ;h. i/ io{oh ;wM/ sK okPNogsh ftX/ne Bz{ ;z;d d/ e'bw[V ftuko bJh tkg; eo ;edk ;h fi; T[s/ w[V ftuko eoBk jh g?Adk. 1958 JhH d/ ;zftXkB ftu f;ocgfotosD fJj nkfJnk j? fe okPNogsh Bz{ ftX/ne T[s/ ftuko eoB d/ bJh 15 fdBK dk ;wK fd~sk frnkj?. T[j ftX/ne Bz{ ;z;de d/ e'b w[V ftuko bJh G/i ;edk j? fi; T[s/ ;z;d Bz{ ftuko eoBk jh g?Adkj?.

shik, shik, shik, shik, shik, Bt/A ;zftXkB d/ nB[;ko okPNogsh gqXkBwzsoh ns/ ;z;d d/ d't/A ;dBK d/ w[yhnK Bkb ;bkj eoe/okPNoh ;Gk Bz{ Gzr eo ;edk j? gozs{ w[V fBotkuB d/ fJe ;kb d/ nzdo T[;Bz{ Gzr BjhA ehsk ik ;edk.u"E/ rDszso ftu th okPNoh ;Gk Bz{ Gzr eoB dh ftnt;Ek ;h. fezs{ T[;Bz{ ;zftXkB ftu okPNoh ;GkBz{ Gzr eoB d/ tk;sfte fBoDkfJe wzsohwzvb ;h. Bt/A ;zftXkB ftu fJ; rZb dk tk;sfte fBoDkfJeokPNogsh j' frnk j?. Gkt/A Bt/A ;zftXkB ftu th fJj io{oh j? fe fJ; bJh okPNogsh gqXkBwzsoh ns/;z;d d/ d't/A ;dBK d/ w[yhnK, Bkb ;bkj eo bt/, sd th fJ;d/ bJh e'Jh io{oh BjhA fe gqXkBwzsoh ns/;z;d d't/A ;dBK d/ ;GkgshnK dh ;thfeqsh th okPNogsh gqkgs eoD. nzs ftunzs ftunzs ftunzs ftunzs ftu, Bt/A ;zftXkB ftuokPNogsh Bz{ e[M nfij/ nfXeko fdZs/ rJ/ jB i' u"E/ rDszso ftu okPNogsh Bz{ gqkgs BjhA ;B ;zftXkBdh Xkok 11 d/ nB[;ko okPNogsh e[M ftfPnK ftu fe;/ ftX/ne Bz{ wzsohwzvb d/ gq;skt T[s/ ns/ ;z;d–;dBK d/ ;zz:[es gq;skt T[s/ iBws–;zrqfj (Referendum) d/ bJh G/i ;edk j? b'ews ftu ftX/ne d/gZy ftu t'N gqkgs j'D T[s/ T[j ;kwkfBn ftXhnK dh soQK T[;dh x'PDk eo fdzdk j?. wzsoh gfoPd d/;ko/ nfXnkd/P T[s/ th fJ; ;zftXkB ftu okPNogsh dk gqshj;skyo io{oh j?. okPNogsh d/ ;zeNekbhBPeshnK th fJ; fdPk ftu T[b/yBh j?.

fBnKfJe PeshnK fBnKfJe PeshnK fBnKfJe PeshnK fBnKfJe PeshnK fBnKfJe PeshnK 1985 JhH d/ ;zftXkB dh Xkok 64 d/ nB[;ko okPNogsh fBnKfJe ;[szsosk dhgqshG{s (Guarantor) jB T[j fBnKgkfbek dh T[Zu gfoPd dk ;Gkgshst eodk j?. T[;B{z fywk–dkB


B ØN


dh Pesh gqkgs j?. T[j ;zftXkBe gfoPd d/ fJe–fsjkJh w?ApoK ns/ w[yh dh fB:[esh eodk j?. u"E/u"E/u"E/u"E/u"E/rDszsorDszsorDszsorDszsorDszso ftu th okPNogsh Bz{ fywk–dkB ns/ dzv gqkftbzpB dk nfXeko ;h. gozs{ nkws"o s/ fJ;nfXeko dk gq:'r T[j fBnKnkfbnk dh ;otT[Zu gfoPd (Supreme Council of Magistravy) dhf;ckfoP T[s/ eodk ;h.

;zeNekbhB PeshnKL;zeNekbhB PeshnKL;zeNekbhB PeshnKL;zeNekbhB PeshnKL;zeNekbhB PeshnKL ftPt d/ fJB/–frD/ ;zftXkBK ftu jh fe;/ nfXekoh ftP/P) Bz{ ;zeNekbhBnfXeko (Emergency Powers) fds/ rJ/ jB. cqK; d/ 1946 JhH d/ ;zftXkB;zftXkB;zftXkB;zftXkB;zftXkB ftu fJ; soQk dk T[gpzXBjhA ;h. gozs{ Gkos d/ ;fdqP gzit/A rDszsogzit/A rDszsogzit/A rDszsogzit/A rDszsogzit/A rDszso ftu Xkok 16 d/ nB[;ko okPNogsh Bz{ nkgksekbhBPeshnK fdZshnK rJhnK jB. okPNo dh ;[szso rDsKsfoe ;z;EktK, oki dh nyzvsk ns/ nzsookPNoho'eK T[s/ x'o n;[o~fynk d/ vo T[sgzB j'D T[s/ ns/ ;zftXkBe o{g Bkb Pk;B–;zukbB ftu fBozso o'e g?DT[s/ okPNogsh nkgksekbhB PeshnK dk gq:'r eo ;edk j?. T[j gqXkBwzsoh, ;z;d d/ d't/A ;dBK d/ w[yhns/ ;zftXkBe gfoPd Bkb wzsqDk eoe/ T[;d/ bJh io{oh edw u[~e/rk. fJe ;zd/P d[nkok okPNo Bz{ T[jfJBQK ;fEshnK Bkb ikD{ eokJ/rk. ;zeNekbhB ftu okPNoh ;Gk Gzr BjhA j'J/rh ns/ ;z;d dh p?meBjhA o[e/rh. fJj T[b/yBh j? fe ;zeNekbhB Pk;B ns/ ;zeN dk ;kwQDk eoB dh g{oB fIzw/tkoh okPNogshT[s jh j?. T[;d/ ;ko/ fBod/ fBih j'Dr/. gqXkBwzsoh d/ j;skyo dh io{os BjhA. nb'ueK dk efjzdk j?fe fJ; nfXeko d/ gq:'r Bkb okPNogsh skBkPkj pD ;edk j?. w/AvhI cqK;w/AvhI cqK;w/AvhI cqK;w/AvhI cqK;w/AvhI cqK; B/ fejk j? fe fJj ;zftXkBd/P d/ bJh ysoBke, iB–Pesh d/ bJh ysoBke ns/ iBszso d/ bJh ysoBke j?.

fgeb;fgeb;fgeb;fgeb;fgeb; dk efjDk j? fe ;zftXkB dh fJ; Xkok (16) T[s/ nkb'ueK dh w{b fJsokI fJj j? fe e'JhokPNogsh ftneshrs nfXeko d/ bJh ikD p[ZM e/ fJ;dk d[otos'A eo ;edk j? ns/ fJZE/ se fe fJjXkok ;oeko Bz{ gbNB d/ bJh ekBz{Bhy ntoD dk ezw eo ;edh j?. fteb;fteb;fteb;fteb;fteb; efjzdk j? fe fJ; ;zpzX ftuokPNogsh iZi ns/ fiT[oh d't/A pD iKdk j? feT[Afe ;zftXkBe s"o s/ T[jh fBPu/ eo/rk fe fJ; soQKdh gfo;fEshnK ed g?dk j[zdhnK jB ns/ eh edw u[eDk ukjhdk j?< gozs{ J/o'B dk efjDk j? fe okPNogshd/ ;zeNekbhB nfXeko T[;Bz{ skBkPkj BjhA pDk ;ed/ jB feT[Afe t?XkfBe ofjzd/ j'J/ T[j fpBK fe;/ Ufusd/ fJ; Pesh Bz{ ftntjko ftu BjhA fbnk ;edk j?, nro T[j ;zt?XkfBesk dk gfofsnko eodk j? sKfJ; T[s/ wjKfG:'r ubkfJnk ik ;edk j?.

okPNogsh gd w[bKeD (okPNogsh gd w[bKeD (okPNogsh gd w[bKeD (okPNogsh gd w[bKeD (okPNogsh gd w[bKeD (An estimate of the Presidency)L)L)L)L)L u"E/ rDszso ftu g{oD s"o s/ ;z;dhftnt;Ek Bz{ ngDkfJnk frnk j?. ;' okPNogsh f;oc ;zt?XkfBe gqXkB ;h. Pk;B dh tk;sfte PeshnKwzsohwzvb d/ j~E ftu ;B. T[;d/ ;ko/ ezwK T[s/ gqXkBwzsoh iK fe;/ j'o wzsoh dk gqsh j;skyo io{oh;h. ;' T[j wzsohwzvb ns/ ;z;d dk pzdh j?. ftPt d/ j'o ;zt?XkfBe okiw[yhnK s'A th jkbs rJh r[ioh;h. Gkosh okPNogsh dh soQK Bk sK T[; Bz{ ;zeNekbhB nfXeko gqkgs ;B ns/ Bk fpqfNP ;wokN dhGKsh r"ot ns/ gqfsPmk jh. nwoheh okPNogsh Bkb s[bBk jh fBooEe j?. cqK; dk okPNogsh f;ocoki dk gqXkB ;h idfe nw/foek dk okPNogsh oki ns/ Pk;B d'tK dk. ;o j/Boh w/B;o j/Boh w/B;o j/Boh w/B;o j/Boh w/B;o j/Boh w/B B/ shi/ rDszsod/ nkozGe fdBK ftu fejk ;h – ;z;ko ftu e'Jh th nfijk ftnesh BjhA j? i' cqK; d/ okPNogsh s'A fInkdkdhB nt;Ek ftu j't/. cqK; dk gqkuhB okik Pk;B eodk ;h, fJzrb?Av gqkuhB okik oki eodk j? gozs{ Pk;BBjhA eodk. nwfoek dk okPNogsh Pk;B eodk j?. gozs{ oki BjhA eodk. cqK; d/ okPNogsh d/ bJhnfijh ftnt;Ek j? fe Bk sK T[j oki eodk j? ns/ Bk jh Pk;B jh. fJ; gqeko u"E/ rDszso d/ nzsorsokPNogsh f;oc Bkw wkso ekoigkfbek gqXkB ;h. n'rn'rn'rn'rn'r B/ fJ; Bz{ :[o'gh okiBhsh dh fJe ftbZyDskfejk ;h. w[Bo' w[Bo' w[Bo' w[Bo' w[Bo' d/ nB[;ko T[; jko/ j'J/ ftnesh Bz{ Bk sK e[M ;'uDk ns/ Bk jh ezw eoBk ukjhdk ;h.i/eo d'tK ftu T[j e[M th eodk sK T[;Bz{ gd–fsnkr eoBk g?Adk. gqf;ZX okiBhfsr ebhw/AP' B/ebhw/AP' B/ebhw/AP' B/ebhw/AP' B/ebhw/AP' B/ cqK;h;hokPNogsh fBotkfus j'D :'r ftnesh d/ ;zpzX ftu fejk ;h fe w?A ;G s'A fInkdk w{oy ftnesh d/bJh wsdkB eodk jK. fJe j'o nkb'ue d/ nB[;ko okPNogsh dk gd yor'PK dk fPeko eoB d/ bJh Bkfe oki dk ;zukbB eoB d/ bJh pDkfJnk frnk j?.

gozs{ u"E/ rDszso d/ nzsors okPNogsh dh Pesh dk w[bKeD g{oBsk ;jh BjhA j?. T[j mhe j? fe T[jfBPes ns/ Bgz[;e ;h go T[;dk r"ot–gqfsPmk ns/ T[;dh ftntjkfoesk T[g:'rsk th ;h. T[;Bz{ 18bZy cq?Ae jo ;kb sBykj fwbdh ;h ns/ :ksok ns/ wB'ftBkd d/ bJh nb~r GZsk. T[;Bz{ 100 s'gK dh


B ØN


;bkwh fdZsh iKdh ;h. okiszso d/ nzsors ;wokN Bz{ i' ;BwkB fwbd/ jB T[j ;ko/ okPNogsh Bz{ gqkgsj[zd/ ;B. T[j okPNo dh J/esk dk gqshe ns/ okiBhfse dbpzdh s'A T[s/ ;wfMnk iKdk ;h. ;zeNekbhBnt;EktKtK ftu T[j wjZstg{oB ezwK dk ;zgkdB eodk ;h ns/ okPNo dk B/sk pD iKdk ;h. pj[dbhJ/ftnt;Ek d/ ekoB wzsohwzvb d/ fBowkD ftu T[;Bz{ gfonkgs ftt/e ns/ p[ZXh dk gq:'r eoBk g?Adk ;h.nB[Gt ns/ :'rsk d/ nB[gkd ftu gqPk;B d/ ezwK ftu T[j gfonkgs B?fse ns/ okiBhfse gqGkt gkT[Adk;h wzsohwzvb dh ;fEsosk pDk e/ oyD ftu T[;dk pj[s t~vk jZE ;h. ;' fB:[w/B fB:[w/B fB:[w/B fB:[w/B fB:[w/B d/ PpdK ftuokPNogsh gd ftu cqK; d/ gqkuhB r"ot dh Mbe fwbdh j?. fJ; ftu oki dh gqfsPmk fwbdh j?. fJ;gd dk nzs rDszso dk G{s ns/ toswkB r"ot dk nzs j?.

1958 JhH d/ ;zftXkB ftu fJj fu~so g{oD gfotofss j' frnk. fJ;dh PeshnK ftnkge sK j' rJhjB, Bkb–Bkb nwoheh okPNogsh dh soQK Pk;B dh tk;sfte pkrv'o th T[/;d/ j~EK ftu nk rJh j?.wzsohwzvb ns/ ;z;d T[s/ T[;dk g{oB fBnzsoD j' frnk j?. T[;d/ ;zeNekbhB nfXeko B/ T[;dh PeshBz{ pj[s fInkdk tXk fd~sk j?. T[j d/P ns/ ;zftXkB dk o~fyne th j' frnk j?. T[;h ngko PeshnK ns/T[;d/ tk;sfte gq:'r d/ nkXko T[s/ cqK;h;h ;kfwntkdh B/sk w'fo; E'o/iw'fo; E'o/iw'fo; E'o/iw'fo; E'o/iw'fo; E'o/i B/ fJj th fejk j? feokPNogsh Bz{ Bt/A ;zftxkB ftu 19thA Pskpdh d/ ;wokNK s'A th fInkdk PeshnK gaqkgs jB. g'qH J/o'Bg'qH J/o'Bg'qH J/o'Bg'qH J/o'Bg'qH J/o'BB/ cqK; d/ okPNogsh dh s[bBk nw/foek d/ okPNogsh s'A eod/ j'J/ fbfynk j? fe ekri T[s/ cqK; dkokPNogsh nwfoek d/ okPNogsh s'A x~N PeshPkbh j?. ;koh uhIK d/ pkti{d gzitK rDszso fJe ;z;dh;oeko dh ;EkgBk eodk j?. fJ;dk ;p{s fJj j? fe ;oeko okPNoh ;Gk d/ gqsh T[sodkJh jB okPNogshd/ gqsh BjhA. nzs ftu g'qH J/o'B d/ PpdK ftu jh “okPNogsh–gd dk ftek; d' gqeko s'A j' ;edk j?.i/ ;kXkoD ftnesh okPNogsh j't/ sK T[j wkso ;oeko dk ;otP/qPm ;bkjeosk iK ;otT[Zu wfXn;EpD e/ ofj ;edk j?, sd ;zftXkB ;oeko dh soc'A ftef;s j'J/rk ns/ nro T[j nkgD/ nfXeko dk gq:'reoBk ukjz[dk j't/ sK ;zxoP w'b bt/rk – ;G s'A gfjbK nkgD/ gqXkBwzsoh d/ Bkb ns/ pknd ftu okPNoh;~sk d/ Bkb.

oPhnk dk okPNogsh oPhnk dk okPNogsh oPhnk dk okPNogsh oPhnk dk okPNogsh oPhnk dk okPNogsh (President of Russia)Pk;B gqDkbh d/ g~Xo T[s/ w[yh gqDkbhw[yh gqDkbhw[yh gqDkbhw[yh gqDkbhw[yh gqDkbh (President System) ns/ ;z;d gqDkbh;z;d gqDkbh;z;d gqDkbh;z;d gqDkbh;z;d gqDkbh (ParliamentarySystem) dk fwPqDdk fwPqDdk fwPqDdk fwPqDdk fwPqD fsnko eoB dk isB ehsk frnk j?. w[yh gqDkbh dh soQK fJZE'A fJe PeshPkbhokPNogsh okPNogsh okPNogsh okPNogsh okPNogsh (President) dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j?, ns/ ;z;dh gqDkbh dh soQK fJZE/ fJe PeshPkbh;z;d;z;d;z;d;z;d;z;d (Parliament) dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j? fi;B{z ;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk (Federal Assembly) fejk iKdk j?.okPNogsh oki dk w[yh (Head of State) j? i' f;~X/ iB;kXkoD d[nkok uko ;kbK d/ bJh u[fDnK iKdkj?l T[;Bz{ brksko d' tko s'A nZr/ BjhA u[fDnk ik ;edk. T[j ;zftXkB dk ;ozzfyne j?, ns/ ;P;sq ;?BktKdk ;otT[Zu (Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces) th j?. T[j gqXkBwzsoh (Prime Minister)ns/ wzsoh gfoPd (Council of Ministers) ns/ wzsohwvb (Cabinet) dh fB:[esh eodk j?. fi; ftubrGr 30 w?Apo oy/ iKd/ jB. fJBQK dh fB:[esh d/ bJh ;z;d (Parliament) dk nB[w'dB io{oh j[zdkj?. okPNogsh fJe nzsozr wzsohwzvb (Kitchen Cabinet) dh ;bkj Bkb ezw eodk j? fi; ftu T[;d/ftPt;s fw~so ns/ T[ZukfXekoh Pkwb j[zd/ jB. wzsohwzvb Bz{ ;~sk ftu ofjD d/ bJh ;z;d dk ftPtk;gqkgs j'Dk ukjhdk.

okPNogsh nkfrnkgshnK (Decrees) ikoh eo ;edk j?. i' ekBz{B dh soQK wkBsk tkbh j't/rh. gozs{ fJjnkfrnkgshnK gqufbs ekBz{B d/ fto[~X BjhA j'Dh ukjhdh. fco ;z;d fJBQK Bz{ fBo;s th eo ;edh j?.d{ih soc, okPNogsh th ;z;d d[nkok gk; ftX/ne (Bill) Bz{ ekBz{B pDB s' o'e ;edk j?. T[j ;z;dnoEks ;zxh ;Gk (Federal Assembly) d/ gqsh nkgD/ ;kbkBk nfGGkPB (Annual Address) d/nzsors ;oeko dh okiBhfse ns/ nkofEe Bhsh dk fBo{gD eo ;edk j?. d/P dh o~fynk (Defence)dh fIzw/tkoh ;zGkbD d/ bJh okPNogsh ;[oZfynk–gfoPd (Security Council) fB:[es eodk j? fi;dkw[yh T[j nkg j[zdk j?. T[j e/Adoh p?Ae (Central Bank) d/ w[yh (Chairpeson), wjk–nfG:'ie(Prosecutor General) ns/ fBnKgkfbek (Judiciary) d/ gqw[Zy w?ApoK dh fB:[esh dk gq;skt ;z;d d/e'b G/idk j? iBtoh 1994 d/ pknd ;zoZfynk–;/tktK, rqfj wzsokfbnk, oZfynk wzsokfbnk ns/ ftd/P


B ØN


wzsokfbnk f;ZX/ okPNogsh d/ nXhB eo fdZs/ rJ/ jB. okPNogsh dk T[whdtko x~N s'A x~N d; bZywsdksktK d/ d[nkok wB'Bhs j'Dk ukjhdkl fJzB/ fe;h fJe nzubh (Region) iK rDoki (Republic) d/wsdksktK dh ;zfynk e[b ;zfynk dh 7# s'A fInkdk BjhA j'Dh ukjhdh.

o{; ftu ftXkfJek (Legislature) d/ feqs ;zxhJ/ ;Gk;zxhJ/ ;Gk;zxhJ/ ;Gk;zxhJ/ ;Gk;zxhJ/ ;Gk (Federal Assembly) Bz{ ;"Ag/ rJ/ jB. fJ; ftud' ;dB (Chambers) oZy/ rJ/ jB. nto ;dB (Lower House) dh ;N/N fvT[wkfvT[wkfvT[wkfvT[wkfvT[wk fejk iKdk j?. fJ;ftu 4520 w?ApoK dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j?. T[Zu ;dB (Upper House) Bz{ ;zxhJ/ gfoPd ;zxhJ/ gfoPd ;zxhJ/ gfoPd ;zxhJ/ gfoPd ;zxhJ/ gfoPd (FederalCouncil) fejk iKdk j?. fJ; ftu 178 w?ApoK dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j?.

uhB dk okPNogsh uhB dk okPNogsh uhB dk okPNogsh uhB dk okPNogsh uhB dk okPNogsh (President of China)e/Adoh ekoigkfbek L rDszso dk w[yh (e/Adoh ekoigkfbek L rDszso dk w[yh (e/Adoh ekoigkfbek L rDszso dk w[yh (e/Adoh ekoigkfbek L rDszso dk w[yh (e/Adoh ekoigkfbek L rDszso dk w[yh (Central Executive: Chairman of the Republic)L)L)L)L)LiBtkdh uhB dk ;zftXkB nKfPe o{g Bkb ;z;dh gqDkbh Bz{ ngDkT[Adk j?. Gkos dh GKsh rDszso dk w[yhj[zdk j? i' Pk;B d/ w[yh :kBh gqXkBwzsoh s'A nbr j[zdk j?. 1954 d/ ;zftXkB ftu w[yh gd dh ftnt;Ekehsh rJh. wkUs;/ sz[r rDszso d/ w[yh d/ Bkb–Bkb db d/ wjk;fut th oj/ fi; ekoB T[j d/P d/;otPeshPkbh gdkfXekoh pD/ oj/. b/feB fbT[/–PkUA–uh dh fJj ;fEsh BjhA ;h. 1975 d/ ;zftXkB ftufJ; gd Bz{ ;wkgs eo fdZsk frnk ns/ ;EkJh ;whsh ns/ T[;d/ w[yh Bz{ rDszso d/ w[yh dh PeshnKns/ ezw ;"Ag fdZs/ rJ/. d[pkok 1982 d/ Bt/A ;zftXkB d[nkok fJ; gd dk fizdk eo fdZsk frnk. S/thokPNoh eKro; (i{B 1983) B/ pi[or gqshfPfms B/sk bh ihnkfBno Bz{ rDszso dk w[yh u[fDnk. 18ngq?b, 1988 Bz{ iBob :Kr PKer[B (Yangshangkun) uhB d/ Bt/A w[yh u[D/ rJ/.

w[yh dh u'D (w[yh dh u'D (w[yh dh u'D (w[yh dh u'D (w[yh dh u'D (Election of the Chairman)L)L)L)L)L uhBh rDoki d/ w[yh dh u'D okPNoh eKro; d/ w?ApoKd[nkok ehsk iKdk j?. 1954 d/ ;zftXkB d[nkok T[;dk ekoiekb 4 ;kb fBoXkos ehsk ;h, 1982 d/ ;zftXkBd[nkok ekoiekb 5 ;kb dk eo fdZsk frnk j?. e'Jh th ftnesh fi;Bz{ okiBhfse nfXeko gqkgs j'Dns/ T[;dh T[wo 45 ;kb j't/, w[yh gd u[fDnk ik ;edk j?. db d/ tfoPN ns/ gqshfPms B/sk jh fJ;gd d/ bJh u[D/ iKd/ jB fit/A wkU–s;/ s[zr, fbT[–;kU–uh ns/ bh ihnkfBnB.

w[yh dh PeshnK ns/ ezw (w[yh dh PeshnK ns/ ezw (w[yh dh PeshnK ns/ ezw (w[yh dh PeshnK ns/ ezw (w[yh dh PeshnK ns/ ezw (Powers and Functions of the Chairman)L)L)L)L)L uhBh rDoki d/ w[yh dhPeshnK ns/ ezwK dk ft;fsqs toDD ;zftXkB ftu ehsk frnk j?. nfXn?B dh ;[ftXk d/ j/s{ T[;d/ ezwK ns/nfXekoK B{z uko torK ftu ftGkfis ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJE/ fJBQK dk toDB ;zy/g ftu ehsk ik fojk j?.

(e) gqPk;eh PeshnK ns/ ezw L(e) gqPk;eh PeshnK ns/ ezw L(e) gqPk;eh PeshnK ns/ ezw L(e) gqPk;eh PeshnK ns/ ezw L(e) gqPk;eh PeshnK ns/ ezw L rDoki d/ w[yh Bz{ gqXkBwzsoh ns/ T[ggqXkBwzsoh dh fB:[esh dk nfXekogqdkB ehsk frnk j?. T[j T[BQK Bz{ T[BKQ d/ gd s'A jNk th ;edk j?. nk:'rK d/ w[yh ns/ wzsohnK Bz{ fB:[eseoB ns/ T[BQK Bz{ gdfuT[s eoB dk nfXeko th rDoki d/ w[yh Bz{ j[zdk j?. oki gfoPd d/ wjk;fut Bz{ fB:[esns/ gdfuT[s eoB dk nfXeko th T[jh oydk j?. gozs{ fB:[esh ;zpzXh fJj nfXeko db d/ gq/fifvnw B{z gqkgsj?. T[;h dh fJ~Sk d/ nB[;ko do fJBKQ fB:[eshnK dh x'PDk w[yh eodk j?. okPNoh iB eKro; d/ ekBz{BK ns/x'PBktK Bz{ bkr{ eoB dk ezw th w[yh dk jh j?. T[j d/P d/ fe;/ y/so ns/ ;ko/ d/P ftu ;?fBe Pk;B ;EkgseoB dk nfXeko oydk j?. ;?Bk dk ;otT[Zu nfXekoh T[jh j? ns/ fJ; bJh T[j ;?Bk Bz{ i' th ukj/ nkfrnkd/ ;edk j?. okPNoh ;[o~fynk gfoPde d/ T[gw[yh ns/ j'o w?ApoK dh fB:[esh eoB dk nfXeko th T[;Bz{ gqkgsj?. T[j T[BQK Bz{ T[BQK d/ gd s'A jNk th ;edk j?. T[;Bz{ :[~X dh x'PDk eoB dk th nfXeko j[zdk j? ns/ T[jd/P d/ fe;h th Gkr ftu wkoPb bk bkr{ eo ;edk j?. ;Zu g[~fSnk ikt/ sK T[j Gkos d/ okPNogsh dh GKshBkwwkso dk gqXkB j? fJ; bJh T[;d/ gqPk;eh nfXekoK dk tk;sfte gq:'r gqXkBwzsoh ns/ T[;d/ ;fj:'rhdb d/ g/qihfvnw dh fJ~Sk d/ nB[;ko eod/ jB.

(y) Ugukfoe PeshnK ns/ ezw L (y) Ugukfoe PeshnK ns/ ezw L (y) Ugukfoe PeshnK ns/ ezw L (y) Ugukfoe PeshnK ns/ ezw L (y) Ugukfoe PeshnK ns/ ezw L ;zftXkB ftu rDoki d/ w[yh dh Ugukfoe PeshnK dk th T[b/y j?. T[j fe;/ th ftnesh Bz{ fywk dkB d/ ;edk j?. T[;Bz{ oki nkd/PK, T[gkXhnK ns/ gdthnK d/ ftsoDdk th nfXeko gqkgs j?. ;BwkB ;{ue T[gkXhnK T[jh gqdkB eodk j?.

(r) e{NBhfse PeshnK ns/ ezw L(r) e{NBhfse PeshnK ns/ ezw L(r) e{NBhfse PeshnK ns/ ezw L(r) e{NBhfse PeshnK ns/ ezw L(r) e{NBhfse PeshnK ns/ ezw L w[yh Bz{ ftd/PK Bkb ;zpzX ;Ekgs eoB dk nfXeko gqkgs j?. uhBd/ okid{sK Bz{ ftd/PK ftu G/iDk ns/ ftd/Ph okid{sK d/ gqwkD–gZsoK dk fBohyD eoBk nkfd T[;/ d/ ezwjB. T[j fe;h th d/P Bkb ;zXh eo ;edk j? ns/ fe;h th d/P Bkb :[ZX dh x'PDk eo ;edk j?.


B ØN


(x) ;?fBe PeshnK ns/ ezw L(x) ;?fBe PeshnK ns/ ezw L(x) ;?fBe PeshnK ns/ ezw L(x) ;?fBe PeshnK ns/ ezw L(x) ;?fBe PeshnK ns/ ezw L rDoki dk w[yh ;?Bk dk ;otT[Zu nfXekoh jz[dk j? ns/ fJ; bJh okidhnK ;kohnK ;?BktK d/ ;zukbB dk T[; Bz{ g{oB nfXeko gqkgs j?. T[j oki dh ;?Bk dk jh w[yh BjhA j[zdkpbfe okPNoh ;[oZfynk gfoPd dk th w[yh j[zdk j?. T[j nkgD/ ftukoK Bz{ ;[oZfynk gfoPd ftu oy e/T[j j'o w?ApoK Bz{ gqGkts eodk j?.

(C) fBohyDkswe PeshnK ns/ ezw L (C) fBohyDkswe PeshnK ns/ ezw L (C) fBohyDkswe PeshnK ns/ ezw L (C) fBohyDkswe PeshnK ns/ ezw L (C) fBohyDkswe PeshnK ns/ ezw L ;zftXkB ftu w[yh dh fBohyDkswe PeshnK dk th T[b/yj?. T[j ;otT[Zu oki ;zw/bB dk w[yh j[zdk j? ns/ fJ; ;zw/bB ftu T[j nkgDh fJZSkB[;ko e[M w?ApoK Bz{fB:[es eoB dk nfXeko oydk j?. ;zw/bB d/ wj~stg{oB ftfPnK ftu T[j nkgDh okJ/ ikfjo eodk j?ns/ ;zw/bB d[nkok fbs/ rJ/ fBofDnK Bz{ okPNoh iB–eKro; d/ e'b G/idk j?. ihB d/ rDoki d/ T[gw[yhd/ u[D/ ikD/ s'A g{ot T[;dh PeshnK d/ gq:'r dk nfXeko th w[yh Bz{ jh fdZsk frnk j?.

;ft; ;zxh ekoigkfbek ;ft; ;zxh ekoigkfbek ;ft; ;zxh ekoigkfbek ;ft; ;zxh ekoigkfbek ;ft; ;zxh ekoigkfbek (The Swiss Federal Executive)ns[Zb ns/ nB'yh ekoigkfbek Lns[Zb ns/ nB'yh ekoigkfbek Lns[Zb ns/ nB'yh ekoigkfbek Lns[Zb ns/ nB'yh ekoigkfbek Lns[Zb ns/ nB'yh ekoigkfbek L ftPt dh gqw[y Pk;B gqDkbhnK Bz{ d' Pq/DhnK ftu tzfvnk ik ;edkj? –;z;dkswe (Parliamentary) ns/ w[yh–gqXkB (Predential). ;z;dh g~Xsh ekoigkfbek dk gqXkBfJe okPNogsh iK ;wokN j[zdk j? i' Bkw wkso dk (Titular of Nominal) gqXkB j[zdk j? ns/ T[BQK d/ BkwT[s/ Pk;B Pesh dk tk;sfte gq:'r ftXkB wzvb d/ gqsh T[ZsodkJh wzsohwzvb eodk j?. w[yh–gqXkBgqDkbh ftu tH fJe oki dk gqXkB okPNogsh j[zdk j? i' ekoigkfbek dk tk;sfte gqXkB (Real ExecutiveHead) th j[zdk j?. fJBQK d'tK nt;EktK ftu ekoigkfbek dk fJe jh gqXkB (Singular Head) j[zdk j?.gozs{ ;ft; Pk;B–g~Xsh Bk sK ;z;dkswe j?, Bk w[yh gqXkB. T[;dh ekoigkfbek ftu d'tK dh ftP/PsktKdk ;fwPoD fwbdk j?l fJ; ftu d'tK Pk;B^g~XshnK d/ r[DK Bz{ ngDkT[D ns/ ntr[Dk s'A puD dk isBehsk frnk j?. ;ftNIob?Av ftu ekoigkfbek Pesh B{z fpqN/B ns/ nw/foek d/ ;fdqP fe;h fJe ftneshftu fBfjs Bk eo ;Zs w?ApoK dh fJe gfoPd ftu fBfjs ehsk frnk j?. fi; Bz{ ;zxhJ/ gfoPd (FederalCouncil) efjzd/ jB. fJ;/ ekoB ;ft; ekoigkfbek B{z pj[b ekoigkfbek (Plural Executive) iKwzvbkswe ekoigkfbek (Colegiate Executive) iK fwPfos ekoigkfbek (Commission TypeExecutive) efjzd/ jB. ;z;ko dh ekoigkfbek ftu fJj ns[Zb ns/ nB'eyh ekoigkfbek (Unparalleland peculiar Executive) j?. e'fvzr d/ PpdK ftu fJ; nB'y/ S'N/ d/P dh nB'yh ;z;Ek fB;zd/j ;zxhJ/gfoPd noEks ;ft; ;zxh ekoigkfbek j?.

;zxh gfoPd (;zxh gfoPd (;zxh gfoPd (;zxh gfoPd (;zxh gfoPd (The Federal Council)))))

w?ApoK ;zfynk ns/ ;zrmB (w?ApoK ;zfynk ns/ ;zrmB (w?ApoK ;zfynk ns/ ;zrmB (w?ApoK ;zfynk ns/ ;zrmB (w?ApoK ;zfynk ns/ ;zrmB (Organisations)L)L)L)L)L ;zftXkB dh Xkok 92 d/ nB[;ko ;ft; okiwzvb ftu;otT[Zu fBod/PD ns/ ekoigkfbek Pesh 7 w?ApoK dh fJe ;zxh gfoPd d[nkok gq:[es ehsh iKdh j?fJ; gqeko ;ftNiob?Av ftu ekoiekoDh Pesh fe;h fJe ftnesh–okPNogsk iK ;wokN d/ jZE ftuBjhA pbfe fJe gfoPd d/ j~E ftu ;"Agh rJh j?. ;zftXkB d[nkok fJ;dh w?Apo–;zfynk 7 fBPfus ehshrJh j?. Gkt/A BthB ;wkfie, nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse gfo;fEshnK d/ Bshi/ ti'A tXd/ j'J/ Pk;B ekoiGko d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A ;zfynk pj[s x~N j?, fco th ;ft; iBsk B/ ;zfynk ftu tkX/ dk ;dk fto'X ehskj?. fJ; ;zpzX ftu iBsk B/ d' tko 1900 ns/ 1942 JhH ftu ;zP'XB gq;skt Bz{ o~d eo fdZsk frnk.fJE/ gqPB T[mdk j? fe fe; ekoD ;ft;–;zftXkB d/ fBowksktK B/ gozgokrs J/eb ekoigkfbek g~Xsh(Singular Executive) Bz{ Bk ngDk e/ pj[b ekoigkfbek g~Xsh (Plural Executive) Bz{ ngDkfJnk.fJ; BthA ;zzftXkfBe ftnt;EktK d/ w[Zy s"o s/ d' ekoB j' ;ed/ jB. gfjbk,gfjbk,gfjbk,gfjbk,gfjbk, fJj ftnt;Ek d/P dhfJfsjk;e gozgok d/ nB[e{ j?. 1848 JhH ftu ;zxh ;zftXkB d/ fBowkB s'A gfjbK ftfGzB e?ANBK dh ekoigkfbektK wzvbkswe jh ;B. fJ;d/ nbktk 1738 s'A 1803 JhH se id ;ftNiob?Av cqK; d/ nXhB ;h.sK okPNoh ekoiekoDh Pesh 5 w?ApoK dh vkfJo?eNoh Bz{ fdZsh rJh ;h. fJj th fJe wzvbksweekoiekoDh dk gq:'r ;h. d{ik,d{ik,d{ik,d{ik,d{ik, ;ft; iBsk fe;h ftnesh ftP/P d/ j~EK ftu ;Zsk Bz{ e/Afdqs eoB dhgqftosh dk ;[Gkte fto'X eodh j?. fJ; gqftosh Bz{ fJj iBszsoh f;XKsK d/ gqshe{b wzBdh j?. fJ;ftu T[; Bz{ okiszso ns/ skBkPkjh dk nkGk; fwbdk j?. 1848 JhH ftu ;zftxkB gqko{g fBowksk ;whshB/ dZf;nk ;h fe ;whsh fe;/ nfij/ gd dk fBowkD gq;skfte eoB dh rZb BjhA ;'u ;edh i' ;ft;


B ØN


iBsk d/ ftukoK ns/ ;[Gkn d/ gqshe{b j't/ ns/ fi; Bkb T[j okiszsokswe iK skBkPkj gqftosh dk gqwkDd/y ;e/. ;ftNiob?Av ftu gfoPdK dh g~Xsh iwh j'Jh j?. ;kvh gqiksKsfoe GktBk fe;h j'o ftneshrsgqXkBsk d/ gqsh fto'X eodh j?. ;ft; iBsk n?vwzv o?Av'bcn?vwzv o?Av'bcn?vwzv o?Av'bcn?vwzv o?Av'bcn?vwzv o?Av'bc d/ nB[;ko ;wMdh j?. fJe J/ebekoigkfbek okiszso dk roG;E fPP{ j?. tkJhwop ;zftXkB (Wimar Constitution) d/ fBowkD d/ ;w/AiowBh ftu th ;ft;–g~Xsh dh Beb eoB dh u/PNk ehsh rJh go ;cbsk Bk fwbh.

;zxh gfoPd d/ ;zrmB Bz{ ftnkgse pDkT[D dh e'fPP ehsh rJh j?. fJ; T[d/P dh gqkgsh bJh e[M;zftXkBe T[gpzX ns/ ftntjkfoe gozgoktK jB. fJe ;zftXkBe gqshpzX fJj brkfJnk frnk j?. fegfoPd ftu fJe e?ANB s'A f;oc fJe jh ftnesh fBotkfus j' ;edk j? fJe s'A fInkdk BjhA. nfijhftnt;Ek fJ; bJh ehsh rJh fe fInkdk s'A fInkdk e?ANB gqshfBXhst gk ;eD. gozs{ fJj fdqV gozgokpD rJh j?. poB, frT[foupoB, frT[foupoB, frT[foupoB, frT[foupoB, frT[fou ns/ tKvtKvtKvtKvtKv Bkwe e?ANBK ftu fJe–fJe w?Apo io{o j't/. e[M ftntjkfoegozgoktK th jB i' ;zrmB Bz{ ftnkge gqshfBXhst ;o{g fdzdh j? fit/A – gqw[Zy XowktbzphnK GkPk–GkPhnK ns/ okiBhfse dbK Bz{ ;w[fus gqshfBXhst d/e/. nkw s"o s/ ;zxh gfoPd ftu 3 iowB GkPk–GkPh ns/ 1 fJNkfbnB GkPk–GkPh e?ANBK s'A gkoPd bJ/ iKd/ jB fJ;d/ nbktk gfoPd okiBhfseK dkfJe p/w/b ns/ ftikshJ/ (Heterogeneous) ;w[dkJ/ th j?. fpqfNP wzsohwzvb ftu f;oc fJe db d/nB[:kJh ofjzd/ jB. gozs{ ;ft; ;zxh gfoPd dh fJe ftfusqsk fJj j? fe T[; ftu ;G gqw[Zy dbK Bz{;EkB fdZsk iKdk j?. 1929 JhH s'A ;ko/ gqw[Zy ;ko/ dbK – T[dkotkdh, e?E/fbe nB[dkotkdh, feqPe dbns/ ;wkitkdh dbK Bz{ gqshfBXhst fwbdk nk fojk j?.

fBotkuB g~Xsh LfBotkuB g~Xsh LfBotkuB g~Xsh LfBotkuB g~Xsh LfBotkuB g~Xsh L ;zxh gfoPd d/ w?ApoK dh fBotkuB g~Xsh (System of Election) 1848 JhH d/;zftxkB d[nkok fBoXkos ehsh rJh ;h ;zxh ;Gk d/ d't/A ;dB ;z:[es nfXt/PB ftu T[BQK dk fBotkuBeod/ jB. gkoPdK dk iBsk d[nkok gqsZy fBotkuB dk gq;skt eJh tko nkfJnk j?, gozs{ b'e fBoD/ B/n;thfeqs eo fdZsk j?.

ekoiekb L ekoiekb L ekoiekb L ekoiekb L ekoiekb L ;zftXkB dh Xkok 96 ftu ;zxh gfoPd d/ ekoiekb dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j?. ;zxh gfoPdd/ w?Apo 4 ;kbK bJh fB:[es ehs/ iKd/ jB. 1931 JhH d/ gfjb/ fJ;dk ;wK 3 ;kb jh ;h. gozs{ 1931JhH ftu okPNoh gfoPd d/ Bkb fJ;d/ ekoi ekb Bz{ th tXk e/ uko ;kb eo fdZsk frnk. ;zftXkB ftufJj fejk frnk j? fe ;zxh ;Gk d/ jo/e Bt–fBotkuB T[s/ ;zxh gfoPd dk th BtK fBotkuB j't/rk.;' ;zxh gfoPd dh u'D ;zxh ;Gk d[nkok jo/e u"E/ ;kb okPNoh gfoPd d/ fBotkuB d/ s[ozs T[goKs j[zdkj?. d{ik gqktXkB fJj j? fe i/ ;kb dk ;w/A d/ nzsors ;zxh gfoPd d/ fe;/ w?Apo dk ;EkB ykbh j't/ sK;zxh ;Gk nkgDh gfjbh p?me ftu jh pkeh ;w/A d/ Bjh w?Apo dk fBotkuB eo/rh. Xkok 120 d/ nzsorsfJj ;wZf;nk g?dk j[zdh j?. ;zftXkB dk w[V fBohyD eoB dk gq;skt ftukokXhB j't/ sK ;zxh ;Gk d/ Bkb–Bkb ;zxh gfoPd B{z th ftxNB eo fdZsk iKdk j? ns/ BtfBotkfus ftXkB–;Gk d[pkok ;zxh gfoPd dkfBotkuB eodh j?.

Gkt/A w?ApoK dk t?XkfBe ekb 4 ;kb j? gozzs{ T[BQK dk pko–pko w[V fBotkuB j[zdk ofjzdk j?. cb;o{g T[BQKdk n";s ekoiekb 10 ;kb j' iKdk j?. nB/e fJ; soK d/ th gkoPd j'J/ jB fiBQK B/ 30–30 ;kb sew?Apo–gd dk T[gG'r ehsk j?. T[dkjoDkoE vkH ih;N wkNk 21 ;kbK se ;zxh gfoPd d/ w?Apo pD/oj/. nkX[fBe gkoPdK ftu vkH fcfbg J/No 23 ;kbK s'A vkH ekob b"pb/N 14 ;kbK s'A, vkH w/e; g/fNqNghuo 10 ;kbK s'A ns/ vkH o'v'bc o{pkNb 8 ;kbK se gkoPd gd T[s/ oj/.

:'rsktK L:'rsktK L:'rsktK L:'rsktK L:'rsktK L ;zftXkB dh Xkok 96 d/ nB[;ko ;zxh gfoPd d/ w?Apo T[BQK ;kfonK ;ft; BkrfoeK d/ ftu'Au[D iKd/ jB i' okPNoh gfoPd dh w?ApofPg dh :'rsk oyd/ jB. ;' e'Jh th ftnesh i' okPNoh gfoPd

;ft; ekoigkfbek B{z pj[b ekoigkfbek feT[A fejk iKdk j?<Nk;e ;ft; ekoigkfbekB{z pj[b ekoigkfbek feT[A fejk iKdk j?<

Nk;e


B ØN


d/ bJh u[D/ ikD dh :'rsk oydk j?. ;zxh gfoPd dk w?Apo fBotkfus j' ;edk j?. fJ;dk noE fJj j'fJnkfe XowkfXekBh (Clergy) ;zxh gfoPd d/ w?Apo BjhA j' ;ed/ feT[Afe T[BQK d/ bJh okPNoh gfoPd dhw?ApofPg tofis j?. 1914 JhH ftu fJe ekBz{B d[nkok fJj pzXB brk fdsk iKdk j? fe d' fBen ;zpzXh;zxh gfoPd d/ w?Apo BjhA j' ;ed/ ns/ Bk sK ;zxh gfoPd d/ fBeN ;zpzX fe;/ nfij/ gd T[s/ fB:[esehs/ ik ;ed/ jB i' fe ;zxh gfoPd d/ nXhB j'D. ;zftXkB gfoPd dh Xkok 97 d/ nB[;ko fJj gqshpzXbrk fdZsk frnk j? fe ;zxh gfoPd d/ w?Apo okiwzvb ns/ fe;/ e?ANB d/ nzsors j'o e'Jh gd rqfjB BjhAeo ;ed/ Bk s/ T[j e'Jh j'o ezw jh eo ;ed/ jB. Gkt/A ;zftXkB ftu nfijk e'Jh gqktXkB BjhA j?. fcoth ;zxh gfoPd d/ bJh fInkdkso nkgD/ w?ApoK ftu'A jh fBotkuB eodh j?. gozs{ Xkok 97 d[nkok brkJ/rJ/ gqshpzX d/ nB[;ko ;zxh gfoPd d/ w?Apo u[D/ ikD T[s/ T[BQK Bz{ ;zxh ;Gk dh w?ApofPg s'A gd fsnkreoBk g?Adk j?. gozs{ ftntjkos w?ApoK dk :'r Pk;B j'Dk io{oh j?. T[BQK Bz{ nB[Gth :'r ns/ fBgz[B j'Dkukjhdk j?. T[BQK ftu gko;gfoe wsG/dk Bz{ ;wM"s/ d[nkok ;[bMkT[D dh :'rsk j'Dh ukjhdh j?. T[BQK ftugqPk;fBe :'rsk Pq/Pm wkBf;e Pesh p[ZXh u?sfBn, ftntjko–e[Pbsk, PKs ;[Gk nkfd r[DK dk j'Dk io{ohj? fJBQK r[DK dh io{os d/ ekoB jh fInkdkso w?Apo nfij/ j[zd/ jB. i' ;zxh ;Gk ns/ e?ANB d/ ftXkBwzvb d/ w?Apo ns/ e?ANB iK okiwzvb d/ e'Jh T[ZunfXekoh ofj u[e/ jB ns/ ekch dhoxekb se. e'fvzre'fvzre'fvzre'fvzre'fvzrdk efjDk j? fe ;ftNiob?Av ftu gd–rqfjD eoB d/ bJh fe;/ ftnesh ftu fBwosk (Modesty) dkr[D j'Dk io{oh j? ftneshrs r[DK ns/ ;/tk d/ cb;o{g jh ;zxh gfoPd dh w?ApofPg Bz{ gqkgs eo ;edkj?.

;zxh gfoPd dh w?ApofPg d/ bJh t?fXe :'rsktK d/ nbktk nB/e gozgoktK dk ftek; j'fJnk j?. fi;dkgkbB gkoPd d/ fBotkuB d/ ;zpzX ftu pj[s ;ysh Bkb ehsk iKdk j?. T[BQK ftu j/m fbyhnK gozgoktKT[b/yBh jB – (1) ;zxh gfoPd dh w?ApofPg ;zx ftu G"r'fbe Pesh d/ e/AdoheoD Bz{ nfGftnes eodhj?. gozgok d[nkok fJj g{ot fBPfus j? fe ;G s'A tZv/ e?ANb poB ns/ fiT[ou Bz{ gfoPd ftu nt~Pjh gqshfBXhst gqkgs j't/rk. (2) GkPkrs x~NfrDsh Bz{ gqshfBXhst d/D d/ ftuko BKb fJj gozgok pDrJh j? fe gzi s'A fInkdk gkoPd iowB–GkPh y/so s'A BjhA nkDr/. (3) ekBz{B d/ nGkt ftu th ;zxhgfoPd ftu d/P d/ ;ko/ gqw[Zy okiBhfse dbK Bz{ T[BQk dh Pesh d/ nB[gks s'A gqshfBXhst gqkgs j[zdkj?. (4) ;zxh gfoPd ftu T[j ftnesh jh u[D/ iKd/ jB fiBQK Bz{ ;kotifBe ekoiK dk gfonkgs nB[Gtj't/.,okPNoh gfoPdK dk fJZSkB[e{b w[V fBotkuB j[zdk j?. fInkdkso gkoPd d' fszB ntXhnK se w?ApopD/ ofjzd/ jB.

sBykj LsBykj LsBykj LsBykj LsBykj L ;zxh gfoPd d/ w?Apo Bz{ ;zxh fBXh s'A 48,000 cq?Ae ;kbkBk sBykj fwbdh j?. 55 ;kb dh T[wotkb/ w?ApoK Bz{ fBftos–sBykj (Pention) fdZsk iKdk j? pPos/ fe T[j d; ;kb se gkoPd ofj u[e/ j'D.fBftosh sBykj dk 40 s'A 60 gqshPs j[zdk j?. gkoPdK dh sBykj j'o d/PK d/ wzsohnK dh T[g/ePk pj[sjh xN j? ns/ T[j pj[s ;kdrh Bkb ofjzd/ jB.

gqPk;eh ftGkr LgqPk;eh ftGkr LgqPk;eh ftGkr LgqPk;eh ftGkr LgqPk;eh ftGkr L ;ftNiob?Av ftu gqPk;B d/ ;ko/ ezw Bz{ 7 ftGkrK ftu tzv fdZsk frnk j?. jo/e ftGkr ftu fJe ;zxh gfoPd d/ nXhB j[zdk j?. i' T[;d/ ekoi;zukbB d/ bJh ;ko/ gfoPd d/ gqsh fizw/tko j[zdk j?. fJe ftGkr d/ gqw[Zy dh n;t;Ek iK r?ojkIoh ftu ezw eoB d/ bJh jo/e ftGkr dk gqw[Zyd{i/ ftGkr dk T[g–gqw[Zy j[zdk j?, ;zg{oB gqPk;B d/ bJh ;w{je o{g Bkb fizw/tko (Collectivelyresponsible) j[zdk j?, gozs{ fjT{i d/ ftuko Bkb fJj Gowkswe j? fe ;zxh gfoPd dk ;w{je o{g ftu(Corporate body) fe; jd se j'Ad j?. fInkdk fJjh fejk iKdk j? fe ;ftNiob?Av ftu ;Zs ekoiekoDhw?Apo (Federal Councillors) jB gozs{ e'Jh ekoiekoDh gfoPd (Federal council) BjhA. toswkBekb ftu j/m fbyhnK 7 gqPk;eh ftGkr (Administrative Departments) fiBQK dh tzv nw/foek d/;wkB ftXkfJeh nfXfBnw Bkb BjhA pbfe cqK; tork ekoigkfbek ftfBw/n Bkb j'fJnk j?–

(1) okiBhfse ftGkr (Political Department)

(2) rqfj ftGkr (Department of Inerior)

(3) fBnK ns/ g[fb; ftGkr (Department of Justice and Police)


B ØN


(4) ;?fBe ftGkr (Military Department)

(5) ft~s ns/ gqP[be ftGkr (Department of Finance and Customs)

(6) ;kotifBe noE ftGkr

(7) vke ns/ o/b ftGkr (Post and Railways Department).

;kXkoD ns/ ;zxh gfoPd dh p?meK jcs/ ftu d' tko j[zdh j?. fJ;dh ekotkjh r[gs j[zdh j?. rDg{oshd/ bJh uko w?ApoK dh jkioh io{oh j?. fBoD/ pj[s Bkb j[zdk j?. e'Jh th w?Apo fpBk gfoPd dh nkfrnkd/ p?me ftu r?ojkIo BjhA ofj ;edk. gfoPd dk w[yh fBoDkswe t'N (Casting Vote) fdzdk j?. ;zxhuK;bo (Federal Chancellor) i' ftXkB ;Gk ns/ ;zxh gfoPd d/ dcso dk w[yh j[zdk j? ;zxh gfoPdd/ ;fut d/ o{g ftu gfoPd dh p?meK ftu jkIo ofjzdk j?. uK;bo d/ pdb/ e'Jh T[g uK;bol th T[BQKd/ ezwK Bz{ eo ;edk j?.

gdkfXekoh LgdkfXekoh LgdkfXekoh LgdkfXekoh LgdkfXekoh L ;zxh gfoPde d/ bJh ;Gkgsh ns/ T[g;Gkgsh dh th ftnt;Ek j?. fiBQK dk fBotkuB;zxh ;Gk jo ;kb ;zxh gfoPd d/ w?ApoK ftu'A jh eodh j?. fJBQK gdkfXekohnK Bz{ okiwzvb dk okPNogshns/ T[gokPNogsh th efjzd/ jB.;zxh gfoPd d/ nfXeko ns/ feqs (;zxh gfoPd d/ nfXeko ns/ feqs (;zxh gfoPd d/ nfXeko ns/ feqs (;zxh gfoPd d/ nfXeko ns/ feqs (;zxh gfoPd d/ nfXeko ns/ feqs (Powers functions of the Federal Council)L)L)L)L)L ;zftXkB dhXkok 102 ftu ;zxh gfoPd dh PeshnK ns/ feqsK dh bzwh ;{uh fdZsh rJh j/. fJ;d/ ezw w[Zy s"o s/gqPk;eh j?. ;zftXkB dh Xkok 95 d/ nB[;ko fJ;Bz{ ;otT[Zu fBod/fPek ns/ ekoigkfbek Pesh (TheSupreme Directing and Executive Authority) gqkgs j?. gqPk;eh PeshnK d/ nbktk fJ; B{ e[Mwj~stg{o ftXkfJBh, ftZsh ns/ fBnKfJe PeshnK th gqdkB ehsh rJhnK jB. nfXn?B dh ;[ftXk d/fdqPNhe'D ftu ;zxh gfoPd B{z j/m fby/ f;ob/yK d/ nzsors ofynk ik ;edk j?.

(((((i) ekoigkfbek dh PeshnKL ) ekoigkfbek dh PeshnKL ) ekoigkfbek dh PeshnKL ) ekoigkfbek dh PeshnKL ) ekoigkfbek dh PeshnKL ;G s'A gfjbK n;hA fJ;dh gqPk;eh PeshnK dh uouk eoKr/. fJj ;ft;okiwzvb dh ;otT[Zu ekoiekoh ;Zsk j?. ;zxh ftXhnK ns/ nkd/PK d/ nB[;ko ;ko/ okiwzvb d/ gqPk;e Bz{fBnzfsqs eodh j? ns/ fJ; rZb dk fBohyD eodh j? fe ;zxh ;zftXkB ns/ ;zxh ekBz{BK dk fBohyD j' iK BjhAns/ fJ;d/ bJh io{oh ekotkjh eodh j?. ;zxh ;Gk d[nkok fBofws ftXhnK ns/ nfXfBnwk ;zxh fBnkfXeoDd/ fBofDnK ns/ ftfGzB e?ANBK d/ go;go MrfVnK d/ fBpNko/ d/ j/s{ j'J/ ;wM"s/ ns/ wfXn;EK d/ fBofDnKB{z bkr{ eokT[D dk gqpzx eodh j?. fJ;Bz{ fB:[esh dk th nfXeko gqkgs j?. fIBQK gdK T[s/ ;zxh ;Gk, ;zxhfBnkfbnk j'o fe;h ;zxh gqkfXekoh dh fB:[esh d/ nfXeko fdsk frnk j?. T[; T[s/ ;zxh gfoPd fB:[esh eodhj?. ;zxh gqPk;B d/ ftGkr ;G fJ;d/ nXhyD ftu jh nkgDk ekoi eod/ jB.

;zxh gfoPd T[s/ oki ;zx ftu PKsh ns/ ftnt;Ek, d/P dh pkjoh jwfbnK ns/ nKsfoe T[gdqtK s'Aofynk ns/ ;ftNiob?Av dh ;[szsosk ns/ sN;Esk dh ;[o~fynk dh fIzw/tkoh ;"Agh rJh j?.

;zxh ;?Bk ;zxh gfoPd d/ jh nXhyD ftu nkgDk ezw eodh j?. i/ T[; ;w/A io{oh g? ikJ/ fi; ;w/A ;zxh;gk d/ nfXt/PB Bk ub fojk j't/ sK ;zxh gfoPd ;?Bk dk ;zrmB eo T[;dh io{os nB[;ko T[g:'r eo;edh j?. gozs{ i/ ;?Bk 3 jcs/ s'A fInkdk d/ bJh ns/ d' jIko ;?fBeK Bkb ;zrms ehsk ikJ/ sK ;zxh;gk d/ ;dBK dh p?me s[ozs p[DkT[Dk io{oh j?.

;ftNiob?Av d/ t?d/fPe ;zpzX d/ fBnw n/s d/yGkb dk nfXeko th ;zxh gfoPd Bz{ jh fdZsk frnk j?.;zftXkB ftu fejk frnk j? fe fJj ftd/P ftu okiwzvb d/ fjsK dh d/yGkb eo/rh, yk; eo nzsookPNoh;zpzX T[s/ fXnkB fdzd/ jB ns/ t?d/fPe wkwb/ nkws"o s/ fJ;d/ j~E ftu oj/rk. fJ;d/ nbktk e?ANBK d[nkokgo;go iK ftd/PK Bkb ehshnK rJhnK ;zXhnK Bz{ fJj ;thfeqsh fdzdh j?.

;zxh gfoPd ;Gk d/ jo/e ;kXkoD nfXt/PB ftu nkgD/ ezw dk fttoD fdzdh j?, nKsfoe ;fEsh ns/t?d/fPe ;zpzX T[s/ fJe fog'on gq;s[s eodh j? ns/ ;Gk d/ ftuko bJh efbnkD d/ T[gktK dk ;[Mknoydh j?. ;zxh ;Gk iK T[BQK d/ fe;/ fJe ;dB d[nkok wzr ehsh ikD s/ fttoD th gq;s[s eo ;edk j?.

;zxh gfoPd Bz{ fe;h fJe iK d'tK ;dBK Bz{ fe;/ ftP/ T[s/ ;zd/P G/iD dk nfXeko j?. ;zd/P d/ Bkb ftX/neK ns/ :'iBktK d/ gqako{g th ;zXh ;Gk d/ ftt/uB ns/ ;thfeqsh d/ bJh G/i/ ik ;ed/ jB. nzs ftu,e?ANBK d/ gqPk;B T[s/ th ;zxh gfoPd dk nfXeko j?. fJj e?ANBK d/ efsg: gqPk;B ftGkrK dk fBohyD


B ØN


eodk j? e?ANBK d/ ftXkB ;GktK d[nkok gk; e[M ftX/nesk Bz{ ;zxh gfoPd dh ;thfeqsh io{oh j?. ;zxh;Gk dh ;thfeqsh d/ bJh j'J/ e?ANB ftXkB ftu ;zP'XB gq;sktK dk ;zxh gfoPd iKu eodh ns/ ftXkBwzvbftu T[g:[es gq;skt gq;s[s eodh j?. fe;/ e?ANB ftu T[gdqt ns/ nPKsh dh ;fEsh ftu ;zxh gfoPd;zxh dyb nzdkIh dk fBPu/ eodh j? ns/ ;Gk dk nB[w'dB gqkgs eo dyb nzdkIh eodh j?.

(((((ii) ftXkJh PeshnKL) ftXkJh PeshnKL) ftXkJh PeshnKL) ftXkJh PeshnKL) ftXkJh PeshnKL ftXh–fBowkD ftu th ;zxh gfoPd dk ekch j~E ofjzdk j? Xkok 102(4) d/ nB[;kofJj ;zxh ;Gk ftu ekBz{ dk gqko{g gq;s[s eodh j? ns/ gfoPd iK e?ANBk d[nkok gq;s[s gq;sktK T[s/ nkozfGegqsht/dB fdzdh j?. fJ;d/ nkXko T[s/ ;zxh gfoPd ;ft; ftXkJh gqfeqnk dk fBod/Pe pD rJh. Gkt/A fJ;d/w?Apo ftXkBwzvb d/ w?Apo BjhA jz[d/, gozs{ T[j fe;/ th ;dB dh p?me ftu Gkr b? ;ed/ jB nkgD/ ftuko,;[Mkn ns/ gq;skt oy ;ed/ jB s/ tkd–fttkd ftu Gkr b? ;ed/ jB. ;zxh gfoPd ;t/Sk Bkb iK ftXkB;Gk d/ fBod/P Bkb ftX/ne th gq/fPs eo ;edh j?. fJ;d/ nbktk ;Gk ftu gq;s[s ehs/ ikD tkb/ ;ko/ ftX/neK dk ;zxh gfoPd gohyD eodh j? ns/ ;zt?XkfBe fdqPNh Bkb T[BQK Bz{ so[~Nh ofjs pDkT[Adh j?.

;ftNiob?Av ftu BtK ftXkfJe fInkdkso ;zxh gfoPd s'A nkozG j[zdk j?. nro e'Jh ftXkfJB ;zxh gfoPddh BIo s'A S[ZN th iKdk j? sK T[BQK dh Ugukfoe P[o{nks eoB d/ bJh ;zxh gfoPd Bkb fBt/dB ehsk iKdkj?. ;zxh gfoPd ftXkfJB dk gqko{g fsnko eodh ns/ soeg{oD gqsht/dB d/ Bkb T[; B{ ;zxh ;Gk d/ ;Bw[yoydh j?. nro ;zxh ;Gk B/ ;zxh gfoPd Bz{ fe;h ftP/ T[s/ ftX/ne dk gqko{g fsnko eoB d/ bJh fejkj't/ ns/ gfoPd T[;d/ fto[ZX fog'oN fdzdh j? sK ;kXkoD s"o s/ ;Gk ftX/ne d/ T[; gqko{g Bz{ ekBz{B BjhApDB fdzdh j?. ;zxh gfoPd dk ezw f;oc ftX/ne dk gqko{g fsnko eoBk jh BjhA j? pbfe fJ;d/ pkndd/ T[geqwK ftu th T[j ;Gk dh nrtkJh gqdkB eodh j?. fJ;dk Gko gfoPd d/ fJe w?Apo Bz{ ;"Ag fdZskiKdk j?. T[j ftX/ne ;whsh Bkb ftuko–tNKdok eodk, T[;dh p?meK ftu Gkr b?Adk ns/ T[;Bz{ ;bkjfdzdk j?. fJ; ;zdoG ftu g'qH o?gov dk eEB j? fe fJj ;wMkT[Dk w[Pfeb BjhA fe ;z;d w?Apo feT[A BjhAtk;sfte ftXkfJe pD gkT[Ad/ jB, id ftX/ne fe;/ ;dB d/ ;Bw[y ofynk iKdk j?, sd ;zxh gfoPdi' gfoPd d[nkok T[;Bzz[{ ftX/ne dk ;ozfyne fB:[es ehsk iKdk j?, T[; Bz{ gq;s[s eodk j?. T[;dk noEd;dk j? fe T[;d/ gZy ftu soe fdzdk j? ns/ ftXkfJeh G/VhnK s'A T[;dh oZfynk eoB d/ bJh rvohJ/dk ezw eodk j?. d[pkok g'qH o?gv d/ PpdK ftu, wzBDk gt/rk fe ;G s'A fInkdk fIzw/tkoh ns/ Gktg{oBezw ftXkBwzvb dk BjhA pbfe ekoigkfbe dk j?. ;zxh gfoPd d/ s~stktXkB ftu ftXkBwzvb d[nkok gk;;ko/ ftX/ne Sgd/ jB ns/ T[;d/ nkd/P Bkb fBoXkfos fwsh s'A ftntjko ftu fbnkJ/ iKd/ jB.

;zxh ;Gk dh ;whshnK dh ekotkjh ns/ fBoD/ Bz{ th ;zxh gfoPd gqGkts eodh j?. ;whshnK gfoPdd/ ftP/Pr dhnK t'NK dh T[g/ePk BjhA eo ;edhl T[j ;zxh gfoPd d/ ftP/P~frnK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb nkgDhfog'oN fsnko eodh j?. ;zxh ;gk nkgD/ ekB{zBK dh ftnkfynk ns/ ;gPNheoD bJh ;zxh gfoPd dhftfBw: (Regulatiojns) pDkT[D dk nfXeko fdzdh j?. ;' fJe Gkoh ;zxh gfoPd jo ;kb ftfBw: ns/nfXfBnw gk; eo gqsZy o{g Bkb ftXh fBowkD ftu Gkr b?Adh j?.

(((((iii) fBnKfJe nfXeko L) fBnKfJe nfXeko L) fBnKfJe nfXeko L) fBnKfJe nfXeko L) fBnKfJe nfXeko L ;zxh gfoPd Bz{ e[M fBnKfJe nfXeko (Judicial Power) th gqkgs jB.T[j e[M ftP/P gqeko dh nzsookPNoh ;zXhnK ns/ ;zftXkB dh efsg: XkoktK fit/A – 183 (N?e; ofjs;?fBe n;so–P;so), 51 (fi;{N Xkofwe ;w[dkJ/), 53 (epfo;skB) nkfd d/ nzsors T[sgzB fttkdKd/ ;zpzX ftu ehsh rJh nghbK T[s/ fBoD/ fdzdh j?. ;zxh o/bt/ gqPk;B ns/ ftfGzB gqPk;eh ftGkrK d/fto[X ehsh rJh nghb dh fJj ;[DtkJh eodh j?. j'o d/PK dh ekoigkfbek d/ ;fdqP T[; Bz{ fywk dkB(pardon) d/ nfXeko gqkgs BjhA j?.

(((((iv) ft~sh nfXeko L ) ft~sh nfXeko L ) ft~sh nfXeko L ) ft~sh nfXeko L ) ft~sh nfXeko L ;zftXkB ;gPN PpdK ftu efjzdk j? fe ;zxh gfoPd oki wzvb ftZs dk gqPk;Beodh j?, piN fsnko eodh j? ns/ nkwdB–you dk yksk oydh j?.

fJ; gqeko ;zxh ;Gk dh ;thfeqsh ;zxh gfoPd oki~;t fJeZso eodh j? ns/ T[;d/ you dk nXhyD eodhj?.

(((((v) ;zeNekbhB nfXeko L) ;zeNekbhB nfXeko L) ;zeNekbhB nfXeko L) ;zeNekbhB nfXeko L) ;zeNekbhB nfXeko L Gkos d/ ;zftXkB d/ ;fdqP ;ft; ;zftxkB ekoigkfbek ;zeN ns/ nkgksekbftu e'Jh ftP/P nfXeko gqdkB BjhA eodh j?. gozs{ nKsfoe iK nzsookPNoh ;fEsh s'A T[sgzB ;zeNekb


B ØN


(Emergency) ;zxh ;Gk B/ ;dk gfoPd Bz{ g{oB nfXeko ;"Ag fdZsk j?. T[dkjoD;o{g 1853 ns/ 1870JhH ftu d/P dh sN;Esk d/ oZfynk bJh 1914 ns/ 1939 JHh ftu ftPt:[~X d/ ;w/A okPNo dh sN;Esk,;[szsosk ns/ nkofEe fjsK dh o~fynk bJh ns/ 1930 JhH ftu nkofEe ;zeN dk ;kjwDk eoB d/ bJh;zxh gfoPd Bz{ ‘g{oBkfXeko’ ;"Ag/ rJ/. ;zxh ftXkBwzvb ns/ e?ANBK d/ nfXeko ;zxh gfoPd d[nkokgq:[es j'D br/, Bkrfoe nfXeko fBbzps eo fdZs/. fjT[po B/ ;zxh gfoPd Bz{ ;"Ag/ rJ/ nfXekoK d/ Bshi/d/ pko/ ftu fejk j? fe d't/A g{oB nfXekohnK d/ d[nkok pj[s wksok se ;zftXkB fBbzps j' frnk. ;oekojh ftXkfJBh Pesh pD rJh, ekch iBsKsfoe ;z;EktK (ftP/Peo b'e fBoD/ g~Xsh) Bz{ o'e gj[zuh ns/;zxh gfoPd d/ nfXekoK dk fJzBk fInkdk gq;ko j' frnk j? fe fi;dh ebgBk th BjhA ehsh ik ;edh;h.

fBPeoP o{g ftu, bkt/b d/ eEB nB[;ko ;zxh gfoPd Bz{ w[Zy Pesh^;q's fejk ik ;edk j? ns/ fBPfuso{g Bkb fJj okPNoh ;oeko dk ;zs[bB u~eo j?.

;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD (Self Assessment)

;jh ftebg u[D' (;jh ftebg u[D' (;jh ftebg u[D' (;jh ftebg u[D' (;jh ftebg u[D' (Choose the Correct Option)1H T[j d/P fi;dk okPNogsh nzsozr wzsohwzvb (Kitchen Cabinet) dh ;bkj Bkb ezw eodk j?–

(e) fpqN/B (y) cqK; (r) oPhnk (x) uhB

2H ‘;N/N fvTa{wk’ fe; d/P dh ftXkfJek d/ j/m fby/ ;dB dk Bkw–

(e) oPhnk (y) uhB (r) fpqN/B (x) nw/foek

3H fe; d/P dh ekoigkfbek Pesh dk gq:'r 7 w?ApoK dh fJe ;zxh gfoPd d[nkok ehsk iKdk j?–

(e) cqK; (y) nw/foek (r) fpqN/B (x) ;ftNiob?Av

4H ‘gzitK rDszso’ fe; d/P Bkb ;zpzXs j?–

(e) cqK; (y) oPhnk (r) uhB (x) ;ftNiob?Av

5H fe; B/ fejk j? fe “nwoheh okPNogsh ftu fpqfNP Pk;B ns/ gqXkBwzsoh d'tK d/ gd ;wzftsjB–

(e) bk;eh (y) nKr o o/ (r) pq'rB (x) fpnov


• f;XKs ns/ s~E ft~u ftG/d fpqfNP ;zftXkB dh gqw[~y ftP/Psk j?. fJj Ujh ;zftXkB j?, fi; ft~u ekBz{Bh;~u nkw s"o s/ okiBhfse n;~u j' iKdk j?. fJ;/ gq;zr ft~u rb?v;N'B B/ ;wokN ns/ eqkT{B d/ nzsoBz{ fpqfNP ;zftXkB dk ;G s'A wj~stg{oD s~E fejk j?.

• j[D fJ~e ifNb gqPB fJj T[Zmdk j? fe , eqkT{B eh j?< eqkT{B dk Pkpfde noE ^ “Uj N'gh fi; Bz{;wokN okigd d/ fuzB ;o{g gfjBdk j?. @ gqzs{ n~I eqkT{B dk gq:'r ftfPPN noE ft~u j[zdk j?. fj;ftfPPN noE Bz{ fJfsjk; d/ iohJ/ ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. gfjbK fJzrb?Av ft~u fBoze[P okiszso ;h.eqkT{B Bz{ XkoD eoD tkb/ ;wokN d/ j~E ft~u oki d/ ;ko/ nfXeko ofjzd/ ;B. ;wokN dhnK PeshnK T[;dh ftneshrs j?;hns s'A gqkgs j[zdhnK ;B. feUAfe jo okik ftneshrs o{g Bkb fBotkfus j[zdk;h. fJ; bJh T[; dh w"s s'A pknd ‘nokie~st ekb* ekfJw j' iKdk ;h.

• 1774 JhH ft~u jkovfte B/ ikoi d{i/ Bz{ fejk, “PqhwkB, nkg d/ wzsohrD ;oeko d/ ;kXB wksojB.@, ikoi d{i/ B/ w[;e[oKUAd/ j'J/ T[Zso fd~sk, @fJ; d/P ft~u wzsohrD jh tk;sfte okik j?.@

• eohp fJ~e ;" ;kbK d/ pknd ikoi d{i/ d/ eEB dk ;~u ;gPN j' frnk. wzsohrD okik d/ B"eo Bk ofje/ wkfbe pD rJ/.

• fJ; soK fpqfNP ;zftXkB d/ nzsors fJ~e BthA ;zftXkfBe ;z;Ek dk T[d/ j'fJnk. okfinK dh w"s j[zd/jh, Bt/A okik gdko{V j[zd/l gqzs{ okiszso fJ~e ;z;Ek d/ o{g ft~u nBtos o{g Bkb ubdk fojk. fJ;


B ØN


;z;Ek Bz{ eqkT{B fejk ikD b~rk. n~i th ;wokN ftneshrs o{g Bkb eqkT{B gfjBdk j?. T[;/ d/ BK s/oki d/ ;G ekoi j[zd/ jB. ftXkBsL ;G PeshnK dk ;o's th Ujh j?. gqzs{ fttjkfoe o{g ft~u UBK dkgq:'r ;wokN ftneshrs o{g Bkb BjhA eodkl pbfe fJ~e ;z;Ek d/ o{g ft~u eodk j?.

• eqkT{B dh fJ~e j'o ftP/Psk fJj j? fe Uj ed/ wodk BjhA, UBk dk nzs BjhA j[zdk. Uj nftBkPh j?.;wokN fJ~e ftnesh j?, Uj iBw rqfjD eodk j?. T[;dh w"s j[zdh j?. gqzs{ eqkT{B fJ~e ;z;Ek j?l fJ;bJh Uj ed/ wodh BjhA pbfe ;EkJh j?.

• fBPeoP o{g ftu okik ns/ eqkTB (King and Crown) ftu d' gqw[Zy G/d jB. gfjbk, okik fJeftnesh j?l b/feB eqkT{B fJe ;z;Ek j?. okik wodk j?, go eqkT[B ;EkJh j?. okik fdqPNwkB j?, eqkT{BnfdqP j? d{ik okik eqkT{B dk fJe nzr j?. T[;d/ nbktk wzsoh gfoPd ns/ ;z;d fwb e/ eqkT{B dkfBowkD eod/ jB – ;' eqkT{B dh PeshnK dk T[g:'r okik nkw iB–;kXkoD d/ gqshfBXhnK d[nkokeodk j?.

• ;z:[es oki nwohek ft~u PeshnK d/ ftGkiB d/ f;XKs Bz{ ngDkfJnk frnk j?. ekoigkfbek,ftXkfJek ns/ fBnKgkfbek fszBK ftGkrK Bz{ nb~r nb~r o~fynk frnk j?. fco th fJ; f;XKs Bz{ g{o/ s"os/ bkr{ BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJzrb?Av ft~u sK fJ; f;XKs Bz{ e'Jh wj~st BjhA fd~sk frnk. T[ZE/ekoigkfbek ns/ ftt;Ekfgek Bz{ fJ~e d{i/ s'A nfGzB o~fynk frnk. ftXkfJBh Pesh ;z;d^;fjs;wokN d/ j~EK ft~u j?.

• fJj gfofB:w ;wokN d[nkok bkov ;Gk ns/ ekwBI ;Gk w?ApoK dh nkfrnk ns/ UBK d/ nfXeko Bkbgkfos ehsk ikdk j?. fJ~E/ ;wokN dk wsbp eqkT{B s'A j?. fJ; bJh eqkT{B okPNoh ftXkB wzvb dknfGzB nzr j?. T[; dh ;thfeqsh ;zftXh gkfos j'D bJh Io{oh j?. e'Jh th ftX/fJe T[d'A s~e ;zftXhg[;se ft~u doi BjhA j' ;edk id s~e fe ;wokN T[; s/ j;skyo Bk eo/. ;wokN Bz{ ;z;d gkfos fe;/ftX/fJe dh ;thfeqsh gqdkB eoD iK T[;d/ gqshfBP/X dk nfXeko j?. gqzs{ Uj gqshfBP/X^ nfXeko nkg/b[gs j' frnk, 1707 JhH s'A pknd fJ; dk gq:'r ed/ BjhA j'fJnk.

• eqkT{B Bz{ fBnK dk ;o's fejk iKdk j?. fJ; fJfsjkf;e eEB dk noE j? fe ;wokN dk ;dftt/efBnKftt;Ek ft~u nzfsw tke j?. gqzs{ j[D fjj eEB fttjkfoesk s'A d{o j?. j'o d/PK dh soK fJzrb?Avft~u th ;[szso fBnKgkfbek d/ f;XKs Bz{ ngDkfJnk frnk j?.

• fpqN/B dh j'o ;;EktK dh soQK fpqfNP gqXkBwzsoh dk gd th nke;fwe xNBktK dk Bshik ns/ ;zi'r dhrZb (A Child of chance) j?. fJ; gd dh T[sgsh gqEktK d/ d[nkok j'Jh. fJ;dh ;fEsh d/ pko/ ftufe;/ th gfofBnw iK ;zftXkB ftu e[M fieo BjhA j?. fJB'to tzP d/ Pk;B ekb ftu tkbg'b dh w[yhns/ ;zukbB eoB dk nt;o fwfbnk. fJ; gqeko tkbg/N gfjbk gqXkB wzsoh pfDnk. gozs{ T[;Bz{fInkdkso b'e gfjbk wzsoh (First Minister) jh efjzd/ jB. gqXkB wzsoh dh gdth b{Jh u"dth d/Pk;B ekb d/ gqkJhw fwfB;No dh Beb d[nkok ngDkJh rJh.

• pj[ws db dk B/sk ;zftXkBsk gqXkBwzsoh dh fB:[esh ;wokN d[nkok j[zdk j?. gozs{ dbrs ;oekod/ ftek; B/ fJe gqEk ubk fdZsh j?, ;wokN b'e;Gk ftu fBotkfus pj[;zfyns okiBhfse db d/wkB:'r B/sk Bz{ gqXkBwzsoh dh gdth rqfjD eoB ns/ wzsohwzvb fBowkD d/ bJh nkwzfsqs eodk j?.

• fco th e[M nfijhnK gfo;fEshnK jB id ;wokN fBih fBoD/ (Discretion) d/ nB[;ko ekoi eo;edh j?. ;G s'A gfjbK nfijh gfo;fEsh sd T[sgzB j[zdh j? id gqXkBwzsoh fJ; rZb dk ;p{s S~v/fpBk fe db fe;Bz{ T[ZsokfXeko pDkT[Dk ukj[zdk j?, fsnkr–g~so d/ fdzdk j? iK pj[ws db dk e'Jh;gPN ns/ fBPfus B/sk BjhA j?. gozs{ fJj nfXeko nfijk j? fi;dk ;cb gq:'r fJ; rZb s/ fBoGoeodk j? fe ;wokN d[nkok BkwId okiBhfsr PeshPkbh ;oeko dk feZE/ se fBowkD eo ;edk j?.T[dkjoD bJh, 1880 JhH ftu bkov jkoNhrB T[dkotkdh db dk b'e;Gk ftu B/sk ;h ns/ rq/BtkJhbT[;d/ bkov ;Gk ftu B/sk ;h, gozs{ db ftu rb?v;N'B th Pkwb ;h ns/ T[dkotkdh fiZs dk nBkdoj'D d/ ekoD Gkth gqXkBwzsoh ;wfMnk iKdk ;h, go wjkokDh T[BQK Bz{ Bkg;zd eodh ;h. ;' jkoNhrNBns/ rq/BtkJhb Bz{ tkoh–tkoh nkwzfsqs ehsk frnkl go T[BQK B/ wzsohwzvb pDkT[D s'A fJBeko eo


B ØN


fdZsk ns/ rb?v;N'B dh nrtkJh Bz{ nt~PzGkth d~f;nk. nzs ftu, okDh pj[s d{o se BjhA iKdh.;wokN dk nfXeko fe;h th ;w/A db d/ nzdo dh okJ/ ns/ pkjoh b'ews d/ d[nkok ;hws ofjzdk j?.

• ;o okpoN tkbg'b d/ ;w/A s'A fJj fJe ;[fBPfus fBnw fijk pD frnk j? fe gqXkBwzsoh b'e;Gk,bkov ;Gk d'tK ftu' fe;/ fJe ;dB dk w?Apo oj/. gozs{ thjthA Pskpdh ftu fJj th fBPfus j'frnk j? fe gqXkBwzsoh Bz{ b'e;Gk dk w?Apo io{o jh j'Dk ukjhdk j?, bkov ;Gk dk w?Apo noEks ghnogqXkBwzsoh BjhA pD ;edk j?.

• Gkt/A fBnfws gqXkBwzsoh gdth d/ bJh e'Jh fBPfus :'rsk BjhA j?, fco th ftntjko ftu T[;d/ bJhe[M fBih r[DK dk j'Dk io{oh j?. ftfGzB ftdtkBK B/ gqXkBwzsoh d/ bJh ftfGzB :'rsktK dk T[b/y ehskj?. w[Bo' d/ PpdK ftu, “fpqN/B d/ gqXkBwzsoh e[bhB, ;[f;fyns ns/ XBtkB jz[d/ jB. T[j S'Nh T[woftu jh okiBhsh ftu gqt/P eod/ ns/ fJ; Bz{ nkgDk feZsk pDk b?Ad/ jB.” wro fgN gqXkBwzsoh d/ fJ;r[DK dk T[b/y ehsk j? L “gfjbk tefsst Pesh, d{ik frnkB, shi/ fwjBs, ns/ nzs ftu Xhoi.” T[;Bz{ e/tb b'ews dk nfXn?B eoB tkbk ftfdnkoEh jh BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk, pbfe T[; Bz{ gquko ebk dk gzfvsth j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

• ;wokN fJe Bkw wkso dk gqXkB j?. ftntjko ftu T[;dh swkw PeshnK dk gq:'r wzsohwzvb d[nkokj[zdk j? i' nzs ftu gqXkBwzsoh d/ j~E ftu ufbnk iKdk j?. gqXkBwzsoh d/ j~E ftu jh Pk;B dk swkwnfXeko ofjzdk j?. T[j fpqfNP ;zftXkB dh e[zih j?.

• T[;dh PeshnK d/ w[~y s"o s/ d' ;q's jB – ftXh ns/ ftfis db d/ B/sk dh ;fEsh.

• gqXkBwzsoh wzsohwzvb d/ fBowkD, ihtB ns/ fwqs{ dk e/Ado (Centre of Formation, Life andDeath) j?. gqXkBwzsoh gd dh tkrv'o ;zGkbD d/ pknd T[;dk eosZt j[zdk j? wzsohwzvb dk fBowkDeoBk. N/eBheb o{g Bkb j'o wzsohnK dh fB:[esh oki d/ gqXkB noEks ;wokN d[nkok j[zdh j?, gozs{nB"gukfoe o{g Bkb gqXkBwzsoh jh T[BQK Bz{ fB:[es eodk j?, feT[Afe T[;dh ;bkj T[s/ ;wokN T[BQKBz{ wzsohwzvb ftu Pkwb eodk j?.

• gqXkBwzsoh e/tb wzsohwzvb dk fBowkD jh BjhA eodk j?, pbfe T[; Bz{ ihtB fdzdk j? ns/ rsh gqdkBeodk j?. wzsohnK d/ ftZu ftGkrK dk ftsoD gqXkBwzsoh jh eodk j? i/ e'Jh nB[Gth okiBhfse ukj/sK fe;/ ftGkr Bzz{ n;thfeqs th eo ;edk j?, pPos/ fe T[; db ftu T[;Bz{ fJzBk ;woED gqkgsj't/ fe Pk;B Bz{ T[;dh ;/tktk nfsnzs io{oh j'D ns/ db d/ bJh th nfij/ ftnesh s'A tzfusj'Dk p[ZXhwkBh Bk j't/.

• gqXkBwzsoh dk f;oc fBowksk ns/ gkbBeosk jh BjhA, pbfe ;zjkoeosk (destroyer) th j?. ;ko/wzsohnK dk GftZy T[;/ d/ Bkb pzfBQnk j'fJnk j?. gqXkBwzsoh d/ Bkb jh j'o wzsoh th s?od/ iK v[Zpd/jB. T[;d/ fsnkr–g~so d/ Bkb g{oh wzsoh gfoPd Gzr j' ikJ/rh. fJ;d/ nbktk T[; s'A n;fjwsj'D tkb/ j'o wzsoh Bz{ fsnkr–g~so d[nkok gd–fsnkr eoBk g?Adk j?.

• fJ; gqeko gqXkBwzsoh wzsohwzvb d/ fBowkD, ihtB ns/ woD d/ e/Ado–fpzd{ jB. T[j wzsohwzvbdk fBowkD eosk, gkbBeosk ns/ ;zjkoeosk, noEks pqjwk, ftPBz{ ns/ wj/P j?. wzsohwzvbo{gh w/jokp (Arch) dh nkXkofPbk j?. wzsoh gfoPd dh T[j e[zih j?. gozs{ nwfoek d/okPNogsh dh soQK wzsohwzvb dk wkfbe BjhA j?, wzsohwzvb d/ j'o w?Apo T[;d/ B"eo BjhA pbfe;fj:'rh jB.

• fcbkv/bfcnk ;zw/bB ftu fBPfus ekoiftXh d/ bJh fBotkfus J/eb ekoigkfbek d/ gZy ftu;wM"sk j'fJnk. ;' ;zftxkB ftu fJj ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh fe ekoi gkfbek Pesh fJe okPNogshftu fBfjs j't/rh i' uko ;kb d/ bJh ngqsZy o{g Bkb fBotkfus j'D.

• ;zftXkB d/ d{i/ nB[S/d ftu okPNogsh d/ fBotkuB ftXh (Procedure of Election) dk T[b/y ehskfrnk j?. okPNogsh dk fBotkuB fJe fBotkue wzvb (Electoral College) d[nkok j[zdk j?.


B ØN


• pq'rB pq'rB pq'rB pq'rB pq'rB B/ fejk j? fe “nwoheh okPNohgsh ft~u fpqfNP ;wokN ns/ gqXkBwzsoh d'jK d/ gd PkfwbjB.@ noEks okPNogsh dh s[bBk fpqfNP ;wokN ns/ gqXkBwzsoh d'jK Bkb ehsh iKdh j?. fpqfNP;wokN d/ ;[fdqP nwohek dk okPNogsh th oki dk gqXkB j?. Uj ;oeko d/ ‘r"otg{oD * Gkr dknfXPmksk j?. fit/A fe bk;eh B/ d~f;nk j? fe okPNogsh ;wokN s'A nfXe ns/ x~N d't/A jh j?. nfXefJ; noE ft~u j? fe T[;dh ekoigkfbek PeshnK tk;sfte jB. id'A fe fpqfNP ;wokN e/tb BKwksodk iK ;zftXkfBe gqXkB j?. fpqfNP ;zftXkB ft~u f;XKse o{g Bkb, ;wokN ft~u ;G ekoigkfbekPeshnK fBfjs jB, gqzs{ Uj jo ekoi wzsoh wzvb dh ;bkj Bkb eodk j?, i' ;wokN d/ gqsh T[ZsodkJhjB. efjD dk noE fJj j? fe fttjko ft~u ;wokN dhnK ;kohnK PeshnK dk gq:'r wzsoh wzvb eodkj?. wzsoh wzvb jh tk;sfte ekoigkfbek j?. fJ;d/ ftgohs nwohek dk okPNogsh f;oc ;zftXkfBegqXkB BjhA pbfe tk;sfte gqXkB j?.

• cqK; d/ okPNogsh Bkb th nwoheh okPNogsh dh s[bBk ehsh ik ;edh j?. u"E/ rDszso d/ nzsorsnwoheh okPNogsh dh s[bBk ft~u cqK;h;h okPNogsh dh ;fEsh pj[s ewI'o ;h, gqzs{ gzuw rDszsoft~u T[;dh Pesh ft~u pj[s tkXk j'fJnk j?. nwohek d/ okPNogsh dk fBotkuB fJ~e fBotkue wzvbd[nkok j[zdk j?. id'A fe u"E/ rDszso cqK; d/ okPNogsh dk fBotkuB cqK; dh ;z;d d/ d'jK ;dBK d/;z:[es nfXt/PB d[nkok j[zdk j?. gqzs{ gzit/A rDszso ft~u okPNogsh dk fBotkuB fJ~e fBotkue wzvbd[nkok j't/rk, fi; ft~u ;z;d d/ w?Apo, ;w[zdo gko d/ gqd/PK dh ftt;Ekfgek d/ iBob e"Af;b d/ w?Apons/ BrogkfbektK d/ fBotkfus gqshfBXh j'Dr/. fJj gqDkbh cqK;h;h okPNogsh d/ gqGkt Bz{ nfXeftnkge pDkUAdh j? ns/ T[; d/ gd Bz{ okPNoh wj~st gqdkB eodh j?.

• fi~E/ s~e ekoi ftXh dk gqPB j?, nwoheh okPNogsh dk fBotkuB 4 ;kb bJh j[zdk j? id'A fe u"E/ ns/gzit/A rDszso d/ okPNogsh dh gd^ntXh 7 ;kb j?.

• fpqfNP gqXkBwzsoh ns/ nwoheh okPNogsh dh s[bBk fJ~e nD^T[g:[es, gqzs{ o'ue ftPk j?. ;oeko d/nb~r gqeko ns/ PeshnK dk buhbk o{g fJ; gqeko dh s[bBk Bz{ ifNb pDk fdzdk j? ns/ ftdtkBK ft~ufJ~ews BjhA j' ;edk j?. oki/ fwUoki/ fwUoki/ fwUoki/ fwUoki/ fwU d/ ws ft~u, “fpqfNP gqXkBwzsoh dhnK PeshnK J/BhnK ft;fsqsjB, fe ftPt d/ fe;/ j'o ;zftXkfBe Pk;B Bz{ UBhnK PeshnK gqkgs BjhA, fJ~E'A s~e fe nwohek d/okPNogsh Bz{ th BjhA.@ d{i/ gk;/ pqkJh; pqkJh; pqkJh; pqkJh; pqkJh; B/ fejk j? fe, “nwohek d/ okPNogsh dk gd ftPt dk;ot^T[Zu gd j?.@

• bk;eh bk;eh bk;eh bk;eh bk;eh B/ fJBK d'jK gqshe{b ftukoXkoktK d/ w~X dk wkor ngDkfJnk j?^ “nwohek dk okPNogsh;wokN s'A x~N iK p/Ph d't/A j?.@ fJ; soK gqXkBwzsoh ns/ okPNogsh d/ ftP/ ft~u ftdtkB fJ~ewsBjhA jB ns/ fco th bk;ehbk;ehbk;ehbk;ehbk;eh dk ftuko ;~u d/ nfXe fBeN j?.

• d't/A iBsk d/ gqshfBXh j[zd/ jB, d't/A gqikszso okiK ft~u ;ot';/tk jB. d'tK dhnK PeshnK ftnkgejB, d't/A ftPt dhnK d' wjkB PeshnK d/ ekoigkfbek gqXkB jB, d't/A iBsk d/ gqsh T[ZsodkJh Pk;Bd/ ;zukbe jB ns/ d't/A :[ZX iK ;zeNekbh nt;Ek ft~u n;hfws nfXekoK dk gq:'r eo ;ed/ jB.

• u"E/ u"E/ u"E/ u"E/ u"E/ rDszso dk ;zftXkB fpqfNP ;zftXkB dh soQK g{oBsk ;z;dkswe (Parliamentary) ;h.tk;sfte Pk;B–Pesh wzsohgfoPd d/ j~E ftu ;h. okPNogsh Bkw wkso dk iK ;zftXkfBe(Nominal or Constitutional) ekoigkfbek–gqXkB ;h. T[j PeshjhB ;h. n~p/ bks/ n~p/ bks/ n~p/ bks/ n~p/ bks/ n~p/ bks/ B/ fJ; gddk fJewkso r[D Bg[z;esk d~f;nk j? gozs{ gzuw rDszso ftu okPNgsh dh ;fEsh ftu eqKshekohgfotosD j'fJnk j? fJ; ftu okPNogsh dh Pesh ftu ngko tkXk j'fJnk j? ns/ wzsohgfoPd ns/;z;d dh PeshnK ftu jqk;. cqK; d/ fJe ;kpek gqXkBwzsoh w/Avhi cqK; d/ nB[;ko okPNogsh fJentPkB[rs okik pDkfJnk frnk j? ns/ nfijhnK PeshnK gqdkB ehshnK rJhnK jB fiBQK ftu T[jnkgD/ Bz{ fJe t?XkfBe nfXBkfJe pDk ;edk j?.

• 1946 JhH d/ ;zftXkB ftu okPNogsh gd d/ bJh :'rsktK (Qualifications) dk T[b/y BjhA ;h.f;oc fJzBk fejk frnk ;h fe cqK; d/ fe;/ ;kpek okitzP dk tzPi fJ; gd bJh T[whdtko BjhA j';edk ;h. fJ; T[[gpzX dk T[d/P okiszso dh d[pkok ;EkgBk Bz{ o'eDk ;h. ;' okitzP d/ ftneshnKBz{ SZv e/ 18 ;kb s'A fInkdk T[wo tkbk e'Jh th ftnesh fJ; gd bJh yVk j' ;edk ;h. fInkdk


B ØN


so w~fXnw :'rsk d/ ftnesh okPNogsh fBotkfus j[zd/ ;B, feT[Afe tk;sfte Pesh d/ nGkt ftugqGktPkbh ftnesh fJ; gd Bz{ g;zd BjhA eod/ ;B. gzit/A rDszso gzit/A rDszso gzit/A rDszso gzit/A rDszso gzit/A rDszso dk ;zftXkB th okPNogshdh :'rsktK d/ ;zzpzX ftu u[~g j?. fJ~E'A se okitzP ;zpzXh gqshpzX dh th uouk BjhA ehsh rJh j?.;' Bt/A ;zftXkB ftu e'Jh th ftn;e cqK;h;h Bkrfoe okPNogsh gd d/ bJh yVk j' ;edk j?.

• ;ft; Pk;B–g~Xsh Bk sK ;z;dkswe j?, Bk w[yh gqXkB. T[;dh ekoigkfbek ftu d'tK dh ftP/PsktKdk ;fwPoD fwbdk j?l fJ; ftu d'tK Pk;B^g~XshnK d/ r[DK Bz{ ngDkT[D ns/ ntr[Dk s'A puD dkisB ehsk frnk j?. ;ftNIob?Av ftu ekoigkfbek Pesh B{z fpqN/B ns/ nw/foek d/ ;fdqP fe;h fJeftnesh ftu fBfjs Bk eo ;Zs w?ApoK dh fJe gfoPd ftu fBfjs ehsk frnk j?. fi; Bz{ ;zxhJ/gfoPd (Federal Council) efjzd/ jB. fJ;/ ekoB ;ft; ekoigkfbek B{z pj[b ekoigkfbek (PluralExecutive) iK wzvbkswe ekoigkfbek (Colegiate Executive) iK fwPfos ekoigkfbek(Commission Type Executive) efjzd/ jB. ;z;ko dh ekoigkfbek ftu fJj ns[Zb ns/ nB'eyhekoigkfbek (Unparallel and peculiar Executive) j?. e'fvzre'fvzre'fvzre'fvzre'fvzr d/ PpdK ftu fJ; nB'y/ S'N/ d/P dh nB'yh ;z;Ek fB;zd/j ;zxhJ/ gfoPd noEks ;ft; ;zxh ekoigkfbek j?.

• ;zftXkB dh Xkok 92 d/ nB[;ko ;ft; okiwzvb ftu ;otT[Zu fBod/PD ns/ ekoigkfbek Pesh 7w?ApoK dh fJe ;zxh gfoPd d[nkok gq:[es ehsh iKdh j? fJ; gqeko ;ftNiob?Av ftu ekoiekoDhPesh fe;h fJe ftnesh–okPNogsk iK ;wokN d/ jZE ftu BjhA pbfe fJe gfoPd d/ j~E ftu;"Agh rJh j?. ;zftXkB d[nkok fJ;dh w?Apo–;zfynk 7 fBPfus ehsh rJh j?.

• ;ft; oki wzvb dk okPNogsh gd th ;zxh gfoPd dh soK nB'yk ns/ ns[b j?. fpqN/B ft~u Pk;B d/ekoiekoh Gkr dk gqXkB gqXkBwzsoh j[zdk j? ns/ ‘r"otg{oD* Gkr dk gqXkB ;wokN j?. ;ft;okPNogsh gqXkBwzsoh ns/ ;wokN d'jK gdK dk fwPoD eodk j?. Uj Pk;B dk gqXkB j? ns/ oki dkth. gqzs{ fJ; dh s[bBk Bk sK fpqfNP gqXkBwzsoh Bkb ehsh ik ;edh j? ns/ Bk jh fpqfNP ;wokN Bkbjh. fpqfNP gqXkBwzsoh T[; s'A pj[s fInkdk PeshPkbh j? ns/ fpqfNP ;wokN Bz{ T[; s'A pj[s nfXe;~wkB ns/ r"ot gqkgs j?.

• fpqfNP gqXkBwzsoh Pk;B dk ;ot';otk j?. Uj wzsoh wzvb dk fBowkDeosk ;zukbe ns/ ;zjkoe j?.Uj ;z;d dk B/sk, okPNo dk gqw[~y gqtesk ns/ fB:[eshnK dk nfXekoh j?. gqzs{ ;ft; okPNogsh Bz{fJBK ft~u'A e'Jh th nfXeko gqkgs BjhA j?. ;zxh gfoPd w?ApoK dh Bk sK fB:[esh ns/ Bk jh UBK Bz{ngd;E eoD ft~u T[; dk e'Jh j~E j?. T[; d/ ;ko/ nfXeko T[; d/ ;kEhnK d/ ;wkB jB.

• Pk;B gqDkbh d/ g~Xo T[s/ w[yh gqDkbhw[yh gqDkbhw[yh gqDkbhw[yh gqDkbhw[yh gqDkbh (President System) ns/ ;z;d gqDkbh;z;d gqDkbh;z;d gqDkbh;z;d gqDkbh;z;d gqDkbh (ParliamentarySystem) dk fwPqDdk fwPqDdk fwPqDdk fwPqDdk fwPqD fsnko eoB dk isB ehsk frnk j?. w[yh gqDkbh dh soQK fJZE'A fJe PeshPkbhokPNogsh okPNogsh okPNogsh okPNogsh okPNogsh (President) dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j?, ns/ ;z;dh gqDkbh dh soQK fJZE/ fJePeshPkbh ;z;d;z;d;z;d;z;d;z;d (Parliament) dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j? fi;B{z ;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk;zxh ;Gk (Federal Assembly)fejk iKdk j?. okPNogsh oki dk w[yh (Head of State) j? i' f;~X/ iB;kXkoD d[nkok uko ;kbK d/bJh u[fDnK iKdk j?l T[;Bz{ brksko d' tko s'A nZr/ BjhA u[fDnk ik ;edk. T[j ;zftXkB dk ;ozzfynej?, ns/ ;P;sq ;?BktK dk ;otT[Zu (Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces) th j?.

• okPNogsh fJe nzsozr wzsohwzvb (Kitchen Cabinet) dh ;bkj Bkb ezw eodk j? fi; ftu T[;d/ftPt;s fw~so ns/ T[ZukfXekoh Pkwb j[zd/ jB.

• okPNogsh nkfrnkgshnK (Decrees) ikoh eo ;edk j?. i' ekBz{B dh soQK wkBsk tkbh j't/rh. gozs{ fJjnkfrnkgshnK gqufbs ekBz{B d/ fto[~X BjhA j'Dh ukjhdh. fco ;z;d fJBQK Bz{ fBo;s th eo ;edh j?.d{ih soc, okPNogsh th ;z;d d[nkok gk; ftX/ne (Bill) Bz{ ekBz{B pDB s' o'e ;edk j?.

• d/P dh o~fynk (Defence) dh fIzw/tkoh ;zGkbD d/ bJh okPNogsh ;[oZfynk–gfoPd (SecurityCouncil) fB:[es eodk j? fi;dk w[yh T[j nkg j[zdk j?. T[j e/Adoh p?Ae (Central Bank) d/ w[yh(Chairpeson), wjk–nfG:'ie (Prosecutor General) ns/ fBnKgkfbek (Judiciary) d/ gqw[Zy


B ØN


w?ApoK dh fB:[esh dk gq;skt ;z;d d/ e'b G/idk j? iBtoh 1994 d/ pknd ;zoZfynk–;/tktK, rqfjwzsokfbnk, oZfynk wzsokfbnk ns/ ftd/P wzsokfbnk f;ZX/ okPNogsh d/ nXhB eo fdZs/ rJ/ jB.okPNogsh dk T[whdtko x~N s'A x~N d; bZy wsdksktK d/ d[nkok wB'Bhs j'Dk ukjhdkl fJzB/ fe;h fJenzubh (Region) iK rDoki (Republic) d/ wsdksktK dh ;zfynk e[b ;zfynk dh 7# s'A fInkdk BjhAj'Dh ukjhdh.

• iBtkdh uhB dk ;zftXkB nKfPe o{g Bkb ;z;dh gqDkbh Bz{ ngDkT[Adk j?. Gkos dh GKsh rDszsodk w[yh j[zdk j? i' Pk;B d/ w[yh :kBh gqXkBwzsoh s'A nbr j[zdk j?. 1954 d/ ;zftXkB ftu w[yh gddh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh. wkUs;/ sz[r rDszso d/ w[yh d/ Bkb–Bkb db d/ wjk;fut th oj/ fi;ekoB T[j d/P d/ ;otPeshPkbh gdkfXekoh pD/ oj/. b/feB fbT[/–PkUA–uh dh fJj ;fEsh BjhA ;h.1975 d/ ;zftXkB ftu fJ; gd Bz{ ;wkgs eo fdZsk frnk ns/ ;EkJh ;whsh ns/ T[;d/ w[yh Bz{rDszso d/ w[yh dh PeshnK ns/ ezw ;"Ag fdZs/ rJ/.

• uhBh rDoki d/ w[yh dh u'D okPNoh eKro; d/ w?ApoK d[nkok ehsk iKdk j?. 1954 d/ ;zftXkB d[nkokT[;dk ekoiekb 4 ;kb fBoXkos ehsk ;h, 1982 d/ ;zftXkB d[nkok ekoiekb 5 ;kb dk eo fdZskfrnk j?. e'Jh th ftnesh fi;Bz{ okiBhfse nfXeko gqkgs j'D ns/ T[;dh T[wo 45 ;kb j't/, w[yh gdu[fDnk ik ;edk j?. db d/ tfoPN ns/ gqshfPms B/sk jh fJ; gd d/ bJh u[D/ iKd/ jB fit/A wkU–s;/s[zr, fbT[–;kU–uh ns/ bh ihnkfBnB.


ekoigkfbek L fJ; ft~u Pkfwb jB^ oki dk gqXkB, gqXkBwzsoh, wzsoh wzvb, ftGkrK d/ gqXkB nkfd.eqkT{B L Uj N'bh fi; Bz{ ;wokN okigd d/ fuzB ;o{g gfjBdk j?. noEks ski iK w[eN.


1H ;wokN ns/ eqkT{B ft~u eh nzso j?< fpqN/B ft~u eqkT{B d/ pD/ ofjD dk ek n"fus j?<2H nwoheh okPNogsh d/ u[Bkt ns/ PeshnK dk ftt/uB eo'.

3H fpqfNP gqXkBwzsoh ns/ nwoheh okPNogsh dh s[bBkswe ftnkfynk eo'.4H gzuw rDszso d/ nzsors cqK; d/ okPNogsh dhnK PeshnK dk ftPb/PD eo'.5H “;ft; ;zxh gfoPd Bk sK ;dBkswe j? Bk nfXePkswe@ ftt/uB eo'.

6H uhBh rDszso d/ nfXneP (okPNogsh) ns/ Gkos^nwohek d/ okPNogsh dk s[bBkswe ftt/uB eo'.

T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment) (1) r (2) e (3) x (4) e (5) r







B ØN


fJekJh–8L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ftt;Ekfgek fJekJh–8L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ftt;Ekfgek fJekJh–8L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ftt;Ekfgek fJekJh–8L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ftt;Ekfgek fJekJh–8L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ftt;Ekfgek (ConstitutionalStructure–Legislature)



8H1 fpqfNP ;z;d dh Pesh ns/ ;zrmB, nwoheh eKro;, ;ft; ;zxh ftXkBwzvb (Compositionand Power fo the British Parliament, U.S. Congress, Swiss Federal Assembly)

8H2 cqK;–ofPnk ;z;d ns/ uhB dh okPNoh iBeKro; (French-Russian Parliament andNational People’s Congress of China)


8H4 Ppd e'P (Keywords)

8H5 nfGnk; gqPB (Review Question)



fJ; fJekJh d/ nfXn?B d/ pknd ftfdnkoEh :'r j'Dr/–

• fpqfNP ;z;d, nwoheh eKro;, ;ft; ;zxh ftng;Ekfgek, cqK;–oPhnk ;z;d ns/ uhBh rDoki dhftnt;Ekfgek d/ ;zrmB ns/ PeshnK dh ftnkfynk eoB ftu.


;oeko oki dk io{oh w{b s~s j?. T[j oki dk ekoitkje :zso j? i' oki dh fJ~Sk Bz{ fBoXkos, ftnesns/ ekfonkftzs eodk j?. ;oeko d/ pr?o oki dh ebgBk BjhA ehsh ik ;edh. fJ; bJh T[;B{z oki dhnkswk fejk iKdk j?. oki fJe ;{yw XkoBk j?, gozs{ ;oeko fJe tk;sfte s~E j? ;oeko d[nkok jh okid/ beP dk fBoXkoB ns/ feqnkBftnB j[zdk j?. fJj oki dk T[j :zso j? fi;d/ T[go oki d/ ekBz{B pDkT[D,T[BQK dk feqnkBftnB eoB ns/ i' T[BQK dk gkbB Bk eoD T[;Bz{ T[fus dzv d/D–fdbkT[D dk T[ZdodkfJstj[zdk j?. fJBQK ekoiK B{z g{ok eoB d/ bJh ;oeko dh PeshnK fszB ftGkrK ftu tzv iKdh j? fiBQK Bz{ eqwnB[;ko ftnt;Ekfgek (legislature) ekoigkfbek (Executive) ns/ fBnKgkfbek (Judiciary) fejk iKdkj?. gozs{, v:{rth v:{rth v:{rth v:{rth v:{rth nkfd ftdtkB ;oeko d/ f;oc d' nzr jh wzBd/ jB (1) fBotkuerD, (2) Pk;BgqpzXeosk, (3) ftnt;Ekfgek, (4) ekoigkfbek ns/ (5) fBnK gkfbek. fJe j'o nwoheh ftdtkB vhbvhbvhbvhbvhb/B/ sK ;oeko d/ ;~s nzr d~;/ jB (1) ekoigkfbek, (2) Pk;B ftGkr, (3) ftnt;Ekfgek (4) ekBz{B ;otgqXkB, (5) ;zftXkB dk ftnkfynksk e'oN ns/ (7) e'oN. gozs{ nZi ;oeko d/ nzrK d/ fJj torheoBwkfBn BjhA j?. ;oeko d/ fszB nzrK tkbk f;XKs (Trinity Theory of Government) f;XKs jh wkfBnj? fi;d/ nB[;ko ftnt;Ekfgek j?. fJjh ftGkr ekBz{B dk fBowkD eodh j? fi;d/ nB[;ko ekoiekoDhPk;B eodh j? ns/ ftnt;Ekfgek fBnK dk ekoi eodh j? ftnt;Ekfgek dk ;oeko d/ ;zrmB ftu;otT[Zu n;EkB j? gqiksKsfoe okiK ftu fJj iBsk dk gqshfBXhst eodh j? ns/ b'eszso dk dogDj[zdh j?.

fJekJh^8L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ftt;EkfgekfJekJh^8L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ftt;EkfgekfJekJh^8L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ftt;EkfgekfJekJh^8L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ftt;EkfgekfJekJh^8L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk–ftt;Ekfgek

B ØN


8H1 fpqfNP ;z;d dh Pesh ns/ ;zrmB, nwoheh eKro;, ;ft; ;zxh8H1 fpqfNP ;z;d dh Pesh ns/ ;zrmB, nwoheh eKro;, ;ft; ;zxh8H1 fpqfNP ;z;d dh Pesh ns/ ;zrmB, nwoheh eKro;, ;ft; ;zxh8H1 fpqfNP ;z;d dh Pesh ns/ ;zrmB, nwoheh eKro;, ;ft; ;zxh8H1 fpqfNP ;z;d dh Pesh ns/ ;zrmB, nwoheh eKro;, ;ft; ;zxhftXkB wzvb ftXkB wzvb ftXkB wzvb ftXkB wzvb ftXkB wzvb (Composition ans Powers of the British Parliament,American Congress, Swiss Federal Assembly)

fpqfNP ;z;dfpqfNP ;z;dfpqfNP ;z;dfpqfNP ;z;dfpqfNP ;z;d (British Parliament): ;?XKfse fdqPNh Bkb fpqfNP ;z;d ftu okiw[e[N (The Crown),bkov ;Gk (House of Lords) ns/ ekwB; ;Gk (House of Commons) fszB' nk iKd/ jB. bkov ;Gkbkov ;Gkbkov ;Gkbkov ;Gkbkov ;GkBz{ T[Zu ;dB, T[gobk ;dBBz{ T[Zu ;dB, T[gobk ;dBBz{ T[Zu ;dB, T[gobk ;dBBz{ T[Zu ;dB, T[gobk ;dBBz{ T[Zu ;dB, T[gobk ;dB (Upper House) iKiKiKiKiK d{ik ;dBd{ik ;dBd{ik ;dBd{ik ;dBd{ik ;dB (Second Chamber) fejk iKdk j?LekwB; ;Gk Bz{ BhtK ;dB iK nt;o ;dB (Lower House) fejk iKdk j?. gozs{ tk;st ftu ekwB;;Gk dh PeshnK ns/ feqs bkov ;Gk dh s[bBk ftu fInkdk ft;fsqs ns/ wj~stg{oB jB. ftntjkfoens/ okiBhfse ekoBK s'A ekwB; ;Gk Bz{ fpqfNP ;z;d dk gfonkJ/tkuh ;wfMnk iKdk j?ekwB; ;Gk Bz{ fpqfNP ;z;d dk gfonkJ/tkuh ;wfMnk iKdk j?ekwB; ;Gk Bz{ fpqfNP ;z;d dk gfonkJ/tkuh ;wfMnk iKdk j?ekwB; ;Gk Bz{ fpqfNP ;z;d dk gfonkJ/tkuh ;wfMnk iKdk j?ekwB; ;Gk Bz{ fpqfNP ;z;d dk gfonkJ/tkuh ;wfMnk iKdk j? feT[AfefJ;d/ w?ApoK dh u'D iB;kXkoD d/ d[nkok ehsh iKdh j?, fJ;/ ;dB Bz{ ftXh–fBowkD dh nzfse Peshgqkgsh j?l ns/ wzsohwzvb (Cabinet) nkgD/ j'Ad d/ bJh fJ;/ ;dB d/ ftPtk; (Confidence) T[s/ nkfPqsj?.

;z;d dh gqG{;~sk ;z;d dh gqG{;~sk ;z;d dh gqG{;~sk ;z;d dh gqG{;~sk ;z;d dh gqG{;~sk (Sovereignty of Pariament)L J/HthH vkJh;hJ/HthH vkJh;hJ/HthH vkJh;hJ/HthH vkJh;hJ/HthH vkJh;h (1835–1922) d/ nB[;ko, ekBz{BhfdqPNh Bkb ;z;d dh gqG{;~sk fJzrb?D dh okiBhfse ;z;EktK dh gqw[~y ftP/Psk j?. fJzrb?Av d/ ekBz{B d/nzsors fe;/ nfij/ ftnesh iK ;z;Ek Bz{ wkBsk Bjh fd~sh rJh j? fi; Bz{ ;z;d d/ d[nkok pDkJ/ rJ/ekBz{B Bz{ o~d eoB/ iK T[; s'A T[Zuk ekBz{B pDkT[D dk nfXeko j't/. ftfbnw pb?e;NB ftfbnw pb?e;NB ftfbnw pb?e;NB ftfbnw pb?e;NB ftfbnw pb?e;NB (1723–80)d/ PpdK ftu ;z;d Bz{ ekBz{B pDkT[D, T[;dh g[PNh, ft;sko iK ftnkfynk eoB dk ;ot'ogoh ns/ n;hwnfXeko jB. fJj ekBz{B fe;/ th soQK d/ j' ;ed/ jB – ukj/ T[j Xkofwe j'D iK ;z;kfoe j'D, dhtkBhj'D iK c"idkoh j'D, ;?fBe j'D iK n;?fBe j'D. fJj okif;zxk;B d/ T[sokfXeko dh gozgok Bz{ fBnfwseo ;edh j? fJj d/P d/ ;z;Ekfgs Xow B{z pdb ;edh j? i' gqkfeqse fdqPNh s'A n;zGt Bk j't/.

fpqfNP ;z;d Bz{ gqG{;~sk ;zgB wzBD dk w[~y ekoB Jj j? fe T[E/ e'Jh fbfys ;zftXkB (WrittenConstitution) BjhA jB Pk;B gqDkbh Bkb i[Vh j'Jh gqEktK (conventions), fBnKfJe fdqPNks(Judicial Precedents) ns/ ;z;d d/ nfXfBnw (Parliamentary Enactments) jh T[E'A d/ ;zftXkB dknkXko jB. ;z;d d/ nfXfBnw ekBz{B dh fdqPNh s'A ;ot'gfo jB. fJ;d/ wkfXnw Bkb gqEktK Bz{ thpdfbnk ik ;edk j?, iK o~d ehsk ik ;edk j?. fBnkfJgkfbek B{z fJj nfXeko BjhA j? fe T[j fe;/ thnkXko ;z;d d/ nfXfBnwK dk ftXh–pkjoh (Extra Legal) iK Pesh pkjoh (Ultra Vires) x'fPs eo d/t/, noEks fJj fBoDk d/ ;e/ fe gq;s[s nfXfBnw dk fBowkD ;z;d dh Pesh s'A pkjo j?.

gozs{ ftntjkfoe fdqPNh Bkb, ;z;d dh Pesh ;otKr n;hw BjhA j?. b/;bh ;Nhc/Bb/;bh ;Nhc/Bb/;bh ;Nhc/Bb/;bh ;Nhc/Bb/;bh ;Nhc/B d/ nB[;ko, ;z;ddh tk;sfte PeshnK nKsfoe fdqPNh Bkb th e[M j~dK Bkb pzfBQnk j?, pkjhJ/ fdqPNh s'A th. nKsofefdqPNh Bkb d/fynk ikJ/ sK ;t?w ftXkB wzvb ;wkfie ;fEshnK dh d/D jB ;' fJj T[jh ekBz{B pDk ;edkj? i' ;wkfie fdqPNh s'A wkfBnk j't/. T[j nfijk e'Jh ekBz{B th BjhA pDk ;edk i' b'ews (PublicOpinion) d/ fto[~X j't/. pkjoh fdqPNh Bkb d/fynk ikJ? sK ;z;d nzsookPNoh ekBz{ (InternationalLaw) d/ fto[~X th BjhA ik ;edh. fco, nZi dh fpqfNP ;z;d :[o'gh ;z;d (European Parliament)d/ ekBz{BK Bz{ wkBsk d/D bJh th wip{o j?, feT[Afe :[BkJhfNv fezrvw :[o'gh ;zx (European Union)dk w?Apo j? t?;/ fJj j~dK ftntjkfoe j~dK jB i' nzsookPNoh ;w[dkJ/ iK :[o'gh ;zx d/ fe;/ th w?Apo d/P d/ ftXkB wzvb T[s/ bkr{ jz[zdh j?. fpqfNP ;z;d d/ ;zdoG ftu fJBQK dh uouk fJ; bJh io{oh j? feT[AfeT[;dh ;~sk Bz{ f;XKse s"o s/ n;hw wzfBnk iKdk j?.

ekwB; ;Gk ekwB; ;Gk ekwB; ;Gk ekwB; ;Gk ekwB; ;Gk (House of Commons)LLLLL ekwB; ;Gk d/ w?ApoK dh tostwkB ;zfynk 646 j?. fJj ;Gw?Apo fBotkfus j' e/ nkT[Ad/ jB. gqufbs GkPk ftu fJBQK Bz{ n?wHghH (Member of Parliament) iK;z;d–w?Apo Bz{ nkgD/ id s'A BjhA jNk ;edk. T[; Bz{ pkjo d/ dpkU s'A w[es o~yD d/ bJh e[M ‘ftP/PkfXeko’(Privileges) gqkgs j[zd/ jB. T[; Bz{ dhtkBh ekotkjh (Civil Action) d/ nzsors frocsko BjhA ehskik ;edk. ;z;d ftu nkgD/ eos~t gkbB d/ d"okB T[j i' GkPD fdzdk j? iK j'o rshftXhnK ftu fj~;kb?Adk j?, T[BQK d/ ekoB T[; T[s/ e'Jh w[e~dwk BjhA ubkfJnk ik ;edk. ;z;d–w?Apo Bz{ i' t/sB fwbdk j?,T[j N?e; iK eN"shnK eZN e/ n";s fpqfNP sBykj dk d[rDk j[zdk j?.


B ØN


ekwB; ;Gk ekoiekb gzi ;kb j?, gozs{ T[;Bz{ fJ; s'A gfjbK th Gzr ehsk ik ;edk j?, iK ;z;dhnfXfBnw (Parliamentary Act) d/ d[nkok fJ;dk ekoiekb tXkfJnk ik ;edk j?. ekwB; ;Gk nkgD/w[yh iK ;Gk d/ w[yh (Speaker) d/ nB[Pk;B ftu ekoi eodh j?. fJ;dh w[~y–w[~y PeshnK ns/ feqs fJ;soQK jBL

ftXh fBowkD ftXh fBowkD ftXh fBowkD ftXh fBowkD ftXh fBowkD (Legislation)LLLLL ekwB; ;Gk dk w[~y ekoi ftXh fBowkD iK ekBz{B pDkT[Dk j?. ;z;dhnfXfBnw 1911 d/ nB[;ko, XB ftX/ne (Money Bills) ekwB; ;Gk s'A jh P[o{ ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB. T[E/gkfos j'D d/ pknd fJBQK Bz{ bkov ;Gk ftu G/fink iKdk j?. gozs{ bkov ;Gk fJBQK Bz{ fInkdk s'A fInkdkfJe wjhB/ se o'e ;edh j?. fJ; soQK d/P dh ft~s ftnt;Ek (Finances) go ekwB; ;Gk dk g{oBfBnzsoD j?.

;kXkoD ftX/ne fe;/ th ;dB s'A P[o{ ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB, gozs{ fInkdk wj~stg{oD ftX/ne ekwB;;Gk s'A jh P[o{ ehs/ iKd/ jB. e'Jh th ftX/ne d'tK ;dBK ftu gkfos j'D d/ pknd okieh ;wB[wfs(Royal Assent) d/ bJh G/fink iKdk j?. fJj ;wB[wfs fwbD d/ pknd T[j ekBz{B pD iKdk j?.;kXkoD ftX/ne B{z bkov ;Gk fInkdk s'A fInkdk fJe ;kb se o'e ;edh j?. 1949 d/ ;z;dhnfXfB:w d/ nB[;ko, i/ ekwB; ;Gk fe;/ ;kXkoD ftX/ne B{z fJe ;kb d/ ;w/A d/ nzdo brksko d'nfXt/PK ftu gkfos eo d/D sK fJj ekBz{B pD ikJ/rk, Gb/ jh T[; T[s/ bkov ;Gk dh nkfrnk Bkfwb//. fJ; soQK ftXh fBowkD dh gqfenk ftu ekwB; ;Gk dh fJ~Sk Bz{ gqtosk gqkgs j?. fi~E/ seXB–ftX/ne dk ;zpzX j?, bkov ;Gk T[;Bz{ fInkdk s'A fInkdk fJe wjhB/ se o'e ;edh j?. i/ T[j fJ;Bz{ ;w/A ftu gkfos BjhA eodh sK T[; Bz{ okieh ;wB[wfs d/ bJh G/fink ik ;edk j?, i/eo T[j fJ; Bz{nkgDh f;ckoPK (Recommendations) d/ Bkb tkg; eo fdzdh j? sK ekwB; ;Gk T[BQK Bz{ wzBD iK BkwzDB d/ bJh g{oh soQK ;[szso j? fJ; soQK ft~sh wkwfbnK ftu ekwB; ;Gk dh PeshnK ;ot'gkfos jB.

XB–ftX/ne XB–ftX/ne XB–ftX/ne XB–ftX/ne XB–ftX/ne (Money Bill)L ekBz{B pDkT[D dk fJj gq;skt iK ftX/ne fi;d/ nzsors ;oekoh you(Government Expenditure) d/ bJh nB[w'dB ns/ nfXeko gqkgs ehsk iKdk j?. ;z;dh gqDkbh d/nzsors XB–ftX/ne gq;s[s eoB dk nfXeko e/tb ;oeko dk j?, ns/ ;G s'A gfjbK ;z;d iK ftXkBwzvbd/ EbV/ ;dB (Lower House) ftu jh gq;s[s ehsk ik ;edk j?.

;w/A d/ Bkb ekwB; ;Gk dhnK eJh PeshnK wzsohwzvb (Cabinet) d/ j~EK ftu ubhnK rJhnK jB. j[DfJj ;dB e'Jh ekBz{B pDkT[D ftu gfjb BjhA eo ;edk. fInkdkso ftX/ne ;oeko nkg gq;s[s eodhj?, ns/ ;dB dh ;w/A ;koDh (Time Table) T[s/ th ;oeko dk fBnzsoD ofjzdk j?. ;oeko ;ko/ wkwfbnKB{z ftPtk; dk wkwbk pDk b?Adh j?. ;' fe;/ th w;b/ T[s/ ;dB ftu :E/PN pj[ws Bk fwb gkT[D T[s/T[j fsnkr g~so d/D d/ bJh fsnko ofjzdh j?.

gqPk;B dh fBrokBh gqPk;B dh fBrokBh gqPk;B dh fBrokBh gqPk;B dh fBrokBh gqPk;B dh fBrokBh (Supervision of Administration)LLLLL ekwB; ;Gk ;oeko d/ ;ko/ ezw–eki dhfBrokBh eodh j?, wzsoh wzvb sd'A se nkgDh gdth s/ pfDnk ofj ;edk j? id se T[j ekwB; ;Gkftu pj[ws dk ftPtk; gqkgs j't/. ;' ekwB; ;Gk dh feqgkfdqPNh gqkgs eoB d/ bJh fBozso ;ir ns/isBPhb ofjzdh j?.

ftX/ne T[s/ tkd–fttkd d/ ;w/A ftg~y (Opposition) d/ w?Apo ;oeko dh BhshnK ns/ T[;dh ekoi–e[Pbsk dh fs~yh nb'uBk eod/ jB. T[;dk T[g:[es T[Zso d/Dk ;zpX wzsoh dk dkfJst j?.

gqPB–ekb (Question Hours) d/ d"okB ekwB; ;Gk d/ w?Apo wzsohnK s'A T[BQK d/ ftGkrK d/ ezw–eki d/pko/ ftu gqPB g[~S ;ed/ jB. T[BQK Bz{ ;zs[PN eoBk wzsohnK dk coI j?.

r?o–;oekoh w?Apo ;kotifBe wj~st d/ nfs Io{oh wkwfbnK (Matters of Urgent Public Importance)dh uouk d/ bJh ;dB gq;skt iK ezw o'e' gq;skt (Adjournment Motion) oy e/ ;oeko dhnK rbshnKdk godkckP eo ;ed/ jB.

ftg~y d/ w?Apo nB[dkB–wzrK T[s/ eN"sh gq;skt (Cut Motion) gq;s[s eoe/ ;oekoh ftGkrK dh eN[nb'uBk eo ;ed/ jB, iK nftPtk; gq;skt (No-Confidence Motion) gq;s[s eoe/ ;oeko Bz{ frokT[Ddh e'fPP eo ;ed/ jB.


B ØN


nkoH;hH w?feqvh; B/ ftg~y nkoH;hH w?feqvh; B/ ftg~y nkoH;hH w?feqvh; B/ ftg~y nkoH;hH w?feqvh; B/ ftg~y nkoH;hH w?feqvh; B/ ftg~y dhnK gzi ftP/PsktK dh soc ;ze/s ehsk j?L (e) ftg~y ;zrfms j[zdk j?ns/ nkgD/ u[D/ rJ/ ftfPnK T[s/ ;oeko d/ ;kjwD/ ;z:[es u[D"sh oydk j?l (y) T[j fuo;EkJh j[zdkl(r) T[j ;zg{oB d/P ftu fto'Xh db d/ fBPmktkB w?ApoK Bz{ nrtkJh gqdkB eodk j?l (x) T[j ;oekodk ftebg (Alternative) gq;s[s eodk j?. i/eo ;oeko fvr ikt/ sK ftg~y ;~sk ;zGkbD d/ bJh fsnkoofjzdk j?. ;' fJj ;oeko dh fBzdk eod/ ;w/A iK nkgDh soc'A e'Jh Go';k fdzd/ ;w/A ;wkB ftntjko eodkj?, ns/ (C) T[j Pk;B d/ ekoi ftu ;fj:'r ;dB dk g'qrokw eod/ ;w/A T[j ;oeko d/ Bkb fwb e/ ezweodk j?.

ftg~y dk w[~y ekoi ;z;d ftu okPNo fjs ns/ iBws dh fdqPNh s'A ;oeko dh BhshnK ns/ g'qrokwK dhnb'uBk eoBk j?. ftg~y dh ;wkB ns/ ouBkswe nb'uBk ;oeko d/ bJh nfsnzs w~[btkB f;~X j[zdh j?.fJj ekoD j? fe fpqN/B ftu ftg~y Bz{ ‘wjkrfowkwJh dk fBPmktkB ftg~y’ (Her Majesty's LoyalOpposition) fejk iKdk j?. fpqfNP ;z;d ftu ftg~y d/ B/sk B{z pkekfJdk sBykj fdZsh iKdh j? feT[AfefJj wzB e/ ubd/ jB fe ;dB ftu T[;dk ekoi ;~sko{V ;oeko d/ fe;/ w?Apo s'A x~N wj~stg{oB BjhA j?.ftg~y d/ tfoPm B/sktK dk ;w{j nkgD/ nkg Bz{ goSktK wzsohwzvb goSktK wzsohwzvb goSktK wzsohwzvb goSktK wzsohwzvb goSktK wzsohwzvb (Shadow Cabinet) d/ o{g ftu;zrms eo b?Adk j?. fJ;d/ w?Apo ftfPPN ftfPnK T[s/ fit/A fe ft~s, ftd/Ph wkwfbnk, gqsho~fynk, nkfdd/ ;zdoG ftu nkgD/ db d/ gqtesk dh G{fwek fBGkT[Ad/ jB. ;dB ftu ;oeko dh jko j' ikD T[s/ fJ;goSkt/–wzsohwzvb Bz{ ;oeko pDkT[D dk nt;o fd~sk iKdk j?.

bkov ;Gk bkov ;Gk bkov ;Gk bkov ;Gk bkov ;Gk (House of Lords)LLLLL fJzrb?Av ftu fJekswe Pk;B gqDkbh (Unitary Government) gqufbsj? fi; ftu ;kXkoD s"o s/ d{i/ ;dB (Second Chamber) dh io{os BjhA j[zdh. gozs{ T[E/ fJfsjk;eekoDK s'A bkov ;Gk d/ o{g ftu d{ik ;dB ufbnk nk fojk j? ns/ T[j n~i th pfDnk j'fJnk j?. fJ;ftu iB;kXkoD d/ fBotkfus gqshfBXh BjhA j[zd/. pbfe d/P d/ e[M nfij/ nkdo:'r b'e j[zd/ jB fiBQKBz{ iK sK tzPgozgok (Heredity) s'A bkov dh gdth fwbh j'Jh j?, iK T[j g[o'fjstor (Clergy) d/ T[ZunfXekohnK d/ Bks/ bkov ;Gk d/ w?Apo wzB/ iKd/ jB, iK fco T[BQK Bz{ ftP/P :'rsktK, d/P ;/tk, nkfd d/nkXko T[s/ ihtB Go d/ bJh bkov d/ o{g ftu wB'Bhs eo fd~sk iKdk j?. nes{[po, 1999 d/ pko/tzPgozgokrs bkovK Bz{ bkov ;Gk ftu p?mD dk nfXeko BjhA fojk j?.

bkov ;Gk ftu w?ApoK dh frDsh fBns BjhA j?. fJBQK dh toswkB frDsh 747 j ?i' fe; ekwB; ;Gkd/ w?ApoK s'A fInkdk j?. bkov ;Gk d/ ;feqJ/ w?ApoK dh ;zfynk 400 s'A th x~N j?. fJ; ;Gk d/ w?ApoK d/Bkw s'A gfjbK ;BwkBg{ote ‘bkov’ Ppd dk gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?, fJ;sohnK d/ bJh fJ;dh irkj‘b/vh’ Ppd dk gq:'r gqufbs j?. pj[s x~N bkov fJ; ;Gk ftu e'Jh ;feqJ/ G{fwek fBGkT[Ad/ jB. fJBQKftu'A 9 ftXh–bkov (Law Lords) th Pkwb jB fiBK dh G{fwek ;G s'A wj~stg{oB j? fBnKfJe wkfjoj'D d/ ekoB fJBQK B{z nkihtB fB:[esh gqdkB ehsh iKdh j?. bkov ;Gk d/ w[yh Bz{ bkov uK;bobkov uK;bobkov uK;bobkov uK;bobkov uK;bo (LordChancellor) fejk iKdk j?.

ftXh fBowkD d/ y/so ftu bkov dhnK PeshnK pj[s ;hws jB. gozs{ fJ; ;Gk ftu ftX/neK (Bills)T[s/ T[Zu g~Xo dk ftuko ftwoP j[zdk j?. fJ; Bkb eJh tko nfijh wj~stg{oB r~bK gqekP ftu nk iKdhnKjB i' ekwB; ;Gk d/ nfsnzs ftnt;E w?ApoK d/ fXnkB s'A S[N ;edhnK ;B. fJ;d/ nbktk, okiBhfsedpkn (Political Pressure) s'A w[es ofjD d/ ekoB bkov ;Gk nfsnzs wj~stg{oB w[~fdnK T[s/ sN;EGkt s'A ftuko eo ;edh j?.

nkoH;hH w?feqvh;nkoH;hH w?feqvh;nkoH;hH w?feqvh;nkoH;hH w?feqvh;nkoH;hH w?feqvh; d/ nB[;ko, bkov ;Gk dh ;G s'A w[~y Pesh fBnKfJe Pesh (Judicial Power) j?.fJj fJzrb?A dk ;op T[u fBnkfXeD (Highest Tribunal) ns/ nzfsw nghb – fBnKfbnk (Final Courtof Appeal) j?. fJe gqEk d/ nB[;ko, id bkov ;Gk T[u fBnkfJnkb/ (High Court) d/ o{g ftu ekoieodh j?, sd T[; ftu bkov uK;bo d/ nbkt e/tb ftXh–bkov jkIo j[zd/ jB.

bkov ;Gk d/ w?Apo okiBhsh ftu fj~;k BjhA b? ;ed/. gozs{ bkov uK;bo wzsohwzvb dk w?Apo j[zdk j?,ns/ (ekwB; ;Gk d/ w[yh d/ T[bN) T[j bkov ;Gk d/ tkd–fttkd ftu ;feqJ/ fj~;k b?Adk j?. 1963 d/ fJenfXfBnw d/ nzsors e'Jh bkov nkgDh gdth dk fsnkr eoe/ okiBhsh d/ w?dkB ftu T[so ;edk j?,ns/ okiBhfse gdth dk T[whdtko j' ;edk j?.


B ØN


bkov ;Gk Bz{ ekfJw o~yD d/ fto[~X w[y soeL^bkov ;Gk Bz{ ekfJw o~yD d/ fto[~X w[y soeL^bkov ;Gk Bz{ ekfJw o~yD d/ fto[~X w[y soeL^bkov ;Gk Bz{ ekfJw o~yD d/ fto[~X w[y soeL^bkov ;Gk Bz{ ekfJw o~yD d/ fto[~X w[y soeL^ fJj j? fe fJj r?o–b'eszsoh ;dB j?l fJj XfBetor ns/ o{Vhtkdh ftukoXkok (Conservative Ideology) dk rVQ j?. gozs{ fJj f;~X eoBk efmB j? febkov ;Gk d/ j'Ad d/ ekoD fpqfNP okiBhsh ftu XfBe tor d/ fjsK B{z gqXkBsk fd~sh iKdh j?. bkov ;GkdhnK PeshnK fJzBhnK ;hws jB fe T[j ;ot ;kXkoB dh fJ~Sk Bz{ ekfonftzs eoB ftu e'Jh ftP/P o'eT[g;fEs BjhA eodh. feT[Afe bkov ;Gk edh Gzr BjhA j[zdh. fJ; bJh okiw[e[N dh soQK fJj th Pk;Bdh fBozsosk dk ;kXB pDh j'Jh j?. fco, bkov ;Gk ftu ftuko–ftwoP fJzBk T[u e'Nh dk j[zdk j? feT[j d/P d/ Pk;B Bz{ ubkT[D ftu wj~stg{oB f;ZX j[zdk j?. okPNoh wj~st d/ ftfPnK T[s/ i' gqto ;whshnK(Select Committees) pDkJhnK iKdhnK jB, T[BQK d/ ekoi ftu bkov ;Gk d/ w?Apo ftP/P :'r fdzd/ jB.;' fJj d/P d/ gqfsGkPkbh b'eK Bz{ ;BwkB ns/ wkBsk gaqdkB eoB dk T[g:[es ;kXB th pDh j'Jh j?. fJjd/ Bz{ T[BQK dh :'rsk s'A bkG u[~eD dk nt;o gqdkB eodh j?.

gqXkBwzsoh ns/ wzsohwzvb gqXkBwzsoh ns/ wzsohwzvb gqXkBwzsoh ns/ wzsohwzvb gqXkBwzsoh ns/ wzsohwzvb gqXkBwzsoh ns/ wzsohwzvb (Prime Minister and The Cabinet)LLLLL gqXkB wzsoh ns/ T[;dkwzsohwzvb fpqN/B dh :EkoE ekoigkfbek (Read Executive) jB. gqXkBwzsoh Bz{ Pk;B dk w[yh (Headof Government) wzfBnK iKdk j?. ;z;dh gqEk d/ nB[;ko, nkw u"D (General Election) d/ pknd idBthA ;z;d noEks BthA ekwB; ;Gk dk rmB j[zdk j?, sd wjkokDh fJ; ;dB ftu pjw[s (Majority)d/ B/sk B{z gqXkBwzsoh dk gd ;zGkbD d/ bJh ;Zdk fdzdh j? fJ;d/ pknd gqXkBwzsoh nkgDh ;oeko d/ j'oBKwzsohnk d/ Bkw wjkokDh d/ n"gukfoe nB[w'dB bJh G/idk j?. fJBQK ftu'A fInkdkso wzsoh ekwB; ;Gkftu gqXkBwzsoh d/ nkgDh db d/ w?ApoK ftu u[D/ iKd/ jB. id nB/e dbK dh fwbh i[bh ;oeko(Coalition Government) pDkJh iKdh j?, sd ;z;d ftu fJBQK db d/ ;w{j d/ ;op ;zws B/sk Bz{gqXkBwzsoh pDkfJnk iKdk j? ns/ j'oB wzsoh gqXkBwzsoh dh ;bkj T[s/ fJBQK dbK d/ ;z;d w?ApoK ftu'Ajh fB:[es ehs/ iKd/ jB. fJBQK wzsohnK dk fJe S'Nk fijk ;w{j fi; ftu gqXkBwzsoh ;w/s 16 s'A 25se wzsoh ofjzd/ jB – fJe nzso (Inner), Bhsh–fBowkD wzvbh (Policy-making Body) d/ o{g ftufB:[es ehsk iKdk j?l fJBQK Bz{ Pk;B d/ ;G s'A wj~stg{oB ftGkr ;"Ag/ iKd/ jB. fJBQK wzsohnK d/ ;w{jBz{ ‘wzsoh wzvb’ fejk iKdk j?. d/fynk ikJ/ sK wzsohwzvb ;oeko d/ YKu/ dh nkXkofPbk j?.

gqXkB wzsoh gqXkB wzsoh gqXkB wzsoh gqXkB wzsoh gqXkB wzsoh (Prime Minister)L L L L L wzsohwzvb dk jo fJe wzsoh nkgD/–nkgD/ ftGkr iK ftGkr d/gqPk;B d/ bJh T[ZsodkJh j[zdk j?. gqXkB wzsoh fJ; wzsohwzvb dk w[yh j[zdk j?. T[j e[M ftGkr nkgD/j~E ftu th oy ;edk j?. f;XKfse s"o s/ wzsohwzvb d/ ;ko/ w?Apo ;wkB iK pokpo j[zd/ jB, gozs{ftntjko d/ Xoksb T[s/ gqXkB wzsoh dk wj~st ;G s'A tX e/ j?. fJ; bJh T[; ‘;wkB’ b'eK ftu gfjbk(First Among Equals) fejk iKdk j?.

d/P dh okiBhsh ftu gqXkBwzsoh dh ;fEsh eJh soQK Bkb p/i'V j?. T[j ;zg{oB okPNo dk gqshfBXh ns/B/sk j[zdk j?, T[j id fe;/ iB ;Gk ftu iK iB ;zgoe d/ ;kXB (Mass Media) T[s/ okPNo Bz{ ;zp'fXseodk j? sK T[;dh r~b ;G irkj pj[s/ fXnkB Bkb ;[Dh iKdh j?. T[j nkgD/ db dk wj~stg{oB B/sk thj[zdk j?. T[;d/ w[y dcos, y/soh dcos ns/ fBotkuB y/soK d/ ftnt;kfJe okiBhfsr (ProcessionalPoliticians) ns/ ;EkBe g~Xo d/ ;feqJ/ ekoieosk (Activists) T[;/ ;/tk Bz{ ssgo ofjzd/ jB. T[j u'Ddh fwsh fBoXkos eodk j?l u"D–x'PDkg~so d/ w[~d/ ns/ u"D–nfGnkB (Election Campaign) d/ s"o–sohe/ fBoXkfos eoB ftu fBoDkfJe G{fwek fBGkT[Adk j?. fco, ;z;dh db d/ B/sk d/ Bks/ T[j db d/fGzB–fGzB r[NK (Factions) d/ ftu skbw/b ;Ekfgs eodk j?.

gqXkBwzsoh jh wzsohwzvb pDkT[Adk ns/ s'Vdk j?. T[j nkgDh g;zd d/ ;z;d–w?ApoK Bz{ wzsoh wzvb ftuoy ;edk j? jkbKfe T[; Bz{ ftfGzB okiBhfse fjsK ns/ fGzB–fGzB ;w{jK ftu nrtkJh d/ dkt/dkoK B{z fJ;ftu T[fus gqshfBXhst d/Dk g?Adk j?. fe;/ wzsoh s'A ;zs[PN Bk j'D T[s/ T[j T[;dk fsnkr g~so wzr ;edkj?.

T[j wzsohwzvb dhnK p?meK dh nrtkJh eodk j?, ns/ T[;dh ekoi;{uh fBoXkfos eodk j?. fJBQK p?meKftu gqXkB wzsoh d/ fdqPNhe'D Bz{ ftP/P wj~st fd~sk iKdk j?. T[E/ wzsohwzvb d/ fBofDnK Bz{ T[g:[esGkPk ns/ nfGftnesh gqdkB eodk j?. T[j ftfGzB wzsohwzvbh ;whshnK (Cabinet Committees) d/w?Apo wB'Bhs eodk j?, ns/ nfijh wj~stg{oB ;whshnK d/ ;z:'iB (Convener) dh G{fwek fBGkT[Adk j?.


B ØN


ftntjkos wzsohwzvb ;futkfbnk (Cabinet Secretariat) gqXkB wzsoh ;futkfbnk d/ o{g ftu ezw eodkj?. wj~stg{oB nt;oK T[s/ gqXkBwzsoh ;zg{oB wzsoh wzvb dk gqshfBXhst eodk j?.

ftd/Ph wkwfbnK (Foreign Affairs) ftu gqXkB wzsoh dk ftP/P tou;t ofjzdk j?, Gb/ jh T[j ftGkrwzsohwzvb d/ fe;/ j'o wzsoh Bz{ ;'Afgnk frnk j't/. nzsoôkPNoh fPyo ;zw/bBK (Summit Conferences)ftu fInkdkso gqXkB wzsoh nkg jh nkgD/ d/P dk gqshfBXhst eodk j?, ns/ ftd/Ph okiw[yhnK d/ nkrwBT[s/ T[j nkg T[BQK dk ;tkrs eodk j?.

wzsohwzvb wzsohwzvb wzsohwzvb wzsohwzvb wzsohwzvb (Cabinet)LLLLL wzsohwzvb fpqfNP ;zftXkfBe gqDkbh dh X[oh j?. wzsohwzvb d/ w?Apo nkgD/–nkgD/ gqPk;fBe ftGkr d/ w[yh d/ Bks/ d/P d/ Pk;B ftu fBoDkfJe G{fwek fBGkT[Ad/ jB. nwohehwzsohwzvb d/ w?Apo sK ftXkBwzvb Bkb fpbe[b BjhA i[V/ j[zd/ ns/ T[j f;oc okPNogsh (President) d/;/te j[zd/ jB, gozs{ fpqfNP wzsohwzvb d/ w?Apo nkg ftXkBwzvb d/ wj~stg{oB w?Apo j[zd/ jB. ns/ T[j;w{je o{g Bkb ftXkBwzvb dh ;zukbB ;whsh (Steering Committee) d/ o{g ftu ezw eod/ jB. fJjhw?Apo ;dB ftu nkgD/–nkgD/ ftGkr Bkb ;zpzfXs ftX/ne ns/ Bhsh ;zpzXh gq;skt oyd/ jB, ns/ ;dBftu nkgD/ pj[ws d/ pdbD T[s/ fJBQK Bz{ ;theko th eok b?Ad/ jB.

wzsohwzvb d/ w?Apo ekwB; ;Gk ftu pj[ws db d/ B/sktK d/ o{g ftu nkgD/ ftP/P gqGkt dk gq:'r eod/jB. ;oeko Bz{ ekfJw oyD d/ bJh ;~sko{V db dh J/esk iK ;[fdqVsk (Solidarity) Io{oh j? fJjh ;[fdqVskwzsohwzvb Bz{ ekwzB; ;Gk ftu ;otT[Zu gqdkB eodh j?.

wzsoh wzvb dk jo/e w?Apo nkgD/ ftGkr d/ gqPk;B d/ bJh ekwB; ;Gk d/ gqsh T[ZsodkJh j[zdk j?. T[E/T[;d/ ftGkr d/ pko/ ftu i' gqPB oy/ iKd/ jB, T[j T[BQK d/ T[Zso fdzdk j?l nkgDh ;fEsh B{z ;gPN eodkj? ns/ nkgDh ;fEsh dk ;zs'yiBe ;gPNheoB BjhA d/ gkT[Adk sK ;z;d w?Apo T[;dk fsnkr g~so wzr;ed/ jB.

wzsoh wzvb d/ ;w{je T[ZsodkfJst d/ f;XKs wzsoh wzvb d/ ;w{je T[ZsodkfJst d/ f;XKs wzsoh wzvb d/ ;w{je T[ZsodkfJst d/ f;XKs wzsoh wzvb d/ ;w{je T[ZsodkfJst d/ f;XKs wzsoh wzvb d/ ;w{je T[ZsodkfJst d/ f;XKs (Doctrine of Collective Responsibilty) d/nB[;ko, ;oeko dh nkw Bhsh (General Policy) ns/ wzsohwzvb d/ ftP/P fBofDnK d/ bJh g{okwzsohwzvb ;w{je o{g Bkb T[ZsodkJh j[zdk j?. wzsohwzvb dk ftuko–ftwoP r[gs ofynk iKdk j?. ;' e'Jhth wzsoh fe;/ ;kotifBe wzu T[s/ fJj soe BjhA d/ ;edk fe T[;B/ wzsoh wzvb dh p?me ftu fe;/ftP/P fBoD/ dk fto'X ehsk ;h. i/eo wzsohwzvb d/ fBoD/ ftu' fe;/ wzsoh dk wsG/d j't/ sK T[;Bz{ fJ;fBoD/ s'A fe;/ wzsoh dk wsG/d j't/ sK T[;B{z fJ; fBoD/ dh ;thfeqsh s' gfjbK jh fsnkr gZso d/ d/Dkukjhdk j?, iK fco T[; fBoD/ ns/ T[;d/ T[ZsodkfJst Bz{ u[gukg ;theko eo b?Dk ukjhdk j?.

(Bureacracy) ofjzdk j? i' io{oh ikDekoh i[NkT[D ns/ ng/ys gq;skt fsnko eoB ftu T[;dh wdd eodkj?. okPNo d/ gqXkB ;?Bkgsh (Commander-in-Chief) d/ Bks/ :~[XBhsh T[s/ T[;dk g{ok gqG[st ofjzdkj?. fco, iB;zgoe d/ T[ABs ;kXB – N?bhftIB, o/vhU, ;wkuko g~so, nkfd s'A fJzBh ;[bG jB fe T[jfJBQK d/ wkfXnw Bkb ;zg{oB okPNo d/ iBws Bz{ fJedw gqGkfts eo ;edk j?. iBws okPNogsh d/nB[e{b j'D T[s/ eKro; d/ bJh T[;dh T[g/ePk eoBk efmB j' iKdk j?. nwohek tor/ wjkB PeshPkbhokPNo d/ w[~y ekoiekoh d/ Bks/ okPNogsh dh rZb Bz{ Bk e/tb nkgD/ d/P ftu, pfbe ;zg{oB ftPt ftupj[s T[sezmk d/ Bkb ;[fDnk iKdk j? ns/ T[; T[s/ ft;fsqs uouk ehsh iKdh j?.

gozs{ fJBQK ;G ;kXBK d/ pkti{d fJj io{oh BjhA fe nwoheh okPNogsh nkgD/ ;ko/ g'qrokwK Bz{ p/yNed/ bkr{ eok ;e/. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, okPNogsh fiwh ekoNo nkJ/, Bk nzr'bk s/ w'iKfpe Bz{ nkofEe;jkfJsk d/D dk nkgDk fJokdk g{ok eo ;e/. d{ih soc, fpqfNP gqXkBwzsoh iK sK nkgD/ g'qrokwK Bz{ bkr{eokT[D ftu ;woE j[zdk j? iK fco T[;Bz{ fsnkr g~so d/Dk g?Adk j?. fpqfNP gqDkbh d/ nzsors ftXkBfpqfNP gqDkbh d/ nzsors ftXkBfpqfNP gqDkbh d/ nzsors ftXkBfpqfNP gqDkbh d/ nzsors ftXkBfpqfNP gqDkbh d/ nzsors ftXkBwzvb ns/ ekoigkfbek ftu rsho'X wzvb ns/ ekoigkfbek ftu rsho'X wzvb ns/ ekoigkfbek ftu rsho'X wzvb ns/ ekoigkfbek ftu rsho'X wzvb ns/ ekoigkfbek ftu rsho'X (Deadlock) g?dk j'D dh e'Jh r[zikfJP BjhA j?. g?dk j'D dh e'Jh r[zikfJP BjhA j?. g?dk j'D dh e'Jh r[zikfJP BjhA j?. g?dk j'D dh e'Jh r[zikfJP BjhA j?. g?dk j'D dh e'Jh r[zikfJP BjhA j?. ;zy/gftu, nwoheh ftnt;Ek d/ nzsors okPNogsh ns/ ftXkBwzvb d/ ft~u fyZuskB d/ pkti{d d't/A nkgD/–nkgD/ ekoiekb se pD/ ofjzd/ jB, gozs{ fpqfNP ftnt;Ek d/ nzsors id se gqXkBwzsoh ns/ ;z;dd/ ft~u fBGdh ofjzdh j?, sd se d't/A Bkb–Bkb ubd/ jB. id T[BQK ftu fBGDh pzd j' iKdh j? sd gqXkBwzsoh iK sK nkgDk ns/ nkgD/ wzsohwzvb dk fsnkr gq;s[s eo fdzdk j?, iK fco ekwzB; ;Gk Bz{ Gzr


B ØN


eoB dh ;bkj d/ e/ BthnK u'DK eokT[D dh ftnt;Ek ftu i[N iKdk j? ns/ nkgDk Gft~y iBsk d/ c?;b/T[s/ S~v fdzdk j?.

nwoheh eKro; nwoheh eKro; nwoheh eKro; nwoheh eKro; nwoheh eKro; (American Congress);z:[es oki nwohek d/ ftXkBwzvb Bz{ ‘eKro;’ fejk iKdk j?. nwohek ftu ;zxh Pk;B gqDkbh (FederalGovernment) gqufbs j?. T[E/ dh ;zxh ;oeko g{o/ okPNo Bkb ;zpzXs wkwfbnK dk Pk;B ubkT[Adh j?,gzikj okiK dh ;oekoK nkgD/–nkgD/ Bkb ;zpzfXs wkwfbnK dk Pk;B ubkT[Adh j?. ;zxh gqDkbh dh io{osd/ nB[o{g T[E/ ;zx d/ ftXkBwzvb noEks eKro; ftu d' ;dB oy/ rJ/ jBL (1) gqshfBXh ;Gk (Houseof Representatives) ;zg{oB okPNo d/ iB;kXkoD dk gqshfBXhst eodh j?, ns/ (2) ;hB/N (Senate)nbr–nbr okiK dk gqshfBXhst eodh j?. gqshfBXh ;Gk Bz{ j/mb/ ;dB iK nto ;dB (Lower House)fejk iKdk j?l ;hB/N B{z T[u ;dB, T[gobk ;dB (Upper House) fejk iKdk j?l iK d{ik ;dB (Secondchamber) fejk iKdk j?. gqshfBXh ;Gk d/ w?Apo Bz{ eKro;–w?Apo (Congress-Member) fejk iKdk j?l;hB/N d/ w?Apo Bz{ ;hB/N w?Apo iK ;hB/No (Senator) fejk iKdk j?.

gqshfBXh ;Gk gqshfBXh ;Gk gqshfBXh ;Gk gqshfBXh ;Gk gqshfBXh ;Gk (House of Representatives)LLLLL fJ; ftu 435 w?Apo j[zd/ jB i' fe g{o/ d/P dh iBsk d/d[nkok u[D/ iKd/ jB. fJ;d/ fBotkuB y/so (Constituencies) iB;zfynk d/ nkXko T[s/ pDkJ/ iKd/ jB. ;'fJ; ;dB ftu fe;/ oki s'A nkT[D tkb/ gqshfBXhnK dh ;zfynk T[E'A dh iB;zfynk T[s/ fBoGo j?.

gqshfBXh ;Gk d/ w?Apo d' ;kb d/ bJh u[D/ iKd/ jB. fJ; ;w/A Bz{ fe;/ th soQK tXkfJnk iK xNkfJnk BjhAik ;edk. gqufbs gqEk (Convention) d/ nB[;ko, gqshfBXh ;Gk dk w?Apo T[;h fBotkuB y/so Bkb ;zpXj'Dk ukjhdk j? fiE'A T[j u'D bVdk j?. fJ; Bkb okPNoh gqshGktK dk :E'fus T[g:'r sK BjhA j' gkT[Adk,gozs{ b'eszso dh GktBk (Democratic Spirit) Bz{ Io{o pb fwbdk j?.

gqshfBXh ;Gk d/ w?ApoK Bz{ e[M ftP/PkfXeko (Privileges) gqkgs jB T[BQK Bz{ ;dB ftu p'bD dh g{oB;[szsosk j?. T[E/ ejh rJh fe;/ th rZb d/ bJh T[BQK T[s/ e'Jh ekBz{Bh ekotkJh BjhA ehsh ik ;edh.nfXt/PB d/ d"okB T[BQK B{z dhtkBh wkwfbnK (Civil Suits) ftu pzdh BjhA pDkfJnk ik ;edk.

gqshfBXh ;Gk nkgD/ ngqs~y iK ;Gk w[yh (Speaker) dh u'D nkg eodh j?. T[; Bz{ dbrs nkXko T[s/u[fDnk iKdk j?, ns/ ;Gk w[yh pD ikD s/ nkgD/ db dk w?Apo pfDnk ofjzdk j?.

;hB/N ;hB/N ;hB/N ;hB/N ;hB/N (Senate)LLLLL ;z:[es oki nwohek d/ jo/e oki Bz{ ;hB/N ftu nkgD/ d'–d' gqshfBXh G/iD dk nfXekoj?, ukj/ G"r'fbe iK iB;zfynk dh fdqPNh s'A e'Jh oki fezBk th S'Nk iK tZvk feT[A Bk j't/, feT[Afe T[E/ okiKdh toswkB ;zfynk 50 j?, fJ; bJh ;hB/N ftu 100 w?Apo j[zd/ jB. P[o{–P[o{ ftu okiK d/ ftXkBwzvb nkgD/–nkgD/ oki dk gqshfBXhst eoB d/ bJh ;hB/N–w?ApoK dh u'D eod/ ;B. gozs{ 1913 s'A okiK dh iBsk fJBQKdk gqs~y u'D eodh j?. fJ; soQk g{oh ;hB/N edh Gzr BjhA j[zdh. fJj fJe ;EkJh ;dB pDh ofjzdh j?.

;z:[es oki nwohek dk T[g–okPNogsh (Vice-President) ;hB/N dk ;Gkgsh (Chairman) jz[dk j?.nwohek d/ okPNogsh dh soQK T[g–okPNogsh dh u'D th iB;kXkoD d/ d[nkok fBotkue–rD d/ wkfXnwBkb, uko ;kb dh fB:w ;w/A d/ bJh j[zdh j?. ;hB/N ftu T[g–okPNogsh fBog~y o{g Bkb ekoi eodkj?. T[j wsdkB (Voting) ftu f;oc fjZ;k b?Adk j? id fe;/ wkwb/ d/ gZy ns/ ftgZy ftu pokpo t'NKj' ikD d/ ekoB c?;bk Bk j' gk fojk j't/. nfijh jkbs ftu T[j nkgD/ fBoDkfJe t'N (Casting Vote)dk gq:'r eodk j?.

f;XKse s"o s/ gqPk;B dh fe;/ th n;cbsk T[s/ ;zg{oB wzsohwzvb Bz{ fsnkrg~so d/ d/Dk ukjhdk j? gozs{ edh–edh okiBhsh :[esh–e"Pb d/ Bkw T[s/ nfijhn;cbsk Bz{ fe;/ ftP/P ftGkr dh n;cbsk dk w[~dk pDk e/ T[; ftGkr d/ wzsohdk fsnkr g~so fdtk fd~sk iKdk j? ns/ ;koh ;oeko B{z fv~rD s'A puk fbnkiKdk j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j'


B ØN


eKro; dh PeshnK ns/ feqs eKro; dh PeshnK ns/ feqs eKro; dh PeshnK ns/ feqs eKro; dh PeshnK ns/ feqs eKro; dh PeshnK ns/ feqs (Powers and Functions of the Congress)LLLLL ftXh–fBowkD ns/;zftXkB–;zP'XB (Legislation and Constitutional Amendment) nwohek ftu ;zxh gqDkbh ns/fbfys ;zftXkB ngDkfJnk frnk j?. fJ;d/ nzsors ftXh–fBowkD d/ ftfPnK dh d' ;{uhnK (lists)pDkJhnK rJhnK jBL ;zxh ftP/ (Federal Subject) ns/ oki ftP/ (State Subjects) fejk iKdk j?. fJBQKftfPnK T[s/ ekBz{B pDkT[D dhnK PeshnK oki d/ e'b ofjzdhnK jB. fJ; fdqPNh Bkb nwoheh ;zxftnt;Ek Gkosh ;zx ftnt;Ek s'A fGzB j?, feT[Afe Gkos ftu ntfPPN ftP/ ;zx ;oeko d/ nfXekoy/so ftu nkT[Ad/ jB. d{i/, Gkos ftu fJe ;wtosh ;{uh (Concurent List) dh ftnt;Ek th ehshrJh j?. nwoheh eKro; Bz{ f;oc ;zxh ftfPnK T[s/ ekBz{B pDkT[D dk g{ok nfXeko j?.

fBfjs PeshnK d/ f;XKs fBfjs PeshnK d/ f;XKs fBfjs PeshnK d/ f;XKs fBfjs PeshnK d/ f;XKs fBfjs PeshnK d/ f;XKs (Doctrine of Implied Powers) d/ nzsors eKro; ns/ okPNogsh B/eJh nfijhnK PeshnK gqkgs eo bJhnK jB. i' nkg ;zftXkB d/ nzsors T[BQK Bz{ ftnesh o{g BkbBjhA ;"AghnK rJhnK ;B. T[dkjoD d/ bJh ;zftXkB d/ nzsors eKro; Bz{ w[dok SkgD, N?e; brkT[D,eoIk b?D ns/ you eoB dk nfXeko fd~sk frnk j?. fJ;d/ nkXko T[s/ T[; Bz{ fJe ‘fBfjs Pesh’ d/o{g ftu ‘okPNoh p?Ae’ (National Bank) dh ;EkgBk dk nfXeko fwb frnk j?. ;z:[es oki nwohekdk ;otT[Zu e'oN Pk;B d/ ftfGzB nzrK dh ‘fBfjs PeshnK’ B{z wkBsk fdzdk j? ns/ T[jh fJBQK dh j~dKth fBoXkfos eodk j?.

ft~s ftX/ne ft~s ftX/ne ft~s ftX/ne ft~s ftX/ne ft~s ftX/ne (Finance Bills) e/tb gqshfBXh ;Gk Bkb jh P[o{ ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB. gozs{ T[BQK bJh;hB/N dk nB[w'dB io{oh j[zdk j?. fJ; fdqPNh Bkb, ftXkB wzvb d/ d{i/ ;dB d/ o{g ftu ;hB/N dh Peshp/i'V j?. fJjh ekoB j? fe nwoheh ;hB/N Bz{ ftPt dk ;G s'A PeshPkbh d{ik ;dBnwoheh ;hB/N Bz{ ftPt dk ;G s'A PeshPkbh d{ik ;dBnwoheh ;hB/N Bz{ ftPt dk ;G s'A PeshPkbh d{ik ;dBnwoheh ;hB/N Bz{ ftPt dk ;G s'A PeshPkbh d{ik ;dBnwoheh ;hB/N Bz{ ftPt dk ;G s'A PeshPkbh d{ik ;dB (MostPowerful Second Chamber of the World) fejk iKdk j?.fejk iKdk j?.fejk iKdk j?.fejk iKdk j?.fejk iKdk j?.

j'o ftX/ne fe;/ th ;dB Bkb nkozG ehs/ ik ;ed/ jB. e'Jh th ftX/ne d'tK ;dBK ftu gkfos j'D d/pknd okPNogsh dh ;wB[wfsokPNogsh dh ;wB[wfsokPNogsh dh ;wB[wfsokPNogsh dh ;wB[wfsokPNogsh dh ;wB[wfs (Presidential Assent) d/ bJh G/fink iKdk j?. nkw s"o s/okPNogsh T[; T[s/ j;skyo eoe/ d; ekoi–fdt;K d/ nzdo tkg; eo fdzdk j? fJj ;wB[wfs fwb ikDd/ pknd T[j ekBz{B pD iKdk j?.

i/eo okPNogsh nkgD/ fBP/XkfXekofBP/XkfXekofBP/XkfXekofBP/XkfXekofBP/XkfXeko (Veto) dk gq:'r eoe/ fe;/ ftX/ne Bz{ nkgD/ fJsokI d/ Bkb T[;Bz{ P[o{ eoB tkb/ ;dB d/ e'b tkg; G/i d/D sK eKro; d/ d't/A ;dB d'–fsjkJh pj[ws Bkb T[;Bz{ d[pkokgkfos eoe/ fJ; fBP/XkfXeko Bz{ fBPcb eo ;ed/ jB.

eKro; Bz{ ;zftXkB d/ ;zP'XB dk g{oB nfXeko j?. fJ; d/ bJh jo/e ;dB dk d' fsjkJh pj[ws ng/efPsj?. gozs{ eKro; ftu gkfos j'D d/ pknd fJ;d/ bJh x~N s'A xZN fszB–u"EkJh okiK d/ ftXkBwzvb dknB[;woEB (Ratification) Io{oh j?.

;otT[u e'oN nkws"o s/ ekB{zB Bz{ Pesh–pkjoh (Ultra Vires) mfjok e/ fBo;s eo ;ed j?, noEks T[jfJj fBoDk d/ ;edk j? fe nfijk ekBz{B pDkT[Dk eKro; dh Pesh d/ pko/ ;h. gozs{ ;zftXkfBe ;zP'XBd/ wkwb/ ftu ;otT[u e'oN nfijk fBoDk BjhA fdzdk.

gaqPk;fBe PeshnK gaqPk;fBe PeshnK gaqPk;fBe PeshnK gaqPk;fBe PeshnK gaqPk;fBe PeshnK (Administrative Powers)L L L L L nwoheh eKro; ftfGzB gqPk;fBe ftGkrK d/ pko/ftu fttoD (Reports) wzrk ;edh j?. fJj nkgDh iKu ;whshnK (Inquiry Committees) fB:[es eoe/gqPk;fBe ftGkrK dh nb'uBk eo ;edh j?.

fJ;d/ nbktk, okPNogsh T[Zu gdK d/ bJh (fit/A fe wzsohnK, okid{sK, i~iK, wjkfBnkfJtkdhnK d/ gdT[s/) i' fB:[eshnK eodk j?, iK ftd/PK d/ Bkb i' ;zXhnK eodk j?, T[BQK d/ bJh ;hB/N dk nB[;woEB(Ratification) io{oh j[zdk j?. fJe gqEk (Convention) d/ nB[;ko, i/ okPNogsh Bz{ nfij/ oki ftu e'JhfB:[esh eoBh j't/ fi~E/ dk ;hB/N–w?Apo okPNogsh d/ nkgD/ okiBhfse db s'A j't/ sK okPNogsh n?;hfB:[esh eoB s'A gfjbK T[; ;hB/N–w?Apo Bkb ;bkj eo b?Adk j?. i/eo T[j w?Apo gq;skfts fB:[esh dknB[w'dB eo fdzdk j? sK ;hB/N T[; fB:[esh dh g[PNh eo d/rh. i/eo T[j ;hB/N–w?Apo fJ; s/ fJsokIeodk j? sK ;hB/N th T[;dh g[PNh BjhA eo/rh. fJ; gqEk Bz{ ;hB/N–t~b'A ;hB/N–t~b'A ;hB/N–t~b'A ;hB/N–t~b'A ;hB/N–t~b'A (Senatorial Courtesy) dkBkw fd~sk iKdk j?.


B ØN


fBnkfJe PeshnK fBnkfJe PeshnK fBnkfJe PeshnK fBnkfJe PeshnK fBnkfJe PeshnK (Judicial Powers)LLLLL i/eo d/Pdq'j, GqPNkuko iK ;zftXkB d/ T[bzxD, nkfd dk nko'gbrk e/ okPNogsh, T[gokPNogsh, i~iK iK gqPk;fBe T[Zu nfXekohnK T[s/ wjkfG:'rwjkfG:'rwjkfG:'rwjkfG:'rwjkfG:'r (Impeache-ment) ubkT[Dk j't/ sK fJ;d/ bJh gqshfBXh ;Gk wjkfG:'r dh XkoktK (Articles of Impeachements)fsnko eodh j? ns/ ;hB/N ftu w[e~dwk ubkfJnk iKdk j?. gqshfBXh ;Gk ftu wjkfG:'r dh XkoktK Bz{;kXkoD pj[s (Simple Majority) Bkb gkfos ehsk iKdk j?. d'P–f;~Xh d/ bJh wjkfG:'r dh jo/e XkokT[s/ ;hB/N ftu T[g;fEs ns/ wsdkB ftu fj~;k b?D tkb/ w?ApoK dk d'–fsjkJh pj[ws (Two-ThirdMajority) io{oh j'J/rk. d'P f;~X j'D ikD s/ nfG:[es Bz{ gd s'A jNk fd~sk iKdk j?.

fBotkue PeshnK fBotkue PeshnK fBotkue PeshnK fBotkue PeshnK fBotkue PeshnK (Electoral Powers)L L L L L uko–uko ;kb pknd id okPNogsh ns/ T[gokPNogsh dhu'D j[zdh j? sK fJ; u'D ftu gkJ/ rJ/ t'NK dh frDsh d/ bJh eKro; d/ d't/A ;dBK dk ;z:[es nfXt/PB(Joint Session) jz[dk j?.

i/eo okPNogsh okPNogsh okPNogsh okPNogsh okPNogsh gdth bJh fe;/ T[whdtko Bz{ g{oB pj[ws (Absolute Majority) BjhA fwb gkT[Adk sKfiBQK fszB T[whdtkoK Bz{ ;G s'A fInkdk t'N j'D, T[BQK ftu'A fJe B{z gqshfBXh ;GkgqshfBXh ;GkgqshfBXh ;GkgqshfBXh ;GkgqshfBXh ;Gk okPNogsh–gdth bJhu[D b?Adh j?.

i/eo T[gokPNogsh d/ bJh fe;/ T[whdtko Bz{ g{oB pj[ws BjhA fwb gkT[Adk sK fiBQK d' T[whdtkoK Bz{ ;Gs'A fInkdk t'N fwb/ j'D, T[BQK ftu'A fJe Bz{ ;hB/N;hB/N;hB/N;hB/N;hB/N T[gokPNogsh gdth d/ bJh u[D b?Adh j?.

;fwsh gqDkbh ;fwsh gqDkbh ;fwsh gqDkbh ;fwsh gqDkbh ;fwsh gqDkbh (The Committee System)LLLLL nwoheh eKro; d/ nzsors ftXh–fBowkD dk tk;sfteekoi nB/e ;whshnK ns/ T[g^;whshnK (Sub-Committees) dh ;jkfJsk Bkb ;zgzB ehsk iKdk j?.eKro; d/ jo/e nfXt/PB ftu jIkoK ftXkfJe gq;s[s ehs/ iKd/ jB. e'Jh th w?Apo fJBQK ftXkfJeK Bkbi[V/ j'J/ ;ko/ w[~fdnK dk ikDeko BjhA j' ;edk. d/fynk ikJ/ sK ftXh–fBowkD dk ;kok ekoi ftP/P~rsk(Specialization) dh wzr eodk j?. ;whsh gqDkbh dk noE nfij/ jo/e ekoi B{z T[g:[es ftP/PfrnKd/ gqsh ;"AgDk j?. fco, ;whsh d/ w?Apo fJe ;w/A ftu fe;/ fJe ftP/ T[s/ nkgDk fXnkB e/Afdqs eo ;ed/j? sK fe T[;d/ bJh T[g:[es ftX/ne dk gqko{g fsnko ehsk ik ;e/.

eKro; dh ;whsh Bz{ nkws"o T[s/ ‘bx{ ftXkB wzvb’ eKro; dh ;whsh Bz{ nkws"o T[s/ ‘bx{ ftXkB wzvb’ eKro; dh ;whsh Bz{ nkws"o T[s/ ‘bx{ ftXkB wzvb’ eKro; dh ;whsh Bz{ nkws"o T[s/ ‘bx{ ftXkB wzvb’ eKro; dh ;whsh Bz{ nkws"o T[s/ ‘bx{ ftXkB wzvb’ (Little Legsilature) dh ;zfrnk dh iKdh dh ;zfrnk dh iKdh dh ;zfrnk dh iKdh dh ;zfrnk dh iKdh dh ;zfrnk dh iKdhj?.j?.j?.j?.j?. fe;/ th ftX/ne B{z nzfsw o{g d/D dk nfXeko nfijh ;whshnK d/ j~E ftu ofjzdk j?. f;XKse s"os/ fe;/ ;whsh d/ gq;skt Bz{ gqshfBXh ;Gk ;hB/N ftu n;theko ehsk ik ;edk j?, gozs{ nfijk pj[sxN j' gkT[Adk j?, id ;whsh dk w[yh iK j'o e'Jh w?Apo ;whsh d/ ftuko iK fBoD/ d/ pko/ ftu ;dB d/gNb T[s/ p'bdk j?, sd ;kXkoBsL ftXkfJe T[;dh ftP/P~frnsk dk nkdo eod/ jB, ns/ T[;dh rZb pj[sfXnkB Bkb ;[Dd/ jB. i/ e'Jh ;EkJh ;whsh fe;/ ftX/ne T[s/ nkgDk gqsht/dB (Report) gq;s[s eoBftu pj[s d/o eo d/, noEks shj fdB s'A fInkdk brk d/ sK gqshfBXh ;Gk d/ pj[ws (noEks 281 w?Apo)d/ j;skyo s'A fJ; ftX/ne Bz{ T[; ;whsh d/ ftuko y/so s'A s'A tkg; fbnkT[D dh ekotkjh ehsh ik ;edhj?, gozs{ nfij/ nt;o pj[s jh x~N nkT[Ad/ jB.

fgSbh d' PskpdhnK d/ d"okB eKro; ftu eJh soQK dhnK ;whshnK pDkJhnK rJhnK jB. w[Zy–w[~yw[Zy–w[~yw[Zy–w[~yw[Zy–w[~yw[Zy–w[~ygqeko dh ;whshnK dk fttoD fJ; soQK d/ ;ed/ jKL

;EkJh ;whsh ;EkJh ;whsh ;EkJh ;whsh ;EkJh ;whsh ;EkJh ;whsh (Standing Committee)L eKro; dk jo/e ;dB nkgDh–nkgDh io{os d/ nB[;ko,nkgD/–nkgD/ fBnwK d/ nzsors, ;EkJh wj~st d/ ftfPnK T[s/ ;EkJh ;whshnK pDk ;edk j?. nfijh;whshnK ;dB d/ g{o/ ekoiekb se ubdh j?. fJ;d/ T[dkjoD jBL ftfB:'iB ;whsh (AppropriationCommittee), piN ;whsh (budget Committee) ftd/Ph wkwfbnK dh ;whsh (Budget Committee)ftd/Ph wkwfbnK dh ;whsh (Foreign Affairs Committee), noE'gkj ;whsh (Way and MeansCommittee) nkfd.

gqto ;whshgqto ;whshgqto ;whshgqto ;whshgqto ;whsh (Select Committee)LLLLL fJj ;whsh ;kXkoD s"o s/ fe;/ ftfPP ftXkJh T[d/P (SpecificLegislative Purpose) dh g{osh d/ bJh pDkJh iKdh j?, fit/A fe fe;/ ;kotifBe ;wf;nk d/ nfXn?Bns/ ftP/b/PD d/ bJh. fJj fBPfus ;w/A se nkgDk gqsht/dB gq;s[s eoBk j[zdk j?. fJ;d/ pknd fJjGzr eo fd~sh iKdh j?.


B ØN


;z:[es ;whsh ;z:[es ;whsh ;z:[es ;whsh ;z:[es ;whsh ;z:[es ;whsh (Joint Committee)LLLLL fJ; dk rmB sd j[zdk j? id fJ;d/ bJh d't/A ;dB fJe' fijkfBoDk eod/ jB. fJ; ftu d'tK ;dBK d/ w?Apo oy/ iKd/ jB. nfijh ;whsh ;EkJh iK n;EkJh d't/A soQKdh j' ;edh j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, noE–ftnt;Ek, eokXkB, eKrq; g[;sekbk, SgkJh (Printing) dhftnt;Ek, nkfd d/ bJh nfijh ;fEsh pDkJh ik ;edh j?.

;zw/bB ;whsh ;zw/bB ;whsh ;zw/bB ;whsh ;zw/bB ;whsh ;zw/bB ;whsh (Conference committee)LLLLL fJj nfijh ;z:[es ;whsh j? i' fe;/ ftP/ s/ d't/A ;dBK d/ fBoD/ftu fJeo{gsk fbnkT[D d/ bJh pDkJh iKdh j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh e'Jh th ftX/ne okPNogsh dh ;wB[wfsd/ bJh G/iD s'A gfjbK d't/A ;dBK d/ d[nkok fJe jh o{g ftu gkfos j'Dk ukjhdk j?. i/eo d't/A ;dB fJe jhftX/ne gkfos eoBk ukj[zd/ j'D, gozs{ T[BQK dh nfGftnesh ftu e'Jh nzso j't/ sK fJ; nzso Bz{ d{o eoBd/ bJh iK wsG/d Bz{ ;[bMkT[D d/ bJh fJ; ;whsh dk ;jkok fbnk iKdk j?. fJjh ekoB j? edh–edh ;zw/edh–edh ;zw/edh–edh ;zw/edh–edh ;zw/edh–edh ;zw/bB ;whsh Bz{ nwoheh eKro; dk shik ;dB bB ;whsh Bz{ nwoheh eKro; dk shik ;dB bB ;whsh Bz{ nwoheh eKro; dk shik ;dB bB ;whsh Bz{ nwoheh eKro; dk shik ;dB bB ;whsh Bz{ nwoheh eKro; dk shik ;dB (Third House) fejk iKdk j?. fejk iKdk j?. fejk iKdk j?. fejk iKdk j?. fejk iKdk j?.

;dB fBnwktbh ;whsh ;dB fBnwktbh ;whsh ;dB fBnwktbh ;whsh ;dB fBnwktbh ;whsh ;dB fBnwktbh ;whsh (House Rules Committee)LLLLL gqshfBXh ;Gk dh fJj ;whsh fJj fBoDkeodh j? fe fe;/ ftX/ne Bz{ ;dB ftu fe; o{g ftu ofynk ikJ/. T[j gqshfBXh ;Gk ftu fe;/ ftX/neT[s/ j'D tkb/ tkd–fttkd dh ;w/A dh j~d th fBoXkfos eo ;edh j?.

eKro; dh ftfGzB ;whshnK ftXh–fBowkD d/ ekoi ftu ;jkfJsk d/D d/ bJh pDkJh iKdh j?. gozs{ T[BQKBz{ nkgD/ ftuko–y/so ftu nkT[D tkb/ ftfPnK d/ ftPb/PD d/ bJh gqPk;fBe ftGkrK s'A ft;fsqs ikDekohdh io{os g?Adh j?. ;' fJj ;whshnK ;w/A–;w/A T[s/ gqPk;fBe ftGkrK s'A soQK–soQK dh ikDekoh iK fttoDwzrkT[Adh ofjzdh j?. fJ; wkwb/ ftu nfijk nB[Pk;B ftef;s j' frnk j? fe gqPk;fBe ftGkr eKro;–;whshnK dh g~[SfrS Bz{ pj[s wj~st fdzd/ jB, ns/ ng/ys ikDekoh iK fttoD d/D Bz{ jw/Pk fsnko ofjzd/jB. fJ; Bkb eKro; ;whshnK Bz{ gqPk;fBe ftGkrK d/ ezw–eki d/ fBohyD dk nt;o fwbeKro; ;whshnK Bz{ gqPk;fBe ftGkrK d/ ezw–eki d/ fBohyD dk nt;o fwbeKro; ;whshnK Bz{ gqPk;fBe ftGkrK d/ ezw–eki d/ fBohyD dk nt;o fwbeKro; ;whshnK Bz{ gqPk;fBe ftGkrK d/ ezw–eki d/ fBohyD dk nt;o fwbeKro; ;whshnK Bz{ gqPk;fBe ftGkrK d/ ezw–eki d/ fBohyD dk nt;o fwbiKdk j?.iKdk j?.iKdk j?.iKdk j?.iKdk j?.

fJj r~b fXnkB d/D dh j? fe nwohek dh w[yh gqDkbh d/ nzsors fJj ;zGktBk pj[s x~N ofjzdh j? feT[E/ e'Jh ;zrms ftg~y (Organized Opposition) ftu gqufbs j?. gqPk;fBe ftGkrK T[s/ eKro;;whshnK dk fBohyD fJ; ewh Bz{ e[M jd se g{ok eo fdzdk j?.

okPNogsh ns/ eKro;–go;go ;zpzX okPNogsh ns/ eKro;–go;go ;zpzX okPNogsh ns/ eKro;–go;go ;zpzX okPNogsh ns/ eKro;–go;go ;zpzX okPNogsh ns/ eKro;–go;go ;zpzX (Relation between the President and the Congress)LLLLL;z:[es oki nwohek dk okPNogsh Pk;B d/ ekoiekoh nzr (Executive Organ) dk w[yh j?l eKro; T[E/dk ;otT[Zu ftXkJh nzr (Supreme Legislative Organ) j?. Pesh–gkoE~etPesh–gkoE~etPesh–gkoE~etPesh–gkoE~etPesh–gkoE~et (Separation ofPowers) d/ f;XKs d/ nzsors fJBQK d't/A nzrK dhnK PeshnK ns/ ezw fJ; Yzr Bkb fBoXkfos ehs/ rJ/jB fe T[j nkgD/–nkgD/ y/so ftu fJe–d{i/ s'A ;tkXhB j'Dl Pk;B Bz{ e'Jh th nzr nkgDhnK PeshnKdk gq:'r eod/ ;w/A iK nkgD/ ezwK Bz{ ;zgzB eod/ ;w/A fe;/ d{i/ nzr T[s/ nkfPqs Bk j't/. T[dkjoD d/ bJh,T[E/ okPNogsh dk ekoiekb uko ;kb dk j?l eKro; dh gqshfBXh ;Gk ekoiekb d' ;kb dk j?. fJ; fBns;w/ s'A gfjbK Bk sK okPNogsh eKro; Bz{ Gzr eo ;edk j?l Bk eKro; jh okiBhfse ;woEB (PoliticalSupport) dh ewh ekoB okPNogsh Bz{ jNk ;edh j?.

d{i/ gk;/, nto'X ns/ ;zs[bB nto'X ns/ ;zs[bB nto'X ns/ ;zs[bB nto'X ns/ ;zs[bB nto'X ns/ ;zs[bB (Checks and Balances) d/ f;XKs d/ nzsors fJj ftnt;Ek ehshrJh j? fe Pk;B d/ ftfGzB nzr fJe–d{i/ T[s/ nze[P oy ;eD sK fe Pesh d/ iwktPesh d/ iwktPesh d/ iwktPesh d/ iwktPesh d/ iwkt (Concentrationof Power) Bz{ o'fenk ik ;e/, ns/ Pk;B dk e'Jh th nzr fBoze[P Bk j' ikJ/. okPNogsh ns/ eKro;dk go;go ;zpzX fJ; f;XKs dk T[g:[es T[dkjoD gq;s[s eodk j?. fJ;d/ w[~y–w~[y w[~fdnK dk fttoDfJ; soQK eo ;ed/ jBL

okPNogsh dk ;zd/P okPNogsh dk ;zd/P okPNogsh dk ;zd/P okPNogsh dk ;zd/P okPNogsh dk ;zd/P (Presidential Message)L L L L L okPNogsh jo ;kb eKro; Bz{ nkgDk ;zd/P fdzdk j?.fJ;d/ nzsors T[j ftntjkos eKro; d/ ukb{ nfXt/PB (Current Session) d/ bJh g{oD ekoi ;{uh(Full Agenda) gq;s[s eo fdzdk j?. fJ; ftu T[j fJj ftnes eo fdzdk j? fe toswkB nfXt/PB d/d"okB T[j ftXkBwzvb s'A eh–eh eoB dh T[whd ns/ ng/ePk eodk j?< okPNogsh okPNogsh okPNogsh okPNogsh okPNogsh d/ fJ; ezw Bz{ fXnkBftu oyd/ j'J/ T[;Bz{ ;z:[es oki nwohek dk w[~y ftXkfJe ;z:[es oki nwohek dk w[~y ftXkfJe ;z:[es oki nwohek dk w[~y ftXkfJe ;z:[es oki nwohek dk w[~y ftXkfJe ;z:[es oki nwohek dk w[~y ftXkfJe (Chief Legislator) fejk iKdk j?. fejk iKdk j?. fejk iKdk j?. fejk iKdk j?. fejk iKdk j?.ns/ T[;dh ft;fsqs uouk ehsh iKdh j?. d/fynk ikt/ sK okPNogsh dk fJj ;zd/P e/tb eKro; d/ Bkw


B ØN


BjhA j[zdkl fJj ;koh nwoheh iBsk ns/ g{o/ ftPt d/ Bkw j[zdk j?. b'ews T[s/ T[;dk i' gqGkt g?Adk j?,T[;Bz{ fXnkB ftu oy e/ jh eKro; okPNogsh d/ gq;sktK T[s/ T[g:[es ekotkjh eodh j?. nfXt/PBd/ d"okB th i/eo okPNogsh fJj nB[Gt eodk j? fe eKro; dk fdqPNhe'D T[;d/ gq;sktK d/ gqsh nB[e{bBjhA j? sK T[j fco, fizBh tko ukj/, okPNo d/ Bkw ;zd/P ikoh eo ;edk j?.

gozs{ e'Jh okPNogsh nkgD/ gq;sktK Bz{ eKro; d/ wkfXnw Bkb fe~E/ se ekfonkftzs eok gkJ/rk – fJjT[;d/ nkgD/ ftneshst, eKro; ftu T[;d/ db d/ pj[ws ns/ b'ews d/ ;woEB T[s/ fBoGo j?. nkws"oT[s/ okPNogsh d/ gq;sktK ftu n~X/ s'A fInkdk ekfonkftzs BjhA j' gkT[Ad/. T[;d/ piN gq;sktK ftu eheKro; eJh soQK d/ gfotosD iK eN"sh eo fdzdh j?.

okPNogsh dh ;wB[wfs ns/ fBP/XkfXeko okPNogsh dh ;wB[wfs ns/ fBP/XkfXeko okPNogsh dh ;wB[wfs ns/ fBP/XkfXeko okPNogsh dh ;wB[wfs ns/ fBP/XkfXeko okPNogsh dh ;wB[wfs ns/ fBP/XkfXeko (Presidential Assesment and Veto)LLLLL e'Jh thftX/ne eKro; d/ d't/A ;dBK ftu gkfos j'D d/ pknd okPNogsh d/ e'b ‘;wkB[wfs’ bJh G/fink iKdkj?. i/eo okPNogsh T[; ftX/ne d/ gq;s[sheoD (Submission) d/ fdB s'A eKro; d/ d; ekoi fdt;(Working Days) phs ikD s/ th okPNogsh T[; s/ e'Jh fJsokI BjhA eodk sK fJ; Bz{ okPNogsh dh‘w"B ;fjwsh’ wzB fbnk iKdk j?, ;' fJj ftX/ne ekBz{B pD iKdk j?.

gozs{ i/eo okPNogsh fJ; ;w/A s'A gfjbK T[; ftX/ne T[s/ nkgD/ fJsokI ftnes eoe/ T[; Bz{eKro; d/ e'b tkg; G/i fdzdk j? sK eKro; d/ e'b d' ftebg ofj iKd/ jBL (e) T[j okPNogsh d/;[MktK d/ nB[;ko ftX/ne ftu ;zP'XB eo d/t/, ns/ T[; B{z Bt/A o{g ftu d[pkok gkfos eoe/okPNogsh d/ e'b G/i d/t/ sK fe okPNogsh T[;dk nB[w'dB eo d/t/l iK fco (y) eKro; d/ d't/A;dB T[; ftX/ne Bz{ w{b o{g ftu d'–fsjkJh pj[ws s'A d[pkok gkfos eo d/D fi; Bkb okPNogshdk fBP/XkfXeko fBo;s j' ikJ/rk. gozs{ fJzBk pj[ws i[NkT[Dk ;ob BjhA j[zdk. fJ;dk noE fJjj'fJnk fe okPNogsh fe;/ ftX/ne Bz{ e[M ;w/A d/ bJh fBbzfps (Suspend) eo ;edk j?. okPNogshd/ fJ; nfXeko Bz{ fBbzpB–fBP/XkfXekofBbzpB–fBP/XkfXekofBbzpB–fBP/XkfXekofBbzpB–fBP/XkfXekofBbzpB–fBP/XkfXeko (Suspensory Veto) fejk iKdk j?.

i/eo okPNogsh nfij/ fe;/ ftX/ne T[s/ j;skyo eoB s'A fJBeko eo d/t/, ns/ d; ekoi fdt; g{o/j'D s'A gfjbK eKro; ;Efrs (Adjorun) j' ikJ/ sK T[j ftX/ne nkgDh w"s wo iKdk j?. okPNogshd/ fJ; nfXeko Bz{ ‘i/p ftu gkT[D dk fBP/XkfXeko’ iK ‘nto'XB–fBP/XkfXeko’ ‘i/p ftu gkT[D dk fBP/XkfXeko’ iK ‘nto'XB–fBP/XkfXeko’ ‘i/p ftu gkT[D dk fBP/XkfXeko’ iK ‘nto'XB–fBP/XkfXeko’ ‘i/p ftu gkT[D dk fBP/XkfXeko’ iK ‘nto'XB–fBP/XkfXeko’ ‘i/p ftu gkT[D dk fBP/XkfXeko’ iK ‘nto'XB–fBP/XkfXeko’ (Pocket Veto)fejk iKdk j?. i/ eKro; T[; ftX/ne T[s/ w[V ftuko ukj[zdh j't/ sK T[; Bt/A nfXt/PB ftu Bt/A f;o/ Bkbgkfos eoe/ okPNogsh d/ e'b G/iDk gt/rk.

ekoiekoh nkd/P ekoiekoh nkd/P ekoiekoh nkd/P ekoiekoh nkd/P ekoiekoh nkd/P (Executive Order)L L L L L eKro; okPNogsh ns/ T[;d/ gqPk;fBe ftGkrK (Exec-utive Agencies) Bz{ ekoiekoh nkd/P e~YD dh nkfrnk fdzdh j? fJj nkd/P ekBz{B dh soQK wkBsktkb/ ns/ gqGktPkbh jz[d/ jB. fJj nkd/P w[~y s"o s/ fszB T[d/PK dh g{osh d/ bJh ikoh ehs/ iKd/ jBL(e) ;zftXkB iK fe;/ ftP/P ekBz{B dh ftnt;EktK Bz{ ftntjkfoe o{g d/D d/ bJh (y) ftd/PK d/ Bkbehsh rJh ;zXhnK Bz{ bkr{ eoB d/ bJhl ns/ (r) Bt/A gqPk;fBe ftGkr ;Ekgs eoB d/ bJh iK fJBQKftGkrK ftu ekoi ftu e'Jh gfotosD eoD d/ bJh. T[dkjoD d/ bJh, fJ;sqhnK ns/ nPt/sK d/bJh ;wkokswe ekotkjh (Affirmative Action) dh ftnt;Ek d/ ekfonkftzs, okPNogsh dcso d/w[V rmB, nkgks ;fEsh (Emergency) d/ d"okB T[gG'esk uhIK dh okPB–ftt;Ek (Rationing) ns/ehwsK ns/ wid{oh dhnK doK d/ fBnzsoD, nkfd d/ wkwb/ ftu ekoiekoh nkd/PK dk ft;fsqs gq:'rehsk iKdk j?.

;hB/N dk nB[;woEB ;hB/N dk nB[;woEB ;hB/N dk nB[;woEB ;hB/N dk nB[;woEB ;hB/N dk nB[;woEB (Senatorial Ratification)LLLLL okPNogsh dh PeshnK Bz{ eKro; d/ nze[P ftuoyD d/ bJh fJe ftnt;Ek fJj ehsh rJh j? fe okPNogsh T[Zu nfXekohnK dh i' fB:[eshnK eo/rk,iK ftd/PK d/ Bkb i' ;zXhnK eo/rk, T[j sd'A jh wkBsk gqkgs j'DrhnK id ;hB/N T[;dk nB[;woEB eod/t/rh. fB:[eshnK d/ nB[;woEB d/ bJh ;hB/N dk ;kXkoD pj[ws (Simple Majority) mhe jh j[zdk j?.t?;/ fB:[eshnK dh gqfeqnk Bz{ ‘;hB/N–t~b'A’‘;hB/N–t~b'A’‘;hB/N–t~b'A’‘;hB/N–t~b'A’‘;hB/N–t~b'A’ (Sentorial Courtesy) dh gqEk d/ nzsors e[M jd se ;obpDk fd~sk frnk j? nzsookPNoh ;zXhnK d/ nB[;woEB d/ bJh ;hB/N ftu T[g;fEs ns/ wsdkB ftu fj~;kb?D tkb/ w?Apo Bz{ d'–fsjkjh pj[ws io{oh j?.


B ØN


;hB/N–t~b'A ;hB/N–t~b'A ;hB/N–t~b'A ;hB/N–t~b'A ;hB/N–t~b'A nwoheh ;zftXkB dh fJe wj~stg{oB gqEk (Convention) j?. fJ;dk noE fJj j? fe i/eo okPNogsh Bz{ fe;/ oki–ftP/P Bkb i[V/ j'J/ ;zxh gd (Federal Office) T[s/ fit/A fe fIbk fBnKtkdh(District Attorney) dh gdth s/ fB:[esh eoBh j't/, ns/ T[; oki dk fJe iK d't/A ;hB/N w?Apo(Senators) okPNogsh d/ nkgD/ okiBhfse db d/ j'D sK okPNogsh nfijh fB:[esh eoB s'A gfjbK T[;Bz{ fJe iK d't/A ;hB/N–w?ApoK Bkb ;bkj eo b?Adk j? i/eo T[j gq;skfts fB:[esh dk nB[w'dB eo d/D sK;hB/N T[; fB:[esh dh g[PNh eo d/t/rh. fJ;d/ T[bN, i/ T[BQK Bz{ fJ; T[s/ fJsokI j't/ sK ;hB/N th T[BQKdh g[PNh BjhA eo/rk.

ekoiekoh ftGkrK d/ fBohyD ftu eKro;–;whshnK dh G{fwek ekoiekoh ftGkrK d/ fBohyD ftu eKro;–;whshnK dh G{fwek ekoiekoh ftGkrK d/ fBohyD ftu eKro;–;whshnK dh G{fwek ekoiekoh ftGkrK d/ fBohyD ftu eKro;–;whshnK dh G{fwek ekoiekoh ftGkrK d/ fBohyD ftu eKro;–;whshnK dh G{fwek (Role of the CongressCommittee in the Inspection of Executive Agencies)LLLLL eKro; dh ftfGzB ;whshnK t?;/ sK ftXh–fBowkD d/ ekoi ftu ;jkfJsk d/D d/ bJh pDkJh iKdhnK jB, gozs{ nkgD/ ftuko y/so ftu nkT[D tkb/ftfPnK d/ nB[t/PB ns/ ftPb/PB d/ bJh T[j gqPk;fBe ftGkrK s'A e'Jh th ikDekoh (Information) wzr;edhnK jB, iK fttoD (Report) wzrk ;edhnK jB. gqPk;fBe ftGkr fJBQK ;whshnK dh g[~SfrS(Inquires) Bz{ pj[s rzGhoskg{ot b?Ad/ jB ns/ fJBQK Bz{ T[g:[es ikDekoh d/D d/ bJh ;d?t fsnko ofjzd/jB. fJ; soQK fJBQK ;whshnK d/ wkfXnw Bkb eKro; B/ gqPk;fBe ftGkrK d/ ezw–eki d/ fBohyD dhG{fwek ;zGkb bJh j?.

ft~shJ/ fBnzsoD ft~shJ/ fBnzsoD ft~shJ/ fBnzsoD ft~shJ/ fBnzsoD ft~shJ/ fBnzsoD (Financial Control)L L L L L eKro; fe;/ th gqPk;fBe ftGkr (Agency) iK g'qrokw d/bJh XB dh ;thfeqsh d/D s'A gfjbK fJj gsk brkT[Adh j? fe T[; ftGkr iK g'qrokw d/ bJh fgSbh tkoi' ftB:'r (Appropriations) ehs/ rJ/ ;B. T[BQK dk T[g:'r (Utilization) fe;–fe; soQK ehsk frnkj?< fJ; gqEk d/ ekoB th ;z:[es oki nwohek ftu ekoiekoh Pkyk (Executive branch) T[s/ eKro;dk fBnzsoD ;Ekgs j' frnk j?. fJ; gqEk dk ft~shJ/ fBnzsoD dh ;zfrnk fd~sh iKdh j?.

okPNogsh T[s/ wjkfG:'r ubkT[D dk nfXeko okPNogsh T[s/ wjkfG:'r ubkT[D dk nfXeko okPNogsh T[s/ wjkfG:'r ubkT[D dk nfXeko okPNogsh T[s/ wjkfG:'r ubkT[D dk nfXeko okPNogsh T[s/ wjkfG:'r ubkT[D dk nfXeko (Right to Impeachment of the President)LLLLLnwohek dh w[yh gqDkbh d/ nzsors okPNogsh nkgDh j'Ad d/ bJh ftXkB wzvb (noEks eKro;) d/okiBhfse ;woEB (Political Support) iK ftPtk; (Confidence) s/ nkfPqs BjhA j? s/ nkw gfo;fEshnKftu eKro; okPNogsh Bz{ nkgD/ s'A BjhA jNk ;edh. gozs{ i/ T[; T[s/ d/Pd'qj, Gkoh GqPNkuko, tZvkngokX iK d[Peow dk nko'g j't/ sK T[; s/ wjkfG:'r ubkfJnk ik ;edk j?. okPNogsh wjkfG:'r ubkT[Ddk nfXeko f;oc eKro; Bz{ j?. fJj ekotkJh gqshfBXh ;Gk ftu P[o{ j'Dh ukjhdh j? fi~E/ wjkfG:'r dhnKXkoktK (Articles of Impeachment) fsnko eoe/ ;hB/N d/ e'b G/i d/Dh ukjhdh j? sK fe T[BQK d/ nkXkoT[s/ ;hB/N ftu w[e~dwk ubkfJnk ik ;e/. wjkfG:'r dh fe;/ th Xkok Bz{ gkfos eoB d/ bJh gqshfBXh;Gk dk ;kXkoD pj[ws (Simple Majority) ekch j?. wjkfG:'r d/ fBoD/ bJh ;hB/N dk d'–fsjkJh pj[ws(Two-Third Majority) Io{oh j't/rk.

;wekbhB gfo;fEshnK ftu nwoheh okPNogsh dh PeshnK dk Gkoh ft;sko j'fJnk j?. T[ABhthAPskpdh d/ d"okB fJj ;'funk iKdk ;h fe eKro; dhnK ftPkb PeshnK dh s[bBk ftu okPNogsh dhnKPesh pj[s x~N j?, gozs{ fJ~ehthA Pskpdh ftu id ;z:[es oki nwohek ;?fBe Pesh ns/ nkofEe ;fwqXhd/ fPyo T[s/ gj[zu frnk j?, nwoheh okPNogsh dhnK PeshnK th T[;/ nB[gks ftu tX rJhnK jB.n~i T[j ftPt dh ;G s'A PeshPkbh nk:[XPkbk dk gqXkB ;?Bkgsh j?l T[jh ftPt d/ j'o PeshPkbh okPNoKd/ Bkb ;zXhtkosk (Negotiation) ubkT[Adk j?l T[j okPNo d/ ;G s'A t~v/ gqPk;fBe ;zrmB dk w[yh j?l T[jN?e; dk gqw[Zy ;zrqkje ns/ ekBz{B dk gqw~[y gqtose j?, T[jh b'ews dk gqw[~y gqD/sk j?. ftPt d/ ;G s'APeshPkbh d/ w~[y ekoiekoh d/ Bks/ T[BQK dh ;fEsh ;uw[u p/i'V j?.

;ft; ;zxh ftXkBwzvb ;ft; ;zxh ftXkBwzvb ;ft; ;zxh ftXkBwzvb ;ft; ;zxh ftXkBwzvb ;ft; ;zxh ftXkBwzvb (The Swiss Federal Assembly);ft; ;zftXkB d/ nB[S/d 71 ftu ;ft; ftXkB wzvb dh d' w"fbe ftP/PsktK dh uouk ehsh rJh j?.gfjbh, fJj gfo;zx dh ;otT[Zu ;~sk (Supremacy) dk T[g:'r eodh j?, d{ih fJj d'–;dBkswe j?.

(((((i) d'–;dBkswe – ) d'–;dBkswe – ) d'–;dBkswe – ) d'–;dBkswe – ) d'–;dBkswe – fJ; ftu ;zxh ;Gk dh ;otT[Zu Pesh fBfjs jB. fJj ;ft; iBsk ns/ e?ANBKd/ nfXekoK Bz{ S~v e/ ;zx dh ;otT[Zu Pesh dk T[gG'r eodh j?. ;zxh ;Gk e/tb iBsk d/ nXhB j?,


B ØN


iBsk Bz{ S~v e/ fJ;d/ d[nkok fBofws ftXh T[s/ e'Jh fJsokI BjhA eo ;edk j?. nwohek d/ ;fdqPfBnKgkfbek Bz{ th fBnkfJe ;whfynk dk nfXeko gqkgs BjhA j?. e?ANB d/ ekB{zB s'A ;zxh ekBz{B dh T[Zu;fEsh th ;zxh ftXkBwzvb dh ;otT[Zu Pesh dk d{ik Bkw j?.

(ii) ;ot'gfosk – ;ot'gfosk – ;ot'gfosk – ;ot'gfosk – ;ot'gfosk – ;zxh ftxkBwzvb dh dth;dBkswe ftnt;Ek d/ T[dGt dh ftnkfynk d' gqeko Bkb ehshiKdh j?. gfjbh, ;zftXkB fBowksktK d/ ;kjwD/ d' ;wf;nktK ;B – (1) e/AdoheoB ns/ fte/AdoheoB iK e?ANBKdh ;zgqG[sk ns/ PeshPkbh ;zx ;oeko ns/ (2) S'N/ ns/ t~v/ okiK d/ ftu ;wM"sk eoBk. fJBQK ;wf;nktKBz{ ;[bMkT[D d/ bJh T[BQK B/ nwoheh ;zftXkB s'A bkG u[fenk. T[BQK B/ d'–;dBkswe gqDkBh Bz{ ngDkfJnksK fe fJe ;dB ftu okPNo dk gqshfBXhst j' ;e/ ns/ d{i/ ftu e?ANBK dk. fJe ftu d/P dh iBskBz{ iB;zfynk d/ nkXko T[s/ gqshfBXhst gqkgs j't/ ns/ d{i/ ftu jo/e oki Bz{ ;wkB ;zfynk ftu gqshfBXhG/iD dk nfXeko j't/. ;' ftXkBwzvb d/ d' fj~;/ ehs/ rJ/ – okPNoh gfoPd (The National Council)ns/ oki gfoPd (The Council of States). gfjbk okPNo dh ;qfdqVsk ns/ J/esk dk gqshe j? s/ d{ike?ANBK dh gqG[sk ns/ T[BQK dh go;go ;wkBsk dk fXUse j?. d'–;dBkswe ftnt;Ek B{z ngBkT[D dkd{ik ekoB fJfsjk;e gozgok dk gqGkt ;h. 1848 JhH d/ g{ot ;ftNiob?Av dh ;zxh ftXkBgkfbek d/ o{gftu fJe ‘vkJhN’ (Diet) Bkwe ;z;Ek ;h fi; ftu jo/e e?ANB Bz{ fJe ws gqkgs ;h. ;' ;zxhJ/ ftXkBwzvbftu fJe ;dB dh io{os ;h fi; ftu jo/e e/ANB Bz{ ;wkB ws fwbD.

oki gfoPd oki gfoPd oki gfoPd oki gfoPd oki gfoPd (The Council of State)LLLLL oki gfoPd ;ft; ;zxh ;Gk dk T[Zu iK d{ik ;dB (Upperor Second Chamber) j?. Gkt/A ;zftXkB d/ nB[;ko fJj j/mb/ ;dB dk nXhB;E (Subordinate) BjhApbfe pokpo (co-equal) ;dB j?, fco th ;zxh fJekJhnK dk gqshfBXhst eoB d/ ekoB nwohehf;B/N ns/ Gkosh oki ;Gk dh P/qDh ftu fJ; Bz{ ofynk iKdk j?.

;zrmB –;zrmB –;zrmB –;zrmB –;zrmB – ;ft; oki gfoPd dk ;zrmB nwoheh ;hB/N Bkb fwbdk i[bdk j? fi; gqeko ;hB/N ftujo/e nwoheh oki Bz{ gqshfBXh G/iD dk nfXeko j?, T[;/ soQK oki gfoPd ftu jo/e ;ft; e?ANB dk,ukj/ T[;dk nkeko iK iB;zfynk e[M th j't/, d' gqshfBXh G/iD dk nfXeko j?. f;oc fJe ftfGzBsk fJjj? fe nwfoek d/ n;fdqP ;ftNiob?Av ftu e[M fJekJhnK Bz{, fiBQK Bz{ noX–e?ANB efjzd/ jB, f;oc fJegqshfBXh G/iD dk nfXeko fd~sk frnk j?. fJ; gqeko, oki gfoPd dh w?Apo ;zfynk 44 j? – 19 e?ANBKd/ 28 gqshfBXh ns/ 6 noX e?ANBK d/ 6 gqshfBXh. ftPt d/ j'o T[Zu ;dBK dh s[bBk ftu fJj ;zfynkpj[s xZN j? feT[Afe nw/foek, Gkos ns/ fpqN/B d/ j'o ;dBK dh w?Apo ;zfynk eqw Bkb 100–250 ns/900 j?. w?ApoK dh :'rsktK T[BQK dh fBotkuB g~Xsh, gd ntXh nkfd dk fBoXkoD e?ANBK d/ j~E ftuj?. oki gfoPd d/ ;ko/ w?ApoK dh :'rsktK, ekoiekb ns/ fBotkuB–ftXh fJe ;wkB BjhA j?. jo/e e?ANBdk nbr–nbr fB:w j?. 4 e?ANBK dk gqshfBXh T[E'A d/ ftXkBwzv d[nkok 1 e?ANB ns/ 3 noX–e?ANBKd/ gqshfBXh ;kotifBe ;GktK d[nkok ns/ pkeh 14 e?ANBK ns/ fJe noX–e?ANBK gqshfBXh ftnt;EBkrfoeK d[nkok u[D/ iKd/ jB. oki gfoPd d/ w?Apo dh u'D T[s/ ;zftXkB dh XkoktK 6, 81 ns/ 108 d/d[nkok efsg: gqfspzX brkJ/ rJ/ jB. Xkok 6 ftu fejk frnk j? fe e?ANBK d/ ;ko/ fBotkuB‘gqiksKsfoe’ (Democratic) j'Dr/. Xkok 81 d[nkok fJj gqfspzX brkfJnk frnk j? fe oki gfoPd d/w?Apo fJe ;kE okPNoh gfoPd iK ;zxh gfoPd d/ w?Apo BjhA j' ;ed/ jB. Xkok 108 d/ d[nkok oki gfoPdd/ w?ApoK Bz{ fJe jh ;zxh e'oN d/ w?Apo j'D s/ o'e brk fd~sh rJh j?. e?ANBK d[nkok j'o gqshpzX brkJ/ik ;ed/ jB.

;ft; oki gfoPd dk ;zrmB nwoheh ;hB/N d/ ;zrmB Bkb fwbdk i[bdk j?. d't/A iBsKsfoe g~~Xsh ns/;zxh fJekJhnK dh ;wkBsk d/ f;XKs T[s/ nkXkfos jB. Gkosh oki ;Gk Bkb fJ; dk ;zrmB fJ; nkXkos/ fGzB j? fe fJE/ okiK dk gqshfBXhst ;wkBsk d/ nkXko T[s/ BjhA pbfe iB;zfynk d/ nkXko s/ fd~skfrnk j?. fpqfNP bkov ;Gk Bkb n;fdqPsk sK j'o th fInkdk ;gPN j?, feT[Afe bkov ;Gk d/ w?Apo tzPrsiK BkwId j[zd/ jB.

oki gfoPd d/ ;zrmB Bkb fJj ;zd/j g?dk j[zdk j? fe T[j f;oc e?ANBK dk gqshfBXh ns/ T[BQK d/ fjsK dk;ozfyne j'J/rk. gozs{, ftntjko ftu fJ; ;db B/ edh fJ; gqeko dh ;zehoD wB'fposh dk gqdoPBBjhA ehsk. okPNoh fjs dh ng/ePk fJ;B/ edh e?ANBK d/ fjsK dk ;woEB BjhA ehsk. Bk sK fJj oki


B ØN


nfXekoK (State's Rights) d/ ;woEeK dk rVQ jh j?. Bk s/ fpqN/B dh bkov ;Gk dh GKsh fJ;Bz{gqshfeqnktkdhnK dk gqtesk jh fejk ik ;edk j?. ftX/neK T[s/ ftuko–ftwoP eoB ftu fJ;B/ okPNohgfoPd s'A th fInkdk T[dkosk dk gqwkD fd~sk j?.

ekoiekb–ekoiekb–ekoiekb–ekoiekb–ekoiekb–;ft; oki–gfoPd d/ w?ApoK d/ ekoiekb ftu th n;wkBsk jB. ftfGzB e?ANB nbr–nbr;w/A d/ bJh w?ApoK dk fBotkuB eod/ jB. cb;o{g oki gfoPd d/ 35 w?Apo 4 ;kb d/ bJh 5 w?Apo 3;kb d/ bJh ns/ 4 w?Apo e/tb 1 ;kb d/ bJh u[D/ iKd/ jB. fJ~E/ fJj :kd oyD i'r j? fe nw/oheh ;hB/Ndh soQK oki gfoPd d/ w?ApoK dk ekoiekb ftntjkos pj[s j[zdk j?, feT[Afe T[BQK dk w[V fBotkuB pko–pko j[zdk ofjzdk j?.

w?ApoK d/ ftP/P nfXeko ns/ T[Bw[eshnK–w?ApoK d/ ftP/P nfXeko ns/ T[Bw[eshnK–w?ApoK d/ ftP/P nfXeko ns/ T[Bw[eshnK–w?ApoK d/ ftP/P nfXeko ns/ T[Bw[eshnK–w?ApoK d/ ftP/P nfXeko ns/ T[Bw[eshnK–;ft; ;z;d d/ gqshfBXhnK Bz{ e[M ftP/P nfXeko(Special privileges) ns/ T[Bw[eshnK (Immunities) gqkgs jB. ;zxh ekBz{B d[nkok w?ApoK Bz{ p'bD ns/tkd–fttkd ftu Gkr b?D dh ;[szsosk j?. T[BQK Bz{ e/tb nkgD/ ;dB d/ gqsh T[ZsodkJh mfjokfJnk ik;edk j?. j'o fe;/ nfXekoh d/ gqsh T[ZsodkJh BjhA. ftXkBwzvb d[nkok gkfos ftXhnK d/ bJh T[jT[ZsodkJh BjhA j[zd/. fBnKfJe gqfeqnktK (Judicial Proceedings) d/ ;so d/ ;w/A T[BQK Bz{ T[Bw[esh gqkgsj?. e/tb ftXkB wzvb jh fJ; Bz{ ;wkgs eo ;edh j?. ftXkB wzvb d/ ;so d/ ;w/A rzGho ngokXK d/bJh fe;/ gqshfBXh Bz{ frocsko ehsk ik ;edk j?, gozs{ ;zpzfXs ;dB s'A 24 xzN/ d/ nzdo nkfrnk b?e/ jh T[; Bz{ pzdh pDkfJnk ik ;edk j?.

gdkfXekoh–gdkfXekoh–gdkfXekoh–gdkfXekoh–gdkfXekoh–Gkt/A ;zftXkB d[nkok jo/e ;kb d/ bJh gqXkB ns/ T[g gqXkB dh u'D dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJhj?, gozs{ oki gfoPd jo/e ;kb d/ bJh gqXkB ns/ T[g gqXkB dk fBotkuB eodh j?. fJj gdkfXekoh okigfoPd d/ w?ApoK ftu'A jh u[D/ iKd/ jB. e/tb Pos fJj j? fe fJe jh e?ANB d/ w?Apo brksko gqXkB iKT[g gqXkB fBotkfus BjhA j' ;ed/. fJE/ fJj T[b/y eoD :'r j? fe ;z:[es oki nw/foek ns/ Gkos ftuT[gokPNogsh T[Zu ;dB d/ gd/B (Ex-office) gqXkB j[zd/ jB.

fiE/ se nfXeko dk gqPB j? ;ft; oki gfoPd d/ w[yh dh ;fEsh nwoheh ;hB/N d/ w[yh s'A pj[s e[Mfwbdh i[bdh j?. T[j p?meK dk ;Gkgfsst eodk, ;dB ftu ftnt;Ek ;Ekgs eodk ns/ fBnwK Bz{ bkr{eodk j?. rqzEh (Tie) g?D s/ T[s/ fBoDkfJe t'N (Casting Vote) d/D dk nfXeko j?.

gqshfBXh–gqshfBXh–gqshfBXh–gqshfBXh–gqshfBXh–oki gfoPd dh w?ApofPg ftu ekch n;fEosk gkJh iKdh j?. fInkdkso gqshfBXh g[BofBotkfusj' iKd/ jB ns/ fJ~Skgfonzs fBotkfus j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB. fInkdkso gqshfBXh T[Zu e'Nh d/ j[zd/ jB ns/ T[Zuf;fynk gqkgs ehs/ ofjzd/ jB. okiBhsh T[BQK dh g/Pk j[zdh j?. T[j efwT{B iK e?ANB s'A nkgDk okiBhfseihtB nkozG eod/ jB. e?ANB ftu ;cb okiBhfse ihtB pshs eo d/ pknd jh T[j ;zxh ekoigkfbekiK ftXkfJek ftu n;EkB gqkgs eo ;ed/ jB. T[BKQ ftu'A fInkdkso T[Zu f;fynk gqkgs ehs/ ofjzd/ jB.1960 JhH ftu brGr n~X/ w?ApoK Bz{ vkeNo dh T[gkXh gqkgs ;h.

okPNoh gfoPd okPNoh gfoPd okPNoh gfoPd okPNoh gfoPd okPNoh gfoPd (The National Council): okPNoh gfoPd iBsk dh gqshfBXh ;Gk j?, e?ANBK dhBjhA. fJ;dk fBotkuB iBsk nkg gqsZy o{g ftu eodh j?. fJ; ;dB Bz{ Gkos ftu b'e;Gk ns/fpqN/B ftu ekwB ;Gk fejk iKdk j?.

;zrmB–;zrmB–;zrmB–;zrmB–;zrmB–oki gfoPd d/ ;fdqP okPNoh gfoPd dh ouBk ns/ ;zrmB ;zxh ftXkB d/ T[gpzXK d/ nB[;koehsk frnk j?. gozs{, Gkosh b'e;Gk dh soQK T[;dh fInkdk s'A fInkdk w?Apo ;zfynk fBPfus BjhA ehshrJh j?. f;oc fJzBk fejk frnk j? fe jo/e 24,000 dh iB;zfynk T[s/ fJe gqshfBXh u[fDnk ikJ/rk.go 12,000 s'A fInkdk iB;zfynk T[s/ fJe jh gqshfBXh G/iD dk nfXeko j? ukj/ T[;dh iB;zfynk fezBhth xZN feT[A Bk j't/. fJ; nkXko s/ nkozG ftu okPNoh gfoPd d/ w?Apo–;zfynk 120 ;h, gozs{ iB;zfynkftu tkXk j'D ekoD n~iê~b fJj ;zfynk 196 j' rJh j?. w?ApoK dh ;zfynk 200 s'A x~N o~yD bJh 1931JhH ns/ 1950 JhH ftu ;zt?XkfBe ;zP'XBK d[nkok iB;zfynk gqshfBXh d/ nB[gks ftu gfotosDfbnkfJnk frnk j?. ni/ 24 jIko dh iB;zfynk T[s/ fJe gqshfBXh dk fBotkuB j[zdk j?. s[bBkswefdqPNhe'D s'A fJj ;zfynk pj[s xZN j?, feT[Afe fpqN/B, g{ot ;'thns ;zx, Gkos ns/ nw/foek ftuj/mb/ ;dBK d/ w?Apo–;zfynk eqw Bkb 625, 622, 545 ns/ 435 jB.


B ØN


fBotkuB–gqDkbh – fBotkuB–gqDkbh – fBotkuB–gqDkbh – fBotkuB–gqDkbh – fBotkuB–gqDkbh – cqK; d/ u"E/ rDszso dh soQK okPNoh gfoPd d/ gqshfBXhnK dh u'D iBsk d[nkokgqs~y o{g Bkb nB[gkfse gqshfBXh gqDkbh (Proportional representation) d/ nkXko s/ ehsk iKdk j?.fJj gqDkbh 1919 JhH ftu ngBkJh rJh ;h. 1919 JhH d/ g{ot fBotkuB J/eb–w?Apo fBotkuB y/soK(Single member's constituencies) d/ nkXko s/ j[zdk ;h. toswkB ekb ftu jo/e e?ANB ns/ noX–e?ANB Bz{ fJe fBotkuB y/so (Electoral Constituency) wzB fbnk iKdk j?. ;' fBotkuB y/so d/ nkekons/ T[; s'A fBotkfus gqshfBXhnK dh ;zfynk ftu fGzBsk j[zdh j?. u'D ftu okiBhfse dbK dk wj~sttX iKdk j?, feT[Afe wsdksk ftntjkos dbK Bz{ t'N fdzd/ jB, ftneshrs T[whdtkoK Bz{ BjhA.;ftNiob?Av ftu nB[gkfse gqshfBXhst g~Xsh dh nkb'uBk nB/e b/yeK B/ ehsh j?. ftP/Peo j:{ij:{ij:{ij:{ij:{i B/fJ; d/ eJh d[PgfoDkwK d/ gk;/ fXnkB d[nkfJnk j?–

(e) (e) (e) (e) (e) wsdksk ns/ gqshfBXhnK dk ;zgoe ;zpzX nfsnzs fBopb j' frnk j?. okPNoh gfoPd d/ w?ApowsdksktK d/ gqshfBXh Bk ofj e/ okiBhfse dbK d/ gqshfBXh j' rJ/ jB.

(y) (y) (y) (y) (y) ftXkBwzvb dh ;fEsh pj[s fBopb j' iKdh j?. fe;/ fJe db Bz{ ;gPN pj[ws gqkgs BjhA j' ;edk.;' J/esk ns/ fJeo{g Bhsh d/ nGkt ftu okPNoh gfoPd PeshPkbh ns/ gqGktPkbh BjhA pD gkT[Adh j?.

(r)(r)(r)(r)(r) okPNoh gfoPd ftu nB/e dbK Bz{ brGr ;wkB gqshfBXhst gqkgs j[zdk j?. cb;o{g, ftXkBwzvbfJe fBPfus Bhsh dk nB[;oD BjhA eo gkT[Adh j?, ftfGzB ftukoXkoktK ftu ;wM"sk eoBk g?Adk j? ns/T[ZsodkfJst ftGkfis j' iKdk j?.

(x)(x)(x)(x)(x) ;zxh gfoPd dk ;zrmB th pj[dbhJ/ j' iKdk j? fi;dk p[ok gqGkt Pk;B T[s/ g?Adk j?. pj[dbhJ/ j'Dd/ ekoD oki–gfoPd ;zxh gfoPd dk dk; pD iKdh j?.

gozs{, nkoH;hH x'P dh okJ/ ftu ;ftNiob?Av ftu cqK; ns/ fJNbh dh soQK nB[gkfse gqshfBXhst gqDkbhB/ gqpb d[PgqftoshnK Bz{ iBw BjhA fdZsk j?, pbfe fJ; gqDkbh B/ fBotkuB ftu fBnK gqftosh Bz{ jhtkXk fd~sk j? ns/ iBws–;zrqfj d/ d'PK Bz{ d{o ehsk j?.

wsdksk–wsdksk–wsdksk–wsdksk–wsdksk–;ft; ;zftXkB ftu wsdksk (Voters) ;zpzXh ftnt;Ek T[b/yBh j?. jo/e ;ft; g[oP BkrfoeBz{, fi;dh T[wo 20 ;kb iK T[; s'A fInkdk j't/, t'N d/D dk nfXeko j?. BkrfoeK d/ wsdksk dk nfXekonB/e gqshpzXK ns/ j~dK Bkb wfonkfds j?. ;G s'A T[b/yBh rZb fJj j? fe fJ;sqhnK Bz{ t'N d/ nfXekos'A j[D se tzfus ofynk frnk j?. 8 cotoh, 1971 s'A T[BQK Bz{ th t'N dk nfXeko gqdkB eo fdZsk frnkj?. i' ftnesh ;feqJ/ Bkrfoesk s'A tzfus eo fd~s/ rJ/ jB iK fiBQK Bz{ c"idkoh ngokX ftu dzv fwfbnkj't/ T[BQK Bz{ t'N dk nfXeko gqkgs BjhA j?. fGzB^fGzB e?ANBK ftu fdtkbhnK, fGyP{nK ns/ d[Pufo~softneshnK Bz{ t'N dk nfXeko BjhA fd~sk frnk j?.

w?ApofPg–w?ApofPg–w?ApofPg–w?ApofPg–w?ApofPg–;ft; ;zftXkB ftu okPNoh gfoPd dh w?ApofPg d/ bJh T[j :'rsktK fBoXkfos ehsh rJhnKjB i' wsdksktK dhnK :'rsktK jB, noEks jo/e ;ft; BkrfoeK, fi;Bz{ t'N dk nfXeko gqkgs j?,okPNoh gfoPd dk w?Apo pD ;edk j?. gozs{, fJj T[b/yBh j? fe Xkok 75 d/ nB[;ko e'Jh Xow nfXekoh(Clergy) ns/ Xkok 77 d/ nB[;ko oki–gfoPd ns/ ;zxh gfoPd d/ w?Apo BjhA pD ;ed/ jB. e?ANB gkoPdBz{ j'o fe;/ gd T[s/ ezw eoB s'A tzfus eo ;ed/ jB, fit/A T[j ;zxh gfoPd iK ;zxh fBnKfbnk dhw?ApofPg.

ekoiekb–ekoiekb–ekoiekb–ekoiekb–ekoiekb–1931 JhH se okPNoh gfoPd dk ekoiekb (Term) 2 ;kb ;h. gozs{, n~ieb fJj ;zftXkBd[nkok 4 ;kb fBPfus eo fdZsk frnk j? id fe Gkos, fJzrb?Av, cqK;, eBkvk ns/ fJNbh ftu 5 ;kbns/ nk;Nq/bhnk ftu 3 ;kb ns/ nw/foek ftu 2 ;kb jB fJE/ d' r~bK T[b/yBh jB. gfjbhgfjbhgfjbhgfjbhgfjbh fJe nfXt/PB d/ ntfPPN ekoi d{i/ nfXt/PB Bz{ j;sKsfos j[zd/ jB ns/ fJe okPNoh gfoPd d/ pkeh ekoi d{ihBt–fBotkfus okPNoh gfoPd Bz{. d{ihd{ihd{ihd{ihd{ih fInkdkso w?ApoK d/ g[Bo fBotkfus j' ikD ekoB ;dB dhw?ApofPg ;fEo ofjzdh j?, ;dB Bz{ Gzr BjhA ehsk iKdk, f;oc ;zP'XB d/ gqPB T[s/ wsG/d j'D s/ ;zGtj?.

gkoPdK dh ftneshrs fgqPmG{wh–gkoPdK dh ftneshrs fgqPmG{wh–gkoPdK dh ftneshrs fgqPmG{wh–gkoPdK dh ftneshrs fgqPmG{wh–gkoPdK dh ftneshrs fgqPmG{wh–gkoPdK dh ftneshrs fgqPmG{wh s'A T[BQK dh :'rsk dk gskubdk j?. okPNoh gfoPd ftu ftfGzB g/fPnK d/ b'eK dk gqshfBXhst gqkgs j?, fit/A fe;kB, tehb,


B ØN


ftnt;kJh, f;fyne, vkeNo, e?ANB ns/ Bro gkfbektK d/ nfXekoh nkfd. fgSb/ 50 ;kbK ftu tehbKdh ;zfynk ftu ewh j'Jh j?. 1916 JhH ftu T[BQK dh ;zfynk 41 gqshPs ;h, 1945 JhH ftu 19 gqshPsns/ 1955 JhH ftu 13 gqshPs j' rJh.

T[wo d/ fdqPNhe'D Bkb fInkdkso w?Apo nX/V ns/ pi[or j[zd/ jB. 1919 JhH ftu nB[gkfse gqshfBXhstbkr{ j'd d/ pknd B"itkB w?ApoK dh ;zfynk ftu fdB gqshfdB ewh j[zdh ik ojh j?. 40 s'A 49 ;kb d/w?ApoK dh ;zfynk ftu ;fEosk gkJh iKdh j? ns/ 50 ;kb s'A fInkdk T[wo d/ w?ApoK dh ;zfynK ftu tkXk.

sBykj, G~s/ nkfd–sBykj, G~s/ nkfd–sBykj, G~s/ nkfd–sBykj, G~s/ nkfd–sBykj, G~s/ nkfd–okPNoh gfoPd d/ w?ApoK Bz{ wkf;e sBykj BjhA fwbdh j?. fJBQK Bz{ ;dB dh p?med/ ;w/A f;oc 70 cq?Ae gqshfdB G~sk ns/ wkor you fdZsk iKdk j? i' fJzBk x~N j? fe T[BQK d/ ihtB–fBotkjdk ;kXB BjhA pD ;edk. ;' T[BQK Bz{ fe;/ d{i/ okiBhfse gd T[s/ ezw eoBk g?Adk j?.

gdkfXekoh–gdkfXekoh–gdkfXekoh–gdkfXekoh–gdkfXekoh–okPNoh gfoPd nkgd/ w?ApoK ftu'A jh fJe gqXkB ns/ fJe T[g–gqXkB fBotkuB eodh j?. fJ;dhu'D jo ;kb fJe ;kb d/ bJh j[zdh j?, Gkt/A ;zftXkB d/ nB[;ko fJBQK dh u'D jo/e ;kXkoD ns/ n;kXkoD nfXt/PB fJj j? fe g{o/ ;kb d/ ;{soK Bz{ fJe jh nfXt/PB dk fj~;k wzfBnk iKdk j?. fJj gqshpzd brk fdZsk frnkfe e'Jh th ftnesh brksko d' ;kbK se T[g–gqXkB BjhA pD ;edk ns/ i' ftnesh gqXkB ofj u[fenk j? T[jnrb/ ;kb d/ bJh d[pkok gqXkB iK T[g–gqXkB BjhA fBotkfus j' ;edk. fJBQK gqshpzXK dk T[d/P fJj j? fefJj gd fe;/ fJe ftnesh fe;/ okiBhfse db, fe;/ fJe e?ANB, fe;/ fJe GkPk–GkPh ns/ Xkofwe ;w[dkJ/d/ fJekfXeko Bk pD ikD. gqXkB Bz{ e'Jh ftP/P nfXeko gqkgs BjhA jB. fJBQK dhnK Peshnk nkw jB. T[;Bz{ rqzEh (Tie) g?D s/ fBoDkfJe t'N d/D dk nfXeko j?. ;dB ftu nB[Pk;B pDk e/ oyD dk fIzwk T[;/ T[s/j?. id ;dB ftu fBotkuD j[zdk j? sd gqXkB j'o w?ApoK d/ ;wkB jh wsdkB eodk j?.

d'tK ;dBK ftu ;zpzXL d'tK ;dBK ftu ;zpzXL d'tK ;dBK ftu ;zpzXL d'tK ;dBK ftu ;zpzXL d'tK ;dBK ftu ;zpzXL ;wkB ;dB, gq'H ;NqKr B/ fejk j? fe – “;ft; ekoigkfbek dh soQK ;ft;ftXkBgkfbek th nd[Zsh j?. ftPt ftu fJjh ftXkBgkfbek j? fi;d/ T[Zu ;dB ns/ j/mb/ ;dB ftu e'Jhnzzso BjhA j?.”

;zftXkB d[nkok ;zxh ;Gk d/ d'B'A ;dBK Bz{ ;wkB ;fEsh gqdkB ehsh rJh j?. nw/foek dh ;hB/N Bz{ S~ve/ ftPt d/ j'o d/PK d/ d{i/ ;dB d{ih Pq/Dh d/ (Secondary) iK nXhB;E (Subordinate) ;dB jB. gozs{,;ftNiob?Av ftu oki–gfoPd g{oB s"o s/ okPNoh gfoPd d/ ;wkB j?. e'Jh ftX/ne fJE'A se fe ft~shJ/ftX/ne th, fe;/ ;dB ftu gq/fPs ehsk ik ;edk j?. e'Jh th ftX/e sd se ekBz{B BjhA pD ;edk idse d'BK ;dBK d[nkok gkfos Bk j' ikJ/. i/eo fJe ;dB d{i/ ;dB d[nkok gkfos ftX/ne Bz{ ;thekoBk eoD iK T[; ftu fJ; gqeko dk ;zP'XB eo/ i' gfjbK ;dB Bz{ ;theko Bk j't/ sK nfijh dPk ftuftX/ne Bz{ fJe s'A d{i/ ;dB ftu w[V ftuko bJh G/fink ikt/rk. i/eo fe;/ gqeko ;wM"sk Bk j' ;e/ sKd't/A ;dBK d/ w?ApoK d[nkok rfms fJe wfXn;E ;whsh (Arbitration Committee) dh fB:[esh ehshiKdh j?. i/eo T[j wfXn;E ;whfs th e'Jh ;wM"sk eo ;eD ftu n;woE ofjzdh j? sK ftX/ne o~dj' iKdk j? gozs{ fit/A fe fjT[po fjT[po fjT[po fjT[po fjT[po B/ fejk j?, “fInkdkso e'Jh wkor fwb jh iKdk j? ns/ T[g:[eswfXn;Esk dh ftnt;ek dh io{os BjhA j[zdh j?.” ftX/ne d/ ;zpzX ftu fszB rZbK T[b/yBh jB. gfjbhgkos, fJzrb?Av, cqK; nkfd d/Pk d/ d{i/ ;dBK Bz{ f;oc e[M fdBK se ftX/ne gkfos j'D ftu d/o brkT[Ddh Pesh gqkgs j? idfe ;ftNiob?Av ftu g{oB ;wkBsk dh ;fEsh j?. d{ihd{ihd{ihd{ihd{ih j'o d/PK ftu, nw/foek Bz{S~v e/ d't/A ;dBK ftu wsG/d j'D T[s/ nzs ftu j/mb/ ;dB dh jh fi~s j[zdh j?, gozs{ ;ftNiob?Av ftud't/A ;dBK dk ;wkB p'bpkbk ofjzdk j?. ;dBk ftu wsG/d j'D T[s/ ;ftNiob?Av ftu nw/foek d/ ;wkBwfXn;E ;whsh (Arbitration Committee) dk ;jkok fbnk iKdk j? idfe gkos ftu d't/A ;dBK d/;z:[es nfXt/PB (Joint Session) ns/ fpqN/B ftu b'e;Gk d[nkok fJe ;kb d/ nzdo brksko d' nfXt/PBK ftu gkfos eoB dh ftXh Bz{ ngDkfJnk frnk j?. shih, shih, shih, shih, shih, ;ftNiob?Av ftu ft~shJ/ ftX/ne d/ ;zzpzXftu d't/A ;dBK Bz{ fJe ;wkB nfXeko gqkgs j?, gozs{ j'o d/PK ftu ft~s T[s/ nzfsw fBnzsoD j/mb/ ;dBKdk j?. ekoiekoDh T[s/ fBnzsoD th d't/A ;dBK dk ;wkB j?, ;zxh gfoPd d/ w?Apo d't/A ;dBK ftu jkIoofjzd/ jB ns/ gqPBK dk T[Zso fdzd/ jB. j'o gqiksKsfoe d/PK ftu ekoiekoDh T[s/ fBnzsoD dh nzfswns/ tk;sfte Pesh j/mb/ ;dBK Bz{ jh gqkgs j?. fJ; gqeko, jo y/so ftu d't/A ;dBK dh Pesh ;wkBj?, d'tK dk wj~st fJe ;wkB j?. i/ d'tK ftu e[M nzso j? sK T[j Bk d/ pokpo j?.


B ØN


x~Ndk gqGkt–x~Ndk gqGkt–x~Ndk gqGkt–x~Ndk gqGkt–x~Ndk gqGkt–nkX[fBe ekb ftu fJe BthA ;zftXkfBe gqftosh fdqPNhr'uo j' ojh j? – oki–gfoPdokPNoh gfoPd d/ ;wkB nfXeko oyd/ j'J/ th x~N wj~stg{oB j' rJh j? ns/ j[zdh ik ojh j?. fJ;d/ j'bh–j'bh x~N jz[d/ ;zxh gfoPd d/ w?ApoK B{z u[fDnk ikDk, e[M w?ApoK dk ngqs~y ohsh Bkb fBotkuB ns/ w?ApoKftu x~N s'A x~N ;zxh gfoPd d/ w?ApoK Bz{ u[fDnk ikDk, e[M w?ApoK dk ngqs~y ohsh Bkb fBotkuB ns/w?ApoK dk iB;zfynk d/ nB[gks ftu gqshfBXhst Bk eoBk. d{i/ gk;/, okPNoh gfoPd ;ot ;kXkoD dkgqshfBXhst eodh j?. cb;to{g, T[;dh gqshPmk fInkdk j? ns/ ;w;s okiBhfse feqnkebkgK d/ e/Ado;Eb jB fJ;/ ekoD gqfsGkPkbh ns/ nB[Gt ftnesh okPNoh gfoPd dh w?ApofPg Bz{ P/qPmso ;wMd/jB. bkt/bbkt/bbkt/bbkt/bbkt/b d/ nB[;ko th oki–gfoPd d/ xNhnk gqGkt dk fJe ekoD j? fe T[; ftu okPNoh gfoPddh ng/ePk okiBhfse B/sk x~N fwbd/ jB. fco th, fJzBk ;gPN j? fe ;ft; oki–gfoPd fJzrb?Avdh bkov ;Gk, Gkos dh oki ;Gk, ikgkB ns/ fJNbh dh ;hB/N nkfd d{i/ ;dBK s'A pj[s fInkdk PeshPkbhj?. fJ;d/ nbktk, fi; soQK fe w[Bow[Bow[Bow[Bow[Bo' B/ fejk j?, “ftPt d/ fInkdkso d{i/ ;dBK d/ ;wkB oki–gfoPdB/ gqshfeqnktkdh j'Ad dh gqf;~Xh gqkgs BjhA ehsh j?. ;ft; oki–gfoPd B{z e'Jh th ftnesh gqshfeqnktkddk rV ns/ gqrsh Bz{ pkX Be BjhA efjzdk j?.”

;zxh ;Gk dhnK PeshnKL;zxh ;Gk dhnK PeshnKL;zxh ;Gk dhnK PeshnKL;zxh ;Gk dhnK PeshnKL;zxh ;Gk dhnK PeshnKL gqshpzX–fpqfNP ;z;d dh soQK ;ft; ;zxh ;Gk ftu okPN dh ;otT[Zu PeshfBfjs j?. okPNo ftu fJBQK dh ;fEsh ;ot'gfo j?. f;oc nzso fJj j? fe fJ; go e[M ;zt?XkfBe gqshpzXj? fe fiBQK dk T[b/y ;zftxk d/ nB[S/d 71 ns/ 84 ftu fwbdk j?. nB[S/d 71 d/ nB[;ko, iBsk ns/ e?ANBKd/ nfXekoK T[s/ fpBk gqfse{b gqGkt gkJ/ ;ft; ;zxh ;Gk ;ft; oki wzvb dh ;otT[Zu Pesh dk gq:'reo ;edh j?. nB[S/d 84 d/ nB[;ko, okPNoh gfoPd T[j ;ko/ ekoi eo ;edh j? i' oki d/ nfXeko y/so ftu j? ns/ i' j'o fe;/ ;zxh gqkfXekoh Bz{ BjhA ;"Ag/ rJ? jB. fJ; nB[S/dK Bkb ;zxh ;Gk dh PeshnKT[s/ j/m fby/ fszB gqshpzX ;gPN j[zd/ jB–

(i) ;ft; iBsk d/ nfXeko

(ii) ;ft; e?ANBK d/ nfXeko

(iii) ;zftXkB d[nkok j'o ;zxh gdkfXekohnK Bz{ ;"Ag/ rJ/ nfXeko.

;zftXkB d/ nB[S/d 85 ftu ;zxh ;Gk dh PeshnK dk ft;fsqs T[b/y fwbdk j? fiBQK dk nfXn?B n~r/ fby/f;ob/yK d/ nzsors ehsk ik ;edk j?–

(((((i) ftXkJh nfXeko–) ftXkJh nfXeko–) ftXkJh nfXeko–) ftXkJh nfXeko–) ftXkJh nfXeko–;zxh ;Gk w{b s"o s/ fJe ftXkJh ;Gk (Legislative body) j?. fJ;dk w[~y ezwftXh fBowkD eoBk j?. ;zxh ;{uh d/ nzsors ;ko/ ftfPnK T[s/ ekBz{B pDkT[D dk nfXeko j?. fJj ;zxhgqkfXekohnK d/ ;zrmB ns/ fBotkuB ;zpzXh ftXhnK pDkT[Adh j?. ;zxh nfXekohnK dh sBykj ns/ G~s/B{z fBoXkfos eodh j?. ;zxh Pk;B d/ nzsors fJj ;EkJh gdK dk fBowkD eodh ns/ T[BQK dh sBykjfBoXkfos eodh j?. ;zftXkB d/ ;zP'XB ekoi ftu ;zxh ;Gk dk gqw[~y j~E ofjzdk j?.

(((((ii) gqPk;eh nfXeko–) gqPk;eh nfXeko–) gqPk;eh nfXeko–) gqPk;eh nfXeko–) gqPk;eh nfXeko–;zxh ;Gk Bz{ e[M wj~stg{oB ekoigkfbek PeshnK th gqkgs jB – (e)fBotkuB–;zpzXh nfXeko ftP/P o{g Bkb T[b/yBh j?. ;zxh ;Gk d't/A ;dK d/ ;z:[es nfXt/PB ftu gfoPdd/ w?ApoK, T[BQK d/ gqXkB ns/ T[g–gqXkB, ;zxh fBnKXheoD d/ i~i, ;zxh phwk fBekJ/ d/ w?ApoK, ;otT[Zu;?Bkgsh, ftP/P iB–nfG:'iBk (Extraordinary Public Prosecutor), uK;bo nkfd dk fBotkuB eodhj?. ;zxh ftXh d[nkok fJ;dk j'o fe;/ th gqkfXekohnK dh u'D eoB ns/ fe;/ u'D dh ;wg[PNh eoB dknfXeko fd~sk ik ;edk j?.

(y) ftd/Ph ;zpzXK T[s/ ;zxh ;Gk g{oD fBnzsoD j?. fJj okPNo dh pkjoh jwfbnK s'A ofynk eodh, T[;dh;[szsosk ns/ sN;Esk dh ofynk dh ftnt;Ek eodh, :[~X dh x'PDk, go;go ns/ ftd/PK Bkb ehshrJh ;zXhnK B{z nkfrnk gqdkB eodh j?.

(r) e?ANBK dh Pk;B ftnt;Ek T[s/ th ;zxh ;Gk dk fBnzsoD ofjzdk j?. fJj e?ANBK d/ y/soK ns/ T[BQK d/;zftXkB Bz{ nzdo{Bh nPKsh ns/ pkjoh jwb/ s'A ofynk dh rkozNh fdzdh j?. id e'Jh e?ANB ;zxh ftXhnKBz{ feqnkftzs eoB ns/ ;zxh T[ZsodkfJst d/ fBotfjB ftu o'e gkT[Adk j? id ;zxh ;Gk jh fJj fBPu/eodh j? fe ngokXh e?ANB d/ fto[~X eh ekotkjh ehsh ikJ/. fJj e?ANBK ns/ ftd/Ph okPNoK ns/ ftfGzBe?ANBK d/ ftZu j'JhnK ;zXhnK Bz{ ;thfeqsh gqdkB eodh j?.


B ØN


(x) d/P dh nzdo{Bh ftnt;Ek dk T[ZsodkfJst th ;zxh ;Gk T[s/ jh j?. fJj d/P ftu nzdo{Bh Pksh ns/ftnt;Ek bJh io{oh ekotkjh eoBk fJ;/ dh fizw/dkoh j?. fJ; ;Gk d/ j'o gqw[~y gqPk;eh ezw th jBfit/A dzfvs ngokXhnK Bz{ wkcah ns/ ;w{je fywkdkB gqdkB eoBk, ;zxh ;?Bk dk fBnwB s/ fBnzsoDeoBk ns/ ;zxh gqPk;B dk fBohyD s/ fBod/PD eoBk nkfd.

;zxh ;Gk d/ gqPk;eh ekoiK d/ ;zpzX Bkb fJj :kd o~yD tkbh r~b j? fe T[j nkgD/ ;ko/ ekoiK d/ ;zgkdBdk T[ZsodkfJst ;zxh gfoPd B{z ;"Ag fdzdh j? i' ;Gk d/ fBohyD ns/ fBod/PD ftu ekoi eodh j?.

(((((iii) ft~shJ/ nfXeko) ft~shJ/ nfXeko) ft~shJ/ nfXeko) ft~shJ/ nfXeko) ft~shJ/ nfXeko–ft~s T[s/ th ;zxh ;Gk dk g{ok fBnzsoD j?. ;zxh gfoPd d[nkok gq;skfts ;kbkBkpiN Bz{ fJj ;thfeqsh fdzdh j?l eoIk b?D dh nkfrnk fJjh fdzdh j?. fJj N?e; d/ bJh th ekBz{B pDkT[Adhj?. fJj o/bt/ nB[dkB gqdkB eodh j? ns/ ;kotifBe nkwdB–you s/ b/y/ (Public Accounts) d/ gohyDdk gqpzX eodh j?.

(((((iv) fBnKfJe nfXeko–) fBnKfJe nfXeko–) fBnKfJe nfXeko–) fBnKfJe nfXeko–) fBnKfJe nfXeko–;zxh ;Gk Bz{ d' gqeko d/ fBnkfJe nfXeko gqkgs jB. gfjbk gfjbk gfjbk gfjbk gfjbk d/P dh fBnK–ftnt;Ek T[s/ fJ;dk fBnzsoD j?. fJj ;zxh fBnKgkfbek dk fBohyD ns/ fBod/PD eodh, fBnKfJe;zrmB ekBz{B pDkT[Adh ns/ ;zxh e'oN d/ i~iK Bz{ fBotkfus eodh j?. ;zxh e'oN nkgDh ;kbkBk fog'oNfJ;d/ ;kjwD/ gq;s[s eodk j?. d{ikd{ikd{ikd{ikd{ik ;zxh ;Gk eJh wkwfbnK ftu nkg nzfsw e'oN d/ o{g ftu ekoieodh j?. fJj ;zxh gfoPd ns/ ;zxh e'oN ns/ phwk e'oN d/ ft~u T[sgzB fttkdK iK fJBQK d'tK e'oNKftu go;go T[sgzB fttkdK dk fBoDk fdzdh j?. fJj gqPk;B T[s/ ftXh–;zpzXh wkwfbnK ftu ;zxh gfoPdfB:wK d/ fto[~X nghb ;[Ddh ns/ T[BQK T[s/ nzfsw c?;bk fdzdh j?. fJj ;zxh gqkfXekohnK d/ ftu :'rsk;zzpzXh fttkdK T[s/ ftuko eodh j?. shikshikshikshikshik ;zxh ;Gk Bz{ fe;/ th ;zxh eowukoh d/ fto[~X efsg: wkwfbnKftu ekotkjh eoB dk nfXeko gqkgs j?. nzs ftu, ;zxh e'oN d[nkok dzfvs ns/ ;?fBe Pk;B d/ nzsorsfwqs{ dzv ftnesh d/ dzv Bz{, fJ; Bz{ fywk eoD dk nfXeko fd~sk frnk j?.

;zxh ;Gk dh ekoigqDkbhL ;zxh ;Gk dh ekoigqDkbhL ;zxh ;Gk dh ekoigqDkbhL ;zxh ;Gk dh ekoigqDkbhL ;zxh ;Gk dh ekoigqDkbhL ;zxh ;Gk d/ d't/A ;dBK dk fJe nfXt/PB ;kb ftu io{oh j?. ;kXkoD s"os/ ;kb ftu ukb p?meK jz[dhnK jB – d;zpo, wkou, i{B ns/ ;szpo ftu. gozs{, fJBQK Bz{ fJe jh ;sod/ nzsors wzfBnk iKdk j?. fJ;d/ nbktk ;zxh gfoPd 5 e?ANB ns/ okPNoh gfoPd d/ u"EkJh w?ApoK dhp/Bsh s/ d'tK dh n;kXkoD (extraordinary) p?meK th p[bkJhnK ik ;edhnK jB. ;so fInkdkso S'N/j[zd/ jB i' fJe tko ftu 4 jcs/ se ubd/ jB. nkw s"o s/ nfXt/PB s'A r?ojkIo BjhA ofjzd/, feT[AfefpBK ekoB r?ojkIo ofjDk coI s'A ihn u[okT[dk ;wfMnk iKdk j?. rDg{osh d/ bJh x~N s'A x~N ;dBd/ e[M w?ApoK T[s/ pkjoh dpkn iK gqGkt dh r[zikfJP xZN ofjzdh j?. nkw s"o s/ d't/A ;dBK dh p?meKnbr–nbr GtBK ftu j[zdhnK jB, gozs{ eM ftP/P ekoiK d/ bJh d't/A ;dBK d/ ;z:[es nfXt/PB j[zd/jB–

(e) ;zxh gfoPd gkoPdK ns/ w[yh, ;zxh fNqfpT{Bb d/ i~iK, okiwzvb d/ uK;bo ns/ ;zxh ;P;sq ;?Bk d/;otT[Zu ;?Bkgsh dh fB:[esh d/ bJh.

(y) ;zxh ;oeko d/ nfXeko y/so ;zpzXh wsG/dK ns/ ;zxoP T[s/ ftuko eoB d/ bJh.(r) fywk dkB (pardon) dk fBPu/ eoB d/ bJh, okidq'jh fywk (amnesty) d/ bJh BjhA

fJE/ fJj T[b/yBh j? fe fi; ;w/A d't/A ;dBK dk ;zfwfbs nfXt/PB j[zdk j?, T[; ;w/A okPNoh gfoPd dkw[yh jh ;Gkgshst eodk j? ns/ fBoDK d't/A ;dBK d/ jkIo w?ApoK d/ pj[ws Bkb j[zdk j?.

tkd–fttkd–tkd–fttkd–tkd–fttkd–tkd–fttkd–tkd–fttkd–;ft; Bkrfoe ftntjkfoe, rzGho ns/ ftukoPhb j[zd/ jB. ;zxh ;Gk d/ w?Apo okPNohufo~so dk g{oB gqdoPD eod/ jB. T[j m';, rzGho, ;wMdko ns/ nkt/r ofjs j[zd/ jB. jo/e gqPB T[s/T[j ftntjkfoe fdqPNhe'D s'A ftuko eod/ jB, ns/ ftu dk wkor ngDkT[Ad/ jB. w?Apo ;ko/ ekoiPKshg{oB sohe/ Bkb eod/ jB. tkd–fttkd ;z:fws j[zd/ jb ns/ r~bK Bg/–s[b/ PpdK ftu j[zdhnK jB.nkbzekfoe GkPk dk gq:'r sVe–GVe Bkb Goh g{oh skbhnK dh rVrVkjN, gqPz;k;{ue Bko/ iK fBzdkg{oenktkIK ;zxh ;Gk dh p?meK ftu ftob/ jh d/yD Bz{ fwbdhnK jB. fcbhp;fNzr (Filibustering),r:'bhNhB (gulillotine) iK j'o o'e g?dk eoB tkb/ wkorK Bz{ BjhA ngDkfJnk iKdk. ftGkiB th pj[sx~N j[zdk j?.


B ØN


ftnt;Ekge–ftnt;Ekge–ftnt;Ekge–ftnt;Ekge–ftnt;Ekge–;zxh ;Gk d/ fe;/ th ;dB ftu e'Jh th ftX/ne gq/fPs ehsk ik ;edk j?. f;oc ;zxhgfoPd ‘io{oh’ (urgent) x'fPs ftfPnK Bz{ ;Gk dh s[ozs ;thfeqsh dh io{os BjhA g?Adh. ;dBK ftu ftX/ne uko gqeko Bkb g/qfPs ehsk ik ;edk j? – (1) ;zxh gfoPd d[nkok, (2) ;zxh ;Gk d/ fe;/ th ;dBd[nkok (3) e?ANBK d[nkok ns/ (4) ;zxh ;Gk d/ fe;/ th ;dB d/ fe;/ th w?Apo d[nkok. gozs{, ftntjkosftX/neK Bz{ fsnko eoB ns/ T[BQK Bz{ gq/fos eoB dk ekoi j'bh–j'bh gfoPd ftu e/Afdqs j' frnk j?. ft~shJ/ftX/ne ;zxh gfoPd d[nkok jh d[pkok ;Ekgs j' ;edk j?, fe;/ w?Apo d[nkok BjhA. ftX/ne gq/fPs j'Ds/ T[;d/ f;XKsK T[s/ ftuko ehsk iKdk j? i/eo ;dB T[; Bkb ;fjws j? sK T[;B{z fJe ;whsh Bz{ ftukobJh ;"Ag fdZsk iKdk j?. ftuko eoB d/ T[gozs ;whsh nkgDh fog'oN ;dB Bz{ gq;s[s eodh j?. ;dBftu ftX/ne d/ T[go ‘ftuko d/ bJh’ gq;skt ofynk iKdk j?. T[gozs T[;d/ jo/e nB[S/d T[s/ ft;fsqstkd–fttkd j[zdk j?. nzs ftu, ;zg{oB ftX/ne T[s/ iBws–;zrqfj ehsk iKdk j?. ftX/ne dh ;thfeqshd/ pknd T[; Bz{ d{i/ ;dB ftu G/i fd~sk iKdk j?. T[; ;dB ftu th T[jh gqfeqnk d[jokJh iKdh j?. d{ik;dB T[; Bz{ fiT[A dk fsT[A ;theko eo ;edk j?. i/ ;dB e[M ;zP'XB eo/ sK gfjb/ T[j d[pkok ftukod/ ftX/ne Bz{ tkg; eo fdZsk iKdk j?. i/ d't/A ;dBK ftu fJ; gqeko ;wM"sk Bk j' ;e/ sK T[; Bz{d't/A ;dBK d[nkok rfms o~d eo fd~sk iKdk j?. d't/A ;dBK d[nkok gkfos j'D d/ pknd ftX/ne T[s/ uK;bos/ okPNogsh dk j;skyo fbnk iKdk j? fi; Bz{ T[BQK Bz{ fJBeko eoB dk nfXeko iK fBP/XkfXeko (veto)gqkgs BjhA jB. fJ; s'A pknd ftX/ne ekB{zB pD iKd j?.

8H28H28H28H28H2 cqK;–oPhnk ;z;d ns/ uhB dh okPNoh iB eKro; cqK;–oPhnk ;z;d ns/ uhB dh okPNoh iB eKro; cqK;–oPhnk ;z;d ns/ uhB dh okPNoh iB eKro; cqK;–oPhnk ;z;d ns/ uhB dh okPNoh iB eKro; cqK;–oPhnk ;z;d ns/ uhB dh okPNoh iB eKro; (French-Russion Parliament and National People's Congress of China)

cqK; dh ;z;d cqK; dh ;z;d cqK; dh ;z;d cqK; dh ;z;d cqK; dh ;z;d (Parliament of France)ftntjko d/ g~Xo s/ cqK; ftu b'eszso dh ;EkgBk ftu eJh T[sko–uVkn nkJ/. eJh tko T[E/ b'eszsoBz{ u[D'sh fd~sh rJh, T[; T[s/ gqjko ehs/ rJ/, ns/ T[;dk dwB th eo fdZsk frnk. gozs{ 1958 ftu T[E/gzue rDoki (Fifth Republic) dh ;EkgBk d/ pknd b'eszso g{oh soQK ;Ekgs j' u[~ek j?. fi~E/ fgSb/;tk d' ;" ;kbK ftu ;z:[es oki nwohek ftu fJe jh ;zftXkB gqubs fojk j?, ns/ T[; ftu e/tb S~ph;zP'XB ehs/ rJ/ jB. T[E/ fJ;/ ;w/A ftu cqK; ftu fszB tko okiszso (Monarchy) ;Ekgs j'fJnk j?,ns/ s/oK tko fbys ;zftXkB bkr{ ehs/ rJ/ jB.

cqK; dk gzuw rDoki d{i/ ftPt :[~X (1939–45) d/ gqf;ZX ;?Bk BkfJe iBob ukob; fd rkb(1890^1970) dh nrtkJh ftu ;Ekgs ehsk frnk ;h. iBob fd rkb 1953 ftu ;kotifBe ihtBs'A ;zfBnk b? u[e/ jB, gozs{ 1958 ftu T[BQK Bz{ tkg; p[bkfJnk frnk. 1958 ftu jh okpNoh gfofgqSk(National referendum) d/ pknd gzuw rDoki dh BhAt oy rJh ns/ BtK ;zftXkB bkr{ ehsk frnk.iBob fd rkb 1959 s'A 1969 se cqK; d/ okPNogsh oj/. ;wekbhB cqK;h;h ;oeko dh ;z;EktK ns/BshnK Bz{ fJe fBPfsu o{g ftu YkbD ftu fd rkb dh G{fwek ;G s'A gqGktPkbh ojh.

ftXkB wzvb ouBk ns/ ezw ftXkB wzvb ouBk ns/ ezw ftXkB wzvb ouBk ns/ ezw ftXkB wzvb ouBk ns/ ezw ftXkB wzvb ouBk ns/ ezw (The Legislature L Composition and Functions)LLLLL cqK; d/ gzuwrDoki d/ ;zftxkB (1958) d/ nzsors fJeksws Pk;B gqDkbhfJeksws Pk;B gqDkbhfJeksws Pk;B gqDkbhfJeksws Pk;B gqDkbhfJeksws Pk;B gqDkbh (Unitary Form of Government)ngDkJh rJh j?. ;' T[E/ fJj jh okPNoh ;oeko dh ftnt;ek ehsh rJh j?. fJ;d/ nbktk T[E/ dh iBsk22 y/soh gfoPdK (Regional Councils) 96 wjkBro ftGkrh gfoPdK (Metropoliton DepartmentCouncils) ns/ 36,673 Bro gkfbek gfoPdK (Municipal Councils) iK efwT{B (Communes) dhu'D th eodh j?. y/soh gfoPdK nkofEe fB:'iB (Economic Planning) ftu ;oeko Bz{ ;bkj fdzdhnKjB, ns/ j/mbh gfoPdK nktk;, gfotfjB, y/vK, ;e{bK, ;K;feqse ns/ efbnkDekoh ekoiK ns/ ekBz{Bd/ gqtosD (Law Enforcement) nkfd s/ ;o'eko oydhnK jB. fco, fJj ;kohnK gfoPdK T[E/ dh;hB/N;hB/N;hB/N;hB/N;hB/N (Senate) dh u'D ftu fjZ;k b?AdhnK jB.

gzuw rDoki d/ ;zftXkB (1958) d/ nzsors d'–;dBhJ/ ;z;dd'–;dBhJ/ ;z;dd'–;dBhJ/ ;z;dd'–;dBhJ/ ;z;dd'–;dBhJ/ ;z;d (Two Chamber Parliament) ns/‘d[joh ekoi gkfbekd[joh ekoi gkfbekd[joh ekoi gkfbekd[joh ekoi gkfbekd[joh ekoi gkfbek’ (Dual Excutive) dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j?. fJj ftnt;Ek cqK;h;hcqK;h;hcqK;h;hcqK;h;hcqK;h;h


B ØN


okiBhsh gqDkbhokiBhsh gqDkbhokiBhsh gqDkbhokiBhsh gqDkbhokiBhsh gqDkbh B{z ;kXkoD ;z;dh gqDkbhB{z ;kXkoD ;z;dh gqDkbhB{z ;kXkoD ;z;dh gqDkbhB{z ;kXkoD ;z;dh gqDkbhB{z ;kXkoD ;z;dh gqDkbh (Parliamentary System) s'A nbr f;~X eodh j?.;kXkoD ;z;dh gqDkbh ftu gqXkB wzsoh (Prime Minister) ns/ T[;dk wzsoh wzvb (cabinet) dh ;bkj(advice) Bkb eodk j?. gozs{ cqK; ftu gqXkB wzsoh ns/ okPNogsh fwb–tzv e/ ekoiekohcqK; ftu gqXkB wzsoh ns/ okPNogsh fwb–tzv e/ ekoiekohcqK; ftu gqXkB wzsoh ns/ okPNogsh fwb–tzv e/ ekoiekohcqK; ftu gqXkB wzsoh ns/ okPNogsh fwb–tzv e/ ekoiekohcqK; ftu gqXkB wzsoh ns/ okPNogsh fwb–tzv e/ ekoiekohPeshnK dk gq:'r eod/ jB.PeshnK dk gq:'r eod/ jB.PeshnK dk gq:'r eod/ jB.PeshnK dk gq:'r eod/ jB.PeshnK dk gq:'r eod/ jB.

cqK;h;h ;z;d d/ j/mb/ ;dB (Lower House) B{z okPNoh ;Gk iK B?PBb n;?Apbh okPNoh ;Gk iK B?PBb n;?Apbh okPNoh ;Gk iK B?PBb n;?Apbh okPNoh ;Gk iK B?PBb n;?Apbh okPNoh ;Gk iK B?PBb n;?Apbh (NationalAssembly) fejk iKdk j?, ns/ T[gob/ ;dB (Upper House) Bz{ ;hB/N;hB/N;hB/N;hB/N;hB/N (Senate) fejk iKdk j?. B?PBbn;?Apb ftu 577 w?Apo jz[d/ jB i' gzi ;kb d/ ekoiekb d/ bJh u[D/ iKd/ jB, jkbKfe fJ; ;dB Bz{;w/A s'A gfjbK th Gzr ehsk ik ;edk j?. B?PBb n;?Apbh d/ w?Apo iBsk d/ d[nkok fJe–w?ApohfBotkuB y/so (Single-member Constituencies) s'A u[D/ iKd/ jB. fJBQK dh u'D ftu ‘dthshnepj[ws gqDkbh’ (Run-off Absolute Majority System) dk gq:'r j[zdk j?. ftntjko d/ Xoksb T[s/,tkggzEh ns/ d~yD gzEh dbK d/ rmpzXB nkg; ftu ;wM"sk eoe/ pj[s xZN t'N gkt[D tkb/ T[whdtkoKBz{ p?m iKD d/ bJh fsnko eo b?Ad/ jB sKfe d' ;G s'A pbPkbh T[whdtkoK ftu f;~Xk w[ekpbk eokfJnkik ;e/. fco th ;kXkoDs B?PBb n;?Apbh d/ fszB–u"EkJh ;EkB ‘d[pkok wsdkB gqDkbh’ (Second ballot)Bkb Go/ iKd/ jB.

;hB/N d/ 321 w?Apo fJe fBotkue rD (Electoral College) d/ d[nkok ngqs~y o{g s'A u[D/ iKd/ jB.fBotkue rD ftu B?PBb n;?Apbh d/ ;EkBe w?Apo, w/no, ftGkrh gfoPdK d/ w?Apo, ns/ BrogkfbekgfoPdK d/ gqshfBXh (Delegates) ;zfwfbs j[d/ jz[d/ jB. ;hB/N d/ w?Apo B"A ;kb d/ bJh u[D/ iKd/ jB.fJ;d/ fbJh fszB/–fszB ;kb pknd fsjkJh w?Apo ;/tkfBtfos j' iKd/ jB, ns/ T[BQK dh irkj Bt/A w?ApoKdh u'D j[zdh j?.

B?PBb n;?Apbh d/ 22 w?Apo ns/ ;hB/N d/ 13 w?Apo ;w[zdo gko d/ ftGkrK ns/ y/soK (OverseasDepartments and Territories) d/ u[D/ iKd/ jB. ;hB/N d/ 12 w?Apo ftd/PK ftu ofjD tkb/ cqK;h;hokPNoiBK (French Nationals) d/ d[nkok u[D/ iKd/ jB.

B?PBb n;?Apbh nkgDk ekoi S/ t~vh–t~vh feqfsnkswe ;EkJh ;whshnK (Functinoal StandingCommittees) d/ wkfXnw Bkb eodh j? fiBQK ftu 61–61 iK 121–121 w?Apo j[zd/ jB. fJj ;dB ;z;dd/ d'BK ;dBK ftu fInkdk PeshPkbh j?. fJjh ;dB ;G s'A gfjbK ;kbkBk piN dh iKu eodk j?. gqXkBwzsoh fJ;/ ;dB ftu'A u[fDnk iKdk j?. ;G s'A tX e/, fJ; d/ w?Apo fBzdk iK nftPtk; gq;skt (Censureor No-Confidence Motion) fbnk e/ ;oeko Bz{ frokT[D dh :'rsk oyd/ jB.

;hB/N d/ u'D nXko (Electoral base) ftu ;EkBe Pk;B s'A i[V/ j'J/ gqshfBXhnK dh gqXkBsk ofjzdh j?.fJj w[y s"o s/ w~Xwkorh (Centrist) ns/ ;tkXhB ftukoK tkb/ b'e j[zd/ jB. fJ; bJh fJj ;dB B?PBbn;?Apbh T[s/ fJe gqGktPkbh nze[P dh G{fwek fBGkT[Adk j?. B?PBb n;?Apbh d[nkok gkfos ftXkB(Legislation) T[s/ fJj ;dB n;EkJh fBP/XkfXeko (Temporary Veto) dk gq:'r eo ;edk j?. idd't/A ;dBK ftu wsG/d Bz{ d{o eoB d/ bJh ‘;z:[es ;wkXkB ;zw/bB’ (Joint Conciliation Conferences)p[bkJ/ iKd/ jB, sd fJj ;dB ftukokXhB ftu ftXkB ftu ;zP'XB gq;s[s eo ;edk j?. gozs{ B?PBbn;?Apbh nkgD/ ‘fBPfunkswe ws’ (Definitive Vote) dk gq:'r eoe/ ;hB/N d/ fBP/XkfXeko Bz{ o~d eo;edh j?.

cqK;h;h Pk;B–gqDkbh dh fJe nB'yh ftP/Psk fJj j? fe fJ; ftu okiBhfse ekoigkfbek (PoliticalExecutive) d/ w[ekpb/ ;z;d dh PeshnK pj[s ;hfws ofj iKdh j?. 1958 d/ ;zftXkB d/ nB[;ko ;z;de/tb ;whsh y/so ftu ekBz{B pDk ;edh j? – fit/A fe eokXkB (Taxation), Bro ftnt;Ek Bkb i[V/

fBotkue–rD (Electoral College) T[BQK gqshfBXhnK dk ;w{j i' nkg fBotkfus j' e/nkT[Ad/ jB, ns/ T[BQK Bz{ fe;/ T[Zuso ;Gk d/ w?ApoK iK T[Zu nfXekohnK dh u'D eoBk j[zdkj?.

B'N;


B ØN


j'J/ nfXekoK (Civil Rights), fBotkuB ekB{zBK (Electoral Laws), okPNoheoB (Nationalization)ns/ dzv ftnt;Ek Bkb i[V/ j'J/ wkwfbnK (Penal matters) ftu. gozs{ f;fynk, Pqw ekBz{B (LabourLaw), okPNo ofynk ;zrmB (National Defence Organization), ;EkBe Pk;B (Local Govern-ment) ns/ ;wkfie ;[ofynk (Social Security) d/ y/so ftu T[j e/tb wkor–doPe f;XKs (Guide-lines) iK w{b f;XKs (Principles) jh fBoXkos eo ;edh j?. Bhsh (Policy) Bkb i[V/ j'J/ j'o y/soKftu ;oeko Bz{ ekoiekoh nkfrnk (Executive Decree) d/ wkfXnw Bkb ekBz{B pDkT[D dh Pesh gqkgsj?. nkgD/ nfXeko y/so ftu nzdo th ;z;d ;w/A–;w/A s/ ekoiekoh Pkyk Bz{ fBofdPN ;w/A d/ bJh fJjnfXeko d/ ;edh j? fe T[j nfXnkd/PK (Ordinances) d/ wkfXnw Bkb Pk;B ubk ;edh j?, fiBQK T[s/okPNogsh d/ gqshj;skyo (Counter signature) j'D/ ukjhdh jB.

fco, nB[S/d 47 d/ nzsors cqK; dh ;z;d Bz{ ;kbkBk piN T[s/ tkd–fttkd ns/ wsdkB eoB d/ bJh f;oc70 fdB dk ;w/A fd~sk frnk j?. fJj ;wK phs ikD T[s/ ;oeko nfXnkd/P (Ordinance) ikoh eoe/ T[;piN Bz{ bkr{ eo ;edh j?. j'o ftX/ne (Bills) d/ wkwb/ ftu ;oeko nkgDh ‘fizw/tkoh’ (Responsibility)dh PgE b? e/ ‘frb'fNB’ dh gqfeqnk bkr{ eo ;edh j?. nfijh jkbs ftu 24 xzN/ d/ nzdo T[; ftX/neBkb i[fVnk j'fJnk tkd–fttkd nkgD/ nkg ;wkgs j' iKdk j?, Pos fJj j? fe T[; T[s/ ftg~y dh soc'AfBzdk gq;s[s (Vote of Censure) gkfos B eo fd~sk ikt/. ekoigkfbek fJj wzr th eo ;edh j? fegq;s[s ftX/ne T[s/ fe;/ th ;zP'XB Bz{ ;theko Bk ehsk ikJ/. ns/ T[;d/ ;zg{oB gkm (Full Text) T[s/fJe–;kE wsdkB eok fd~sk ikt/.

w{b s"o s/ nB[S/d 28 d/ nzsors fJj ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh ;h fe ;z;d fJe ;kb ftu f;oc d' tkofInkdk s'A fInkdk 170 fdB d/ bJh nkgDk nfXt/PB p[bk ;edh j?. fJ; ;w/A d/ pkjo ;oeko nkfrnkfgsd/ wkfXnw Bkb Pk;B ubk ;edh ;h. gozs{ nr;s, 1995 ftu ;zftXkB dk ;zP'XB eoe/ fJj ftnt;Ekeo fdZsh rJh fe ;z;d dk nfXt/PB nes{po s'A i{B se brksko B" wjhB/ ub/rk, ns/ wzsohnK Bz{ jcs/ftu fJe tko ;z;dh gqPBK dk T[Zso d/Dk j'J/rk.

ekoigkfbek ouBk ns/ feqs ekoigkfbek ouBk ns/ feqs ekoigkfbek ouBk ns/ feqs ekoigkfbek ouBk ns/ feqs ekoigkfbek ouBk ns/ feqs (The Executive : Composition and Functions)LLLLL cqK; dhekoigkfbek PeshPkbh wzBh iKdh j?. fJ;dh Pesh dk gq:'r okPNogsh (President) ns/ gqXkBwzsoh(Universal Adult Suffrage) gqkgs j'Dk ukjhdk j?. i/ gfjbh tko fe;/ T[whdtko Bz{ g{oB pj[ws gqkgsBjhA j[zdk sK u'D ftu ;G s'A T[Zuk n;EkB gqkgs eoB tkb/ i' d' T[whdtko fco s'A w[ekpbk eoBk ukj[zd/j'D, T[BQK ftu'A d' jcs/ pknd d[pkok u'D eokJh iKdh j?. fJ; ftu fi; Bz{ gfjbk n;EkB gqkgs j[zdkj?, T[; Bz{ okPNogsh u[D fbnk iKdk j?. fJ; soQK cqK; dk okPNogsh th T[E'A dh iBsk dk gqs~y gqshfBXhj[zdk j? fi; Bkb T[;dh Pesh Bz{ ftP/P t?Xsk (Legitimacy) gqkgs j[zdh j?.

id e'Jh okPNogsh u[D fbnk iKdk j? sK T[j oki d/ w[yh (Head of State) d/ Bkb–Bkb ;P;so ;?BktKd/ gqXkB ;?Bkgsh (Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Force) dk gd th ;zGkb b?Adk j?. okPNogshdh n"gukfoe PeshnK nfsnzs ft;fsqs jB. T[; Bz{ gqXkB wzsoh Bz{ u[DB (Selection) dk nfXeko j?lT[j wzsoh–gfoPd (Council of Ministers) iK wzsohwzvb (Cabinet) dh p?meK dh gqXkBsk eodk j?l;oekoh ftX/neK T[s/ gqshj;skyo (Countersign) eodk j?l ftd/Ph ;zXhnK d/ bJh tkosk ubkT[Adk j?lgfofgqSk (Referendum) d/ bJh gfjb eodk j?. fJ; B?PBb n;?Apbh Bz{ Gzr eoe/ BthA u'D eok ;edkj?, Pos fJj j? fe T[j fJ; Bz{ fJe ;kb ftu fJe tko Gzr eo ;edk j?.

;zftXkB d/ nB[S/d 20 ns/ 21 ftu nfijk gqshs j[zdk j? fe x~N s'A x~N ;td/Ph y/so (Domestic Field)ftu Bhsh–fBowkD d/ fBnzsoD dk nzfsw ;{so gqXkB wzsoh ns/ wzsoh gfoPd d/ jZEK ftu ofjzdk j?.gozs{ nes{po, 1962 d/ ;zftXkfBe ;zP'XB d/ nzsors id okPNogsh d/ gqsZy u'D (Direct Election)

gfofgq~Sk (Referendum) s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'<Nk;e


B ØN


dh ftnt;Ek eo fdZsh rJh, sd ekoiekoh Pesh d/ ;zs[bB ftu nkw{b gfotosD nk frnk. fJ; s'AgfjbK okPNogsh dk ngqs~y u'D (Indirect Election) j[zdk ;h fi; ftu ;z;d–w?Apo, ftGkrh gfoPdK(Department council) d/ w?Apo ns/ Brogkfbek gkoPd (Municipal Concillors) ‘fBotkue–rD’(Electoral College) dh G{fwek fBGkT[Ad/ ;B. okPNogsh dh gqs~y u''D dh ftnt;Ek Bkb T[;dh ;~skpj[s T[Zuh j' rJh feT[Afe T[j rDoki dk fJe wkso nfijk ftnesh j'J/rk fi; Bz{ ;zg{oB okPNo dhsoc'A fBotkfus ehsk iKdk j?.

fJ;d/ Bshi/ ti'A 1986 se okPNogsh Bz{ ;~sko{V rmpzXB (Governing Coalition) dk ‘t?X’ B/sk wzfBnKiKdk ;h. T[;dh ;/tk d/ bJh fJe ftPkb ns/ gqGktPkbh nfXekfoszso fsnko ofjzdk ;h, ns/ T[j;td/P ns/ ftd/P Bhsh d/ fBowkD ftu wj~stg{oB G{fwek fBGkT[Adk ;h. gqXkB wzsoh dh ;fEsh e/tb ‘;z;dh gqpzXe’ (Parliamentary Manager) dh ofj rJh fi;dk ekoi ;oeko B{z ubkT[D ns/ BhshBz{ ekfonkftzzs eoBk ;h. gozs{ 1986 ftu id ftg~yh rmpzXB Bz{ B?PBb n;?Apbh ftu pj[ws gqkgs j'frnk ns/ T[;B/ nkgD/ B/sk ike fuoke Bz{ gqXkB wzsoh B/ x~N s'A x~N ;td/Ph y/so ftu nkgDk f;~ek iwkfbnk, ns/ okPNogsh B{z ;ze/fse w[yh (Nominal Head) dh ;fEsh ftu gj[zuk fd~sk. 1988 ftuokPNogsh ns/ B?PBb n;?Apbh dh BthA u'DK j'JhnK fiBQK B/ fJ; ;fEsh T[s/ gNky/g eo fd~sk. 1997s'A ;wkitkdh gkoNh d/ gqXkB wzsoh ns/ d~yDgzEh rmpzXB d/ okPNogsh d/ ftu ;fjukfosk (Co-habitation) dh ;fEsh pDh j'Jh j?.

cqK; ftu wzsoh wzvb d/ i' wzsoh okPNogsh ns/ gqXkB wzsoh dh ;/tk ftu ofjzd/ jB, T[BQK dh u'DokiBhfse nkXko s/ th j' ;edk j?l seBheh :'rsk d/ nkXko T[s/ th j' ;edk j?. ;zftXkB d/ nB[s/d 23d/ nB[;ko, e'Jh ftnesh ;oeko ftu ezw eod/ j'J/ ;z;d eod/ j'J/ ;z;d–w?Apo BjhA ofj ;edk. ;' B?PBbn;?Apbh d/ jo/e T[whdtko Bz{ nkgDk fJe nB[g{oenB[g{oenB[g{oenB[g{oenB[g{oe (Running Mate) wB'Bhs eoBk g?Adk j? sKfe i/ e'Jh;z;d–w?Apo ;oeko ftu wzsoh pD ikt/ iK ;zftXkB gfoPd (Constituinal Council) dk w?Apo pfDnkikt/, iK ;hB/N dk w?Apo u[D fbnk ikt/. iK T[;dh w's j' ikJ/ sK T[;dk nB[g{oe T[;d/ gqshfBXh (Deputy)d/ o{g ftu ekoi eo ;e/.

e[M wkwfbnK ftu cqK; dk wzsohwzvb nwoheh wzsohwzvb Bkb fwbdk i[bdk j? feT[Afe fJ; ftu wkfjoK(Specialists) Bz{ ofynk iKdk j?. gozs{ e[M j'o wkwbfbnK ftu cqK; dk wzsohwzvb fpqfNP wzsohwzvb Bkbfwbdk i[bdk j? feT[Afe fJ;d/ w?Apo B?PBb n;?Apbh d/ tkd–fttkd ftu fj~;k b?Ad/ jB. ns/ T[g:[es y/soKftu fJ; tkd–fttkd dh nrtkJh th eod/ jBl T[j ;EkJh ;whshnK (Standing Committees) d/ ;kjwD/jkIo j[zd/ jB, ns/ n;?Apbh d/ w?ApoK d/ fbys s/ w"fye gqPBK d/ T[Zso th fdzd/ jB. cqK;h;h wzsohwzvb d/w?Apo fJe nfsnzs fBg[D ns/ gqGkPkbh gqPk;fBe ;/tk (Civil Service) d/ fBeN ;fj:'r ftu ekoi eod/ jB.

cqK; d/ 1958 d/ ;zP'XB d/ nzsors ;zftXkB d/ ;zP'XB (Constitutional Amendment) dh ftnt;Ek theo fd~sh rJh j?. fJ;dk fJe sohek fJj j? fe gq;skfts ;zP'XB Bz{ B?PBb n;?Apbh ns/ ;hB/N d/ ;z:[esnfXt/PB ftu x~N s'A x~N 60 gqshPs pj[ws gqkgs j't/. d{ik sohek fJj j? fe ;zP'XB–ftX/ne Bz{ d't/A ;dBK ftu fJe jh o{g ftu gkfos eo fd~sk ikt/, ns/ fco T[; T[s/ gfofgqZSk (Referendum) nk:'fiseoe/ iBsk dk nB[w'dB gqkgs eo fbnk ikt/. fJ;d/ nbktk, nB[S/d 11 d/ nzsors okPNogsh f;XKses"o s/ ;oeko iK ;z;d Bz{ fJj p/Bsh eo ;edk j? fe ;zftXkB–;zP'XB iK ;zXh d/ nB[;woEB (TreatyRatification) d/ bJh okPNoh gfofgq~Sk (National Referendum) dk nk:'iB ehsk ikt/. 1961 d/pknd n~m tko nfijh gfofgqSk eokJh ik u[eh j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh :[o'gh ;zx (European Union) dh;EkgBk d/ bJh 1992 ftu wkf;NquN ;zXh (Masstricht Treaty) dk nB[;woEB fJ;/ ftnt;Ek d/nzsors eokfJnk frnk ;h. 1995 ftu ;zftXkB d/ nB[S/d 11 ftu ;zP'XB eoe/ okPNogsh dk pj[s;ko/ ftfPnK T[s/ gfofgq~Sk nk:'fis eokT[D dk nfXeko d/ fd~sk frnk. fJBKQ ftu nkofEe ns/ ;wkfieBhsh (Economic and Social Policy) ns/ ;kotifBe ;/tktK (Public Services) Bkb i[V/ j'J/ ftP/ th;zfwfbs jB. fJ; gqfeqnk ftu ;[o~fynk dh fdqPNh Bkb fJj ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j? fe id okPNogshfe;/ ftP/ T[s/ gfofgq~Sk (Referendum) d/ nk:'iB dh wzr eodk j?, sd ;z;d Bz{ T[; ftP/P T[s/ tkd–fttkd eoB dk nfXeko j[zdk j?.


B ØN


o{; dh ;z;d o{; dh ;z;d o{; dh ;z;d o{; dh ;z;d o{; dh ;z;d (Parliament of Russia)d;zpo 1993 d/ ;zftXkB d/ nzsors o{g ftu ;zxh rDoki (Federal Republic) dh ;EkgBk ehsh rJhj?. ;' fJ; d/P dk nkfXekfoe Bkw o{;h ;zx (Russian Federation) j?. fJ; ;zx ftu 21 rDoki(Republics), fJe ;tkfJ~s nzub (Autonomous Region), 49 gqPk;fBe nzub (AdministrativeRegions), 6 gqKs (Provinces), 10 ;tkfJ~s iBgd (Autonomous Districts) ns/ d' ;zxh Bro(Federal Cities)–wk;e' ns/ ;?AN ghNo;por ;zfwfbs jB. fJ; soQK o{;h ;zx e[b fwbk e/ 89 gqPk;fBefJekJhnK (Administrative Units) Bkb pfDnk j?.

Pk;B gqDkbh d/ gZXo T[s/ fJE/ okPNogsh gqDkbh (Presidential System) ns/ ;z;dh gqDkbh (Parlia-mentary System) dk fwPqD fsnko eoB dk isB ehsk frnk j?. okPNogsh gqDkbh dh soQK fJE/ fJePeshPkbh okPNogsh (President) dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j?, ns/ ;z;dh gqDkbh dh soQK fJE/ fJePeshPkbh ;z;d (Parliament) dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j? fi; Bz{ ;zxh ;Gk (Federal Assembly) fejkiKdk j?l okPNogsh oki dk w[yh (Head of State) j? i' f;~X/ iB;kXkoD d/ d[nkok uko ;kb d/ bJh u[fDnkiKdk j?, T[; Bz{ brksko d' tko s'A n~r/ BjhA u[fDnk ik ;edk. T[j ;zftXkB dk ;ozfyne j?, ns/ ;Pso;?BktK dk ;otT[Zu ;?Bkgsh (Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces) th j?. T[j gqXkB wzsoh(Prime Minister) ns/ wzsoh gfoPd (Council of Ministers) ns/ wzsoh wzvb (Cabinet) dh fB:[esheodk j? fi; ftu brGr 30 w?Apo oy/ iKd/ jB. fJBQK dh fB:[esh d/ bJh ;z;d (Parliament) dknB[w'dB io{oh j[zdk j?. okPNogsh fJe nzsozr wzsoh wzvb (Kitchen Cabinet) dh ;bkj Bkb ekoieodk j? fi; ftu T[;d/ ftPt;s fw~so ns/ T[Zu nfXekoh Pkwb j[zd/ jB. wzsoh wzvb Bz{ ;~sk ftu ofjDd/ bJh ;z;d dk ftPtk; gqkgs j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

okPNogsh nkfrngshnK (Decrees) ikoh eo ;edk j? i' ekBz{B dh soQK wkBsk tkbk jz[dk j?. gozs{ fJjnkfrngshnK gqufbs ekBz{B d/ fto[ZX BjhA j'Dh ukjhdh. fco ;z;d fJBQK Bz{ fBo;s th eo ;edh j?.d{i/ gk;/, okPNogsh th ;z;d d[nkok gkfos ftX/ne (Bill) Bz{ ekBz{B pDB s'A o'e ;edk j?, T[j ;z;dnoEks ;zxh ;Gk (Federal Assembly) d/ gqsh nkgD/ ;kbkBk nfGGkPB (Annual Address) d/nzsors ;oeko dh okiBhfse ns/ nkofEe Bhsh dk fBo{gD eo ;edk j?. d/P dh o~fynk (Defence)dh fizw/tkoh ;zGkbD bJh okPNogsh ;[o~fynk–gfoPd (Security Council) fB:[es eodk j? fi;dk w[yhT[j nkg j[zdk j?. T[j e/Adoh p?Ae (Central Bank) d/ w[yh (Chairperson), wjk–nfG:'ie (ProsecutorGeneral) ns/ fBnKgkfbek (Judiciary) d/ gqw[~y w?ApoK dh fB:[esh dk gq;skt ;z;d d/ e'b G/idk j?.iBtoh, 1994 d/ pknd ;[oZfynk ;/tktK, rqfj wzsokb/, o~fynk wzsokb/ ns/ ftd/P wzsokb/ f;~X/ okPNogshd/ nXhB eo fdZs/ rJ/ jB. okPNogsh dk T[whdtko x~N s'A xZN d; b~y wsdksktK d/ d[nkok wB'Bhsj'Dk ukjhdkl fJBQK ftu'A fe;/ fJe nzub (Region) iK rDoki (Republic) d/ wsdksktK dh ;zfynk e[b;zfynk dh 7 gqshPs s'A fInkdk BjhA j'Dh ukjhdh.

o{; ftu ftXkfJek (Legislature) d/ ezw ;zxh ;Gk (Federal Assembly) Bz{ ;"Ag/ rJ/ jB. fJ; ftu d';dB (Chambers) oy/ rJ/ jB. nt;o ;dB (Lower House) Bz{ ;N/N fvT[wk fejk iKdk j?. fJ; ftu450 w?ApoK dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j?. T[Zu ;dB (Upper House) Bz{ ;zxh gfoPd (Federal Council)fejk iKdk j?. fJ; ftu 178 w?ApoK dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j?. ;N/N fv:[wk d/ 225 w?Apo f;~X/ fJew?ApohfBotkuB y/soK (Single and Member Constituencies) s'A uko ;kb d/ bJh u[D/ iKd/ jB. fJ; u'Dftu pj[bws gqDkbh (Plurality System) ngDkJh iKdh j? – noEks ‘i' ;G s'A nZr/, fi~s T[;dh’ (Firstpas the post). pkeh 225 w?Apo okPNoh db ;{uhnK (National Party Lists) s'A nB[gkfse gqshfBXhst(Proportional Representation) d/ nkXko T[s/ u[D/ iKd/ jB fJ: soQK jo/e wsdksk d/ d' t'N j[zd/ jBlfJe ;EkBe fBotkuB y/so d/ bJhl d{ik okPNoh db ;{uh d/ bJh. ;N/N fv:[wk d/ T[whdtko dh fBT{BswT[wo 21 ;kb j'Dh ukjhdh j?. id e'Jh T[whdtko u[D fbnk iKdk j?, id T[j e'Jh sBykj tkbk ezw (PaidJob) ;theko BjhA eo ;edkl Bk T[j fe;/ ;oekoh gdth (Government Post) T[s/ ofj ;edk j?.

pj[bws gqDkbh pj[bws gqDkbh pj[bws gqDkbh pj[bws gqDkbh pj[bws gqDkbh (Plurality System)L L L L L T[j fBotkuB gqDkbh fi; d/ nzsors fJew?Apoh fBotkuB y/so ftufi; T[whdtko Bz{ ;G s'A fInkdk t'N fwbd/ jB, T[;Bz{ fi~fsnk wzB fbnk iKdk j?.


B ØN


nB[gkfse gqshfBXhst nB[gkfse gqshfBXhst nB[gkfse gqshfBXhst nB[gkfse gqshfBXhst nB[gkfse gqshfBXhst (Proportional Representation)LLLLL nfijh u'D gqDkbh fi; ftu wsdksk fJes' fInkdk T[whdtkoK Bz{ nkgDh–nkgDh g;zd d/ eqw ftu oy ;ed/ jB sK fe (Majority) d/ Bkb Bkbnbgws (Minority) Bz{ th T[fus gqshfBXhst fdsk ik ;ed/. fJj fJe ifNb gqDkbh j?. fJ;d/ bJheJh sohe/ ngDkJ/ ik ;ed/ jB i' gq;skfts u'DK d/ fBnw d/ nzsors fBofdPN eo fd~s/ iKd/ jB.

;zxh gfoPd d/ nzsors o{;h ;zx dh 89 gqPk;fBe fJekJhnK ftu'A jo/e d/ d'–d' gqshfBXh Pkwb j[zd/ jBfi; Bkb fJ; gfoPd d/ w?ApoK dh ;zfynk 178 j' iKdh j?. fe;/ th rDoki iK nzub d/ gqshfBXh T[E/dh ekoigkfbek (Executive) ns/ ftXkfJeK d/ w[yh j'D/ ukjhd/ jB.

;kXkoD s"o s/ e'Jh th ftX/ne P[o{–P[o{ ftu ;N/N fvT{wk ftu gq;s[s j'Dk ukjhdk j? jkbKfe e[M Bhsh;zpzXh ftP/ ;zxh gfoPd d/ nfXeko y/so ftu oy/ rJ/ jB. ;N/N fvT{wk ftu gk; j'D s'A pknd jo/eftX/ne Bz{ ;zxh gfoPd d/ e'b G/iDk ukjhdk j?. i/eo ;zxh gfoPd fe;/ ftX/ne Bz{ n;theko eo d/t/sK T[;Bz{ ;N/N fvT{wk d/ e'b tkg; G/fink ikJ/rk. T[E/ fJe nk:"r fi; ftu d'tK ;dBK d/ w?Apo Pkfwbj'Dr/. fJBQK d/ wsG/dK Bz{ d{o eoB dk isB ehsk eo/rk. i/eo ;N/N fvT{wk T[Zu ;dB d/ ;zP'XBK Bz{n;theko eo d/t/ sK T[j d'–fsjkJh pj[ws Bkb T[; ftX/ne Bz{ d[pkok gk; eoe/ T[Zu ;dB dh fJ~Sk dhntj/bBk eo ;edh j?. nfijh jkbs ftu T[; ftX/ne Bz{ ;z;d d[nkok gk; wzfBnk ikt/rk.

;z;d s'A gk; j'D d/ pknd jo/e ftX/ne Bz{ okPNogsh d/ j;skyo d/ bJh G/iDk j[zdk j?. i/ okPNogshfe;/ d/ j;skyo eoB s'A fJBeko eo d/t/ sK T[; Bz{ ;N/N fvT{wk d/ okPNogsh d/ ;zP'XBK s'A ;fjws j'DsK T[j T[; Bz{ ;kXkoD pj[ws Bkb d[pkok gk; eo ;edh j?. i/ ;N/N fvT{wk okPNogsh Bkb n;fjwsj't/ sK T[j T[; Bz{ d'–fsjkjh pj[ws Bkb d[pkok gk; eoe/ okPNogsh d/ fBP/XkfXeko (Veto) Bz{ fBo;seo ;edh j?. fJjh gqfeqnk ;zxh gfoPd okPNogsh d/ ;zP'XBK Bkb ;fjws j'D sK T[j T[; Bz{ ;kXkoDpj[ws Bkb d[pkok gk; eo ;edh j?, BjhA sK T[;Bz{ fJE/ th d'–fsjkJh pj[ws Bkb gk; eoBk j't/rk.i/eo fJj Pos g{oh j' iKdh j? sK gq;s[s ftX/ne Bz{ okPNogsh d/ d[nkok gk; wzfBnk ikJ/rk.

fJ; soQK ftXkfJek Bz{ ft;fsqs PeshnK gqdkB ehshnK rJhnK jB, fco th T[BQK ftu''A eJh soQK Bkb eN"sheo fd~sh rJh j?. ;N/N fvT{wk g{oD pj[ws (Absolute Majority) d/ nkXko T[s/ (noEks 226 t'NK dknkXko T[s/) nftPtk;–gq;skt (Vote of No-Confidence) gk; eoe/ ;oeko Bz{ frok ;edh j?, gozs{ fJ;Bz{ fszB wjhB/ d/ nzdo d' tko nfijk gq;skt gk; eoBk j'J/rk, sd jh okPNogsh T[; T[s/ ekotkjh eoBBz{ wip{o j'J/rk. nfijh jkbs ftu okPNogsh iK sK BthA ;oeko dh fB:[esh d/ bJh ;N/N fvT{wk Bz{ Gzreoe/ BthA u'D eokT[D dk nkd/P d/t/rk. Bt/A gqXkB wzsoh ns/ BthA ;oeko dh fB:[esh d/ bJh ;N/N fvT{wkdk nB[;woEB (Ratification) io{oh j'J/rk. i/eo okPNogsh d[nkok gq;skfts T[whdtko Bz{ ;N/N fvT{wk fszzBtko n;theko eo fdzdh j? sK okPNogsh ;N/N fvT{wk Bz{ Gzr eo ;edk j?, ns/ BthA u'D dk nkd/P d/ ;edkj?L (e) i/eo BthA ;z;d dh u'D s'A pknd fJe ;kb s'A x~N ;wK phfsnk j't/l (y) i/eo ;z;d okPNogsh d/fto[~X wjkfG:'r (Impeachement) dh ekotkjh P[o{ eo u[eh j't/l (r) i/eo okPNogsh ;zg{oB o{; ftunkgksekb (Emergency) dh x'PDk eo u[fenk j't/l iK (x) i/eo okPNogsh dk ekoiekb ;wkgs j'Dftu S/ wjhB/ s'A x~N ;wK ofjzd/ j't/. T[Xo ;zxh gfoPd okPNogsh d/ fto[ZX sd jh wjkfG:'r ubk ;edhj? id ;zxh ;Gk d/ d't/A ;dB fJ;d/ gZy ftu t'N d/ u[e/ j'D, ns/ ;otT[u e'oN (Supreme Court) ns/;zftXkfBe e'oN (Constitutional Court) d't/A fJ; gq;skt s'A ;fjws j'D.

wjkfG:'r wjkfG:'r wjkfG:'r wjkfG:'r wjkfG:'r (Impeachment)LLLLL fJj gqfeqnk fi;d/ nzsors fe;/ d/P d/ okPNogsh, T[gokPNogsh, T[uiK ;otT[u e'oN d/ i~i iK fe;/ j'o T[u nfXekoh T[s/ nfsnzs rzGho nko'g brk e/ T[; Bz{ gd s'A jNkT[Ddh ekotkjh ehsh iKdh j?. fJj nko'g d/Pd'qj, GqPNkuko iK ;zftXkB d/ T[bzxD dk j' ;edk j?. wjkfG:'rT[BQK Bz{ T[u nfXekohnK T[Zs/ ubkfJnk iKdk j? fiBQK dh gd–ntXh (Term of Office) ftXkB wzvb d/okiBhfse ;woEB (Political Support) T[s/ nkfPqs BjhA j[zdh.

;kXkoD s"o s/ fe;/ d/P d/ T[u nfXekoh T[s/ wjkfG:'r ubkT[D dh Pesh T[E/ d/ ftXkB wzvb(Legislature) ftu fBfjs ofjzdh j?, ns/ fJ;d/ bJh ng/ys gqfeqnk (Procedure) ;zftXkB dhftnt;EktK iK T[BQK Bkb i[Vh gqEktK (Conventions) Bkb fBoXkfos j[zdh j?.


B ØN


o{; d/ ;zftXkB d/ nB[;ko okPNogsh T[s/ wjkfG:'r ubkT[D dh ekotkjh uko uoDK ftu g{oh ehsh ik;edh j?l (e) ;N/N fvT{wk Bz{ d'–fsjkJh pj[ws Bkb wjkfG:'r d/ g~y ftu t'N d/Dk j'J/rkl (y) ;otT[ue'oN Bz{ fJ; rZb dh g[PNh eoBh j't/rh fe okPNogsh dh efEs ekotkjh rzGho ngokX iK d/Pd'qj(Treason) dh e'Nh ftu nkT[Adh j?l (r) ;zftXkfBe e'oN Bz{ fJj ftnt;Ek d/Dh j'J/rh fe ;N/N fvT{wkB/ wjkfG:'r ubkT[D d/ fBoD/ dk i' nB[w'dB ehsk j?, T[; ftu gqfeqnk (Procedure) dk e'Jh T[bzxD BjhAj'fJnkl ns/ (x) okPNogsh Bz{ jNkT[D dk gq;skt ;zxh gfoPd d/ d'–fsjkJh pj[ws Bkb gkfos j'Dkukjhdk j?.

;zftXkfBe e'oN ;zftXkfBe e'oN ;zftXkfBe e'oN ;zftXkfBe e'oN ;zftXkfBe e'oN (Constitutional Court)L L L L L o{; d/ ;zftXkB d/ nB[;ko, T[j e'oN fi; Bz{ fBnKfJe w[VfBohyD (Judicial Review) dh Pesh gqkgs j?. fJ; ftu 19 w?ApoK dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j?. fJjw?Apo okPNogsh d/ d[nkok wB'Bhs ehs/ iKd/ jB, gozs{ fJBQK dh fB:[esh d/ bJh ;zxh gfoPd dh g[PNhio{oh j? fJ; e'oN Bz{ fJj fBoDk d/D dk nfXeko j? fe okPNogsh, ;z;d ns/ ;oeko dh e'Jh ekotkjh;zftXkB ;zws j? iK BjhA<

fBnKfJe w[V fBohyD BnKfJe w[V fBohyD BnKfJe w[V fBohyD BnKfJe w[V fBohyD BnKfJe w[V fBohyD (Judicial Review)LLLLL fbys ;zftXkB d/ nzsors fe;/ T[Zu iK ;otT[u e'oNdh fJj Pesh fe T[j fe;/ fBnw, ekBz{B, gqPk;fBe nkd/P iK ekotkjh Bz{ ;zftXkB dh ftnt;EktK iKT[BKQ ftu fBfjs f;XKsK dh fdqNh s'A goy e/ T[; Bz{ ;zftxkB iK T[BQK dh w{b u/sBk (Spirit) d/ fto[~Xx'fPs eo ;edk j? fi; Bkb T[j o~d j' iKdh j?.

1993 d/ ;zftxkB d/ nzsors o{; dh e/Adoh ;oeko Bz{ fco s'A ft;fsqs PeshnK d/D dk isB ehsk frnkj?, gozs{ o{;h ;zx d/ 21 rDokiK ns/ 68 nzubK, gqKsk ns/ iBgdK Bz{ th ;wkBsk d/ nkXko T[s/ ;~sk gqdkBehsh rjh j?. eokXkB, oZfynk, ftd/Ph wkwb/, T[oik ns/ ;wkfie–nkofEe ;[o~fynk, ;z;feqsh ns/ G{whd/ T[g:'r Bkb i[V/ ftP/ e/Ado ns/ ;Eke Pk;B d/ ;z:[es gqpzX d/ nzsors o~y/ rJ/ jB. rDokiK d/ nkgD/–nkgD/ ;zftXkB jBl T[BQK dh nkgDh–nkgDh fBotkfus ;oekoK jBl ns/ T[j nkgDk–nkgDk piNpDkT[Ad/ jB. T[j nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie ;[XkoK dh rsh ns/ fdPk fBoXkfos eoB ftu gqGktPkbh G{fwekfBGkT[Ad/ jBl G{wh dk ;tkwhst w[y s"o s/ fJBQK d/ fBnzsoD ftu nkT[Adk j?l ns/ oki d/ efbnkDekohgq'rokwK s/ 80 gqshPs you fJBQK d/ fj~;/ ftu nkT[Adk j?.

fJj r~b wjs~tg{oB j? fe o{; dk ;zftXkB nkgD/ BkrfoeK Bz{ p[fBnkdh wkBt–nfXeko ns/ ;[szsosktKgqdkB eodk j?. fJBQK ftu nktk; (Housing), fBP[be fufes;k (Free Healthcare), f;fynk (Education)ns/ e[M jkbsK ftu ekBz{Bh ;jkfJsk (Legal Assistance) dk nfXeko Pkwb j?.

uhBh rDoki dh ftnt;EkfgekL okPNoh iB eKro;uhBh rDoki dh ftnt;EkfgekL okPNoh iB eKro;uhBh rDoki dh ftnt;EkfgekL okPNoh iB eKro;uhBh rDoki dh ftnt;EkfgekL okPNoh iB eKro;uhBh rDoki dh ftnt;EkfgekL okPNoh iB eKro; (Legislature theChinese Republic: National People's Congress)uhBh rDszso dk ;zftXkB ;z;dh ;otT[Zusk d/ f;XKs T[s/ nkXkfos j?. fJj PeshnK d/ nbr–nbrd/ f;XKs Bz{ n;thfeqs eodk j?. ;' uhBh ;zftXkB ftu fpqfNP ns/ ;'thns ;z;dK dh soQK ;otT[ZuftXkfJek ;zx dh ;EkgBk ehsh rJh j?. fJ; Bz{ okPNoh iB–eKro; efjzd/ jB.

1954 JhH d/ ;zftXkB d/ nB[S/d 21 ftu fejk frnk ;h fe uhBh rDszso ftu okPoh iBeKro; Bz{;otT[Zu ftXkJh fBekJ/ dk ;EkB gqkgs j?l ;zftXkB d/ nB[S/d 3 d/ nB[;ko, uhBh iBtkdh rDszso dh;kohnK PeshnK iBsk ftu fBfjs jB. jo fJe gZXo s/ iBsk nkgDh :eshnK dk gq:'r iBeKro;j?. fJ;d/ fBohyD ftu jh j/mb/ g~XoK dh iBeKro; ekoi eodh j?. fJ; gqeko, ;zftXkB uhBh okPNohiBeKro; Bz{ oki ;~sk dk ;otT[Zu nzr x'fPs eodk j? ns/ ;z;dh ;zgqG{sk d/ f;XKs Bz{ ;theko eodkj?. Bkb–Bkb fJj th T[b/yBh j? fe okPNoh iBeKro; Bz{ ;kfwntkdh db dh nrtkJh ftu ezw eoBkg?Adk j? (nB[S/d 16). 1954 JhH d/ ;zftXkB ftu okPNoh iBeKro; dh ;otT[Zusk Bz{ ;theko ehsk frnk;h. gozs{ T[;B{z ;kwtkdh db d/ nrtkJh ftu jhA ofynk frnk ;h. g{ot ;'thns o{; ftu th ;kwtkdhdb dh nrtkJh dh uouk ;zftXkB ftu BjhA fwbdh ;h.

;zrmB ns/ ouBk ;zrmB ns/ ouBk ;zrmB ns/ ouBk ;zrmB ns/ ouBk ;zrmB ns/ ouBk (Organisation and Composition): fJe ;dBkswe ;Gk, okPNoh iBeKro;fJe;dkBswe ;Gk j?. gozgokrs gqiksKsfoe g~Xsh d/ gqshe{b fJ; ftu e/tb fJe ;dB j?, Gkt/A uhB


B ØN


fJe pj[okPNoh oki j?, gozs{ okPNohnsk Bz{ gqshfBXhst gqdkB eoB d/ bJh d{i/ ;dB dh ftnt;Ek BjhAehsh rJh j?.

w?Apo–w?Apo–w?Apo–w?Apo–w?Apo–Bt/A ;zftXkB ftu okPNoh iBeKro; d/ w?ApoK dh ;zfynk fBPfus BjhA ehsh rJh j?. fJ;d/ w?ApoKdh ;zfynk ekBz{B d[nkok fBPfus ehsh iKdh j?. 1954 JhH d/ ;zftXkB ftu th nfijh ftnt;Ek ;h.S/thA okPNoh eKro; (6 i{B, 19836 i{B, 19836 i{B, 19836 i{B, 19836 i{B, 1983) ftu w?ApoK dh ;zfynk 2,978 ;h. fJ;d/ w?ApoK dk fBotkuB gqKsK,;tkfJsPk;h y/soK, e/Ado Pkf;s Bro gkfbektK ns/ iBw[esh ;?Bk (People's Liberation Army) d/d[nkok j[zdk j?. fJj 56 okPNo ikshnK dk gqshfBXhst eodh j?. fJ; ftu 75 gqshPs gqshfBXh wid{o,fe;kB ns/ ;?fBe jB.

gqshfBXhnK dh u'D – 1975 JhHgqshfBXhnK dh u'D – 1975 JhHgqshfBXhnK dh u'D – 1975 JhHgqshfBXhnK dh u'D – 1975 JhHgqshfBXhnK dh u'D – 1975 JhH d/ ;zftXkB d/ nB[;ko iBeKro; d/ gqshfBXhnK dh u'D ;kotifBens/ ftn;e wskfXeko (Universal and Audit Frenchise) d/ nkXko T[s/ j[zdk ;h. uhB d/ ;ko/Bkrfoe, i' 18 ;kb dh T[wo gqkgs eo u[e/ jB. ns/ i' gkrb ns/ fe;h e'oN d[nkok dzfvs BjhA j'Dns/ fe;/ j'o ekoDtP wskfXeko s'A tzfus Bk j'D, gqshfBXh gdK d/ bJh T[whdtko d/ o{g ftu yVk j';ed/ jB. fJ; ;zpzX ftu iksh, Xow fbzr, f;fynk, ;wkfie ;fEsh s/ j'o fe;/ nkXko s/ G/d BjhA ehskiKdk ;h. Bt/A ;zftXkB (1982 JhH) ftu g[okDh u'D–g~XshnK Bz{ ;wkgs eo fdZsk frnk j?. j[DgqshfBXhnK dh u'D b'esKsfoe ;bkj (democratic consultation) d/ d[nkok j[zdk j?. fi; soQK Bkb dbhJ/eKro; d/ gqshfBXhnK dh u'D ehsh iKdh j?. T[;/ soQK jh e/Ado okPNoh iBeKro; d/ gqshfBXhnKBz{ e/Adoh ns/ ;EkBe nfXekohnK dh ;bkj Bkb wB'Bhs eodk j?. fBotkfus j'D d/ bJh db dk w?Apoj'Dk ns/ wkU d/ okiBhfse ns/ eqKshekoh nkdoPK dk wzBDk io{oh j?. fJ; gqeko, uhB ftu ftntjkfoeo{g ftu u'D dk noE j?, nfij/ T[whdtkoK dh e/Adoh ;~sk d[nkok fB:[esh i' wkU ns/ T[;d/ nB[:kJhnKd/ db d/ gqsh nkfrnkekoh j'D. nkw iBsk efjD d/ bJh sK b'esKsfoe ;bkj ns/ tkd–fttkd ftu fjZ;kb?Adh j? gozs{ tk;sftesk fJj j? fe gqshfBXhnK dh u'D Bkb T[;dk e'Jh ;zpzX BjhA ofjzdk. fJjh ekoBj? fe u"Eh okPNoh iBeKro; ftu wid{oK, fe;kBK ns/ ;?fBeK d/ gqshfBXhnK dk pj[ws ;h. nkw iBskd[nkok u'D d/ ;EkB s/ gqshfBXhnK dh BkwIdrh d/ sohe/ Bz{ ngDkJ/ ikD dk w[y ekoB fJj ;h fe wkUdh BhshnK d/ fto'XhnK Bz{ iBeKro; ftu e'Jh ;EkB BjhA fwb ;e/. ;zftXkB d/ nB[S/d 16 ftuftP/P okPNotkdh ftneshnK Bz{ gqshfBXh d/ o{g ftu nkwzfsqs eoB dh ftnt;Ek eo u'D d/ wj~st Bz{j'o th ;wkgs eo fd~sk frnk j?. fJ; ftnt;Ek d/ nB[;ko okPNoh iBeKro; ftu e/tb fBotkfusgqshfBXhnK Bz{ jh BjhA, pbfe d/PGrs ftneshnK Bz{ th Pkwb ehsk iKdk j?.

ekoiekb ekoiekb ekoiekb ekoiekb ekoiekb (Term) – – – – – g[okD/ ;zftXkB d/ nB[;ko okPNoh iBeKro; dk nfXt/PB ;kb ftu fJe tko j[zdk;h fe;/ ftP/P gfo;fEshtP ;w/A s/ fBotkuB BjhA j' ;eD d/ ekoD iB–eKro; dh ekoiftXh Bz{ T[;;w/A se tXkfJnk ik ;edk ;h, id se fe BthA eKro; dk gfjbk ;so nkozG Bk j't/. Bt/A ;zftXkB(1982) d/ nB[;ko okPNoh iB–eKro; dk ekoiekb 5 ;kb eo fdZsk frnk j?. ftP/P gfo;EhshnK ftuT[;d/ ekoiekb B{z tXkfJnk th ik ;edk j?.

nfXt/PB nfXt/PB nfXt/PB nfXt/PB nfXt/PB (Session) 1954 d/ ;zftXkB d/ nB[;ko okPNoh iB–eKro; dk nfXt/PB ;kb ftu fJe tkoj[zdk ;h. p?me ;EkJh ;whsh d[nkok p[bkJh iKdk ;h e[b ;zfynk d/ 1$5 gqshfBXhnK dh wzr T[s/ th p?mep[bkJh ik ;edh ;h. Bt/A nfXt/PB (1982) ftu th nfXt/PB d/ ;zpzX ftu brGr fJjh ftnt;Ek oyhrJh j?. nB[S/d 18 d/ nzsors ;EkJh ;whsh Bz{ iBeKro; dh p?me p[bkT[D dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j? gozs{;ukJh fJj j? fe ;kbK se fJ;dk nfXt/PB fJe tko th BjhA p[bkfJnk frnk. 1964–65 d/ nfXt/PB d/ pkndiBtoh 1975 JhH ftu jh okPNoh iBeKro; dk u"Ek nfXt/PB p[bkfJnk frnk. 1975 JhH d/ wjkB;K;feqse eqKsh d/ cb;o{g gfo;fEshnK nB[e{b j'D d/ pknd okPNoh iB–eKro; dk nfXt/PB p[bkfJnkfrnk i' 13 iBtoh s'A 17 iBtoh, 1975 se ufbnk. S/thA eKro; dk nfXt/PB f;oc 12 fdBK (6s'A 17 i{B) 1983 se ufbnk. fJj ftP/P o{g Bkb T[b/yBh j? fe uhB dh okPNoh iB–eKro; dknfXt/PB pj[s jh ;zfygs fojk j?. 10 ;kbK d/ pknd p?me p[bkT[D T[s/ th f;oc gzi fdBK sejh fJ;dk nfXt/PB ufbnk. fJ;d/ gfjbK th i' nfXt/PB j'J/ ;B, f;oc 12 fdBK s'A 26 fdBK d/ ;B.okPNoh iB–eKro; dh fJe j'o ftP/Psk j?, T[;dh r'gBhnsk. uhB d/ B/sktK B/ okPNoh iB eKro;


B ØN


dh u'D d/ ;zpzX ftu fJe th Ppd BjhA fejk idfe fe;h th d/P d/ bJh fJj fJe wj~stg{oB xNBk j[zdhj?. f;oc eKro; d/ nfXt/PB d/ pknd fe wj~stg{oB nfGb/y th ikoh ehsk frnk fi; ftu eKro;d/ w?ApoK d/ Bkw, wzsohwzvb d/ w?ApoK d/ Bkw ns/ ;zftXkB d/ Bt/A T[gpzXK dk T[b/y ehsk frnk ;h. fJ;gqeko, okPNoh iB eKro; dk nfXt/PB ns/ T[;dh ekotkjhnK Bz{ fJedw r[gs ofynk iKdk j?.

gqshfBXh gqshfBXh gqshfBXh gqshfBXh gqshfBXh (Deputies) – – – – – g{ot ;'thns o{; dh soQK uhB ftu th gqshfBXhnK d/ pko/ ftu fJenkeoPB ns/ ekbgfBe f;XKs gq;s[s ehsk iKdk j?. fJe ftXkfJe iBsk dk ;/te (Servent),;wkitkd dk gqshfBXh (Agent) ns/ wkUA d/ eqKshekoh ftukoK dk nB[rkwh (Follower) j?. gqshfBXhiBsk dk ;zd/Ptkje (Massanger) j?. iBsk Bkb fBozso ;zgoe pDk e/ oyDk, T[;d/ ;Bw[y eKro;ns/ nkgD/ ezwK dk fttoD gq;s[s eoBk, ns/ iBsk d/ ePNK Bz{ ikDBk ns/ T[BQK d/ fBtkoD dk jb e~YDkgqshfBXhnK dk coI j?. fJjh ekoB j? fe gqshfBXhnK Bz{ T[; fJekJh d/ fBohyD dk ezw eoBk g?Adk j?,fi;B/ T[BQK B{z u[fDnk j?. gqshfBXhnK B{z fBotkuB fJekJh fe;/ th ;w/A tkg; p[bk ;edh j?. gqshfBXhnKd/ ;zpzX ftu T[g:[es f;XKs nkeoPe nt~P jB, gozs{ tk;sftesk s'A pj[s d{o jB.

gdkfXekoh gdkfXekoh gdkfXekoh gdkfXekoh gdkfXekoh (Officers) – – – – – okPNoh iB eKro; d/ gdkfXekohnK d/ pko/ ftu 1982 JhH d/ ;zftXkB ftue[M th BjhA fejk frnk j?. gozs{, iB–eKro; nkgDh p?meK d/ ;zukbB bJh fJe gq/ihfvnw (Presidium)dk fBowkD eodh j?. gq/ihfvnw dh ;zfynk t~vh j'D d/ ekoB fJ;d/ e[M ;EkJh w[yh (PermanentChairman) u[D bJ/ iKd/ jB. fJBQK w[yhnK d/ nfXekoK, ekoiK ns/ ;fEsh d/ pko/ ftu ;zftXkB ftue[M th BjhA fejk frnk j?. fJe ;?eq/Noh–iBob eh th fB:[esh ehsh iKdh j?. ;wkBsk d/ fBowkD ns/rmB d/ pko/ ftu okPNoh iB–eKro; jh s?n eodh j?.

T[Bw[eshnK T[Bw[eshnK T[Bw[eshnK T[Bw[eshnK T[Bw[eshnK (Privileges) – – – – – 1954 JhA d/ ;zftXkB d[nkok w?ApoK dh T[Bw[eshnK d/ pko/ ftu ftnt;Ekehsh rJh ;h. gqshfBXhnK Bz{ oki–gfoPd, wzsokfbnK ns/ nk:'rK s'A gqPB g[~SD dk nfXeko ;h. e'Jhth gqshfBXh iBeKro; iK T[;d/ ;Gkt;kB eky ftu T[;d/ ;EkJh ;whshnK dh nkfrnk d/ fpBk pzdh BjhApDkfJnk ik ;edk ;h iK T[; T[s/ w[e~dwk BjhA ubkfJnk ik ;edk ;h. 1975 JhH ns/ 1982 JhH d/;zftXkB d/ ;zpzX ftu e'Jh th T[gbpX BjhA j?.

PeshnK ns/ ekoi PeshnK ns/ ekoi PeshnK ns/ ekoi PeshnK ns/ ekoi PeshnK ns/ ekoi (Power and Functions)LLLLL ;zftXkB dh Xkok 17 ftu okPNoh iB eKro; dhPeshnK ns/ ekoiK dh uouk ehsh rJh j?. fJ;Bz{ ;zftXkB ftu ;zP'XB fbnkT[D, ekBz{B pDkT[D,;kfwnktkdh db dh e/Adoh ;whsh dh f;ckoP T[s/ gqXkBwzsoh ns/ okigfoPd d/ w?ApoK dh fB:[esh eoBns/ poyk;s eoB, okPNoh nkofEe :'iBk, okPNoh piN ns/ okieh b/y/–i'y/ Bz{ ;thfeqs eoB ns/ j'oT[BQK nfXekoK ns/ feqsK d/ gq:'r dk nfXeko j?, fiBQK Bz{ fJj io{o ;wM/. fJ;d/ nbktk, ;zftXkB d/ j'oT[gpzXK d[nkok th e[M nfXeko gqkgs jB. Xkok 18 fJ; Bz{ ;EkJh ;whsh d/ w[yh, T[gw[yh ns/ w?ApoKBz{ u[DB ns/ gdfuT[s eoB dk nfxeko fdzdh j?, Xkok 16 okigfoPd Bz{ fJ;d/ gqsh T[ZsodkJh pDkT[Adhj?, fJ; ns/ Xkok 25 ;otT[Zu iB fBnKfbnk B{z fJ;d/ gqsh T[ZsodkJh pDkT[Adh j?. fJ; nkXko T[s/okPNoh iBeKro; dh j/m fbyhnK gqw[~y PeshnK ns/ ekoiK dh uouk ehsk ik ;edh j?.

(((((i) ftXh–fBowkD dk nfXeko ) ftXh–fBowkD dk nfXeko ) ftXh–fBowkD dk nfXeko ) ftXh–fBowkD dk nfXeko ) ftXh–fBowkD dk nfXeko (Law-making Power) – – – – – ;zftXkB ftu okPNoh iBeKro; ftXkJhe/Adoh PeshnK dh ;otT[Zu ;z;Ek ejh rJh j?. ekBz{B–fBowkD d/ y/so ftu fJ;dh PeshnK ekchftnkge jB. e[M wkwfbnK ftu sK fJj fpqfNP ;z;d s'A th fInkdk PeshPkbh fdydh j?. feT[Afe uhBftu PeshnK d/ nbr–nbr d/ f;XKs Bz{ n;theko ehsk frnk j? fJ;bJh ;koh PeshnK dk ;q's okPNohiBeKro; pD rJh j?. fe;/ th nfijh ;z;Ek dk gqktXkB BjhA j?, i' fJ;dh ftXdhnK Bz{ fBP/X (Veto)eodh j't/. j'o d/PK ftu fe;/ Bk fe;/ o{g ftu ;z;dK d/ ekBz{B fBowkD d/ nfXeko T[s/ fBnzsoD brkfJnkfrnk j?.

(((((ii) ;zftXkfBe ;zP'XB ) ;zftXkfBe ;zP'XB ) ;zftXkfBe ;zP'XB ) ;zftXkfBe ;zP'XB ) ;zftXkfBe ;zP'XB (Constitutional Amendment) ––––– uhB dh okPNoh iBeKro; Bz{ ;zftXkBftu ;zP'XB fbnkT[D dk nfXeko fdZsk frnk j?. ;zP'XB dh gqfeqnk d/ pko/ ftu ;zftXkB fJedw u[g j?.;' okPNoh iBeKro; ;kXkoB pj[ws Bkb th ;zftXkB ftu fpqfNP ;z;d dh soQK ;zP'XB eo ;edh j?.E'V/ ftu, uhB dk okPNoh iBeKro; Bz{ ;zP'XB–;zpzXh Pesh dh s[bBk fpqfNP ;z;d dh Pesh Bkb ehshik ;edh j?.


B ØN


(((((iii) fBotkuB ns/ fB:[esh ) fBotkuB ns/ fB:[esh ) fBotkuB ns/ fB:[esh ) fBotkuB ns/ fB:[esh ) fBotkuB ns/ fB:[esh (Election and Appointment)L L L L L fBotkuB ns/ fB:[esh d/ ;zpzX ftuth okPNoh iBeKro; dh Pesh ekch ftnkge j?. fJ;B{z gqXkBwzsoh ns/ okigfoPd d/ j'o w?ApoK dhfB:[esh ns/ poyk;srh dk nfXeko gqkgs j?. gozs{, fJ; T[s/ fJe pzXB brk fd~sk frnk j?. fJjfB:[esh iK poyk;srh ;kfwnktkdh db dh e/Adoh ;whsh d/ gq;skt T[s/ j' ;edh j?. ;EkJh ;whsh d/w[yh, T[gw[yh ns/ w?Apo th okPNoh iBeKro; d[nkok jh u[D/ iKd/ jB. fJ;Bz{ T[BQK Bz{ tkg; p[bkT[D dkth nfXeko j?. Gkt/A ;zftXkB okPNoh iBeKro; d/ fJ; nfXeko T[s/ e'Jh pzXB BjhA brkT[Adk j?, gozs{ftntjkos fJj fB:[eshnK th ;kfwnktkdh db d/ e/Adoh ;whsh d/ gq;skt T[s/ jh ehsh iKdh j?. fiE/se ;otT[Zu iB–fBnkfJnkb/ dk gqPB j?, T[;Bz{ okPNoh iBeKro; d/ gqsh T[ZsodkJh pDkfJnk frnkj?. gozs{, T[;d/ w[yh Bz{ fB:[es ns/ gdfuT[s eoB dk nfXeko ;EkJh ;whsh Bz{ ;"Ag fdZsk frnk j?.g[okD/ ;zftXkB ftu fJj nfXeko okPNoh iBeKro; Bz{ gqkgs ;h.

(((((iv) nkofEe nfXeko ) nkofEe nfXeko ) nkofEe nfXeko ) nkofEe nfXeko ) nkofEe nfXeko (Economic Powers) – – – – – uhBh ;zftXkB okPNoh iBeKro; dh nkofEe y/softu ftnkge nfXeko fdzdk j?. okPNoh nkofEe ftnt;Ek Bkb ;zpzfXs BhshnK Bz{ ;thfeqsh dk ftnkgenfXeko fJ;Bz{ gqkgs j?. fJj okPNoh nkofEe :'iBktK Bz{ ;thfeqsh fdzdh j? ns/ okieh piN ns/nkwdB–you Bkb ;zpzfXs Bhshnk B[ nzsw o{g fdzdh j?. ;'thns o{; dh ;otT[Zu ;'thns dh soQKokPNoh iB–eKro; d/ nkofEe nfXeko ekch ftnkge jB.

(((((v) gqPk;eh fBnzsoD () gqPk;eh fBnzsoD () gqPk;eh fBnzsoD () gqPk;eh fBnzsoD () gqPk;eh fBnzsoD (Administrative Control) –) –) –) –) – ;zftXkB okPNoh iBeKro; dk gqPk;B d/fBohyD ns/ fBnzsoD dk nfXeko th fdzdk j?. okigfoPd ns/ ;EkJh ;whsh dk fJ;d/ gqsh fizw/tkopDkfJnk frnk j?. fJj fJBQK fBekfJnK d/ nfXekoK ftu ewh–g/Ph eo ;edh j?. fJ;dh p?meK ftuokigfoPd dh soc'A gqXkBwzsoh e/Adoh ;oeko ns/ gqPk;B d/ ;zpzX ftu fog'oN g/P eodk j?. fJ; fog'oNT[s/ fJj ftuko–tNKdok eodh j?.

(((((vi) j'o nfXeko ) j'o nfXeko ) j'o nfXeko ) j'o nfXeko ) j'o nfXeko (Miscellaneous Powers) – – – – – Bt/A ;zftXkB ftu gqktXkB j? fe okPNoh iBeKro;T[BQK PeshnK dk gq:'r eo ;edh j?, fiBQK Bz{ fJj io{oh ;wM/. T[; T[gpzX fJBQK d/ nfXeko Bz{ ekchftnkge pDk fdzdk j?. fJ;d/ nB[;ko okPNoh iBeKro; T[BQK ;kohnK PeshnK dk gq:'r eo ;edh j?,fiBQK Bz{ T[j okPNo fjs iK ;kfwnktkdh eqKsh d/ bJh io{oh ;wM/. f;oc ;kfwnktkdh db dh nrtkJhdk pzXB T[; T[s/ j? db dh e/Adoh ;whsh d/ fBod/P d/ nzsors fJj fe;h th Pesh dk gq:'r eo ;edhj? fi;dh uouk ;zftXkB ftu BjhA j?.

w[bKeD w[bKeD w[bKeD w[bKeD w[bKeD (Evaluation)L L L L L okPNoh iBeKro; dh ouBk, nfXeko ns/ ;fEsh d/ pko/ ftu ekch nkb'uBktK;[DB Bz{ fwbdhnK jB. w[~y nkb'uBktK fJ; gqeko jB–

(i) okPNoh iBeKro; d/ ;zrmB ns/ ekoi–ftXh ftu g~Swh d/PK d/ ;wkB nkb'uBktK ehshnK iKdhnKjB. b'esKsfoe g~Xsh d/ nzsors ;z;d dh u'D iBsk d[nkok gqsZy o{g Bkb j[zdk j?. gozs{ ;kfwnktkdhuhB ftu fJe BthA g~Xsh ngDkJh rJh j? fi;Bz{ iBtkdh ftuko–tNKdok (Democratic Discussing)dk sohek fejk frnk j?. fJ; gZXsh d/ nB[;ko gqshfBXhnK dh u'D ;kwtkdh db ns/ gqPk;B d/ d[nkokjh eo fbnk iKdk j? f;oc efjD d/ bJh iBsk Bkb ftuko–tNKdok ehsk iKdk j?. fJj g~Xsh x'onb'esKsfoe j?. fJ; u'D–g~Xsh ftu iBsk dk e'Jh gqGkt BjhA ofjzdk ns/ gqshfBXh iBsk d/ BjhA, pbfedb d/ fjwkfJsh j[zd/ jB. ;'thns b/ye J/b/ei/Av't dk efjDk mhe jh j? fe nfijh gqDkbh ftu fwjBsePiBsk d/ ftPkb ;w[dkJ/ Bz{ d/P dh ;otT[Zu ftXkJh ;z;Ek T[s/ gqGkt gkT[D dk nt;o BjhA fwb ;edk.

(ii) d/PGrs ftneshnK (Patriotic Personages) d/ okPNoh iBeKro; dh p?meK ftu fjZ;k b?D bJh;Zd/ dh ftnt;Ek th nkb'uBk dk ftP/ ojh j?. fJ;dk ;gPN noE fJj j? fe Pk;e tor ftneshnKd/ Bkw T[s/ fe;/ th ;zfynk ftu nkgD/ wB'B[e{b gqshfBXhnK Bz{ okPNoh iBeKro; dh w?ApofPg d/ ;ed/jB. nfijh r?o–gqiksKsfoe ftnt;Ek d[BhnK d/ fe;/ th ;zftXkB ftu BjhA j?.

(iii) fiE/ se okPNoh iB–eKro; d/ nfXt/PB dk gqPB j? fJ;dh p?me pj[s bzw/ no;/ pknd j[zdh j?.;kb ftu fJe tko nfXt/PB dh ftnt;Ek Bz{ edh ftntjko ftu BjhA fbnkfJnk frnk. fJ;d/ nbktkfJ;dh p?me f;oc 2–4 fdBK d/ bJh jh j[zdh j?. fJzBh x~N ;w/A ftu ns/ fJzB/ bzw/ no;/ pknd dh p?meK


B ØN


d[nkok fJj ;zGt BjhA j? fe e'Jh ;z;Ek gqGktekoh G{fwek ndk eo ;e/. ;u g[~fSnk ikt/ sK fJj ftnt;EkokPNoh iB eKro; Bz{ g{oD s"o s/ Bg[z;e pDk fdzdh j?.

(iv) okPNoh iBeKro; d/ ekoiekb d/ pko/ ftu fJj ftnt;Ek ehsh fJj gzi ;kb d/ ;w/A Bz{ wB ukj/Yzr Bkb tXk ;edh j?. ftntjko ftu nfijk j'fJnk th. fJj uhB dh iBtkdh ftnt;Ek Bz{ r?o–gqiksKsfoe pDk fdzdh j?.

(v) okPNoh iBeKro; dh w?Apo ;zfynk pj[s fInkdk j?. fJj ftPt dh fe;h th ;z;d dh w?Apo–;zfynks'A eJh r[Dk fInkdk j?. fJzBh t~vh ;Gk ftu fe;/ ftP/ iK Bhsh T[s/ rzGhoskg{ote ftuko–tNKdok BjhAehsk ik ;edk j?.

(vi) ;z;dh ;z;EktK fizw/tko Yzr Bkb sd'A jh ezw eo ;edhnK jB, id T[BQK ftu Pk;e db d/ Bkb–Bkbfto'Xh db ofjD. uhB ftu fto'Xh dB dk e'Jh gqPB jh BjhA T[mdk. ;' okPNoh iBeKro; dk ezw e/tb ;kfwnktkdh db dh BhshnK dk ;woEB eoBk ofj frnk j?. ft;fsqs fBoDk ;kfwnktkdh db dh e/Adoh;whshnK Pk;B d/ T[Zu nzrK, fit/A ;EkJh ;whsh okigfoPd d[nkok fbZs/ iKd/ jB. okPNoh iBeKro;f;oc T[; T[s/ w'jo brk fdzdh j?.

(vii) g[okD/ ;zftxkB dh s[bBk ftu Bt/A ;zftXkB d/ nzsors okPNoh iBeKro; dh Pesh ns/ nfXekoKftu Gkoh ewh eo fdZsh rJh j?. d't/A ;zftXkB dh s[bBk Bkb gsk ubdk j? fe okPNoh iBeKro; d/pj[s ;ko/ wj~stg{oB ekoi s/ nfXeko y'j bJ/ rJ/ jB ;zfynk ftu fJ;d/ nfXeko 18 s'A xNk e/ 6 eofd~s/ rJ/ jB. E'V/ ftu, okPNoh iB–eKro; d/ ekoiK ns/ nfXekoK ftu Gkoh ewh ehsh rJh j?.

(viii) uhB dh toswkB okiBhfse ftnt;Ek ftu okPNoh iBeKro; dh ;fEsh Bz{ th gfjbK s'A BhtK eo fd~skfrnk j?. 1954 JhH d/ ;zftXkB nB[S/d 22 d/ nB[;ko okPNoh iBeKro; d/P d/ bJh ekBz{B pDkT[D tkbh;otT[Zu ;~sk ;h, T[;B{z oki j'o fBekfJnK dh s[bBk ftu ;otT[Zu ;EkB gqkgs ;h 1982 JhH d/ ;zftXkB d/nB[S/d 16 d/ nB[;ko j[D fJ; Bz{ ;kfwnktkdh dh nrtkJh d/ nzsors oki Pesh dk ;otT[Zu nzr fejk frnkj?. j[D fJj ;kfwnktkdh db dh e/Adoh ;whsh d/ fBod/P d/ nzsors ekoi eodh j?. T[dkjoD;o{g, okigfoPdd/ gqXkBwzsoh ns/ okigfoPd d/ w?ApoK dh fB:[esh s/ gdfuT[sh ;kfwnktkdh dh e/Adoh ;whsh d/ ;[MktK T[s/jh ehsh ik ;edh j?. fJ; gqeko fJj wkso T[j ;~sk ofj rJh j? fi; ftu e/tb ekBz{Bh t/es fBfjs j?tk;sfte Pesh ;kfwnktkdh db dh e/Adoh ;whsh iK T[;d/ w[yh ftu fBfjs jB. fJj oki dh Pesh dk;otT[Zu nzr BjhA ofj frnk j?. fJ;dk ;EkB S'Nk g? frnk j?. fJ;dk ekoB fJj j? fe Bt/A ;zftXkB ftufJe BthA ftnt;Ek Bz{ bkr{ ehsk frnk fi; ftu db Bz{ e/Ado fpzd{ wzfBnk frnk. db d/ fBod/P d/ nB[;kookPNoh iBeKro; iK oki d/ j'o nzr ezw eod/ jB. fJ; gqeko uhB dk ;kfwnktkdh db iK ;EkJh ;whshokiPesh dk ;otT[Zu nzr j? okPNoh iBeKro; BjhA.

okPNoh iB–eKro; dh ;EkJh ;whsh okPNoh iB–eKro; dh ;EkJh ;whsh okPNoh iB–eKro; dh ;EkJh ;whsh okPNoh iB–eKro; dh ;EkJh ;whsh okPNoh iB–eKro; dh ;EkJh ;whsh (Standing Committee of the NationalPeople's Congress)uhB d/ ;zftXk ftu okPNoh iBeKro; dh ;EkJh ;whsh dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j?. fJj okPNohiBeKro; dk ;EkJh j?. fJj g{ot ;'thns okiBhfse gqDkbh T[s/ nkXkfose j?. fi; gqeko ;'thns o{;dh ftXkfJek ;otT[Zu ;'thns nkgD/ :ePwzvb (Presidium) d/ wkfXnw Bkb ezw eodh ;h T[;/ soQKuhB dh ftXkfJek th nkgDh ;EkJh ;whsh d/ wkfXnw s'A ezw eodh j?. fJ; ;EkJh ;whsh Bz{ iB–eKro;dh bx{ ftXkfJek iK ;EkJh ekoiekoh nzr fejk iKdk j?. o{; dh ;otT[Zu ;'thns d/ w[yhwzvb dh soQKfJj ;EkJh ;whsh th ;kbK Go ezw eodh ofjzdh j?. okPNoh iBeKro; dk nfXt/PB e[M fdBK d/ bJh,E'V/ ;w/A bJh j[zdk j?, fJ; bJh T[;dh r?ojkioh ftu ;EkJh ;whsh jh T[;dk ezw eodh j?.

;zrmB w?Apo –;zrmB w?Apo –;zrmB w?Apo –;zrmB w?Apo –;zrmB w?Apo – ;zftXkB dh Xkok 18 d/ nB[;ko ;EkJh ;whsh ftu fJe w[yh, nB/e T[gw[yh, wjk;futns/ nB/e w?Apo j[zd/ jB. ;EkJh ;whsh d/ nkeko d/ pko/ ftu ;zftXkB e[M BjhA efjzdk j?. fJ;dkfBoXkoD okPNoh iBeKro; Bz{ eoBk j?. u"E/ okPNoh iBeKro; d/ bJh iBtoh, 1975 ftu'A 144 w?ApoKdh ;EkJh ;whsh pDkJh rJh, fi; ftu fJe w[yh, 22 T[gw[yh, ns/ 121 ;kXkoD w?Apo u[D/ rJ/. ;EkJh;whsh d/ w?Apo iBeKro; d[nkok u[D/ iKd/ jB. eKro; d/ w?ApoK ftu'A jh ;whsh d/ w?Apo u[D/ iKd/ jB.


B ØN


ekoiekb –ekoiekb –ekoiekb –ekoiekb –ekoiekb – fi~E/ se ;EkJh ;whsh d/ ekoiekb dk gqPB j?, ;zftXkB d[nkok fBPfus BjhA fejk frnkj?. nkws"o s/ fJj ekoiekb okPNoh iBeKro; d/ gzi ;kb d/ ekoiekb dk ;fjrkwh j[zdk j?. i/eoiBeKro; dk ekoiekb tXk fdZsk iKdk j? sK ;EkJh ;whsh BthA iBeKro; dh u'D gfonzs ekoi eodhoj/rh. ekoiekb tXkT[D dh Pesh d/ pko/ ftu e'Jh ;gPN T[b/y BjhA j?. ;zftXkB ftu fJj th ftnt;Ekehsh rJh j? fe ekoiekb d/ nzsors jh okPNoh iBeKro; ;EkJh ;whsh d/ w[yh, T[gw[yh iK ;kXkoDw?ApoK Bz{ fe;/ th ;w/A tkg; p[bk ;edh j?.

gqfeqnk –gqfeqnk –gqfeqnk –gqfeqnk –gqfeqnk – fJj okPNoh iBeKro; dh ;EkJh ekoiekoh ;z;Ek j?. gozs{, ;zftXkB B/ fJ;dh gqfeqnk ;zpzXhfBnwK dk T[b/y BjhA ehsk j?. ftntjko ftu ;whsh dk w[yh fJ;dh p?meK p[bkT[Adk j? ns/ T[;dh nrtkJheodk j?. T[j ukj/ fizBhnK p?meK p[bk ;edkj?. i/eo ;EkJh ;whsh dh nrtkJh eoB ftu fe;/ ekoDtPedh ;woE Bk j't/ sK ;whsh d/ T[gw[yhnK ftu'A fe;/ fJe Bz{ w[yh d/ ekoiK dk fBotkj eoB d/ bJh fJju[D b?Adh j?. gozs{ i/eo w[yh fsnkr g~so d/ fdzdk j?, wo iKdk j? iK jNk fd~sk iKdk j? sd'A Bt/A w[yhdk fBotkuB okPNoh iBeKro; eodh j?. ;whsh dk wjk;fut fJ;d/ dcso dk gqXkB j[zdk j?, ns/ T[;dh;jkfJsk d/ bJh nB/e T[g–wjk;fut th fB:[es ehs/ iKd/ jB.

;EkJh ;whsh dk w[yh –;EkJh ;whsh dk w[yh –;EkJh ;whsh dk w[yh –;EkJh ;whsh dk w[yh –;EkJh ;whsh dk w[yh – ;zftXkB d[nkok ;EkJh ;wsh Bz{ nbr s'A e'Jh th nfXeko BjhA fdZsk frnkj?. fJ; bJh, T[;d/ nfXekoK ns/ ;fEsh d/ pko/ ftu fGzB–fGzB XkoDktK jB. feT[Afe okPNogsh dkgd ;wkgs eo fdZsk frnk j? fJ; bJh T[;Bz{ rbsh Bkb okPNogsh d/ ;Bw[y th wzB fbnk iKdk j?.T[j nfij/ ekoiK Bz{ eodk j? i' gfjb/ okPNogsh eodk ;h. T[j ;EkJh ;whsh dh p?meK dh nrtkJheodk j?l T[;dh nkfrngshnK ns/ fBofDnK T[s/ j;skyo eodk j?, ftd/PK ftu ;oekoh T[s;tK d/ nt;oT[s/ ;zd/P G/idk j? uhB ftu nkJ/ okiw[yhnK ns/ okiBfJeK dk ;tkrs eodk j?. gozs{ fJBQK ezwK d/ ;zpzXftu uhB ftu pj[s Ugukfoesk BjhA j?. edh–edh ftd/Ph okiw[yhnK d/ Bkw ;zd/P ;EkJh ;whsh d/ w[yhd[nkok Bk G/i e/ gqXkBwzsoh d/ j;skyo iK ;kfwnktkdh db d/ w[yh dh soc'A G/fink iKdk j?. ;'Ugukfoesk d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A th ;EkJh ;whsh d/ w[yh dk gd pj[s wjs~tg{oB BjhA ofj iKdk j?. fcoth, fJ; Bkb fJBeko BjhA ehsk ik ;edk fe ;EkJh ;whsh d/ w[yh dh rfowk j?, ns/ fJ;/ ekoB dbd/ tfoPm B/sk jh fJ; gd T[s/ nk;hB j[zd/ jB.

;EkJh ;whsh dk nfXeko ns/ ekoi ;EkJh ;whsh dk nfXeko ns/ ekoi ;EkJh ;whsh dk nfXeko ns/ ekoi ;EkJh ;whsh dk nfXeko ns/ ekoi ;EkJh ;whsh dk nfXeko ns/ ekoi (Powers and Functions of Standing Committee) –––––1954 JhH d/ ;zftXkB dh s[bBk ftu Bt/A ;zftXkB d/ nzsors ;EkJh ;whsh d/ nfXekoK Bz{ fdsk frnkj?. BtK ;zftXkB ;EkJh ;whsh Bz{ eJh nfij/ nfXeko BjhA fdzdk j?, i' g[okD/ ;zftxkB ftu T[;Bz{ gqkgs;B. fco th, ;zftXkB d/ T[gpzXK ns/ ;EkJh ;whsh d/ ftntjkfoe o{g T[s/ fXnkB d/D Bkb ;gPN j[zdkj? fe T[;dh PeshnK ftu ftP/P ewh BjhA j'Jh j?. ;EkJh ;whsh d/ ekoi Bz{ j/m fby/ gqeko Bkb ;{uhpZXehsk ik ;edk j?–

(((((i) okiw[yh d/ nfXeko –) okiw[yh d/ nfXeko –) okiw[yh d/ nfXeko –) okiw[yh d/ nfXeko –) okiw[yh d/ nfXeko – ;EkJh ;whsh g~Swh d/PK d/ okiw[yhnK d[nkok ;zgkfds ehs/ ikD tkb/ ekoiKBz{ eodh j?. fJj okPNoh iBeKro; dh p?meK p[bkT[Adh j?. okPNoh iBeKro; dh p?meK d/ ;zukbB d/bJh pDkJ/ gq?fifvnw ftu ;EkJh ;whsh d/ w[yh ns/ T[gw[yh Bz{ wjsZtg{oB ;EkB fdZsk iKdk j?. ;EkJh;whsh Bz{ okiw[yhnK dh soQK dzfvs ftnesh dh ;ik B{z x~N eoB, pdb d/D ns/ wkc eoB dk nfXekoj?. fJj ftd/PK s'A nkJ/ okiBfJeK ns/ gdkfXekohnK d/ gqwkD–g~so Bz{ gqkgs eodh j? ns/ uhBhnfXekohnK B{z ftd/PK d/ bJh gqwkD–g~so fdzdh j?. ;EkJh ;whsh nkw fywkdkB dh PeshnK dk gq:'reodh j?. ;EkJh ;whsh eJh nfij/ nfXekoK B{z th gq:'r eodh j?, fi;dk T[b/y ;zftXkB ftu BjhA ehskfrnk j?. T[dkjoD;o{g, fJ; ;oekoh T[gkXhnK Bz{ gq;Ekfgs eoB ns/ gqdkB eoB dk nfXeko gqkgs j?lfywkdkB d/ nfXeko dk th ;zftxkB ftu fes/ T[b/y BjhA j?, fco th fJj fJ; nfXeko dk gq:'r eodhj?. fJe soc idfe fJ;d/ okiw[yh d/ eJh ezw ;"Ag/ rJ/ jB, d{ih soc fJ; B{z eJh nfij/ ezw Bz{ eoBdh wBkjh j? i' d{i/ d/PK d/ okiw[yh eod/ jB, fit/A fJ; Bz{ okPNoh iB–eKro; dh ftXhnK dk fBP/X eodk nfXeko BjhA j? fJ;B{z okPNoh iBeKro; Bz{ Gzr eoB dk nfXeko BjhA j?.

(((((ii) ekoiekoh nfXeko –) ekoiekoh nfXeko –) ekoiekoh nfXeko –) ekoiekoh nfXeko –) ekoiekoh nfXeko – ;EkJh ;whsh Bz{ ekoigkfbek ;zpzXh eJh nfXeko fd~s/ rJ/ jB. okPNohiBeKro; d/ Bkb–Bkb ;EkJh ;whsh d/ gqsh th okigfoPd ns/ ;otT[u iB–fBnKfJnkb/ fizw/tko jB.


B ØN


;otT[Zu iB–fBnKfJnkb/ d/ w[yh dh fB:[esh ns/ poyk;srh d/ pko/ ftu th fJ;dk nfXekowj~stg{oD jB, Gkt/A ;zftXkB ftu fes/ ;gPN T[b/y BjhA fwbdk j?. fJj nfXeko okPNohiBeKro; Bz{ j? gozs{ ;[Gkte okPNoh iBeKro; d/ nzsoekb ftu fJ; Pesh dk gq:'r ;EkJh ;whshjh eo/rh. ;zftXkB ;EkJh ;whsh Bz{ ftd/Ph PeshnK d/ Bkb ehsh rJh ;zXhnK Bz{ nB[;wofEs eoBns/ ;wkgs eoB dk th nfXeko fdzdk j?. gqKsK, ;tkfJsPk;h y/soK, e/Ado d[nkok Pkf;s BrogkfbektKns/ eqKshekoh ;whshnK d/ fBohyD dk nfXeko th ;EkJh ;whsh Bz{ gqkgs j?. fJj T[BQK d/ nB[fusfBofDnK Bz{ o~d eo ;edh j? iK ;ze[fus eo ;edh j?. fJ; gqeko, ;EkJh ;whsh Bz{ fB:[eshgdfuT[sh ns/ fBohyD d/ nfXeko fds/ rJ/ jB.

(((((iii) ftXkJh nfXeko –) ftXkJh nfXeko –) ftXkJh nfXeko –) ftXkJh nfXeko –) ftXkJh nfXeko – ftXkJh y/so ftu th ;EkJh ;whsh d/ nfXeko ftnkge jB. ;zftXkB fJ;Bz{nkfrngshnK ikoh eoB dk nfXeko fdzdk j?. feT[Afe iB–eKro; dh p?me pj[s bzw/ no;/ pknd ns/E'V/ ;w/A d/ bJh j[zdh j? fJ;bJh nkfrnkgshnK ikoh eoB dk wjZst tX iKdk j?. g{ot ;'thns o{; ftuth g?qihfvnw Bz{ nkfrnkgshnK ikoh eoB dk nfXeko ;h. gozs{, uhB dh ;EkJh ;whsh dh fJj PeshfInkdk wjs~tg{oB j?, feT[Afe okPNoh iBeKro; dh p?me bzw/ ;w/A d/ pknd j'fJnk eodh j?. fJj thwjZstg{oB j? fe nkfrnkgshnK dk w[Zb okPNoh iBeKro; d[nkok gkfos ftXhnK d/ pokpo j?. fJjuhB ftu th okieh ;z;EktK, nfXekoK ns/ BkrfoeK T[s/ bkr{ j[zdhnK jB. nkfrnkgshnK f;oc ekBz{Bdk jh ;EkB BjhA b?AdhnK jB. pbfe T[j ekBz{B dh ftnkfynk th eodhnK jB, iK ekBz{B bkr{ eoB d/bJh nkd/P d/ o{g ftu ikoh ehshnK iKdhnK jB. ;zy/g ftu, ;EkJh ;whsh dk ekBz{B pDkT[B d/ ;zpzXftu nfXeko pj[s jh ftnkge ns/ wjs~tg{oB j?.

fBnKfJe nfXeko^fi~E/ s~e fBnkfJe nfXeko dk gqPB j? fJ; y/so ft~u th ;EkJh Bz{ ftnkge nfXekofd~s/ rJ/ jB. ;EkJh ;fwsh Bz{ ekBz{BK dh ftnkfynk eoD dk nfXeko gqkgs j?. ;EkJh ;fwsh Bz{;ot^T[Zu iB^fBnkb/ d/ nfXnePK dh fB:[esh ns/ poyk;srh dk nfXeko th fd~sk frnk j?. fJjfBnkfbnK dh d/yGkb dk ezw th eodh j/. ;EkJh ;fwsh fe;/ ;oekoh ftGkr d/ r?oêkBz{Bh fBoD/ Bz{o~d th eo ;edh j?. Bkb jh Bkb fe;/ ekBz{Bh ;w~f;nk d/ wj~stg{oD w[~d/ T[Zs/ ;EkJh ;fwsh dk fBoDkjh nzfsw wzfBnk iKdk j?.

j’o nfXeko^ T[go’es nfXekoK s’A fJbktk ;EkJh ;fwsh bz{ fJBK ;ko/ nfXekoK ns/ ekoiK d/ ;zgkdBdk nfXeko j?, i’ fJ; Bz{ okPNoh iBêKro; d[nkok ;”Ag/ iKd/ jB. fJj gqktXkB J/Bk ftnkge j? fefJ; dk gq:’r eo e/ okPNoh iBêKro; e’Jh th nfXeko ;EkJh ;fwsh Bz{ ;”Ag ;edh j?. fJ; ;zpzXft~u uhB d/ okPNoh ibêKro; d/ ;EkJh ;fwsh d/ nfXeko g{ot ;’ftns ;zx d/ gqfIvhnw d/ nfXekoftnkge jB.

nzs ft~u, ;zftXkB fBowksktK Bz{ fJj ;gPN T[d/P fdykJh fdzdk j? fe ;EkJh ;fwsh Bz{ okPNohiBêKro; d/ nXhB o~fynk ikt/. ;zftXkB okPNoh iBêKro; Bz{ oki Pesh dk ;ot^T[Zu nzr wzBdkj?, fi; d/ gqsh ;EkJh ;fwsh T[ZsodkJh j?. fttjko ft~u ;kwtkdh db dh e/Adoh ;fwsh d/ gqs~y fB:zsoDft~u ekoi eoD d/ ekoD ;EkJh ;fwsh dk ;EkB r”D g? iKdk j?, Uj ;kwtkdh db dhnK BhshnK dkn~yK pzd eoe/ ;woEB eodh j? ns/ T[; d/ fBod/PB ns/ nrtkJh ft~u ezw eodh j/.

;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD (Self Assessment)ykbh ;EkB Go' ykbh ;EkB Go' ykbh ;EkB Go' ykbh ;EkB Go' ykbh ;EkB Go' (Fill in the Blanks)1H cqK; dk gzuw rDoki HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH dh nrtkJh ftu ;Ekfgs ehsk frnk.2H iBob fd rakb HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH se cqK; d/ okPNosh oj/.

3H d;zpo HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH d/ ;zftXkB d/ nzsors o{; ftu ;zx rDoki dh ;EkgBk ehshrJh.

4H oki gfoPd ;ft; ;zxh ;Gk dk HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH j?.

5H nwoheh eKro; dh ;fwsh Bz{ nkws'o s/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH dk BK fd~sk iKdk j?.


B ØN


8.3 ;ko nzP;ko nzP;ko nzP;ko nzP;ko nzP (Summary)

• ;?XKfse fdqPNh Bkb fpqfNP ;z;d ftu okiw[e[N (The Crown), bkov ;Gk (House of Lords)ns/ ekwB; ;Gk (House of Commons) fszB' nk iKd/ jB. bkov ;Gk Bz{ T[Zu ;dB, T[gobk ;dB(Upper House) iK d{ik ;dB (Second Chamber) fejk iKdk j?L ekwB; ;Gk Bz{ BhtK ;dB iKnt;o ;dB (Lower House) fejk iKdk j?. gozs{ tk;st ftu ekwB; ;Gk dh PeshnK ns/ feqsbkov ;Gk dh s[bBk ftu fInkdk ft;fsqs ns/ wj~stg{oB jB. ftntjkfoe ns/ okiBhfse ekoBKs'A ekwB; ;Gk Bz{ fpqfNP ;z;d dk gfonkJ/tkuh ;wfMnk iKdk j? feT[Afe fJ;d/ w?ApoK dh u'DiB;kXkoD d/ d[nkok ehsh iKdh j?, fJ;/ ;dB Bz{ ftXh–fBowkD dh nzfse Pesh gqkgsh j?l ns/wzsohwzvb (Cabinet) nkgD/ j'Ad d/ bJh fJ;/ ;dB d/ ftPtk; (Confidence) T[s/ nkfPqs j?.

• fpqfNP ;z;d Bz{ gqG{;~sk ;zgB wzBD dk w[~y ekoB Jj j? fe T[E/ e'Jh fbfys ;zftXkB (WrittenConstitution) BjhA jB Pk;B gqDkbh Bkb i[Vh j'Jh gqEktK (conventions), fBnKfJe fdqPNks(Judicial Precedents) ns/ ;z;d d/ nfXfBnw (Parliamentary Enactments) jh T[E'A d/;zftXkB dk nkXko jB. ;z;d d/ nfXfBnw ekBz{B dh fdqPNh s'A ;ot'gfo jB.

• gqXkBwzsoh jh wzsohwzvb pDkT[Adk ns/ s'Vdk j?. T[j nkgDh g;zd d/ ;z;d–w?ApoK Bz{ wzsoh wzvbftu oy ;edk j? jkbKfe T[; Bz{ ftfGzB okiBhfse fjsK ns/ fGzB–fGzB ;w{jK ftu nrtkJh d/ dkt/dkoK B{z fJ; ftu T[fus gqshfBXhst d/Dk g?Adk j?.

• wzsohwzvb fpqfNP ;zftXkfBe gqDkbh dh X[oh j?. wzsohwzvb d/ w?Apo nkgD/–nkgD/ gqPk;fBe ftGkrd/ w[yh d/ Bks/ d/P d/ Pk;B ftu fBoDkfJe G{fwek fBGkT[Ad/ jB. nwoheh wzsohwzvb d/ w?Apo sKftXkBwzvb Bkb fpbe[b BjhA i[V/ j[zd/ ns/ T[j f;oc okPNogsh (President) d/ ;/te j[zd/ jB, gozs{fpqfNP wzsohwzvb d/ w?Apo nkg ftXkBwzvb d/ wj~stg{oB w?Apo j[zd/ jB. ns/ T[j ;w{je o{g BkbftXkBwzvb dh ;zukbB ;whsh (Steering Committee) d/ o{g ftu ezw eod/ jB.

• fpqfNP gqDkbh d/ nzsors ftXkB wzvb ns/ ekoigkfbek ftu rsho'X (Deadlock) g?dk j'D dh e'Jhr[zikfJP BjhA j?.

• ;z:[es oki nwohek d/ ftXkBwzvb Bz{ ‘eKro;’ fejk iKdk j?. nwohek ftu ;zxh Pk;B gqDkbh(Federal Government) gqufbs j?. T[E/ dh ;zxh ;oeko g{o/ okPNo Bkb ;zpzXs wkwfbnK dkPk;B ubkT[Adh j?, gzikj okiK dh ;oekoK nkgD/–nkgD/ Bkb ;zpzfXs wkwfbnK dk Pk;B ubkT[Adhj?. ;zxh gqDkbh dh io{os d/ nB[o{g T[E/ ;zx d/ ftXkBwzvb noEks eKro; ftu d' ;dB oy/ rJ/jBL (1) gqshfBXh ;Gk (House of Representatives) ;zg{oB okPNo d/ iB;kXkoD dk gqshfBXhsteodh j?, ns/ (2) ;hB/N (Senate) nbr–nbr okiK dk gqshfBXhst eodh j?. gqshfBXh ;Gk Bz{j/mb/ ;dB iK nto ;dB (Lower House) fejk iKdk j?l ;hB/N B{z T[u ;dB, T[gobk ;dB (UpperHouse) fejk iKdk j?l iK d{ik ;dB (Second chamber) fejk iKdk j?. gqshfBXh ;Gk d/ w?ApoBz{ eKro;–w?Apo (Congress-Member) fejk iKdk j?l ;hB/N d/ w?Apo Bz{ ;hB/N w?Apo iK ;hB/No(Senator) fejk iKdk j?.

• fJ; ftu 435 w?Apo j[zd/ jB i' fe g{o/ d/P dh iBsk d/ d[nkok u[D/ iKd/ jB. fJ;d/ fBotkuB y/so(Constituencies) iB;zfynk d/ nkXko T[s/ pDkJ/ iKd/ jB. ;' fJ; ;dB ftu fe;/ oki s'A nkT[D tkb/gqshfBXhnK dh ;zfynk T[E'A dh iB;zfynk T[s/ fBoGo j?.

• gqshfBXh ;Gk d/ w?Apo d' ;kb d/ bJh u[D/ iKd/ jB. fJ; ;w/A Bz{ fe;/ th soQK tXkfJnk iK xNkfJnkBjhA ik ;edk.

• ;z:[es oki nwohek d/ jo/e oki Bz{ ;hB/N ftu nkgD/ d'–d' gqshfBXh G/iD dk nfXeko j?, ukj/G"r'fbe iK iB;zfynk dh fdqPNh s'A e'Jh oki fezBk th S'Nk iK tZvk feT[A Bk j't/, feT[Afe T[E/ okiKdh toswkB ;zfynk 50 j?, fJ; bJh ;hB/N ftu 100 w?Apo j[zd/ jB. P[o{–P[o{ ftu okiK d/


B ØN


ftXkBwzvb nkgD/–nkgD/ oki dk gqshfBXhst eoB d/ bJh ;hB/N–w?ApoK dh u'D eod/ ;B. gozs{1913 s'A okiK dh iBsk fJBQK dk gqs~y u'D eodh j?. fJ; soQk g{oh ;hB/N edh Gzr BjhA j[zdh. fJjfJe ;EkJh ;dB pDh ofjzdh j?.

• ;z:[es oki nwohek dk T[g–okPNogsh (Vice-President) ;hB/N dk ;Gkgsh (Chairman) jz[dkj?.

• nwohek ftu ;zxh gqDkbh ns/ fbfys ;zftXkB ngDkfJnk frnk j?. fJ;d/ nzsors ftXh–fBowkDd/ ftfPnK dh d' ;{uhnK (lists) pDkJhnK rJhnK jBL ;zxh ftP/ (Federal Subject) ns/ oki ftP/(State Subjects) fejk iKdk j?.

• nwoheh eKro; ftfGzB gqPk;fBe ftGkrK d/ pko/ ftu fttoD (Reports) wzrk ;edh j?. fJjnkgDh iKu ;whshnK (Inquiry Committees) fB:[es eoe/ gqPk;fBe ftGkrK dh nb'uBk eo;edh j?.

• i/eo d/Pdq'j, GqPNkuko iK ;zftXkB d/ T[bzxD, nkfd dk nko'g brk e/ okPNogsh, T[gokPNogsh,i~iK iK gqPk;fBe T[Zu nfXekohnK T[s/ wjkfG:'r (Impeachement) ubkT[Dk j't/ sK fJ;d/ bJhgqshfBXh ;Gk wjkfG:'r dh XkoktK (Articles of Impeachements) fsnko eodh j? ns/ ;hB/Nftu w[e~dwk ubkfJnk iKdk j?. gqshfBXh ;Gk ftu wjkfG:'r dh XkoktK Bz{ ;kXkoD pj[s (SimpleMajority) Bkb gkfos ehsk iKdk j?. d'P–f;~Xh d/ bJh wjkfG:'r dh jo/e Xkok T[s/ ;hB/N ftuT[g;fEs ns/ wsdkB ftu fj~;k b?D tkb/ w?ApoK dk d'–fsjkJh pj[ws (Two-Third Majority) io{ohj'J/rk. d'P f;~X j'D ikD s/ nfG:[es Bz{ gd s'A jNk fd~sk iKdk j?.

• uko–uko ;kb pknd id okPNogsh ns/ T[gokPNogsh dh u'D j[zdh j? sK fJ; u'D ftu gkJ/ rJ/t'NK dh frDsh d/ bJh eKro; d/ d't/A ;dBK dk ;z:[es nfXt/PB (Joint Session) jz[dk j?.

• eKro; dh ;whsh Bz{ nkws"o T[s/ ‘bx{ ftXkB wzvb’ (Little Legsilature) dh ;zfrnk dh iKdh j?.fe;/ th ftX/ne B{z nzfsw o{g d/D dk nfXeko nfijh ;whshnK d/ j~E ftu ofjzdk j?. f;XKse s"os/ fe;/ ;whsh d/ gq;skt Bz{ gqshfBXh ;Gk ;hB/N ftu n;theko ehsk ik ;edk j?, gozs{ nfijkpj[s xN j' gkT[Adk j?.

• ;z:[es oki nwohek dk okPNogsh Pk;B d/ ekoiekoh nzr (Executive Organ) dk w[yh j?l eKro;T[E/ dk ;otT[Zu ftXkJh nzr (Supreme Legislative Organ) j?. Pesh–gkoE~et (Separationof Powers) d/ f;XKs d/ nzsors fJBQK d't/A nzrK dhnK PeshnK ns/ ezw fJ; Yzr Bkb fBoXkfosehs/ rJ/ jB fe T[j nkgD/–nkgD/ y/so ftu fJe–d{i/ s'A ;tkXhB j'Dl Pk;B Bz{ e'Jh th nzrnkgDhnK PeshnK dk gq:'r eod/ ;w/A iK nkgD/ ezwK Bz{ ;zgzB eod/ ;w/A fe;/ d{i/ nzr T[s/ nkfPqsBk j't/.

• d{i/ gk;/, nto'X ns/ ;zs[bB (Checks and Balances) d/ f;XKs d/ nzsors fJj ftnt;Ek ehshrJh j? fe Pk;B d/ ftfGzB nzr fJe–d{i/ T[s/ nze[P oy ;eD sK fe Pesh d/ iwkt (Concentra-tion of Power) Bz{ o'fenk ik ;e/, ns/ Pk;B dk e'Jh th nzr fBoze[P Bk j' ikJ/.

• nwoheh ;zftXkB d/ nzsors ;ot^T[Zu fBnkbk ;zx ;oeko dh fBnkfJe Pkyk dk ;ot^T[Zu nzrj?.fJ; ft~u nkws'o s/ gzi fBnKXhP o~y/ rJ/ ;B, gzqs{ ;w/A d/ Bkb fJBK dh ;zfynk th pdbdhofjzdh j?.1869 s'A pknd s'A ;ot^T[Au fBnkb/ d/ fBnKXhPK dh ;zfynk B'A ojh j?, fiBK ft~u fJ~ew[~y fBnKXhP j[zdk j?.

• ;zftXkB d/ nB[;ko nkgDk ezw ;zgzB eod/ j'J/ nwoheh ;ot^T[Zu fBnkb/ B/ j'bh^j'bh ‘;zftXkBd/ ;zo~fyne* dh G{fwek ;zGkb bJh j?. ;ot^T[Zu fBnkb/ dh fJ; G{fwek d/ ftPb/PD s'A gfjbKnwoheh ;zftXkB d/ dkoPfBe nkXko dh uouk eo b?Dk T[g:[es j't/rk.


B ØN


• nwoheh ;zftXkB dk fBowkD nwoheh ;[szsosk dh x'PDk 1776 s'A pknd 1787 ft~u j'fJnk ;h.fJ; x'PDk d/ nzsors ssekbhB nwohek d/ s/oK T[gBt/P fpqfNP Pk;B s'A w[esh gqkgs eoD s'Apknd fJ~e okPNo d/ o{g ft~u i[V rJ/ ;B.

• fJ; soK nwoheh ;zftXkB d/ nzsors fJ~e nfsnzs ifNb Pk;B ftt;Ek ;Ekfgs ehsh rJh ;h.fJ; ft~u Pk;B dhnK fszB Pkyktk^noEks ftXkfJek, ekoigkfbek ns/ fBnKgkfbek^ns/ d' g~Xo^ noEks ;zx g~Xo ns/ oki g~Xo ;Ekfgs ehs/ rJ/ ;B ns/ UBK ft~u nto'X ns/ ;zs[bBdhft;fsqqs ftt;Ek ehsh rJh ;h. n;b ft~u ;zftXkB d/ ;z;Ekge fJ~ nfijh Pk;B ftt;Ek ;EkfgseoBk ukj[zd/ ;B, i' ed/ th fBoze[Pszso dk o{g XkoD Bk eo gkt/. Uj fJj Io{o ukj[zd/ ;B, fePk;B d/ fJBK ftftX g~XoK ft~u'A fe;/ d/ j~EK ft~u th ndw Pesh e/Adfos Bk j' gkt/.gqzs{ UBK B/fJj ;gPN BjhA ehsk fe Pk;B dhnK fJBK ftftX PkyktK ns/ ;soK ft~u e'Jh wsG/d g?dk j' ikDs/ T[;dk jb fet/A j't/rk ns/ T[; s/ nzfsw fBoDk e'D d/t/rk< ;z:[es oki nwohek d/ fJfsjk;ft~u eJh tko nfij/ wsG/d g?dk j'J/.

• ;w/A d/ nzsokb Bkb ekBz{B dh gqwkfDesk d/ gqPB s/ nwoheh eKro; noEks ftXkBwzvb dh s[bBkft~u fBnKgkfbek dh T[Zusk ;theko eo bJh rJh j?, ns/ okiK dh s[bBk ft~u ;zx dh ekBz{Bh T[ZuskBz{ wkBsk d/ fd~sh rJh.

• fJ; soK ;ot^T[Zu fBnkb/ B/ nkgD/ nkg Bz{ ;zftXkB dk ;zo~fyne wzB fbnk j?.

• ftntjko d/ g~Xo s/ cqK; ftu b'eszso dh ;EkgBk ftu eJh T[sko–uVkn nkJ/. eJh tko T[E/ b'eszsoBz{ u[D'sh fd~sh rJh, T[; T[s/ gqjko ehs/ rJ/, ns/ T[;dk dwB th eo fdZsk frnk. gozs{ 1958 ftuT[E/ gzue rDoki (Fifth Republic) dh ;EkgBk d/ pknd b'eszso g{oh soQK ;Ekgs j' u[~ek j?.

• cqK; dk gzuw rDoki d{i/ ftPt :[~X (1939–45) d/ gqf;ZX ;?Bk BkfJe iBob ukob; fd rkb(1890^1970) dh nrtkJh ftu ;Ekgs ehsk frnk ;h. iBob fd rkb 1953 ftu ;kotifBe ihtBs'A ;zfBnk b? u[e/ jB, gozs{ 1958 ftu T[BQK Bz{ tkg; p[bkfJnk frnk. 1958 ftu jh okpNoh gfofgqSk(National referendum) d/ pknd gzuw rDoki dh BhAt oy rJh ns/ BtK ;zftXkB bkr{ ehsk frnk.iBob fd rkb 1959 s'A 1969 se cqK; d/ okPNogsh oj/. ;wekbhB cqK;h;h ;oeko dh ;z;EktK ns/BshnK Bz{ fJe fBPfsu o{g ftu YkbD ftu fd rkb dh G{fwek ;G s'A gqGktPkbh ojh.

• cqK; d/ gzuw rDoki d/ ;zftxkB (1958) d/ nzsors fJeksws Pk;B gqDkbh (Unitary Form ofGovernment) ngDkJh rJh j?. ;' T[E/ fJj jh okPNoh ;oeko dh ftnt;ek ehsh rJh j?. fJ;d/nbktk T[E/ dh iBsk 22 y/soh gfoPdK (Regional Councils) 96 wjkBro ftGkrh gfoPdK(Metropoliton Department Councils) ns/ 36,673 Bro gkfbek gfoPdK (Municipal Coun-cils) iK efwT{B (Communes) dh u'D th eodh j?.

• gzuw rDoki d/ ;zftXkB (1958) d/ nzsors d'–;dBhJ/ ;z;d (Two Chamber Parliament) ns/‘d[joh ekoi gkfbek’ (Dual Excutive) dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j?. fJj ftnt;Ek cqK;h;hokiBhsh gqDkbh B{z ;kXkoD ;z;dh gqDkbh (Parliamentary System) s'A nbr f;~X eodh j?.;kXkoD ;z;dh gqDkbh ftu gqXkB wzsoh (Prime Minister) ns/ T[;dk wzsoh wzvb (cabinet) dh;bkj (advice) Bkb eodk j?. gozs{ cqK; ftu gqXkB wzsoh ns/ okPNogsh fwb–tzv e/ ekoiekohPeshnK dk gq:'r eod/ jB.

• cqK;h;h ;z;d d/ j/mb/ ;dB (Lower House) B{z okPNoh ;Gk iK B?PBb n;?Apbh (NationalAssembly) fejk iKdk j?, ns/ T[gob/ ;dB (Upper House) Bz{ ;hB/N (Senate) fejk iKdk j?.B?PBb n;?Apb ftu 577 w?Apo jz[d/ jB i' gzi ;kb d/ ekoiekb d/ bJh u[D/ iKd/ jB, jkbKfe fJ;;dB Bz{ ;w/A s'A gfjbK th Gzr ehsk ik ;edk j?. B?PBb n;?Apbh d/ w?Apo iBsk d/ d[nkok fJe–w?Apoh fBotkuB y/so (Single-member Constituencies) s'A u[D/ iKd/ jB. fJBQK dh u'D ftu‘dthshne pj[ws gqDkbh’ (Run-off Absolute Majority System) dk gq:'r j[zdk j?. ftntjko


B ØN


d/ Xoksb T[s/, tkggzEh ns/ d~yD gzEh dbK d/ rmpzXB nkg; ftu ;wM"sk eoe/ pj[s xZN t'Ngkt[D tkb/ T[whdtkoK Bz{ p?m iKD d/ bJh fsnko eo b?Ad/ jB sKfe d' ;G s'A pbPkbh T[whdtkoKftu f;~Xk w[ekpbk eokfJnk ik ;e/.

• ;hB/N d/ 321 w?Apo fJe fBotkue rD (Electoral College) d/ d[nkok ngqs~y o{g s'A u[D/ iKd/ jB.

• B?PBb n;?Apbh nkgDk ekoi S/ t~vh–t~vh feqfsnkswe ;EkJh ;whshnK (Functinoal StandingCommittees) d/ wkfXnw Bkb eodh j? fiBQK ftu 61–61 iK 121–121 w?Apo j[zd/ jB. fJj ;dB;z;d d/ d'BK ;dBK ftu fInkdk PeshPkbh j?. fJjh ;dB ;G s'A gfjbK ;kbkBk piN dh iKu eodkj?. gqXkB wzsoh fJ;/ ;dB ftu'A u[fDnk iKdk j?.

• d;zpo 1993 d/ ;zftXkB d/ nzsors o{g ftu ;zxh rDoki (Federal Republic) dh ;EkgBk ehsh rJhj?.

• Pk;B gqDkbh d/ gZXo T[s/ fJE/ okPNogsh gqDkbh (Presidential System) ns/ ;z;dh gqDkbh(Parliamentary System) dk fwPqD fsnko eoB dk isB ehsk frnk j?. okPNogsh gqDkbh dhsoQK fJE/ fJe PeshPkbh okPNogsh (President) dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j?, ns/ ;z;dh gqDkbhdh soQK fJE/ fJe PeshPkbh ;z;d (Parliament) dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j? fi; Bz{ ;zxh ;Gk(Federal Assembly) fejk iKdk j?l okPNogsh oki dk w[yh (Head of State) j? i' f;~X/ iB;kXkoDd/ d[nkok uko ;kb d/ bJh u[fDnk iKdk j?, T[; Bz{ brksko d' tko s'A n~r/ BjhA u[fDnk ik ;edk.T[j ;zftXkB dk ;ozfyne j?, ns/ ;Pso ;?BktK dk ;otT[Zu ;?Bkgsh (Supreme Commanderof the Armed Forces) th j?.

• okPNogsh fJe nzsozr wzsoh wzvb (Kitchen Cabinet) dh ;bkj Bkb ekoi eodk j? fi; ftuT[;d/ ftPt;s fw~so ns/ T[Zu nfXekoh Pkwb j[zd/ jB. wzsoh wzvb Bz{ ;~sk ftu ofjD d/ bJh;z;d dk ftPtk; gqkgs j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

• okPNogsh nkfrngshnK (Decrees) ikoh eo ;edk j? i' ekBz{B dh soQK wkBsk tkbk jz[dk j?. gozs{ fJjnkfrngshnK gqufbs ekBz{B d/ fto[ZX BjhA j'Dh ukjhdh. fco ;z;d fJBQK Bz{ fBo;s th eo ;edh j?.d{i/ gk;/, okPNogsh th ;z;d d[nkok gkfos ftX/ne (Bill) Bz{ ekBz{B pDB s'A o'e ;edk j?.

• d/P dh o~fynk (Defence) dh fizw/tkoh ;zGkbD bJh okPNogsh ;[o~fynk–gfoPd (SecurityCouncil) fB:[es eodk j? fi;dk w[yh T[j nkg j[zdk j?. T[j e/Adoh p?Ae (Central Bank) d/ w[yh(Chairperson), wjk–nfG:'ie (Prosecutor General) ns/ fBnKgkfbek (Judiciary) d/ gqw[~yw?ApoK dh fB:[esh dk gq;skt ;z;d d/ e'b G/idk j?.

• okPNogsh dk T[whdtko x~N s'A xZN d; b~y wsdksktK d/ d[nkok wB'Bhs j'Dk ukjhdkl fJBQK ftu'Afe;/ fJe nzub (Region) iK rDoki (Republic) d/ wsdksktK dh ;zfynk e[b ;zfynk dh 7 gqshPss'A fInkdk BjhA j'Dh ukjhdh.

• o{; ftu ftXkfJek (Legislature) d/ ezw ;zxh ;Gk (Federal Assembly) Bz{ ;"Ag/ rJ/ jB. fJ;ftu d' ;dB (Chambers) oy/ rJ/ jB. nt;o ;dB (Lower House) Bz{ ;N/N fvT[wk fejk iKdkj?. fJ; ftu 450 w?ApoK dh ftnt;Ek ehsh rJh j?.

• uhBh rDszso dk ;zftXkB ;z;dh ;otT[Zusk d/ f;XKs T[s/ nkXkfos j?. fJj PeshnK d/ nbr–nbr d/ f;XKs Bz{ n;thfeqs eodk j?. ;' uhBh ;zftXkB ftu fpqfNP ns/ ;'thns ;z;dK dh soQK;otT[Zu ftXkfJek ;zx dh ;EkgBk ehsh rJh j?. fJ; Bz{ okPNoh iB–eKro; efjzd/ jB.

• okPNoh iBeKro; fJe;dkBswe ;Gk j?. gozgokrs gqiksKsfoe g~Xsh d/ gqshe{b fJ; ftu e/tb fJe ;dB j?, Gkt/A uhB fJe pj[okPNoh oki j?, gozs{ okPNohnsk Bz{ gqshfBXhst gqdkB eoBd/ bJh d{i/ ;dB dh ftnt;Ek BjhA ehsh rJh j?.


B ØN






• Bt/A ;zftXkB ftu okPNoh iBeKro; d/ w?ApoK dh ;zfynk fBPfus BjhA ehsh rJh j?. fJ;d/ w?ApoKdh ;zfynk ekBz{B d[nkok fBPfus ehsh iKdh j?. 1954 JhH d/ ;zftXkB ftu th nfijh ftnt;Ek;h. S/thA okPNoh eKro; (6 i{B, 1983) ftu w?ApoK dh ;zfynk 2,978 ;h. fJ;d/ w?ApoK dkfBotkuB gqKsK, ;tkfJsPk;h y/soK, e/Ado Pkf;s Bro gkfbektK ns/ iBw[esh ;?Bk (People'sLiberation Army) d/ d[nkok j[zdk j?. fJj 56 okPNo ikshnK dk gqshfBXhst eodh j?. fJ; ftu75 gqshPs gqshfBXh wid{o, fe;kB ns/ ;?fBe jB.

• ;zftXkB dh Xkok 17 ftu okPNoh iB eKro; dh PeshnK ns/ ekoiK dh uouk ehsh rJh j?. fJ;Bz{;zftXkB ftu ;zP'XB fbnkT[D, ekBz{B pDkT[D, ;kfwnktkdh db dh e/Adoh ;whsh dh f;ckoP T[s/gqXkBwzsoh ns/ okigfoPd d/ w?ApoK dh fB:[esh eoB ns/ poyk;s eoB, okPNoh nkofEe :'iBk,okPNoh piN ns/ okieh b/y/–i'y/ Bz{ ;thfeqs eoB ns/ j'o T[BQK nfXekoK ns/ feqsK d/ gq:'r dknfXeko j?, fiBQK Bz{ fJj io{o ;wM/. fJ;d/ nbktk, ;zftXkB d/ j'o T[gpzXK d[nkok th e[M nfXekogqkgs jB. Xkok 18 fJ; Bz{ ;EkJh ;whsh d/ w[yh, T[gw[yh ns/ w?ApoK Bz{ u[DB ns/ gdfuT[s eoBdk nfXeko fdzdh j?, Xkok 16 okigfoPd Bz{ fJ;d/ gqsh T[ZsodkJh pDkT[Adh j?, fJ; ns/ Xkok 25;otT[Zu iB fBnKfbnk B{z fJ;d/ gqsh T[ZsodkJh pDkT[Adh j?.


nfXBkfJe szso L skBkPkjh ftt;Ek

gkob/wk L cq?Au GkPk dk Ppd j? fi;dk noE j?^ tkd fttkd iK ftuko ftwoP eoD tkbh ;Gk


1H fpqfNP ;z;d dh Pesh ns/ ;zrmB dh ftnkfynk eo'.2H nwoheh eKro; dhnK PeshnK dk ftt/uB eo'.

3H “;ft; ;zxh ;Gk ft~u ;G gqeko dhnK PeshnK jB^ ftXkJh, gqPk;eh ns/ fBnkfJe.@;whfynk eo'.

4H gzuw rDszso ft~u cqK;h;h ;z;d d/ d'jK ;dBK d/ ;zpzXK dkl ftt/uB eo'.

5H ofPnk rDszso dh ;z;dh PeshnK T[Zs/ ;zy/g fN~gDh fby’.

T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment)1H iBob ukob; fd rkb 2H 1959 s'A 1969 3H 19934H T[~u iK d{ik ;dB 5H bx{ ftXkB wzvb



B ØN


fJekJh^9L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk^ fBnKgkfbekfJekJh^9L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk^ fBnKgkfbekfJekJh^9L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk^ fBnKgkfbekfJekJh^9L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk^ fBnKgkfbekfJekJh^9L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk^ fBnKgkfbek(Constitutional Structure — Judiciary)

ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ (Contents)

T[d/P (Objectives)


9H1 nwoheh ;otT[Zu ndkbs ns/ fBnKfJe g[Bokftb'eD (US Supreme Court and JudicialReview)

9H2 :{H e/H, oPhnk, cqK; dh fBnKfJe ftt;Ek ns/ ;ftNIob?Av dh ;zxh ndkbsh ftt;Ek(Judicial System of U.K., Russia, France and Federal Judiciary of Switzerland)







• nwoheh ;otT[Zu ndkbs, fBnKfJe g[Bokftb'eD, fpqN/B, oPhnk, cqK; dh fBnKfJe ftt;Ek dk ftt/uB eoD ft~u.

• ;ftNIob?Av dh ;zxh ndkbsh ftt;Ek dh ftnkfynk eoD ft~u.


fBnKgkfbek ;oeko dk Uj nzr j?, I' Io{os nB[;ko ekBz{BK dh ftnkfynk eodh ns/ ekBz{B d/ Gzr eoDtkfbnK Bz{ T[fus dzv fdzdh j?. fJ; bJh Pk;Bkswe ;zrmB Bz{ pDkJ/ o~yD bJh fBnK ftGkr dk ofjDkpj[s Io{oh j?. fejk iKdk j? fe i/eko fe;/ d/P ft~u ftXkfJek ns/ ekoigkfbek pj[s uzrh j't/, gqzs{ ;[szsons/ fBog~y fBnKgkfbek Bk j't/, sK T[; d/P d/ ;zftXkB dk nfXe w[~b BjhA ofj iKdk. fJj d/yD bJhfe oki d/ ekBz{BK dk g{oh soK gkbD j' fojk j?, iK BjhA iK fco ekBz{BK Bz{ Gzr eoD tkfbnK Bz{ dzv d/D bJh fJ~e fBog~y fBnKgkfbek dh Io{os j{zdh j?. gq'H rkoBo b/ mhe jh fbfynk j? fe “fBnK ftGkrd/ nGkt ft~u fJ~e ;~fGn oki dh ebgBk BjhA ehsh ik ;edh. e'Jh th ;wki fpBK ftXkB wzvb d/ ofjzdkj?, fJj r~b ;wM ft~u nk ;edh j?, gqzs{ nfij/ fe;/ ;~fGn oki dh ebgBk BjhA ehsh ik ;edh, fi;ft~u fBnKgkfbek iK fBnKXheoD dh e'Jh th ftt;Ek Bk j't/.” fBnKgkfbek ftnesh d/ nfXekoK ns/;[szsosktK dh o~fynk eodh j? fe nfXekoK dk fBPuk ns/ UBK s/ fBoDk d/D bJh, ngokXhnK Bz{ dzvd/D bJh ns/ fBopbK dh nfsnkuko s'A o~fynk eoD bJh fBnK ftGkr pj[s io{oh j?.” toswkB :[rft~u jo d/P ft~u ftXh d/ Pk;B (Rule of Law) d/ f;XKs Bz{ wkBsk fd~sh rJh j?l fi; dk noE j[zdk j?̂ joftnesh ekBz{B d/ nXhB j? ns/ e'Jh fJ; s'A T[Zgo BjhA, ekBz{B dh BIo ft~u okikôze ;G pokpo jBns/ ;G Bz{ ;wkB ngokX bJh ;wkB dzv fwbDk ukjhdk j?. gqzs{ fBnKgkfbek ns/ fBnKftGkr dh r?ojkfIohft~u fJj r~bK p/eko brdhnK jB. bK;eh B/ fbfynk j? fe “id'A n;hA fJj ikDd/ jK fe okPNo oki fe;

fJekJh^9L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk^fBnKgkfbekfJekJh^9L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk^fBnKgkfbekfJekJh^9L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk^fBnKgkfbekfJekJh^9L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk^fBnKgkfbekfJekJh^9L ;zftXkfBe ;zouBk^fBnKgkfbek

B ØN


soK nkgD/ fJ~E/ fBnK eodk j? sK ;kBz{ fJj gsk br ikdk j? fe Uj B?fse ufo~so d/ fe; ;so j?. pqkJh;B/ fbfynk j? fe “fe;/ ;oeko dh t[Zswsk dh e;"Nh T[; d/ fBnKftGkr dh e[Pbsk j?l feUAfe ;kXkoDbkrfoe d/ fjs ns/ ;[o~fynk d/ fjs ft~u fJj GktBk Io{oh j? fe UBK Bkb T[fus fBnK ibdh ehsk ikt/.” fco pqkJh; d/ jh PpdK ft~u “i/eo fBnK dk dhtk jB/o/ ft~u jh p[M ikt/, sK Uj jB/ok fezBk rfjDj't/rk, fJ; dh ebgBk th BjhA ehsh ik ;edh.” ;zy/g ft~u, fJ~e fBog~y ns/ ;[szso fBnKftGkr iKfBnKgkfbek s'A fpBK fe;/ ;~fGn ;zrmb dh ebgBk th BjhA ehsh ik ;edh.

9H19H19H19H19H1 nwoheh ;otT[Zu ndkbs ns/ fBnKfJe g[Bokftb'eD nwoheh ;otT[Zu ndkbs ns/ fBnKfJe g[Bokftb'eD nwoheh ;otT[Zu ndkbs ns/ fBnKfJe g[Bokftb'eD nwoheh ;otT[Zu ndkbs ns/ fBnKfJe g[Bokftb'eD nwoheh ;otT[Zu ndkbs ns/ fBnKfJe g[Bokftb'eD (US SupremeCourt and Judicial Review)

;otT[Zu ndkbs ;otT[Zu ndkbs ;otT[Zu ndkbs ;otT[Zu ndkbs ;otT[Zu ndkbs (The Supreme Court)Pesh, gqfsPmk ns/ ;zrmBLPesh, gqfsPmk ns/ ;zrmBLPesh, gqfsPmk ns/ ;zrmBLPesh, gqfsPmk ns/ ;zrmBLPesh, gqfsPmk ns/ ;zrmBL ;z:[es oki nwohek dh ;zxh fBnKgkfbek d/ fPyo s/ ;otT[Zu ndkbsnt;fEs j?. fJ; dk fBowkD ;zftXkB d[nkok Io{oh d~f;nk frnk j?. eKro; b/ fBnKgkfbek nfXfB:w,1789 d[nkok fJ; Bz{ ;zrfms ehsk. n~i ;kotifBe Pesh d/ ;otkfXe ;[szso nfGeoD (Agency) d/o{g ft~u fJ; dk ftek; j'fJnk j?.fit/A fe NKoNb"N B/ fejk j? fe fJj nfijh ;z;Ek j? fe fi; Bz{ ;Gs'A x~N ;wfMnk frnk j? ns/ fi; Bz{ iBsk B/ ;G s'A nfXe sVe^GVe ft~u ;ikfJnk j? ns/ fi;dh o~fynkd/ bJh fbwBsw Pq/Dh dk Bkrfoe th T[m yVk j't/rk. j?fwbNB B/ fejk ;h fe okPNogsh ;wki dh sbtkoBz{ XkoD eodk j?. (Hold of the sword of the community) ns/ eKro; fts Bz{ fB:zsfos eodh j?.(Community the purse) gqzs{ ;otT[Zu ndkbs okPNogsh ns/ eKro; d'jK Bz{ wfonkfds eodk j? ns/f;oc e[M gqb/yK ns/ ftXhnK d/ ;fj:'r Bkb Pk;B Bz{ ;EkfJ~st gqdkB eodk j?. wsbp fJj j? fe n~I;otT[Zu ndkbs dh Pesh ns/ gqfsPmk pj[s tX rJh j?. fJ~E'A s~e fe iiK Bz{ jh ;zftXkB dk fBowkskfejk ikD b~rk j?.

i~iK dh ;zfynkLi~iK dh ;zfynkLi~iK dh ;zfynkLi~iK dh ;zfynkLi~iK dh ;zfynkL ;otT[Zu ndkbs d/ ;zrmB Bz{ fBoXkfos eoD dk nfXeko eKro; Bz{ fd~sk frnk j?.;w/A ;w/A s/ i~iK dh ;zfynk ft~u gfotosB j[zdk fojk j?. nkozG ft~u fJ~e w[~y i~i ns/ gzi j'o i~i ;B.gqzs{ 1801 JhH ft~u fJ; dh ;zfynk xNk e/ 5, 1807 JhH ft~u 7, 1837 JhH ft~u 9 ns/ 1863 ft~u JhHft~u tXk e/ 10 eo fd~sh rJh. fco 1866 JhH ft~u xNk e/ 7 eo fd~sh rJh. d[pkok 1869 JhH ft~uT[; Bz{ fBPfus eo fd~sk frnk I' ;zfynk j[D s~e uibh nk ojh j?. n~ie~b ;otT[Zu ndkbs ft~u fJ~ew[~y i~i ns/ 8 ;jkfje i~i jB.

i~iK dh fB:[eshL i~iK dh fB:[eshL i~iK dh fB:[eshL i~iK dh fB:[eshL i~iK dh fB:[eshL i~iK dh fB:[esh okPNogsh eodk j?, gqzs{ fJBK fB:[eshnK dh g[PNh f;B/N d[nkokIo{oh j?. f;B/N okPNogsh d[nkok ehsh rJh fB:[esh Bz{ o~d eo ;edh j? fit/A fe 1930 JhH ft~u ikBgkoeo d/ u'D Bz{ o~d ehsk frnk ;h, 9 ngq?b 1970 Bz{ okPNogsh fBe;B d[nkok wB'Bhs i~I j/o/bveko;tb/ f;B/N B/ n;theko eo fd~sk feUAfe eko;t/b ;kXkoD :'rsk dk ftnesh ;h ns/ gqikshtkdft~u ftPtk; o~ydk ;h. i~iK dh fB:[esh eod/ ;w/A okPNogsh ndkbs d/ torh Xkofwe ns/ dbh rmBBz{ fXnkB ft~u o~ydk j?.

i~iK dhnK :'rsktK Li~iK dhnK :'rsktK Li~iK dhnK :'rsktK Li~iK dhnK :'rsktK Li~iK dhnK :'rsktK L i~iK dhnK :'rsktK d/ ;zpzX ft~u ;zftXkB u[~g j?. gqzs{ nkw s"o s/ UBKftneshnK Bz{ i~i fB:[es ehsk iKdk j?,I' fynksh gqkgs tehb, ekBz{B d/ gqkfXnkge, ;kotifBeftnesh ns/ gqPk;eh nfGeoDK d/ ;bkjdksk ofj u[e/ j'D. vkH Nkeftb/ d/ PpdK ft~u UBK dhnK:'rsktK Bz{ uzrh soK ftnes ehsk ik ;edk j?^ ;zxh i~i Bk e/tb uzr/ Bkrfoe ftdtkB ns/JhwkBdko j'D/ ukjhd/ jB, pbfe okiBhfse th j'Dk ukjhdk j?.Uj ;w/A dh rsh Bkb ;[gfofus j'D,ns/ UBK nto'XK dk ;kjwDk eoD ft~u Pzfes Bk j'D, fiBK Bz{ tP ft~u ehsk ik ;edk j? ns/ nfij/b'eK Bz{ e[ubD ft~u ;[;sh Bkb ezw Bk b?D, I' ekBz{BK bJh Io{oh ;zxh ;otT[Zusk ns/ ekbz{B d/ gkbDdk fto'X eoD. i/eo ;otT[Zu ndkbs ft~u ed/ p[o/ Bkrfoe ns/ Bk;wM ftnesh nk ikD, sK ;zxft~u rqfj:[ZX iK nokiesk c?bD dh ;zGktBk j?. nkr ns/ o/ ;otkfXe ;cb i~I ;B. wkoPb dh;cbsk dh e[zih T[;d/ gqGktPkbh ns/ wB'jkoh ftnefs~st (Forceful and winsome personality)


B ØN


ns/ T[dko ;gPN ns/ soeg{oD ftuko ft~u j?. cor{;B ns/ w?ej?Boh d/ PpdK ft~u e[M i~igqfsGkPkbh fInkdkso n";s :'rsk d/ ns/ e[M ;kXkoD Pq/Dh d/ j'J/ jB.

gd^ntXh, gd s'A jNkDk ns/ t/sB Lgd^ntXh, gd s'A jNkDk ns/ t/sB Lgd^ntXh, gd s'A jNkDk ns/ t/sB Lgd^ntXh, gd s'A jNkDk ns/ t/sB Lgd^ntXh, gd s'A jNkDk ns/ t/sB L ;z:[es oki nwohek ft~u fpqN/B d/ ;wkB i~iK dk ekoiekbnkihtB j?. ;dkuko ekb (God behaviour) s~e Uj nkgD/ gd s/ ofj ;ed/ jB. 70 ;kb dh T[wogqkgs eoD s/ Uj fsnkr g~so d/ e/ ekoi fBftqs j' ;ed/ jB. gqzs{ Gkos ft~u 65 ;kb dh T[wo s'A pkndfBftqs j' iKd/ jB.ns/ ;ftNIob?Av ft~u UBK dk ekoiekb f;oc 6 ;kb j?. ekoiftXh d/ nzsors jhnwohek ft~u i~iK Bz{ wjknfG:'r (Impeachment) d[nkok gd s'A jNkfJnk ik ;edk j?. Gkos d/ ;z;dd/ d'jK ;dBK d/ fBt/dB eoD s/ UBK Bz{ okPNogsh gd s'A jNk ;edk j?. j[D s~e e/tb ;?w[nb u/I BKd/ i~i T[Zs/ wjknfG:'r ubkfJnk frnk, gqzs{ Uj th fBod'P gkfJnk frnk.

;otT[Zu ndkbs d/ i~iK d/ t/sB eKro; d[nkok fBoXkfos ehsk iKdk j?. fBoXlfos t/sB ft~u T[;d?ekoiekb d/ nzdo eN"sh BjhA ehsh ik ;edh. fJ; ;w/A w[~y i~i Bz{ 40,000 vkbo ns/ j'o i~iK Bz{ 32,000vkbo t/sB, I' nk:eo w[esa BjhA j?, jo ;kb fwbdk j?.

;otT[Zu ndkbs dk ekoieoD ;otT[Zu ndkbs dk ekoieoD ;otT[Zu ndkbs dk ekoieoD ;otT[Zu ndkbs dk ekoieoD ;otT[Zu ndkbs dk ekoieoD (Working of the Supreme Court);otT[Zu ndkbs dk ;so jo ;kb nes{po d/ gfjb/ ;'wtko s'A nkozG j[zdk j? ns/ i{B p[o{ ft~u ysw j'iKdk j?. Io{os g?D s/ w[~y i~i ftP/P ;so th p[bk ;edk j?. ndkbs tkfPzrNB ft~u ;fEs nkgD/ ftPkbGtB ft~u p/mdh j?. w[~y i~i gqPk;eh gqXkB j?. Uj p?meK dh nfXnePsk eodk j? ns/ ndkbs d/fBofDnK ns/ nkfrnktK dh x'PDk eodk j?. nfG:'rK dh ;[DtkJh wzrbtko, thotko ns/ P[~eotko Bz{j[zdh j?. PBhtko Bz{ i~i nkg;h ftuko^twoP eod/ ns/ ;'wtko Bz{ ;kotifBe o{g Bkb fBoDk fdzd/ jB.w[~edfwnK dh ;[DtkJh ns/ fBoD/ d/ bJh 6 i~iK dh rDg{osh (Quorum) Io{oh j?. fBoD/ d/ g~y ft~uws d/D tkb/ fe;/ th i~i Bz{ fBoDk fbyD bJh fejk ik ;edk j?. fJ; bJh ;G i~i ;ko/ w[~edfwnK ft~uekch u"e; ofjzd/ jB. w[~edfwnK dk fBoDk pj[ws Bkb j[zdk j? gqzs{ pj[ws d/ fBoD/ d/ fto[~X e'Jh i~i fGzBws (Dissenting Opinion) d/ ;edk j?.ukj/ fGzB ws fBooEe j?, fco th ed/ ed/ gquko d/ cb;o{giBws T[Zs/ fJ; dk ekch gqGkt g?Adk j? ns/ fco d/P dhnK ftXhnK Bz{ gqGkfts eodk j?. ;ot^T[Zundkbs d/ ftuko ns/ fBofDnK Bz{ ;z:[es oki fog'oN; (United State Reports) ft~u gqekfPs ehsk iKdkj? i' ;zftXkfBe ftXh d/ fJfsjkf;e ftek; ns/ toswkB ;fEsh dk nfXekfXe ;o's j?.

;ot^T[Zu ndkbs d/ y/sokfXeko ns/ ekoi ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs d/ y/sokfXeko ns/ ekoi ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs d/ y/sokfXeko ns/ ekoi ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs d/ y/sokfXeko ns/ ekoi ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs d/ y/sokfXeko ns/ ekoi (Jurisdiction and Role of Supreme Court)

;zftXkfBe T[gpzXL ;zxh ndkbs dk nfXeko y/so e/tb e[M nfij/ ftfPnK s~e ;hfws j?, fiBK dk;zftXkB ft~u ;gPN T[b/y j? iK I' ;zftXkB ft~u T[gbefPs (Implied) jB. j'o ;ko/ ftfPnK s/ okidhnK ndkbsK dk nfXeko j?. ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs d/ nfXeko y/so d/ ftfPnK ft~u nB[S/d 3 ft~u fejkfrnk j?^ fJ; ndkbs dk nfXeko y/so oki ofus ns/ gozgok gqkgs ekBz{B ns/ ;kXkoD f;XKs d't/A jhj'Dr/, UBK ;fEshnK ft~u I' fJ; ;zftXkB ft~u ;z:[es oki d/ ekBz{BK ns/ ;z:[es oki d[nkok ehsh rJhiK ehnK ikD tkbhnK ;zXhnK d/ nB[;ko T[sgzB j't/rh. okid{sK, e"Af;bK ns/ j'o oki gqshfBXhnK Bkb;zpzfXs w[~edw/ ib ;?Bk ns/ ;w[zdoh nfXeko y/so ;zpzXh ;G gqPBK ft~u UBK ;G ;fEshnK ft~u fi~E/;z:[es oki fJ~e g~y j't/rk, ;z:[es oki d/ d' iK d' s'A nfXe okiK d/ nkg;h fttkdK ft~u, ftfGzB okiK

nkozG ft~u ;otT[Zu ndkbs dh Pesh ns/ gqfsPmk (Power and presitge)BjhA d/ pokpo ;h. fJ~E'A s~e fe tKfPzrNB i~i gd d/ bJh S/ :'r ftneshnKBz{ bjhA b~G ;fenk ;h. gqEw w[~y i~i ikB j/ (John Hay) B/ rtoBo gd d/g~y ft~u fsnkr g~so d/ fd~sk ;h. gqzs{ j"bh j"bh fJBK dh gqfsPmk tXD b~rhns/ T[BhthA Pskpdh ftP/P eo e/ w[~y i~i wkoPb d/ ekoi ekb s'A fJjPeshPkbh ns/ r"otg{oD ;z;Ek pD frnk.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j'


B ØN


d/ BkrfoeK d/ nkg;h fttkdK ft~u ns/ fJ~e oki iK T[; Bz{ BkrfoeK ns/ ftd/Ph okiK ns/ BkrfoeK d/nkg;h fttkdK Bkb ;zxh fBnKgkfbek Bz{ fBoDk d/D dk nfXeko j't/rk.

T[go'es nB[S/d d/ nB[;ko ;ot^T[Zu fBnKgkfbek d/ y/sokfXeko d/ nzsors fBwBfbfys w[~edw/ nkUAd/jB^

1. ;zftXkB ftXhnK ns/ ;zXhnK Bkb ;zpzfXs w[~edw/, (Cases arising under the constitution lawsand treaties)

2. okid{sK, okiBhfse nfXekohnK ns/ tkfDi d{sK Bkb ;zpzfxs w[~edw/ (Case affecting ambassa-dors, other public ministers and consults)

3. Bkfte w[~edw/ (Admiralty Cases)4. nfij/ w[e~dw/ fiBK ft~u ;z:[es oki iK eJh J/ekeh oki fJ~e g~y d/ o{g ft~u fttkdkrq;s j'D (Bases

in which the United state is party)5. ftfGzB J/eeK d/ ft~u fttkd (Controversis between citizens of different states);[ftXk d/ fdqPNhe'D Bkb ;ot^T[Zu fBnKgkfbek d/ nfXeko y/so ns/ ekoiK dk nfXn?B fBwBfbfysf;ob/yK d/ nzsors ehsk ik ;edk j?^

(e) gqkozfGe iK w"fbe y/sokfXeko (Original Jurisdiction)(y) g[Boftukoe y/sokfXeko (Appellate Jurisdiction)(r) fBnKfJe g[Bokftb'eD dk nfXeko (Power of Judicial Review)(x) ;zftXkB ns/ Bkrfoe nfXekoK dk ;zo~fynD (Custodian and Guardian of the Constitution)(R) j'o nfXeko (Miscellaneous)

(e) gqkozfGe nfXeko^y/soL ;zftXkB ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs Bz{ gqkozfge nfXeko y/so fdzdk j?. gqzs{ ;ot^T[Zundkbs dk fJj nfXeko^y/so j'o BjhA j?. ukj/ eKro; fJ; nfXeko y/so Bz{ xNk tXk BjhA ;edh j?,fco th fJBK ftfPnK s/ Uj d{ih ndkbs Bz{ nfXeko gqdkB eo ;edh j?. ;zftXkB d' ftfPnK T[Zs/;ot^T[Zu ndkbs Bz{ gqkozfGe nfXeko^y/so gqdkB eo ;edk j?.

(1) nfij/ wkwb/ fiBK dk ;zpzX okid{sK, tkfDi^d{sK iK j'o gqeko d/ ftd/Ph okiK d/ gqshfBXhnK Bkb j't/.nkX[fBe :'r ft~u nfij/ MrV/ okPNoh ndkbs ft~u x~N T[mkJ/ iKd/ jB, feUAfe fJj nzsookPNohftXhnK ns/ gqEktK d/ nzsors nkUAd/ jB.

(2) nfij/ wkwb/ fiBK ft~u fJ~e g~y ;z:[es oki ;zx ft~u Pkfwb e'Jh oki j't/, noEks nfij/ MrV/ fiBKft~u d' s'A nfXe oki Pkfwb j'D, ;z:[es oki T[Zs/ w[~edwk ehsk j't/ iK fJ~e s'A nfXe okiK B/ ;z:[esoki s/ w[~edwk ehsk j't/.

(y) g[Boftukoe nfXeko y/so L (y) g[Boftukoe nfXeko y/so L (y) g[Boftukoe nfXeko y/so L (y) g[Boftukoe nfXeko y/so L (y) g[Boftukoe nfXeko y/so L nwoheh ;zftXkB d/ nB[;ko gqkozfGe y/so d/ ftfPnK Bz{ S~v e/j'o ;G ftfPnK s/ ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs dk nghb nfXeko y/so j't/rk. gqzs{ eKro; fJ; nfXeko y/soft~u gfotosB fbnk ;edh j?, T[; Bz{ xNk tXk ;edh j?. fJ; nfXeko d/ nzsors ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs,oki ndkbs ns/ fBwB ;zxh ndkbs d/ fto[~X nghb ;[Ddk j?. Uj T[sgq/PD d/ foN (Writ of Certioral)d[nkok oki dhnK ndkbsK s'A nfij/ ;G wkwfbnK Bz{ nkgD/ ;wM ftuko wzrtk ;edk j?, fi; ft~u ;zftXkBdh fe;/ ftt;Ek iK ;zXh dh ftnkfynk dk gqPB fBfjs j't/. oki ndkbsK s'A nghb dh ;[DtkJh sK jhj[zdh j?, id'A oki dh T[Zu ndkbs B/ ;zx d/ fe;/ ekBz{B iK ;zXh d/ fto[~X fBoDk fd~sk j't/, iK ;zxh ftXhns/ ;zXh d/ gqshe{b fe;/ oki ftXh Bz{ t?X x'fPs ehsk j't/. fBwB ;zxh ndkbsK d/ fto[~X nghb sK jh;[Dh ik ;edh j?, id'A UBK d[nkok oki ftXh fJ; nkXko T[Zs/ nt?X x'fPs eo fd~sh rJh j't/, fe T[;ft~u ;zftXkB , ekBz{B iK ;zXh dk T[bzxD j' fojk j?. 1936 JhH ft~u fJj fB:w pDk fd~sk frnk fen;zftXkfBesk d/ nko'g s/ ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs f;oc 3000 vkbo s'A nfXe jkBhrq;s wkwb/ dh jh nghb;[D/rh. fJ; gqeko nwohek dh ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs e/tb ;zftXkfBe wkj~st d/ gqPBK Bkb ;zpzfXs nghbK;[Ddk j?.


B ØN


(r) fBnKfJe g[Bokftb'eD L(r) fBnKfJe g[Bokftb'eD L(r) fBnKfJe g[Bokftb'eD L(r) fBnKfJe g[Bokftb'eD L(r) fBnKfJe g[Bokftb'eD L ;z:[es oki dh ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs dk ;G s'A wj~stg{oD nfXekofBnKfJe g[Bokftb'eD dk nfXeko j?. fJ; nfXeko d/ nzsors ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs ;zxh eKro; ns/ okiKd/ ftXkBwzvbK d[nkok pDkJhnK rJhnK ftXhnK dh ;zftXkfBesk T[Zs/ ftuko eodk j?. ns/ UBK Bz{ t?XiK nt?X x'fPs eodk j?. fJ; t?Xsk dk fBo{gD d' e;"NhnK d/ nkXko s/ j[zdk j?. gfjbh, oki ftXkBwzvbBz{ ;zftXkB d/ nB[;ko T[; ekBz{B ftP/P Bz{ fBofws eoD dk nfXeko j? iK BjhA. d{ik ekBz{B ftXh dh T[fus(due process of law) gqfeqnk d[nkok pDkfJnk frnk j? iK BjhA. nwoheh ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs B/ fJ;Pesh dk ftnkge gq:'r ehsk j? ns/ ;zftXkB Bz{ gfotofss eo fd~sk j?. Gkosh ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs Bz{th ;hfws nzP ft~u fBnKfJe g[Bokftb"eD dk nfXeko gqkgs j?.

(x) ;zftXkB dk ;zo~fyne ns/ nfGGkteL(x) ;zftXkB dk ;zo~fyne ns/ nfGGkteL(x) ;zftXkB dk ;zo~fyne ns/ nfGGkteL(x) ;zftXkB dk ;zo~fyne ns/ nfGGkteL(x) ;zftXkB dk ;zo~fyne ns/ nfGGkteL ;z:[es oki dh ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs nwoheh iBsk d/nfXekoK, ;[szsosktK ns/ ;zftXkB dh ;zo~fynD ns/ ;zxh ftt;Ek dh nfGGkte j?. Uj fBod'P, nkd/P, gowkd/P, b/y gqshP/X, nfXeko fJ~Sk, T[sgq/PD nkfd d[nkok BkrfoeK d/ w{b nfXekoK ns/ ;zftXkfbeYKu/ dh o~fynk eodk j?. Gkosh ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs th Bkrfoe nfXekoK dh ;zo~fyne ns/ ;zftXkB dhnfGGkte j?.

(R) j'o nfXekoL(R) j'o nfXekoL(R) j'o nfXekoL(R) j'o nfXekoL(R) j'o nfXekoL ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs j'o S'N/ S'N/ ezw th eodh j?. T[; Bz{ nB/e gqPk;fBe ezw th eoB/g?Ad/ jB. ndkbs d/ fBwBe'Nh d/ eowukohnK, fit/A feokBh, ;zd/P^tkje, ;N?B'rokco nkfd dh fB:[eshndkbs nkg eodh j?. ndkbs dhtkBh ns/ c"idkoh ekoi^ftXhnK dk fBod/PB eodh j?. ;ot^T[Zundkbs dk fJ~e j'o wj~stg{oD ezw nkgDhnK nkfrnktK Bz{ bkr{ eoBk j?. nkd/P d/ wkfXnw Bkb fJ;ekoi Bz{ ehsk iKdk j?. ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs d/ ekoiK d/ ;zpzX ft~u fJj T[b/y:'r j? fe T[;Bz{ ;bkj d/Ddk nfXeko BjhA j?, i' nfXeso Gkosh ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs Bz{ gqkgs j?. ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs B/ ;zftXkBd/ ftek; ft~u th ;fj:'r fd~sk j?. T[; Bz{ ‘nftfS~B ;zftXkfBe ;zw/bB’ (continuous ConstitutionalConvention) dk BK fd~sk iKdk j?.

nkozG ft~u ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs fJ~e ewI'o fBekn ;h. gqzs{ n~I fjj pj[s wj~stg{oD ns/ PeshPkbh;z;Ek pD rJh j?. gfo;fEsh d/ nB[;ko gfotosB ns/ nkX[fBeheoD ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs dh ;G s'A t~vhftP/Psk jB. joheB B/ ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs d/ ftP/ ft~u fejk j? fe, “fJj nB/e r~bK ft~u nwohehokiBhsh g~Xsh ft~u ;otkfXe PeshPkbh s~s ns/ ftPt ft~u ;G s'A fBnKfJe ;zrmB j?.” w[Bo' w[Bo' w[Bo' w[Bo' w[Bo' dkeEB j? fe ,”nwohek dh ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs dh Pesh J/Bh nfXe j? fizBh d[BhnK dh j'o fe;/ ndkbsB/ pj[s jh x~N gq:'r ehsh j?.” ckJhBo B/ ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs Bz{ “;zftXkB ft~u okiBhsh Pk;so Bz{ fd~shrJh fJ~e ;G s'A w"fbe ns/ ;G s'A nwohehgD bJ/ j'J/ d/D fejk j?. fJj Uj ;hw/AN j? fi; B/ ;w;s;zxh YKu/ Bz{ fdqVsk Bkb i'V o~fynk j?.”

fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eDfBnKfJe g[Boftb'eDfBnKfJe g[Boftb'eDfBnKfJe g[Boftb'eDfBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD (Judicial Review)

noEL noEL noEL noEL noEL ;zftXkBtkd (Constitutoinalism) Bz{ nwoheh ;zftXkB fBowksktK dhnK eJh w"fbe d/DK jB.UBK ft~u'A n;hA fJ~E/ d' Bkb ;zpzfXs jK (1) fB:zsoD ns/ ;zs[bB dk f;XKs (Principles of Cheeks andbalance) ns/ (2) ;zftXkB dh ;ot^T[Zusk. ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs Bz{ ;zftXkB d[nkok fJ~e wj~stg{oD ezw;"Afgnk frnk fe Uj ftXkfJek ns/ ekoigkfbek Bz{ fB:zsoD eo/. feUAfe ;zftXkB dk T[bzxD sK BjhAeo oj/ jK. fJ; soK ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs Bz{ ‘;zftXkB dh ;zo~fyne ns/ nfGGkte’ (Custodian andguardian to the consitituton) pDk fd~sk frnk j?. fJ; nfXeko d/ nzsors i/eo fe;/ oki d/ftXkBwzvb d[nkok fBofws e'Jh ekBz{B, ;zxh ekBz{B, ;zxh ;zftXkB iK ;z:[es oki d[nkok ehsh rJh ;zXhd/ gqshe{b j't/, sK ;zxh ndkbs T[; Bz{ nt?X x'fPs eo ;ed/ jB. fJ; gqeko i/eo ;zxh eKro; fe;/fJ~e ftXh dk fBowkD eo/ i' ;zftXkB d/ gqshe{b j?, iK ekoigkfbek e'Jh nfijk nkd/P d/t/, i' ;zftXkBd/ T[gpzX dk T[bzxD eodk j?, sK ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs T[; ftXh iK nkd/P Bz{ nt?X x'fPs eodh j?. ndkbsd/ fJ;/ nfXeko Bz{ fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD dk nfXeko efjzd/ jB. fvwke B/ fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD dhgfoGkPk fJBK PpdK ft~u fd~sh j?^ fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD ftXkBgkfbek d[nkok fBofws ekBz{B ns/ekoigkfbek iK gqPk;eh nfXekohnK d[nkok ehs/ rJ/ ekoiK Bkb ;zpzfXs nkgD/ e'b nkJ/ w[~edwfnK ft~undkbs d[nkok gohyD Bz{ efjzd/ jB fi; d/ nzsors Uj fBoXkfos eod/ jB fe Uj ekBz{B iK ekoi


B ØN


;zftXkB d[nkok gqshpzfXs j? iK BjhA iK ;zftXkB d[nkok gqd~s nfXekoK dk nfseqwD eod/ jB iKBjhA.fJ~E/ fJj :kd o~yDk ukjhdk j? fe fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD dk nfXeko f;oc ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs Bz{jh gqkgs BjhA j?, pbfe j'o ;zxh ndkbsK Bz{ th fd~sk frnk j?.

T[sgshLT[sgshLT[sgshLT[sgshLT[sgshL ;zftXkB ft~u nfijk e'Jh T[gbpX BjhA i' ;zxh fBnKgkfbek Bz{ ;kc s"o s/ fBnKfJeg[Boftb'eD dk nfXeko gqdkB eodk j't/. gqzs{ fJ; dh T[sgsh dk ;o's ;zftXkB d/ T[gpzXK ft~u fBfjsfwbdk j? ns/ ;zftXkB fBowksktK dh fJ~Sk s'A gqeN j[zdk j?. ;zftXkB okPNoh ;ot^T[Zusk (NationalSupermacy) d/ f;XKs Bz{ wkBsk fdzdk j? fi; d/ nB[;ko okPNoh ;zftXkB d/ ftgohs iK j'o fe;/ thekoi Bz{ t?fXe wkBsk BjhA fd~sh ikt/rh. ;zftXkB dh Xkok 6 yzv 8 ft~u fejk frnk j? fe ;zftXkB ns/fJ; d/ nzsors fBofws ;z:[es oki ft~u i~i UBK Bz{ wzBD bJh wip{o j'Dr/, UBK Bkb n;zrs oki d/;zftXkB iK ftXhnK Bz{ BjhA. ;zftXkB d/ T[gpzXK s'A fJbktk ;zftXkB^fBowksktK ns/ ftxh tesktK B/ ;zxhndkbs dh fJ; Pesh dk ;woEB ehsk j?. j?fwbNB B/ ‘c?vofb;Nc?vofb;Nc?vofb;Nc?vofb;Nc?vofb;N’ d/ ;gPN PpdK ft~u fejk j? feftXh dk fBotkuB ndkbsK dk ftP/P ns/ w[~y eos~t j?. fpnov th ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs ns/ ;zftXkB(The Supreme court the constitution) fcbkv/bchnk^;zw/bB d/ gqshfBXhnK d/ ftukoK dk ftPb/PDeoD s'A pknd fJ;/ Bshi/ s/ gj[zudk j?. w[~y i~i wkoPb fJ; f;XKs d/ ;G s'A t~v/ ;woEe ns/ gqshgkdej' rJ/ jB. UBK B/ fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD d/ f;XKs dk gqshgkdB jh BjhA ehsk, pbfe T[; Bz{ nwohehfBnKftt;Ek dh fJ~e nub ns/ nNb gozgok pDk fd~sk. UBK B/ 1803 JhH ft~u gqf;~X wkBpoh pBkwwkBpoh pBkwwkBpoh pBkwwkBpoh pBkwwkBpoh pBkww?fv;Bw?fv;Bw?fv;Bw?fv;Bw?fv;B Bkwe w[~edw/ dk fBoDk fdzd/ j'J/ d~f;nk fe ;zftXkB g{o/ d/P dh ;ot^T[Zu ftXh j? ns/ i~iKdk fJj gqw[~y eos~t j? fe Uj T[;/ d/ nB[o{g fBoDk d/D. id'A ed/ eKro; d[nkok gkfos e'Jh nfXfB:wiK ;ftXh d/P dh ;ot^T[Zu ftXh noEks f;XKs d/ fto[~X j't/, sK ndkbs dk fJj ;gPN eos~t j' ikdkj? fe Uj ;zftXkB Bz{ gqEw ;EkB d/t/.

fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD dk gqGkt fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD dk gqGkt fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD dk gqGkt fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD dk gqGkt fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD dk gqGkt (Effects of Judicial Review): fBnKfJe g[Boftb"eD dh PeshfJ~e ;kXkoD Pesh BjhA j?, pbfe nwohek d/ okiBhfse ihtB T[Zs/ fJ; dk ekch ;zftXkfBe gqGkt fgnk.;ot^T[Zu ndkbs nwoheh ;zftXkfBe g~Xsh dh ;zo~fyne jh BjhA j? pbfe fJ; B/ ;zftXkB Bz{ gfotofssehsk j? ns/ ;w/A d/ nB[;ko T[; Bz{ fJ~e BthA fdPk gqdkB ehsh j?. fJ; Pesh d/ nkXko s/ jh ;ot^T[ZundkbsK B/ fBnKfJe ;ot'gkfosk d/ f;XKs Bz{ nfXPfms ehsk j?. 14 t/A ;zP'XB d/ nzsors ekBz{B dhT[fus gqfeqnk T[gpzX dh ftnkfynk fJ; B/ fj; soK ehsh fe gq'H e'othB d/ PpdK ft~u oki d/ ekBz{B Bz{fBfPX eoD dh ;t?Pesh fJ; Bz{ fwb rJh. fJ; soK fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD d/ nfXeko B/ eKro; ns/oki ftXkB wzvbK dh s[bBk ft~u ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs Bz{ fdqV pDkfJnk. fJ; nfXeko dk d{ik ;zftXkfBegqGkt fJj ;h fe oki dh s[bBk ft~u ;zx dh ;fEsh fdqV j' rJh. w?e[bw pBkw w?ohb?Av, 1819 JhH (Mc.Culloch Vs. Maryland) ft~u ;ot^T[Zu ndkbsK B/ eKro; dk oki ftXkB d/ fto[~X p?Ae dh ;EkgBkeoD dk nfXeko gqdkB ehsk, ukj/ ;zftXkB ft~u ekro; Bz{ nfijk ;gPN nfXeko gqkgs BjhA j?. frpz;pBkw nkrv/B, 1824 JhH (Gibbons Vs. Ogden) ft~u ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs B/ eKro; Bz{ fB:fws eoDdk g{oD nfXeko fd~sk. pqkT{B pBkw w?ohb?Av (Brown Vs.Maryland) 1827 JhH d/ fBoD/ d[nkok;ot^T[Zu ndkbs B/ ftd/Ph tgko Bz{ ;zukfbs eoD dk nfXeko okPNoh ;oeko Bz{ d/ fd~sk. fJ; soK;ot^T[Zu ndkbs B/ tgko, tkfDi ns/ ft~s d/ y/so ft~u okPNoh ;oeko d/ j~E Bz{" pj[s fdqV pDk fd~skj?. fJ; d/ Bkb Bkb fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD d[nkok oki d/ nfXeko dh o~fynk eoD ft~u th ;jkfJsk gqdkBehsh rJh j?. Nq/v ;ekN pBkw ;/Bc/ov, 1857 JhH (Tred Scott Vs. Sanford) ft~u ;ot^T[Zu ndkbsB/ eKro; d/ ekBz{B Bz{ nt?X x'fPs ehsk ns/ fw;oh oki d/ nfXeko d/ nzsors ;kotifBe ;[o~fynk,iBêfbnkD, ;tk;E, B?fsesk nkfd ;wkfie ftP/ nkUAd/ jB. fJBK d/ ;zpzX ft~u ;ot^T[Zu ndkbsB/ fJ~e o{g Bhsh BjhA ngDkJh. w[B pBkw fJfbBtkfJ; 1877 JhH (Munn Vs. llinois) ft~u T[; B/fJfbBtkfJ; oki dh ftXh Bz{ t?X x'fPs ehsk ns/ b'uBo pBkw fBT{:koe, 1905 JhH (Lochner Vs.Newyork) ft~u ezw d/ ;w/A Bz{ gqsh fdB d; xzN/ ;hfws eo d/D d/ ekBz{B Bz{ nt?X eoko fd~sk. ;wkfieftXkB y/so ft~u ;zxh ;oeko d/ nfXeko Bz{ th fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD B/ gqGkfts ehsk j? ns/ fJ~E/ th;ot^T[Zu ndkbs dk fdqPNhe'D ;dk fJ~e ;wkB BjhA fojk j?. fJ~e gk;/ sK T[; B/ eKro; Bz{ eo brkUDns/ tkfDi Bz{ fB:fws eoD dh S{N fd~sh ns/ d{i/ gk;/ eJh ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe ftXhnK Bz{ o~d ehsk.


B ØN


j?Awo pBkw v/iBjoN, 1913 JhH (Hummer Vs. Dsagenhert) ft~u ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs B/ eKro; d/ fJ~eekBz{B Bz{ nt?X x'fPs ehsk fi; d/ d[nkok T[; B/ pkb^wId{oh Bkb T[sgkfds t;sK Bz{ tkfDi s'A fBPekfPseoD dh e'fPP ehsh. fco 1922 JhH ft~u p/bh pBkw vqe;/b coBhuo ezgBh (Bailve Vs. DrexelFurniture Company) Bkwe w[~edw/ ft~u ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs B/ pkb^wId{oh Bz{ T[Bw{fbs eoD dh e'fPPBz{ ftcb ehsk. ;wkfie^nkofEe ftXkfJB Bz{ ftcb eoD dh ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs dh gqftq~sh 1893^1896JhH ft~u fPyo s/ gj[zu rJh, id'A T[;B/ nkofEe ;zeN Bz{ d{o eoD d/ T[d/P Bkb fBofws, 13 ekBz{B Bz{nt?X x'fPs ehsk fiBK ft~u okPNoh T[d:'fre g[BoihtB nfXfB:w (National industrial RecoveryAct) ns/ y/sh ;zs[bB nfXfB:w gqw[~y ;B. ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs d/ g[Boftb'eD d/ nfXeko d/ fto[~Xnzd'bB T[Zm yVk j'fJnk gqzs{ 1937 JhH s'A pknd ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs d/ o[y ft~u wjkB gfotosB j'fJnkns/ T[; B/ T[dk; fdqPNhe'D ngDkfJnk.

;ot^T[Zu ndkbs d/ fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD d/ nfXeko d/ ekoieoD d/ fttoD s'A T[; dh wj~ssk ;kcj' iKdh j?. i~iK B/ e/tb ;zftXkB dh nkswk ns/ GkPk dk jh fBotkuB BjhA ehsk j? pbfe UBK B/ BhshnKdk th fBoXkoD ehsk j?.UBK B/ ;zftXkB ft~u eqKshekoh gfotosB fbnKdk j?. ns/ T[; Bz{ BthA fdPkgqdkB ehsh j?. fJ; bJh fJBK Bz{ ;zftXkB dk BtK fBowksk fejk frnk j?. i;fN; jki{ B/ mhe jh fejkj? fe nwoheB iBsk ;zftXkB d/ nXhB Io{o ofjzdh j?. ;zftXkB Ujh j? I' i~i efjzd/ jB. I;fN; cq?AeB/ sK fJ~E'A s~e fejk j? fe “;ot^T[Zu ndkbs ;zftXkB j?.”

fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD dh nkb'uBk fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD dh nkb'uBk fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD dh nkb'uBk fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD dh nkb'uBk fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD dh nkb'uBk (Criticism of Judicial Review) L L L L L ;zxh ndkbsK d/ fBnKfJeg[Boftb'eD d/ ftg~y ft~u nB/eK soe fd~s/ ikd/ jB^

(((((i) T[fus ezwK s'A d[okt L ) T[fus ezwK s'A d[okt L ) T[fus ezwK s'A d[okt L ) T[fus ezwK s'A d[okt L ) T[fus ezwK s'A d[okt L e[M nkb'ueK dk efjDk j? fe fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD nfXeko d/ ubd/;ot^T[Zu ndkbs nkgD/ w"fbe ezwK Bz{ eoBk G[~b rJh. Uj fttkdK dk fBgNkok BjhA eodh j?, pbfeT[; dk w[~y ezw ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse BhshnK d/ fBoXkoD ft~u j~E tzvkUDk j' frnk. T[; B/ftXkBgkfbek d/ ekoiK Bz{ ngDk fbnk j? fiBK d/ ubd/ iBsk dh gqshfBXh ;Gk iBsk dh fJ~Sk Bz{ ;[szsoo{g ft~u ftnes BjhA eo ;edh j?.Uj iBsk dh ;kXkoD fJ~Sk Bz{ ftXh d/ o{g ft~u ;[szsoskg{otenfGftnes BjhA eo ;edh j?. T[; d/ ekoiK Bz{ fBnKgkfbek B/ jfEnk fbnk j? I' gqikszsokswe ftt;Ekdk ;t;E fu~so BjhA j?. pq'r/B pq'r/B pq'r/B pq'r/B pq'r/B B/ mhe jh fejk j? fe ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs ekoigkfbek ns/ ftXkBgkfbekd/ ekoiK Bz{ fJ~e shi/ ;dB d/ o{g ft~u fB:zsfos eoD b~rk.

(((((ii) ;zehoD i~i L) ;zehoD i~i L) ;zehoD i~i L) ;zehoD i~i L) ;zehoD i~i L i~iK Bz{ dbh ftukoXkoktK s'A T[Zgo ofjDk ukjhdk j?. UBK Bz{ ;dk ;u/s ofjDk ukjhdkj? fe UBK dk ftneshrs iK ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse fdqPNhe'D fBnK^;zpzXh fBoD/ Bz{ gqGkfts eo/. UBKBz{ fBog~y ns/ ;[szso j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ns/ fi~E/ s~e ;zGt j' ;e/, t?fXe fdqPNhe'D Bz{ ngBkUDk ukjhdkj?. gqzs{ nwohek d/ i~iK d/ fto[~X fJj fejk ikdk j? fe UBK dh fB:[esh db ftP/P d/ nkXko s/ j[zdh j?.ns/ UBK d/ fBoD/ ftP/P okiBhfse ns/ ;wkfie ftukoXkoktK Bkb gqGkfts j[zd/ jB. fJ; bJh ;ot^T[Zundkbs dk fBoDk ed/ T[dko j[zdk, sK ed/ ;zehoD, ed/ ;zx d/ g~y ft~u ns/ ed/ oki d/ g~y ft~u. phHphHphHphHphHr/s;r/s;r/s;r/s;r/s; dk efjDk j? fe i~uK d/ ftuko T[;/ soK gfotosBPhb jB, fi; soK Bebh f;be d/ ozrgfotosBPhb jB. Uj okiBhfse X[~g d/ ekoD ibd jh pdb ikd/ jB.

(iii) ;ekokswe oki d/ fto[~XL;ekokswe oki d/ fto[~XL;ekokswe oki d/ fto[~XL;ekokswe oki d/ fto[~XL;ekokswe oki d/ fto[~XL pj[s ;ko/ nkb'ueK dk ws j? fe fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD dh gqDkbhnkX[fBe ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe ;GktK d/ bJh nD^T[g:[es j?. i~i nkw s"o s/ ;zgzB tor d/ j[zd/jB. Uj fBfjs ;tkoEK dk ;zo~fynD eod/ jB. cb;o{g gqrshPhb ns/ b'eszsokswe fto'XhnK dkfto'X eod/ jB. fJ; Bkb ;ekoswe oki dk ftek; BjhA j' gkUAdk. bk;eh B/ fJ; nkb'uBk dkI'odko ;woEB ehsk.

(iv) n;ktXkB ns/ nD^T[ZsodkJh eKro; L n;ktXkB ns/ nD^T[ZsodkJh eKro; L n;ktXkB ns/ nD^T[ZsodkJh eKro; L n;ktXkB ns/ nD^T[ZsodkJh eKro; L n;ktXkB ns/ nD^T[ZsodkJh eKro; L ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs g[Boftb'eD d/ nkXko s/ eKro;w?ApoK d[nkok ;ys fwjBs s'A pknd gkfos ftXh Bz{ BPN eo fdzdk j?. cb;o{g iBsk d/ gqshfBXhnKdh e'fPP dk e'Jh ;keko cb BjhA fB~eb gkUAdk. fJ; bJh ekBz{B fBowkD d/ ;zpX ft~u ;ktXkBh BjhAtosd/ ns/ Uj nkgDh fIzw/dkoh Bz{ wfj;{; BjhA eod/. fco Uj fBPfus o{g Bkb nkgD/ okiBhfse Nhu/Bz{ gqkgs eoD ft~u n;cb j' ikd/ jB.


B ØN


(v) pDktNh ns/ fPfEb eKro; L pDktNh ns/ fPfEb eKro; L pDktNh ns/ fPfEb eKro; L pDktNh ns/ fPfEb eKro; L pDktNh ns/ fPfEb eKro; L nzs ft~u fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD d/ ekoD d/P dk :'iBkpZX ftek;BjhA j' gkUAdk j? ns/ okiB/sk nkgD/ Nhu/ Bz{ fBPfus BjhA eo gkUAd/ jB. cb;o{g UBK d/ ekoiK ft~ufJ~e gqeko dk pDktNhgD ns/ fPfEbsk nk iKdh j?. ftnkge ;[Xko :'iBk bkr{ BjhA eo gkUAd/ jB, e/tb ;kXkoD gfotosBK Bkb UBK Bz{ ;zs'P eoBk g?Adk j?.

g~y ft~u soe Lg~y ft~u soe Lg~y ft~u soe Lg~y ft~u soe Lg~y ft~u soe L i/eo fJ~e gk;/ fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD dh em'o nkb'uBk ehsh rJh j? sK d{i/ gk;/ T[;dk I'odko ;woEB th ehsk frnk j?^

(i) ;zftXkB dk ;zo~fyne L ;zftXkB dk ;zo~fyne L ;zftXkB dk ;zo~fyne L ;zftXkB dk ;zo~fyne L ;zftXkB dk ;zo~fyne L gqikszsokswe oki ft~u fJ~e ;[szso ns/ fBog~y fBnKgkfbek dk j'Dk Io{ohj? i' ;zftXkB dk ;zo~fynD eo ;e/. nwoheh ;zftXkB ft~u fJ; soK d/ ;[szso ns/ fBog~y nfXekoh dhIo{os Bz{ ftP/P o{g Bkb wfj;{; ehsk frnk j?. nfXeko fgqEeheoD, ;zx ns/ oki d/ ft~u nfXeko^ftGkiBns/ Bkrfoe ;[szsosk Bkb ;zpzfXs T[gpzXK Bz{ bkr{ eoD bJh fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD d/ ;kXB Bkb ;ihj'Jh fBnKgkfbek nwohek d/ okiBhfse ihtB bJh Io{oh j?. ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs Bz{ ;zftXkB dk nfGGktens/ ;zo~fyne (Guardian and Custodian of the Constitution) efjDk nD^T[fus BjhA j't/rk.

(ii) ;zx ns/ okiK s/ fB:zsoDL;zx ns/ okiK s/ fB:zsoDL;zx ns/ okiK s/ fB:zsoDL;zx ns/ okiK s/ fB:zsoDL;zx ns/ okiK s/ fB:zsoDL fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD dh ftt;Ek Io{oh j' rJh j?, feUAfe ;zx ns/okiK dh fJ~e d{i/ s'A o~fynk Io{oh j?. i/eo ;zxK ns/ okiK Bz{ fB:zsfos Bk ehsk ikt/, sK ;zxh ftt;EkBz{ ysok gj[zuD dk vo j?.

(iii) ;zftXkB dk ftek;L;zftXkB dk ftek;L;zftXkB dk ftek;L;zftXkB dk ftek;L;zftXkB dk ftek;L fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD d/ wkfXnw Bkb ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs B/ ;zftXkB d/ftek; ft~u ;fj:'r fd~sk j?. ;zftXkB ;zP'XB dh gqfeqnk J/Bh ifNb j?, fe nkw s"o s/ T[; d/ d[nkok;zftXkB ft~u gfotosB eoBk pj[s efmB j?. fJ; bJh fJ; ezw d/ bJh j'o ;kXBK Bz{ ngDkfJnk frnkj?. fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD fJBK ;kXBK ft~u ;ot^gqw[~y j?, fi; d/ d[nkok ;w/A ns/ Io{os d/ nB[;kofBnKg{oD gfotosB fbnKdk frnk j?. ;~u g[~fSnk ikt/ sK fit/A fe v{ph B/ fejk j? fe ;ot^T[Zu ndkbsfBotkuB d/ fBoD/ dk jh nB[;oD eodk j?. fJ; bJh fJj efjDk rbs j? fe fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD dhftt;Ek ngqiksKsfoe ns/ gqshfeqntkdh j?.

toswkB ;fEsh LtoswkB ;fEsh LtoswkB ;fEsh LtoswkB ;fEsh LtoswkB ;fEsh L toswkB ekb ft~u fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD dh ;fEsh ft~u ekch gfotosB j' frnkj?. nkozG ft~u i~iK dh gqftq~sh gqshfeqnktkdh ;h. ftXkfJek d/ y/so ft~u j;sy/g eoD d/ nkdh j' rJ/;B. gqzs{ n~ie~b gqftq~sh fJj j? fe eKro; d/ ftXkB y/so ft~u x~N s'A x~N j;sy/g ehsk ikt/. fJ; bJhftXkB d/ y/so ft~u ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs B/ eKro; dh nrtkJh Bz{ ;theko eo fbnk j? ns/ fBnKXhPvrb; d/ ftuko ft~u fBnKfJe ;ot^T[Zusk dh ;fEsh j[D ysw j' rJh j?.

;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD ;t^w[~bKeD (Self-Assessment)

1H ykbh ;EkB Go' 1H ykbh ;EkB Go' 1H ykbh ;EkB Go' 1H ykbh ;EkB Go' 1H ykbh ;EkB Go' (Fill in the blanks)1H nwoheh ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs ft~u toswkB ft~u HHHHHHHH ns/ HHHHHHHHHHH;fj:'rh i~i jB.2H ;z:[es oki nwohek ft~u i~iK dk ekoi ekb HHHHHHHHHHHHH j?.

3H ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs d/ i~iK dk t/sB HHHHHHHHHHH d[nkok fBoXkfos ehsk iKdk j?.4H nwoheh ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs dk ;so jo ;kb HHHHHHHHHH d/ gfjb/ ;'wtko s'A nkozG j[zdk j?.5H fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD B/ nwoheh ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs Bz{ HHHHHHHHHH pDk fd~sk j?.

9H29H29H29H29H2 :{He/H oPhnk, cqK; dh fBnKfJe ftnt;ek ns/ ;ftNIob?Av dh:{He/H oPhnk, cqK; dh fBnKfJe ftnt;ek ns/ ;ftNIob?Av dh:{He/H oPhnk, cqK; dh fBnKfJe ftnt;ek ns/ ;ftNIob?Av dh:{He/H oPhnk, cqK; dh fBnKfJe ftnt;ek ns/ ;ftNIob?Av dh:{He/H oPhnk, cqK; dh fBnKfJe ftnt;ek ns/ ;ftNIob?Av dh;zxh fBnKfJe ftnt;Ek;zxh fBnKfJe ftnt;Ek;zxh fBnKfJe ftnt;Ek;zxh fBnKfJe ftnt;Ek;zxh fBnKfJe ftnt;Ek (Judicial System of U.K., Russia, Franceand Federal Judiciary of Switzerland)

fPqfNP fBnKfJe ftnt;Ek fPqfNP fBnKfJe ftnt;Ek fPqfNP fBnKfJe ftnt;Ek fPqfNP fBnKfJe ftnt;Ek fPqfNP fBnKfJe ftnt;Ek (The British Judicial System)fJzrb?Av ftu ekBz{B dh ntXkoDk (fJzrb?Av ftu ekBz{B dh ntXkoDk (fJzrb?Av ftu ekBz{B dh ntXkoDk (fJzrb?Av ftu ekBz{B dh ntXkoDk (fJzrb?Av ftu ekBz{B dh ntXkoDk (The English Concept of Law))))) d' wjkB t?fXe g~XshnKLd' wjkB t?fXe g~XshnKLd' wjkB t?fXe g~XshnKLd' wjkB t?fXe g~XshnKLd' wjkB t?fXe g~XshnKLwkBt fJfsjk; ftu ftXh dh nB/e gZXshnK jB, gozs{ T[BQK ftu d' ;otgqXkB jB – o'wB dh n;?fBe


B ØN


ftXh (Civil Law) ns/ fJzrb?Av dh ;kwkfBnk ns/ ;kotifBe ftXh (Common Law) ftPt d/ fe;hth d/P dh fBnKfJe ftnt;Ek fJBQK d' g~XshnK s'A nS{sh BjhA j?. wjkd/PhJ/ :[o'g, b?fNB nw/foek d/gqiksso, d~yD ncqhek, ikgkB nkfd d/P dh o'w dh fBnKfJe ftukoXkok Bkb gqGkfts j'J/ jB, idfenkJhb?Av, ;z:[es–oki nw/foek, ;kw[fdqe fpqfNP T[gfBt/P, fJzrb?Av dh ;kwkfBn ftXh d/ gqGkt y/so ftunkT[Ad/ jB. w[Bo' B/ fejk th j? fe “ftPt d/ fInkdkso Gkr dh :ksqk T[BQK d/PK s'A fpBk r[io/ ehshik ;edh j?. i' fJzrb?Av iK o'w dh ftXhnK B{z nkdo BjhA eod/.”

io{oh j? fe fJe i~i B{z T[;dh ;fEsh ns/ r"ot d/ nB[o{g fBPfus ns/ gfonkgs sBykj fwb/. j?fwbNBB/ pj[s mhe fbfynk j? fe “fJj wkBt–;[Gkn j? fe i' wB[~y nkgDh nkihtek dh fdqPNh s'A Pesh–;zgzBj? T[;d/ e'b ;zebg dh th pj[s skes j[zdh j?.” ;' fBnKgkfbek dh ;[szsosk ns/ fBPg~ysk d/ bJh i~iKd/ bJh uzrh sBykj dk j'Dk th pj[s io{oh j?. Bkb–Bkb fJj th io{oh j? fe T[BQK dh sBykjK ftu T[BQKd/ gdktXh–ekb ftu gfotosB BjhA j't/.

(vi) fBnKgkfbek dk ekoigkfbek ns/ ftXkfJek s'A tyokgD (Separation of udiciary from Executive)LfBnKgkfbek dh ;[szsosk d/ o~fynk bJh fJj th pj[s io{oh j? fe T[;d/ ezwK Bz{ ekoigkfbek d/ ekoiK s'A nb~r ofynkikt/. i/eo fJe jh ftnesh d/ fizw/ ekBz{B pDkT[D, T[;B{z bkr{ eoB ns/ Gzr eoB tkb/ Bz{ dzv d/D dk nfXeko j?.fJ; Pesh d/ nzsors fBnKfbnk ;zftXkB dh ftnkfynk eod/ jB ns/ ftXhnK ns/ gqPk;eh ftu fBfjs j[zdk j?.w[Zy o{g s'A ;zxkswe ;zftXkBK ftu fBnKgkfbek Bz{ fJBQK PeshnK Bkb ftG{fPs ehsk iKdk j?.

f;XKse s"o s/ fBnKfJe w[Vntb'eB f;XKs dh gfoGkPk ftfGzB o{g Bkb ftdtkBK d[[nok fdZsh rJh j?sqfr:{; ns/ w?ej/Boh B/ fJ;dh gfoGkPk fdzd/ j'J/ fejk j? fe fBnKfJe w[Vntb'eB fBnKfbnK dh T[jPesh j? i' fe;h th ekBz{B iK ;oekoh ezw Bz{ nt?X x'fPs eo ;edh j?. i/eo T[j ;wM/ fe fJj w"fbeekBz{B iK ;zftXkB d/ T[bN j?. g'qH n?uHi/H npqkjw B/ fBnKfJw w[Vntb'eB B{z gfoGkfPs eod/ j'J/ fbfynkj? fe fJj fBnKfbnk dh fJe nfijh Pesh j? i' fe;h th ekBz{B iK ;oekoh ezw Bz{ n;zt?XkfBe x'fPseo ;edh j? ns/ fJ;d/ gq:'r B{z o'e ;edh j? ns/ fe;h th ;oekoh nfXekoh d/ nt?X ezw B{z r?oekBz{Bhx'fPs eo ;edh j?. i/eo w"fbe ekBz{BK s'A T[j fGzB j't/.” fpqN/fBek ftPte'P B/ fBnKfJe w[Vntb'eBdh gfoGkPk fdzd/ j'J/ fbfynk j? fe fBnKfbnktK d[nkok fe;/ d/P ftu fBnKfJe w[Vntb'eB T[j Peshj? fi;d/ d[nkok T[j ftXkJh ekoigkfbek ns/ gqPk;eh ekoiK dk gohyD eodh j? ns/ T[j d/ydh j? fenfij/ ezw ;zftXkB d/ gqktXkBK d/ nB[e{b j'D ns i/ T[j nfijk BjhA j[zd/ sK T[BQK Bz{ nt?X ns/ ngqGkthx'fPs eoB dk nfXeko T[BQK Bz{ j?. fBnKfJe w[Vntb'eB f;XKs dh j'D fbys ;zftXkB ftu d/fynk ik;edk j?. fJ; noE ftu nBfBn j[zdk j? fe fJe ftP/P gqfeqnk d[nkok ;zP'XB ehsk iKdk j?.

nzr/qIK dh ftXh ftntjkfoe XkoDkL nzr/qIK dh ftXh ftntjkfoe XkoDkL nzr/qIK dh ftXh ftntjkfoe XkoDkL nzr/qIK dh ftXh ftntjkfoe XkoDkL nzr/qIK dh ftXh ftntjkfoe XkoDkL w?rBkekoNk d/ pknd nzrq/iK B/ “ftXh d/ Pk;B” (Rule ofLaw) ftu ftPtk; ehsk. fJ;d/ nbktk fJBQK b'eK B/ ftxh dh fJe fBPfus go ;XkoD XkoDk pDkJhj?. nkw s"o s/ fJfsjk; B/ ftXh dh d' XkoDktK Bz{ iBw fdZsk. gfjbh ftXh d/ ;zgqG{ dh nkfrnk ns/d{ih ftXh ftt/e dh T[gi. gozs{, nzrq/IK B/ ftXh d/ ftntjkfoe o{g Bz{ ;thfeqs ehsk fe ftXh f;XKsns/ fBnw j? i' fBnKfbnk d[nkok ;thfeqs ns/ bkr{ ehsk ikt/. j'o f;XKs iK nkdoP fiBQK Bz{ GftZyftu bkr{ ehsk ik ;edk j?, gqEk Gb/ jh j' ;edh j?, go ftXh BjhA.

ftXh d/ gqeko (ftXh d/ gqeko (ftXh d/ gqeko (ftXh d/ gqeko (ftXh d/ gqeko (Kinds of Law)L)L)L)L)L fJzrb?Av ftu fszB gqeko dh ftXhnK gqubs jB – (e) ;kotifBeiK ;wkfBn ftXh (Common Law) (y) fBnK–GktBk ns/ ng~ygks–ftXh (Equity) ns/ (r) ;zftXhns/ gfofBnw (Statute Law).

nkws"o s/ fBnKfJe w[Vntb'eB dk f;XKs ;zxkswe ;zftXkB ftu gkfJnk iKdk j?. fi;ftu ftXkJh PeshnK dk e/Ado ns/ fJekJhnK ftu tzfvnk j[zdk j?, BkrfoeK d/ w{bnfXeko j[zd/ jB ns/ ftXh–fBowksoh Pesh T[s/ nze[P brk j[zdk j?.”

B'N;


B ØN


(e) ;kotifBe iK ;wkfBn ftXh L ;wkfBn ftXh(e) ;kotifBe iK ;wkfBn ftXh L ;wkfBn ftXh(e) ;kotifBe iK ;wkfBn ftXh L ;wkfBn ftXh(e) ;kotifBe iK ;wkfBn ftXh L ;wkfBn ftXh(e) ;kotifBe iK ;wkfBn ftXh L ;wkfBn ftXh (Common Law) d/ iBw dh nkgDh ejkDhj?. 800 ;kb gfjbK dh rZb j?. BkowB okiktK dh fi~s d/ g{ot fJzrb?Av ftu fJeo{g fBnK–ftnt;EkBjhA ;h. BkowB ns/ J/AiftB okiktK B/ fJ; ewh Bz{ wfj;{; ehsk. okPNo d/ J/eheoD ns/ okiszsoBz{ gqGkth p/pDkT[D ftu T[BQK Bz{ efmBkJhnK dk ;kwBk eoBk g? fojk ;h. ;' fJBQK T[d/PK dh g{osh d/ BjhT[BQK fBnKfJe Pesh B{z jfEnko pDkfJnk. iZiK B{ d/P x[zwD d/ bJh G/fink ikD brk. B/ ;EkBe gqEktKd/ nkXko T[s/ fBoD/ fdzd/ ;B gozs{ j'bh–j'bh ;EkBe gqEkt dk wj~st iKdk fojk ns/ ;ko/ n;EkBK T[s/;wkB f;XKsK d/ nB[;ko fBnK ftnt;Ek B{z iBw fd~sk i' ;ko/ d/P ns/ oki d/ bJh ;wkB ns/ ;kotifBe;h. fJ; gqeko ;wkfBn ftXh dk iBw j'fJnk. ;wkfBnk ftXh T[BQK fBnwK dk ;w{J j? fiBQK Bz{ edh fe;hokik B/ fBofdPN BjhA ehsk ns/ BK fe;h ftXkBwzvb B/ T[;Bz{ edh nfXfBnw jh ehsk. fJ;d/ fBofDnKdk nfGb/yK d/ nkXko T[s/ ftek; j'fJnk. g{otGkPhnK (Precedents) g{ot fBnwK (State Law) dK fJj;zebB j?. id e'Jh i~i ;kotifBe ftXh d/ ;zpzX ftu e'Jh fBoD/ d/ fdzdk j? sK T[es fBoD/ fBnw dhsoKQ ;theko ehsk iKdk j? id se e'Jh T[Zu fBnKfbnk T[; Bz{ o~d Bk eo d/. E'V/ ftu, ;wkfBn ftXhi~iK d[nkok ftnkfynk ehs/ rJ/ gozgokrs ftT[jkoK ns/ o{VhnK dk ;w{j gkso j? pknd ftu rb?Bftb,pq?eNB, e[e pb?Ae;N'B nkfd ftnkfynkekoK B/ fJ;dk eqwpX o{g Bkb ;zebB ehsk ns/ ftnkfynk ehshns/ i~iK dh gqfsPmk ns/ gqGkt tXkfJnk.

(y) gfofBnw ftXh nEtk ;zftXhL(y) gfofBnw ftXh nEtk ;zftXhL(y) gfofBnw ftXh nEtk ;zftXhL(y) gfofBnw ftXh nEtk ;zftXhL(y) gfofBnw ftXh nEtk ;zftXhL ;wkfBn ftXh d/ Bkb Bkb gfofBnw ftXh iK ;zftXh (StatusLaw) dk th ftek; j'fJnk. ;wkfBnk ftXh ftef;s ftXh ;h, idfe ;zftXh fBofws ftXh ;dhnK se;wokN d/ ;fJ;'r Bkb ftXhnK dk fBowkD j'D brk. fJBQK ftXhnK Bz{ ;zftXh efjzd/ jB. gfjb/ fJ;dh;zfynk Bk pokpo ;h. go j'bh–j'bh fJj ftXh dk gqw[Zy ;q's pD rJh. nZi fJBQK dk y/so pj[s ft;fsqsj' frnk j?. fJj ;wkfBn ftXh dk fBP/X BjhA eodh. pbfe T[;Bz{ buhbk pDk fdzdh j? ns/ T[;dh ewhnKBz{ g{ok eodh j?. ;zftXh nzfsw nkfrnk j?. i/ gfofBnw ftXh ns/ ;wkfBn ftXh dh ng/ePk ;zftXhBz{ wkbsk gqdkB ehsh ikJ/rh.

(r) fBnK GktBk ns/ ngZygks ftXh L(r) fBnK GktBk ns/ ngZygks ftXh L(r) fBnK GktBk ns/ ngZygks ftXh L(r) fBnK GktBk ns/ ngZygks ftXh L(r) fBnK GktBk ns/ ngZygks ftXh L ;wkfBnk ftXh dh pzio G{wh Bkb T[s/ fBnK GktBk ns/ngZygks ftXh (Equity) dh BhAj gJh. j'bh–j'bh ;wkfBn ftXh ;w/A d/ nB[e{b BjhA ofj rJh ns/ nB/e wkwfbnK ftu T[j bkr{ Bk j'D bZrh. fJ;d/ nbktk ;w/A dh n;fEosk d/ ekoB fJe ftXh dh io{osj'Jh i' gqkftXh (Technical) BK j't/ ns/ d/o Bk bZr/. fJ; gqPmG{wh T[s/ ngZygks ftXh dh T[sgshj'Jh ns/ ;wkfBn ftXh dh nB/e so[ZNhnK d{o j'JhnK. j[D n;hA d/yKr/ fe fJ;dk ftek; fe; soQKj'fJnk. feT[Afe okik fBnK dk ;G s'A tZvk nfXekoh ;wfMnk iKdk ;h fJ; bJh fiBQK ftneshnK Bz{dhtkBh ndkbs s'A T[fus fBnK BjhA fwbhdk ;h T[j okik s'A fBnK dh pp/Bsh eod/ ;B. ezw d/ Gko d/ekoD ;wokN T[BQK p/BshnK B{z uK;bo d/ e'b i' “okik d/ ;dftt/e dk oytkbk” (Keeper of the King'sConsceience) ;h, G/i fdzdk ;h. uK;bo iK T[;d/ ;jkfJe ftt/e d/ nkXko T[s/ fBoD/ fdzd/ ;B. fJ;gqeko ng~ygks ftxh dk iBw j'fJnk fi;dk nkXko gqEk BjhA pbfe ;dftt/t ;h. fJ; ftXh dh wksk;h fe d/P dh ftXh ikfs d/ ;dkuko d/ nB[o{g ns/ Bhsh d/ nB[;ko j'Dh ukjhdh j?.” gqw[Zy fBnKfXekohnK(Chancellors) B/, i' pko^pko ghVh do ghVh nB/e fBoD/ fdZs/, T[BQK ;G fBofDnK Bz{ fwbk e/ fBnwKdk fJe ;w{j pD frnk. b/feB fJBQK d'tK ftxhnK d/ nb~r–nb~r fBnKfbnk pj[s fdBK se pD/ oj/.1873 JhH d'tK ftXhnK d/ fbJh fJe fBnKfbnk j' frnk. d'tK ftXhnK ftu skbw/b g?dk ehsk frnk, gofto'X d/ ;w/A fBnKGktBk Bz{ T[go ;EkB fdZsk frnk. fJ; gqeko fBnK GktBk ;wkfBnk ftXh Bkb jh g?dkj'Jh i' T[;dh so[~NhnK B{ d{o eodh ns/ T[Zu e'Nh dk fBnK fdzdh j?. fJ; T[s/ o'wB ftXh dk ekch gqGktfgnk. nZi fJ;dk y/so pj[s ftPkb j' frnk j?.

fpqfNP fBnK ftnt;Ek dh ftfPPNsktK (fpqfNP fBnK ftnt;Ek dh ftfPPNsktK (fpqfNP fBnK ftnt;Ek dh ftfPPNsktK (fpqfNP fBnK ftnt;Ek dh ftfPPNsktK (fpqfNP fBnK ftnt;Ek dh ftfPPNsktK (Features of the British Judicial System)))))

(((((i) fJeo{gsk dk nGkt L) fJeo{gsk dk nGkt L) fJeo{gsk dk nGkt L) fJeo{gsk dk nGkt L) fJeo{gsk dk nGkt L fpqfNP fBnK ftnt;Ek dh fJe gqw[Zy ftP/Psk j? – ;zg{oB d/P ftufJeo{gsk (Uniformity) dk nGkt. g{o/ rq/N fpqN/B ftu ftXh dk fJe gqeko dk f;XKs fBnKfbnk dhfJe gqeko dh ekoi gqDkbh ns/ ;zrmB BjhA j?. fJzrb?Av ns/ t/b; ftu fJ; gqeko dh fBnK ftnt;Ekj? sK ;ekNb?Av ns/ T[Zsoh nkfJob?Av ftu th nb~r–nb~r ftfGzB ftnt;EktK jB.


B ØN


(((((ii) gqPk;fBe fBnKfbnk dk nGkt L ) gqPk;fBe fBnKfbnk dk nGkt L ) gqPk;fBe fBnKfbnk dk nGkt L ) gqPk;fBe fBnKfbnk dk nGkt L ) gqPk;fBe fBnKfbnk dk nGkt L fpqfNP fBnK–ftnt;Ek dh d{ih ftP/Psk gqPkf;e dk nGktj?. cqK; ns/ j'o :[o'gh d/P ftu d' nb~r ftXhnK ns/ fBnKfbnk j?. fJe nkw BkrfoeK d/ bJh ns/d{i/ Pk;B d/ nfXekohnK d/ bJh. goz{ fJzrb?Av ftu BkrfoeK ns/ nfekohnK ftu e'Jh ftG/d BjhA j?.nfXekohnK d/ bJh nb~r gqPk;fBe fBnKfbnk (Administrative Courts) BjhA j?. ukj/ e'Jh nkwBkrfoe j't/ iK gqPk;B dk nfXekoh, ;kohnK Bz{ ;wkfBnk fBnKfbnK d/ ;Bw[y jkIo j'Dk g?Adk j? ns/ ;Gs'A T[go fJe ;wkfBn ftXh bkr{ j[zdh j?. gozs{ fJzrb?Av ftu j'bh–j'bh gqPk;fBe fBnK ftnt;Ek dkgqkd[oGkt j' fojk j?.

(((((iii) fJzrb?Av ns/ t/b; ftu fBnKfbnK dk skbw/b L) fJzrb?Av ns/ t/b; ftu fBnKfbnK dk skbw/b L) fJzrb?Av ns/ t/b; ftu fBnKfbnK dk skbw/b L) fJzrb?Av ns/ t/b; ftu fBnKfbnK dk skbw/b L) fJzrb?Av ns/ t/b; ftu fBnKfbnK dk skbw/b L shih ftP/Psk fJzrb?Av ns/ t/b; d/fBnKfbnK ftu skbw/b j' ;edh j?, gozs{ fJj ftnt;Ek ;dk s'A BjhA j? d' ghVhnK gfjbK fpqfNP e'oNKdk ;zrmB nftnt;fEs n;zpX ns/ nshtkdh ;h. e'oNK dh Gowko ;h. Bshi/ ti'A nB/e gqeko dhefmBkJhnK g?dk j[zdh ;B. gozs{ 1773 JhH s'A 1876 JhH se nfXfBnwK d[nkok fBnK ftnt;Ek ftu;[Xko fbnkfJNk rnk, fi;d/ cb;o{g fBnKfJe ftnt;Ek ftu g{oBsk fbnkJh rJh ns/ e/Adoh ftnt;Ekd/ ;zrmB d[nkok nftnt;Ek Bz{ d{o ehsk frnk.

(((((iv) fBnKfJe w[Vntb'eB dh gqEk dk nGkt L) fBnKfJe w[Vntb'eB dh gqEk dk nGkt L) fBnKfJe w[Vntb'eB dh gqEk dk nGkt L) fBnKfJe w[Vntb'eB dh gqEk dk nGkt L) fBnKfJe w[Vntb'eB dh gqEk dk nGkt L nw/foek ftu ;zftxkB ftu fBnKfbnK B{z fBnKfJew[Vntb'eB (Judiciary Review) dh Pesh fdZsh rJh ;h i' T[BQK Bz{ ;zftXkB dk ;ozzfyne pDk fdzdkj?. gozs{ fJ;d/ T[bN fJzrb?Av ftu ;K;d dh ;otT[Zusk d/ ekoD fBnKfbnK Bz{ ;z;d dh ftXhnK B{ nt?Xx'fPs eo dh Pesh BjhA j?.

(((((v) fBnKfbnK dh ;[szsosk L) fBnKfbnK dh ;[szsosk L) fBnKfbnK dh ;[szsosk L) fBnKfbnK dh ;[szsosk L) fBnKfbnK dh ;[szsosk L fpqfNP fBnK ftnt;Ek dh fJe j'o ftP/Psk fBnKfbnK dh ;[szsoskns/ fBPg~ysk j?. fJzrb?Av ftu i~i g{oBsk ;[szso jB. T[BQK dh fB:[esh eqkT{B d[nkok j[zdh j?.ihtBgfonzs ns/ ;dkukogfonzs T[j nkgD/ gdK T[s/ pD/ ofjzd/ jB. ;z;d ;dBK dh p/Bsh T[s/ jh T[BQKBz{ ekoi w[es ehsk ik ;edk j?. T[BQK dh sBykj fBPfus j? ns/ T[j fBnK GktBK dk gkbB eod/ jB.fJ; gqeko i~i Bz{ gqGktjhjB ns/ ;[szso pDkfJnk frnk j?.

(((((vi) Bkrfoe ;[szsosk dk ;ozfyne L) Bkrfoe ;[szsosk dk ;ozfyne L) Bkrfoe ;[szsosk dk ;ozfyne L) Bkrfoe ;[szsosk dk ;ozfyne L) Bkrfoe ;[szsosk dk ;ozfyne L i~i Bkrfoe nfXeko d/ ;ozfyne jB. fJzrb?Av ftufBnKfbnk Bz{ fJ; ezw d/ bJh i' Pq/n gqkgs j? T[j fe;h th j'o d/PK d/ fBnKfbnktK Bz{ BjhA. w"fbenfXekoK dh ;{uh iK fbys ;zftXkB ;[szsosk dh oZfynk d/ ;kXB BjhA jB pbfe ftXh dk Pk;B j?. i~iftXh d/ Pk;B d/ bkr{ eoB d/ bJh isBPhb ofjzd/ jB.

(((((vii) i{oh gqEk L) i{oh gqEk L) i{oh gqEk L) i{oh gqEk L) i{oh gqEk L fpqfNP fBnKfJe ftnt;Ek dh fJe ftP/Psk i{oh gqEk (Jury System) ns/nfGfBoDkfJeK d/ oyD dh gqEk j?. ftXh d/ Pk;B dh ;cbsk ftu nfGfBoDkfJeK dk pj[s t~vkjZe j?.T[j iBws ns/ wkBtsk B{z ;dk fXnkb ftu oyd/ jB ns/ edh–edh fBnK fto[ZX th ik ;ed/ jb iKnfGw[e B{z dzv d/Dk n;heko eo ;ed/ jB. i{oh BkrfoeK dh ;[szsosk dh ofynk d/ bJh d/P d/ ;ze[fusns/ em'o ekB{zBk T[s/ gqjko th eod/ jB. fJj fBPgZy, fBvosk, ;wMdkoh d/ bJh ftPtftfynks jB.

(((((viii) fBnKfbnk dh gqthDsk L ) fBnKfbnk dh gqthDsk L ) fBnKfbnk dh gqthDsk L ) fBnKfbnk dh gqthDsk L ) fBnKfbnk dh gqthDsk L fpqfNP fBnK–ftnt;Ek dh nzfsw, go wjZstg{oB ftP/PskfBnKfbnk dh gqthDsk (Efficiency) j?. fJzrb?Av ftu fBnkfJe ekotkjh ibdh j[zdh j?. ns/ fBoD/ ftud/o BjhA j[[zdh. fJ;d/ eJh ekoD jB. T[BQK io{oh f;XKsK dk nB[;oD ehsk iKdk j? i' fBnK ftnt;Ekdh gqthDsk d/ bJh io{oh j? fit/A – i{oh gqEk, y[bQk fBnKfbnk, tehb oyD dh gqEk. fJ;d/ nbktkfBnkfJe ekoi ftXh ;gPN ns/ nk;kB j?. i~iK Bz{ t?XkfBe gfoGkPktK (Legal Technicalities) d/fBotkuB Bz{ gfonkgs ;[szsosk fdsh rJh j?. fco fBnKfbnk dh ekoi ftXhnK (Rules of Procedure)dk fBowkD ;z;d dh fBnkfJe fBnw ;whsh (Judicial Rule Committee) eodh j? i' ftP/PfrnK dhfJe ;whsh j?. ftP/Pr t?fXe gfoGkPktK ns/ fBnKfJe fBnwK dk fJ; gqeko fBowkD eod/ jB fe fBnKftu s/ih nkt/. gqthDsk dePsk ns/ s/ih d/ bJh fpqfN P fBnK ftnt;Ek ftPt ftu ;otP/qPm ;EkBoydh j?.

(((((iv) tehbK dh gqEk L ) tehbK dh gqEk L ) tehbK dh gqEk L ) tehbK dh gqEk L ) tehbK dh gqEk L tehbK dh d[joh gqDkbh th fpqfNP ftnt;Ek dh fJe ftP/Psk j? gfjbh Pq/Dhd/ tehb, fiBQK Bz{ ;'fbf;No (Solicitors) iK J/N'oBh fejk iKdk j? ekBz{Bh ;bkj fdzd/ jB. d{ih P/Dh d/


B ØN


tehb fiBQK B{z p?fo;No (Barrister) fejk iKdk j?, fBnKfbnk ftu tkdh d/ ;woED ftu ;[eshnK g/Peod/ jB.

fpqfNP fBnK–ftnt;Ek dk ;zrmB (fpqfNP fBnK–ftnt;Ek dk ;zrmB (fpqfNP fBnK–ftnt;Ek dk ;zrmB (fpqfNP fBnK–ftnt;Ek dk ;zrmB (fpqfNP fBnK–ftnt;Ek dk ;zrmB (Organisation of the British Judicial System)))))

c"idkoh ns/ dhtkBh fBnKfbnk Lc"idkoh ns/ dhtkBh fBnKfbnk Lc"idkoh ns/ dhtkBh fBnKfbnk Lc"idkoh ns/ dhtkBh fBnKfbnk Lc"idkoh ns/ dhtkBh fBnKfbnk L brGr fJe ;dh g{ot fpqfNP e'oN dk e'Jh ;[ftnt;fEs ;zrmBBjhA ;h. gozs{ 1873 JhH d/ ftu nB/e nfXfBnw pd/ ns/ fBnkfJe ftnt;Ek Bz{ ;zrmB ehsk frnk.nZieb fpqN/B ftu d' gqeko d/ fBnKfbnk j? – (1) c"idkoh fBnKfbnk ns/ (2) dhtkBh fBnKfbnk fiBQKdk ;zrmB ftfGzB gZXoh fBnKfbnk ftu ehsk frnk j?. c"idkoh fBnKfbnktK d[nkok ;kotifBe T[bzxDd/ bJh dzv fdZsk iKdk j?, fit/A j~fsnk, u'oh, ve?sh, X'y/pkih nkfd. dhtkBh fBnKfbnk T[j jB i'BkrfoeK d/ gko;gfoe MrfVnK dk fBpNkok eod/ jB, fit/A ;zgfse B[e;kB ik nBkfXeko gqt/P, wkBjkBh nkd Bkb ;zpzXs wkwb/ nkfd.

(e) c"idkoh fBnKfbnk ((e) c"idkoh fBnKfbnk ((e) c"idkoh fBnKfbnk ((e) c"idkoh fBnKfbnk ((e) c"idkoh fBnKfbnk (Criminal Courts)))))

(((((i) ;woh i[ohPfvePB dk fBnKfbnk L ) ;woh i[ohPfvePB dk fBnKfbnk L ) ;woh i[ohPfvePB dk fBnKfbnk L ) ;woh i[ohPfvePB dk fBnKfbnk L ) ;woh i[ohPfvePB dk fBnKfbnk L ;woh i[ohPfvePB (Summary Juirisdiction) dkfBnKfbnk c"idkoh fBnKfbnk ftu'A ;G s'A j/mb/ g~Xo dk fBnKfbnk j?. i;fN; nkc dh gh; (Justiceof the peace) iK ftqs G'rh w?fi;N/qN w[eZdw/ dh iKu eod/ jB. ftqshG'rh w?fi;N?qN dh fB:[eshrqfjwzsoh ns/ i;fN; nkc dh gh; dh fB:[esh bkv uK;bo eodk j?. d'tK d/ nbr–nbr ezw jz[d/ jB.fJBQK fBnKfbnK B/ S'N/–S'N/ nfG:'rK T[s/ ftuko j[zdk j?, go ;zrhB nfG:'r gog/Nh ;/Pz; e'oN (Courtof Petty Sessions) fi; ftu d' iK d' s'A fInkdk w?fi;Nq/N j[zd/ jB d[nkok ;[DtkJh j[zdh j?.

(((((ii) etkoNo ;/Pz; dk fBnKfbnk L ) etkoNo ;/Pz; dk fBnKfbnk L ) etkoNo ;/Pz; dk fBnKfbnk L ) etkoNo ;/Pz; dk fBnKfbnk L ) etkoNo ;/Pz; dk fBnKfbnk L etkoNo ;/Pz; (Quarter Sessions) dk fBnKfbnk ;wohi[foPfvePB d/ fBnKfbnk s'A T[go j[zdk j?. fJ;Bz{ ekT[ANh fBnKfbnk (County Courts) th fejk iKdkj?, feT[Afe ekT[ANh ftu d' iK d' s'A fInkdk i~i fbZs/ iKd/ jB. fJ;d/ ;Gkgsh Bz{ foekovo (Recorder)efjzd/ jB. fJj fBnKfbnk e[M rzGho ngokXK d/ bJh nkozGe fBnKfbnk (Original Court) j?. ;wohi[foPfvePB s'A nghbK fJ; fBnKfbnk ftu nkT[Adh j?.

(((((iii) J/;kJhi/i dk fBnKfbnk L ) J/;kJhi/i dk fBnKfbnk L ) J/;kJhi/i dk fBnKfbnk L ) J/;kJhi/i dk fBnKfbnk L ) J/;kJhi/i dk fBnKfbnk L etkoNo ;?Pz; d/ fBnKfbnk s'A T[s/ J/;kJhi/i (Assizes) d/fBnKfbnk nkT[Ad/ jB. fJ; ftu T[Zu fBnKfbnk d/ fezr; p?Au ftGkr (King's Bench Division) d/ekT[ANhnK ftu fBnK eoB d/ bJh d"fonK s/ fBebd/ jB. fJ; ftu d' i~i ofjzd/ jB. fJ; ftu etkoNo;/Pz; d/ fBnKfbnk s'A nghb ehsh iKdh j?.

(((((iv) e'oN nkc feqfwBb nghb L) e'oN nkc feqfwBb nghb L) e'oN nkc feqfwBb nghb L) e'oN nkc feqfwBb nghb L) e'oN nkc feqfwBb nghb L T[g:[es fBnKfbnk d/ T[s/ e'Jh nkc feqfwBb nghb (CriminalAppeal) j[zdh j?. j/mb/ fBnKfbnK B{z nghb ehsh iKdh j?. fJj ;otT[Zu fBnKfbnk d/ nzr j? fi; ftubkov uhc i;fN; ns/ fezr; p?Au ftGkr d/ fszB i~i j[zd/ jB. fJj w[e~dw/ B{z fco s'A iKu–gVskb eo;edk j?.

(((((v) bkov ;Gk L) bkov ;Gk L) bkov ;Gk L) bkov ;Gk L) bkov ;Gk L fBnkfJe ;zrmB d/ ;G s'A T[goh f;o/ T[s/ bkov ;Gk (House of Lords) j? fi~E/c"idkoh ns/ dhtkBh d'tK gqeko d/ w[e~dfwnK dh nzfsw nghb j[zdh j?. fJj ;otT[Zu fBnKfbnK j? ns/fJ; ftu f;oc t?XkfBe ns/ ;kotifBe wjZst Bkb ;zpzXs w[eZdfwnK dh nghb ehsh ik ;edh j?.

(y) dhtkBh fBnKfbnk ((y) dhtkBh fBnKfbnk ((y) dhtkBh fBnKfbnk ((y) dhtkBh fBnKfbnk ((y) dhtkBh fBnKfbnk (Civil Court)))))

(((((i) ekT[ANh fBnKfbnk L) ekT[ANh fBnKfbnk L) ekT[ANh fBnKfbnk L) ekT[ANh fBnKfbnk L) ekT[ANh fBnKfbnk L ekT[ANh fBnKfbnk (Country Courts) dhtkBh wkwfbnK ftu ;G s'A j/mb/ gZXo dk fBnKfbnk j?. 290 g"Av s'A x~N wkfbns w[eZdw/ dh ;[DtkJh dh :'rsk fJ; ftu jz[dhj?. 1846 JhH ftu ;z;d nfXfBnw d/ d[nko fJ;dh ;EkgBk ehsh rJh j?. g{o/ fJzrb?Av ns/ t/b;B{z 500 fBnkfJe fifbnK ftu tzv fdsk frnk j? ns/ ;ko/ fIfbnK B{ 60 ;ofeNK (Circuits) ftutzfvnk frnk j?. jo/e fIb/ bJh bkov uK:bo fJe i~i dh fB:[esh eodk j?. i' ;ofeN d/ jo/efib/ ftu fJe wjhBk se fBnKfbnk dh p?me eodk j?. t?;/ s/ d/yD ftu fJ; fBnKfbnk d/ ezw pj[sfInkdk brd/ jB, go tk;st ftu fJ; gqshPs w[e~dw/ jh i~i d[nkok ;[D/ iKd/ jB. pkeh w[e~dfwnKB{z ofi;Noko ns/ eboe ;wM"sk nkfd eoe/ fBpNk fdzd/ jB. ekT[ANh fBnKfbnK dh ekoi gqDkbhpj[s nk;kB j?.


B ØN


T[Zu fBnKfbnk LT[Zu fBnKfbnk LT[Zu fBnKfbnk LT[Zu fBnKfbnk LT[Zu fBnKfbnk L i/ w[eZdwk dh wkfbns ekT[ANh fBnKfbnk d/ y/sofXeko s'A pkjo j't/ sK T[ZufBnKfbnk (High Court of Justice) d/ fe;/ ftGkr w[e~dw/ dh ;[Dtkjh j[zdh j?. T[Zu fBnKfbnk 1873JhH d/ i[vhe/uo n?eN d/ nkXko T[s/ pfDnk j?. fJ; ftu bkov uhc i;fN; ns/ 30 j'o i~I j[zd/ jB.fJ; fBnKfbnk d/ fszB ftGkr jB–

(e) fezr; p?Au fvthIB (King's Bench Division)

(y) uK;oh fvthIB (Chancery Division)

(r) gq't/N sbke ns/ n?vfwobNh fvthIB (Probabtes Divorce and Admirality Division)

(((((ii) nghb dk fBnKfbnkL) nghb dk fBnKfbnkL) nghb dk fBnKfbnkL) nghb dk fBnKfbnkL) nghb dk fBnKfbnkL fJ;d/ pknd nghb dk fBnKfbnk j[zdk j? fi; ftu ekT[ANh fBnKfbnk ns/T[Zu fBnKfbnktK s'A nghb ;[Dh iKdh j?. fJ;dh d' fszB fvthIB j[zdh j?. edh–edh w[e~dw/ dh ;[DtkJhd/ bJh ;ko/ bkov i;fN; (Lord Justices) fJe ;kE p?md/ jB. fJ; fBnKfbnk ftu wk;No nkc okb;(Master of Rolls) ns/ n~m bkov i;fN; nkc nghb (Lord Justice of Appeal) p?md/ jB.

(((((iii) bkov ;Gk L) bkov ;Gk L) bkov ;Gk L) bkov ;Gk L) bkov ;Gk L nghb d/ fBnKfbnk s' th nghbk Bz{ e[M ftP/P PosK d/ nXhB bkov ;Gk ftufbnkfJnk iKdk j?. bkov ;Gk ;ko/ d/P dk ;otT[Zu nghbhn fBnKfbnk j?. dhtkBh ns/ c"idkoh d'tKwkwfbnK dh nghbK fJ; ftu jz[zdhnK jB. bkov ;Gk d/ fBnKfbnk dk rmB e[M nkihtB fgnoK d[nkokehsk iKdk j? fiBQK B{z bkov nkc nghb fJB nkofvBoh (Lords of Appeal in Ordinary) ns/ ftfXrbkov; (Law Lords) fejk iKdk j?. i[foPfvePB nfXfBnw 1947 JhH d/ d[nkok fJ; fBnKfbnk dk w[VrmB j'fJnk ns/ ftfXr bkovK dh ;zfynk tX e/ 9 eo fdZsh rJh. fJj bkov T[Zu fynksh gqkgs fBnK–Pk;so–t/sk, i~i iK T[Zu e'Nh d/ tehb j[zd/ jB. fJ; fBnKfbnk dk w[yh bkov uK;bo (LordChancellor) j[zdk j?, i' wzsohwzvb dk th w?Apo jz[dk j?.

(r) fgqth gfoPd dh fBnkfJe ;whsh (r) fgqth gfoPd dh fBnkfJe ;whsh (r) fgqth gfoPd dh fBnkfJe ;whsh (r) fgqth gfoPd dh fBnkfJe ;whsh (r) fgqth gfoPd dh fBnkfJe ;whsh (Judicial Committee of the Privy Council)L fpqfNP;zrmB ftu fgqth gfoPd fBnkfJe ;whsh dk th ;EkB T[b/yBh j?. fJj fJe T[ZutzPhJ/ nghbhJ/ ;dj?. fJj fBnKfbnk BjhA j? pbfe fJe ;bkj d/D tkbh ;whshj?. nZi fJ;dk ftP/P wj~st fJ; bJh j?fe fJj ;w[zdo gko d/ T[gfBt/PK s'A nkJh j'Jh nghb B{z ;[Ddh j? go g{oh gfoPd BjhA, nfgs{ T[BQK dh;whsh fJBQK d/ ezw eodh j?. fJ; ;whsh d/ w?Apo fgqth gfoPd (Privy Councillor) j[zd/ jB. fiBQKBz{ j'o okiK d/ i~i nkgD/ d/P dh fBnK ftnt;Ek d/ nB[;ko io{oh wzsqDk fdzd/ jB. T[; ;whsh ftu brGr20 ;fwqsheko ns/ fBnKPk;soh j[zd/ jB. fiBQK ftu ftfXr bkov; (Law of Lords) th j[zd/ jB. fJ;;whsh dk fJe ftP/P nfXeko y/so j? :[~X ekb ftu ;w[zdoh b[~N d/ wkb dh tzv eoBk.

fpqfNPk fBnK ftnt;EK dk w[bKeDfpqfNPk fBnK ftnt;EK dk w[bKeDfpqfNPk fBnK ftnt;EK dk w[bKeDfpqfNPk fBnK ftnt;EK dk w[bKeDfpqfNPk fBnK ftnt;EK dk w[bKeD (British Judicial System Evaluated)L fpqfNP fBnK–ftnt;Ek fBPgZysk, gqthDsk ns/ ezw dh gokfJDsk d/ bJh ftPtftfynks j?. fBnKfbnk ;[szso j? ns/T[BQK T[s/ okiBhfse gqGkt BjhA g?Adk j?. j/mb/ g~Xo d/ fBnKfbnk d/ ftt/e ns/ fBoD/ T[s/ fB:zsoD ofjzdkj?. fJ; bJh fpqfNP fBnK ftnt;Ek fJ; f;bf;b/ ftu ftPt ftu ;G s'A fInkdk ;[Gkr tkbh j?. gozs{j'o gqPB th jB, fiBQK Bz{ fpqfNP fBnKfbnk dh dePsk Bz{ iKu bJh T[mkfJnk ik ;edk j?.

(((((i) fBnKfbnk dk tksktoD fe~dK dk j? L) fBnKfbnk dk tksktoD fe~dK dk j? L) fBnKfbnk dk tksktoD fe~dK dk j? L) fBnKfbnk dk tksktoD fe~dK dk j? L) fBnKfbnk dk tksktoD fe~dK dk j? L gfjbk gqPB fpqfNP fBnKfbnktK d/ tksktoD(Atmosphere of Coruts) d/ ;zpzX ftu u[fenk iKdk j?. fBnKfbnk dh ekoi gqDkbh pj[s jh rzGho j?.fJ~E'A se fe j/mb/ fBnKfbnk dh gqshPmsk ns/ nkuko nw/foek d/ T[Zu fBnKfbnk s'A fes/ Pq/Pm j?. i~iT[Zu nk;B s/ p?mdk j? tehb rkT{B ftu ftG{fPs pzB/Q j'J/ PpdK ftu soe–ftsoe eod/ jB. rtkjKs'A f;oc w[e~dw/ d/ s~EK d/ pko/ ftu g[ZfSnk iKdk j?, i~i jo rZb Bz{ fXnkB Bkb ;[Ddk j?, doPeP'o^Pokpk BjhA eo ;ed/, soe ftqjs frnkB T[s/ nkXkos j[zd/ jB ns/ jo rb B{z sofee ns/ gqGktg{oBsohe/ Bkb gq;s[s ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; gqeko tksktoD pj[s jh Gftn ns/ frnkBg{oB j?. ftPt d/ fe;/th j'o d/P d/ fBnKfbnk ftu fJzBh T[Zue'Nh dk tksktoD BjhA ;[fDnk iKdk j?.

(((((ii) eh ;ko/ ;p{sK () eh ;ko/ ;p{sK () eh ;ko/ ;p{sK () eh ;ko/ ;p{sK () eh ;ko/ ;p{sK (evidences) ) ) ) ) B{z ;kjwD/ fbnkfJnk iKdk j?L fJzrb?Av ftu w[e~dw/ dh ekotkjh dhfJe ftbZyDsk fJj j? fe i~i fJe gzu (umpire) d/ o{g ftu ezw eodk j? nBt/Pe d/ o{g ftu BjhA.T[j w[e~dw/ dh SkBphB nkg BjhA eodk, fioj ftu T[j Gkr BjhA b?Adk ns/ i~i w[e~dw/ dh ekotkjh ftu


B ØN


s/ih fbnkT[D iK s~EK d/ ;gPNheoB d/ T[d/P Bkb e'Jh ezw BjhA eodk j?. fJj w[~dJh ns/ w[~dkbj dkezw j? fe T[j ;ko/ s~EK B{z ;gPN eo/. gqEk d/ gqshe{b wjkd/PhJ/ (:[o'g) d/PK d/ iZi w[e~dfwnK dh ekotkjhns/ fioj ftu y[b e/ Gkr b?Ad/ jB.

(((((iii) eh w[~dkbj Bz{ gfonkgs ;[o~fynk gqdkB ehsh iKdh j?L) eh w[~dkbj Bz{ gfonkgs ;[o~fynk gqdkB ehsh iKdh j?L) eh w[~dkbj Bz{ gfonkgs ;[o~fynk gqdkB ehsh iKdh j?L) eh w[~dkbj Bz{ gfonkgs ;[o~fynk gqdkB ehsh iKdh j?L) eh w[~dkbj Bz{ gfonkgs ;[o~fynk gqdkB ehsh iKdh j?L w[~dkbj dh gfonkgs ;[o~fynk(Adequate Protection to the Defendant) fdsh iKdh j?. c"idkoh w[e~dw/ ftu, ftP/Peo fiZE/ ;oekofJe db dh ofjzdh j?, w[~dkbj pj[s ewI'o ;fEsh ftu ofjzdk j?, fJ; bJh gfonkgs e'fPP ehsh iKdhj? fe w[~dkb: B{z fe;/ gqeko fd~es dk ;kwQDk Bk eoBk gt/. fJ; T[d/P Bkb rtkjK s'A nfij/ gqPB BjhAg[~S/ iKd/ jB. fi; Bkb e'Jh ;gPN T[Zso fBeb/, g{ot rbshnK Bz{ ekotkjh d/ ;w/A BjhA ofynk iKdkj?. fpBK tkozN d/ fe;h B{z frocsko bJhA ehsk ik ;edk j?, ngokX d/ ;w/A T[; ;zpzX ftu ekBz{B dk j'Dkio{oh j? ns/ ekBz{B dh nfrnkBsk sK ngokXh bJh todkB j?. fJ; gqeko ngokXh B{z jo soQK dh ;[o~fynkgqdkB ehsh iKdh j?.

(((((iv) eh fBnKfbnk s/Ih Bkb T[guko gqdkB eodk j? L) eh fBnKfbnk s/Ih Bkb T[guko gqdkB eodk j? L) eh fBnKfbnk s/Ih Bkb T[guko gqdkB eodk j? L) eh fBnKfbnk s/Ih Bkb T[guko gqdkB eodk j? L) eh fBnKfbnk s/Ih Bkb T[guko gqdkB eodk j? L w[e~dw/ dh ;w[fus ;[DtkJh ns/ ftneshd/ nfXekoK dh ofynk d/ nbktk fpqfNP fBnKfbnk s/Ih Bkb fBnK eod/ jB. fJ;d/ T[bN nw/foek, Gkosns/ d/P ftu pj[s d/o brdh j?. ekoD fJj j? fe fpqN/B ftu fBnKfbnk dh ekoi ftXh pj[s nk;kBgqfeosh dh j?. T[BQK dk ftek; nb~r–nb~r fBnKfbnk d[nkok j'fJnk. ;' T[j gqkftfXe dh ng/ePk fInkdkftjko jB. gozs{ nw/foek ftu fBnKfJe ekoi ftXhnK ftXkfJek d/ isB dk cb j?. T[j fInkdk gqkftfXe(Technical) jB ns/ fBnK ekoi d/ bJh n:'r jB. fJzrb?Av ftu s/ih Bkb fBnKfJe T[guko d/ wkorftu f;oc fJe pkXk j? – fBnK ftnt;Ek ftu fte/AdoheoB dk nGkt noEks nghbK d/ bzdB nt;fEsfBnKfbnk ftu ;[D/ ikD d/ ekoD fInkdk you ns/ n;[ftXk dk ;kwQDk BjhA eoBk g?Adk j?.

(((((v) eh fBnKfbnk ;G d/ bJh ;wkB o{g Bkb y[bQk j'fJnk j? L) eh fBnKfbnk ;G d/ bJh ;wkB o{g Bkb y[bQk j'fJnk j? L) eh fBnKfbnk ;G d/ bJh ;wkB o{g Bkb y[bQk j'fJnk j? L) eh fBnKfbnk ;G d/ bJh ;wkB o{g Bkb y[bQk j'fJnk j? L) eh fBnKfbnk ;G d/ bJh ;wkB o{g Bkb y[bQk j'fJnk j? L gqkftfXe o{g ftu fBnKfbnk dkdotkIk ;G d/ bJh ;wkB o{g Bkb y[fbQnk j'fJnk j?. ekBz{B d/ ;Bw[y ;wkBsk ns/ fBnKfbnk dh e[zvhyNyNkD d/ bJh ;wkB nt;o d/Dk nzr/qIK d/ wj~stg{oB nfXeko j?. gozs{ ftT[jko ftu rZb e[M j'oj?. nw/foek dh soQK fJzrb?Av ftu th fBnKfbnk ns/ tehb dh ch; fJzBh fInkdk j?. fe nkw iBsk ibdhfBnKfbnk ikD dk ;kj; BjhA eodh j?. ;' fJj fejk iKdk j? fe fBnKfbnk f;oc XBkYK dk o~fyne j?.fJ; ewh B{ d{o eoB dh e'fPP ehsh rJh j?. rohpK Bz{ fBP[be fBnK d/D bJh ekBz{B pDkJ/ rJ/ jB,tehbK d/ ;zx B/ th rohpK d/ w[e~dw/ deh fBP[be g?oth dh :'iBktK ubkJhnK jB. fco th, rohp tord/ bJh fBnKfbnk se gj[zuDk fJe efmB ns/ d[;;kj;g{oB ezw j?.

T[go'es gqPBK d/ T[Zso s'A fJj ;gPN j[zdk j? fe fpqfNP fBnK ftnt;Ek pj[s ;zs'yiB j?. ftPt d/;kohnK fBnK gqDkbhnK ftu fJj ;otP/qPm ;EkB dk dktk eodk j?. fBPgZy ns/ s/ih Bkb fBnK d/ bJhfpqfNP fBnKfbnk ftPtftfynks j?.

ftXh dk Pk;B (ftXh dk Pk;B (ftXh dk Pk;B (ftXh dk Pk;B (ftXh dk Pk;B (Rule of Law)))))

ftXh d/ Pk;B dk noE LftXh d/ Pk;B dk noE LftXh d/ Pk;B dk noE LftXh d/ Pk;B dk noE LftXh d/ Pk;B dk noE L fpqfNP ;zftXkB dh fJe nd[~sh d/D j?, ftXh dk Pk;B. ;kXkoD PpdK ftufJ;dk noE fJj j? fe fJzrb?Av dk ekBz{B jh d/P dk Pk;B eodk j? Bk fe fe;h ftnesh ftP/P dh ;t/Sk. ekBz{B ;otT[Zu j? ns/ fJ;d/ ;kjwD/ ;G pokpo jB. bkov j/eoN B/ fJ;dk noE d~;d/ j'J/ fejkj? fe ftneshnK d/ fBoD/ ftu wBwkB/ Yzr iK nfijh jh fe;h j'o gqeko d/ Yzr d/ ;EkB T[s/, i' ekBz{BBjhA j?, ekBz{ dh ;otT[Zusk ;theko ehsh ikt/. ;kXkoDsk fJ;d/ fszB noE jB. gfjbk ftXh jh;otT[Zu j?. ;t/Skukfosk Bkw dh e'Jh y'i BjhA j?. d/P dk Pk;B ftXh d/ nB[;ko j'Dk ukjhdk. d{ikjo/e ftnesh ftXh d/ nXhB j? ns/ jo/e ftnesh dk coI ftXh dk gkB j?. shik, ftXh dk Pk;B ;z;ddh ;zgqG[sk dk nkXko j?. fJ;d/ nzsors ;z;d d/ wkfXnw s'A ;ot;kXkoD ftXh dk dk; j?.

vkfJ;h dh ftnkfynk L vkfJ;h dh ftnkfynk L vkfJ;h dh ftnkfynk L vkfJ;h dh ftnkfynk L vkfJ;h dh ftnkfynk L g'qH vkfJ;h B/ ftXh d/ Pk;B dh nk;kB ftnkfynk j?. fJ;d/ nB[;ko fJ;d/nzsors fszB ftfGzB gozs{ ;ikshJ/ ftuko jB. gfjbk,gfjbk,gfjbk,gfjbk,gfjbk, fJ;dk noE j? fe Bk sK fe;h Bz{ dzv fdZskik ;edk j? Bk fe;h B{z Pohoe ePN iK jkBh gj[zukJh ik ;edh j? id se fe e'Jh ftnesh ;gPN ftXhd/ fto[~X nkuoB Bk eo/ ns/ T[j ftXh fto[ZX nkuoD d/P d/ ;wkfBn fBnKfbnk ftu f;~X Bk j' ikJ/.


B ØN


noE fJj j? fe fJzrb?Av ftu fe;h ftnesh B{z sd se dzfvs BjhA ehsk ik ;edk id se fe fJj ;gPNo{G Bkb f;~X Bk j' ikJ/ fe T[;B/ d/P dh fe;h ekBz{B Bz{ s'fVnk j?. d{i/ d{i/ d{i/ d{i/ d{i/ PpdK ftu fJ; PK;B d/ nzsorswBwkB/ Yzr bkb Bk sK fe;h dh ikB fbZsh ik ;edk j? Bk fe;h dh ;zgsh iK ;[szsosk dk ngjoD ehskik ;ed j?. ns/ Bk fBnw d/ fto[ZX fe;h Bz{ ekokrqfj ftu ofynk ik ;edk j?. fJ;d/ nbktk nfG:'rdh y[bQh ;[DtkJh j[zdh j? ns/ nfG:[es Bz{ nkgD/ pukn bJh ;ckJh d/D dk g{ok nt;o fdZsk iKdk j?.

d{ik, d{ik, d{ik, d{ik, d{ik, ftXh d/ Pk;B dk noE fJj j? fe e'Jh ftnesh ekBz{B s'A T[s/ BjhA pbfe jo/e ftnesh ukj/ T[;dkgd ns/ ;fEsh e[M j't/, d/P d/ nkw ekBz{B Bkb Pkf;s j[zdk j?. ns/ nkw fNqfpT[BbK d/ y/so nfXekod/ nzsors ofjzdk j?. i' uhB fJe nkdwh d/ bJh ekB{zB j? T[j ;ko/ BkrfoeK dk ekBz{B j?.

d{i/ PpdK ftu, d/P dk jo/e Bkrfoe ftXh d/ ;Bw[y ;wkB j? ns/ ;G d/ bJh fJe jh gqeko dh ftXhj?. okik, oze, nwho, rohp, T{u, Bhu ;G ftXh d/ ;kjwD/ ;wkB jB. cqK; ftu nkw BkrfoeK ns/gqPk;B d/ nfXekohnK d/ bJh nbZr–nb~r ftXhnK ns/ fBnKfbnk jB. gozs{ fJzrb?Av ftu nkw iBskns/ j/mK s'A T[go se ;ko/ nfXekohnK d/ bJh fJe jh ftXh ns/ fBnKfbnk jB. i/eo Pk;B d/ nfXekohfe;h ftnesh d/ Bkb nfBnkfJ eod/ jB iK ftXh d[nkok fdZsh rJh PeshnK dk d[o[g'r eod/ jB sKT[BQK dk fto[~X ;wkfBn fBnKfbnk ftu nkw ftXh d/ nB[;ko dktk ehsk ik ;edk j?. jo/e ;oekoheowukoh gqXkBwzsoh s'A b? e/ fJe f;gkjh se fJe ;kXkoD Bkrfoe dh soQK nkgD/ nt?X ezw d/ bJhT[ZsodkJh j?.

shik, shik, shik, shik, shik, fpqfNP ;zftXkB d/ ;wkfBn f;XKs T[BQK fBnKfJe fBoD/ d/ Bshi/ jB, fiBQK ftu fBnKfbnk B/ftP/P nfG:'rK ftu ;kXkoD BkrfoeK d/ nfXeko Bz{ fBPfus ehsk j?. noE fJj j? fe fJzrb?Av ftuBkrfoeK dh ;[szsosk dk nkXko fBnkfJe fBoD/ jB. i~iK B/ ftneshnK dh ;[szsosk dh ;[o~fynk ftuwj~stg{oB :'r fd~sk j?.

vkfJ;h dh ftnkfynk dh nkb'uBk LvkfJ;h dh ftnkfynk dh nkb'uBk LvkfJ;h dh ftnkfynk dh nkb'uBk LvkfJ;h dh ftnkfynk dh nkb'uBk LvkfJ;h dh ftnkfynk dh nkb'uBk L vkfJ;h d/ ftXh d/ Pk;B ;zpzX ftukoK dh gqpb nb'uBk ehshrJh j?. t/N i/fBzr;, okb;B nkfd b/yeK B/ nkgD/ ftukoK B{z so[~Nhg{oB d~f;nk j?.

(((((i) gfjbh ftnkfynk L ) gfjbh ftnkfynk L ) gfjbh ftnkfynk L ) gfjbh ftnkfynk L ) gfjbh ftnkfynk L gfjbh ftnkfynk d/ ;zpzX ftu fJj fejk iKdk j? fe vkfJ;h dh ftnkfynk;t/Skukoh Pesh ns/ ;tftt/e dh nb'uBk–nfXeko (Discretionary Authority) d/ G/d B{z ;gPN Bkeo ;fenk, nfgs{ T[;B/ fJBQK d'tK PpdK B{z T[bMk fdZsk. ;tftt/e PeshnK dk noE ;t/Skukoh Peshdk noE nB[ZsodkJh ns/ nfBnzfsqs Pesh j?. fJj ftXh d/ Pk;B dk fto'Xh j?. gozs{ ;tftt/e Peshdk gq:'r nZi gfojko j?, fit/A fe gqd~s ftnt;EkgB (Delegated Legislation) d/ ftT[jko s'A ;gPNj?. i/eo ;tftt/e Pesh dk gq:'r ftXh d/ Pk;B d/ fto[X j? sK ftXh d/ Pk;B d/ bJh fe;h th nkX[fBePk;B ftnt;Ek ftu BjhA.

(ii) vkfJ;h dk d{ik noE th ;zfdrX j?. Pk;B d/ nfXekohnK e'b e[M ftP/PkfXeko ns/ ftw[eshnK jB.fiBK Bkb ;kotifBe nfXeko bkG T[mk ;ed/ jB. nfij/ th T[dkjoD jB fiBK ft~u nzdo{Bh Io{osKd/ ekoD ftw[eshnK d/DhnK gJhnK ;B fit/A 1960 JhH d/ Nq?v fvfgT{N; n?eN d/ nB[;ko fe;/ ftneshdh ikBh iK wkbh jkBh T[Zs/ Nq/v :{fBnB d/ fto[ZX ndkbsh ekotkJh BjhA ehsh ik ;edh j?. fJ; s'AfJbktk n~i gqPk;eh ftGkrK Bz{ nkgD/ y/so ft~u fBnkfbnK dh soK nzfsw fBoDk d/D dk nfXeko fd~skfrnk j?.fJ; soK gqPk;fBe Pesh pzNtkok d/ ekoD ftXh d/ Pk;B d/ f;XKs T[Zs/ n~i pj[s wfonkdktKb~d u[ehnK jB.

(iii) vkfJ;h e/tb w"fbe okiBhfse nfXekoK Bz{ ;theko eodk j? fi; d/ bJh fBnkb/h PoD bJh ik ;edhj?. Uj ;zftXhnK s'A gqkgs nfXekoK t~b fXnkB BjhA fdzdk. ;kXkoD ftXh dk nzP j[zd/ j'J/ th ngwkBiBeb/y dh ftXh Bz{ nfXfB:wK dk o{g fd~sk frnk.

cqK; dh fBnKfJe ftt;Ek cqK; dh fBnKfJe ftt;Ek cqK; dh fBnKfJe ftt;Ek cqK; dh fBnKfJe ftt;Ek cqK; dh fBnKfJe ftt;Ek (French Judicial System)

B/g'fbnB ;zfjskL B/g'fbnB ;zfjskL B/g'fbnB ;zfjskL B/g'fbnB ;zfjskL B/g'fbnB ;zfjskL cqK; ft~u 1789 JhH dh wjkB eqKsh s'A gfjbK e'Jh ;zrfms fBnK ftt;Ek BjhA ;h.d/P ft~u t?fXe fJ~eo{gsk dk fBsKs nGkt ;h. fBnK gqPk;B okfinK dhnK nkfrnktK , nfXnkd/PK ns/ oki^nkfrnk d[nkok j[zdk ;h. eqwpZX fBnKgkfbek dk nGkt ;h ns/ fGzB fGzB ekBz{B bkr{


B ØN


;B. tkbNtkbNtkbNtkbNtkbN/no/no/no/no/no B/ fJ; dk ;jh fu~so g/P ehsk j?,@ d/P ft~u fJ~e gk;/ s'A d{i/ gk;/ ikD tkb/ :ksoh Bz{fizBh tko x'Vk pdbDk g?Adk ;h, T[;s'A nfXe gqeko d/ ekBz{BK Bz{ pdbDk j[zdk ;h.okieqKsh B/ ojh ;jhfBnKfJe ftt;Ek Bz{ fSzB fGzB eo fd~sk. pknd ft~u fBnKfJe g~Xsh ns/ ftXhnK ft~u ;[Xko dhnK e'fPPKj'JhnK. ;G s'A gfjbK B/g'fbnB wjkB B/ cqK;h;h ftXh Bz{ ;zfjskpZX eoD dk wjkB ekoi nkgD/ j~EK ft~ub? fbnk ns/ T[; :'iBk Bz{ nkgDh ftfPPN Pesh ns/ ywsk Bkb bkr{ eod/ j'J/ e[M jh ;kbK ft~u g{okeo fd~sk. B/g'fbnB d[nkok ekBz{B d/ ;zrqfj Bz{ B/g'fbnB ;zfjsk efjzd/ jB. n~i d/ cqK; dhnK ftXhnKB/g'fbnB ;zfjsk s/ nkXkfos jB. Uj cqK; dh fBnKfJe ftt;Ek d/ fJ~e ;iht ns/ rshPhb nzr d/ o{gft~u n~i ;[o~fyns jB.

cqK;h;h fBnK^g~Xsh dhnK ftP/PsktK L cqK;h;h fBnK^g~Xsh dhnK ftP/PsktK L cqK;h;h fBnK^g~Xsh dhnK ftP/PsktK L cqK;h;h fBnK^g~Xsh dhnK ftP/PsktK L cqK;h;h fBnK^g~Xsh dhnK ftP/PsktK L cqK;h;h fBnK^g~Xsh dhnK e[M fBih ftP/PsktK jB fiBKdk T[b/y Io{oh j?^

(1) gqfbfys ftXhnKL(1) gqfbfys ftXhnKL(1) gqfbfys ftXhnKL(1) gqfbfys ftXhnKL(1) gqfbfys ftXhnKL cqK; ft~u ;G ftXhnK fbfys o{g ft~u jB. fJzrb?Av ft~u th ftXhnK dk nfXeKPGkr fbfys j?, gqzs{ UBK dk fJ~e wj~stg{oD Gkr fi; Bz{ ;kXkoD ekBz{B efjzd/ jB, nfbfys j?.

(2) ;zt?X ftXhnK L(2) ;zt?X ftXhnK L(2) ;zt?X ftXhnK L(2) ;zt?X ftXhnK L(2) ;zt?X ftXhnK L cqK; ft~u ;G ftXhnK ;z;zd ns/ fe;/ ;zrfms fBofws ;z;Ek d[nkok fBofwsehshnK rJhnK. cqK; ft~u fBnKXhP fBofws ftXhnK dk ftek; BjhA j'fJnk j?, feUAfe jo ndkbsnkgDk fBoDk d/D bJh ;[szso j?.

(3) gqPk;eh nzr (3) gqPk;eh nzr (3) gqPk;eh nzr (3) gqPk;eh nzr (3) gqPk;eh nzr (Administrative Organ)LLLLL cqK; ft~u fBnKgkfbek Bz{ gqPk;eh nzr wzfBnk frnkj?. w[Bo' d/ PpdK ft~u@ fBnKgkfbek Bz{ ftXkfJek ns/ ekoigkfbek s'A fGzB Pk;B d/ fJ~e ;[szso nzrd/ o{g ft~u wzBD dh nkds cqK;h;h iBsk d/ ft~u BjhA j?. fJzrb?Av ft~u fBnKgkfbek Bz{ ;oeko dk fJ~e;[szso nzr wzfBnk ikdk j?.

(4) fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD dk nGkt (4) fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD dk nGkt (4) fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD dk nGkt (4) fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD dk nGkt (4) fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD dk nGkt (Absence of Judicial Review)L L L L L fBnKgkfbek Bz{ ;z;d d[nkokfBofws ekBz{Bk dh ;zftXkfBesk dh iku eoD dk nfXeko BjhA j? . fJj ekoi fJ~e j'o ;z;Ek , ;zftXkfBegfoPd Bz{ fd~sk frnk j/. gqzs{ Gkos ns/ nwohek ft~u fJj ekoi fB:fws fBnkfbnK Bz{ ;"Afgnk frnkj?.

(5) fBnKfJe ;[szsosk (5) fBnKfJe ;[szsosk (5) fBnKfJe ;[szsosk (5) fBnKfJe ;[szsosk (5) fBnKfJe ;[szsosk (Independence of Judiciary)LLLLL cqK; ft~u fBnKXhPK Bz{ UBh ;[szsosk gqkgsj? fizBh fe fJzrb?Av ns/ nwohek ft~u. fJ; dk ekoD fJj j? fe fBnKXhP ;oeko d/ fBnK ftGkr ft~uezw eod/ jB. Bkb jh Uj ;oekoh tehb dk ezw eod/ jB ns/ fBnK wzsokb/ d/ gqsh T[ZsodkJh j[zd/ jB.

(6) fB:[esh (6) fB:[esh (6) fB:[esh (6) fB:[esh (6) fB:[esh (Appointment)L L L L L fJ~E/ fBnKXhPK dh fB:[esh dh gqDkbh th j'o d/PK s'A fGzBj?.gqsh:'frsk gqhfynk d/ nkXko s/ UBK dh fB:[esh T[Zu fBnKfJe gfoPd d/ d[nkok j[zdh j?. gqzs{fJzrb?Av, nwohek, Gkos nkfd d/PK ft~u ;[ftynks ns/ T[Zu e'Nh d/ tehbK Bz{ fBnKXhP fB:[es ehskiKdk j?.

(7) ;EkfBe fBnkbk (7) ;EkfBe fBnkbk (7) ;EkfBe fBnkbk (7) ;EkfBe fBnkbk (7) ;EkfBe fBnkbk (Local Courts)LLLLL ;ko/ cqK;h;h fBnkb/ ;EkfBe j[zd/ jB. UBK dh p?me fBPfus;EkBK s/ j[zdh j?. Uj d"o/ s/ BjhA iKd/ jB.

(8) d[joh fBnK ftt;Ek (8) d[joh fBnK ftt;Ek (8) d[joh fBnK ftt;Ek (8) d[joh fBnK ftt;Ek (8) d[joh fBnK ftt;Ek (Double System of Courts)L L L L L cqK; ft~u d' soK d/ fBnkb/ gkJ/ ikd/ jB^;kXkoD fBnkb/ ns/ gqPk;eh fBnkb/. ;kXkoD fBnkb/ r?o^;oekoh ftneshnK d/ w[~edfwnK dk fBkoDkeod/ jB. gqPk;eh fBnkb/ ;oekoh eowukohnK d/ ngokXK Bkb ;zpzfXs w[e~dfwnK dk fBoDk eod/ jB.Uj fGzB gqeko dhnK ftXhnK Bz{ bkr{ eod/ jB, fiBK Bz{ ekBz{B efjzd/ jB.

B/g'fbnB ;zfjsk s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'.Nk;e


B ØN


(9) ;w{fjesk dk f;XKs (9) ;w{fjesk dk f;XKs (9) ;w{fjesk dk f;XKs (9) ;w{fjesk dk f;XKs (9) ;w{fjesk dk f;XKs (Doctrine of Collegiality)LLLLL cqK; ft~u fBnK d/ ;zpzX ft~u fJj XkoDk j?fe fBnK eoD bJh eJh fdwkrK dk ;zrfms ftuko ftwoP Io{oh j?. e'Jh th fBoDk x~N s'A x~N fszBfBnKXhPK dh ;gPN ;fjwsh Bkb fd~sk iKdk j?.

ndkbsK dk ;zrmB ndkbsK dk ;zrmB ndkbsK dk ;zrmB ndkbsK dk ;zrmB ndkbsK dk ;zrmB (Organisation of Courts): cqK; ft~u ndkbsK dk ;zrmB J/eehfeqs BjhA j?,pbfe ;zxkswe j?. fBnKfJe gqkfXeko dk fe;/ fJ~e ;z;Ek ft~u ;ze/AdoD BjhA j[zdk, pbfe gzi gqeko dhnKnb~r nb~r ndkbsK jB^

(e) ;kXkoD ndkbs (Ordinary Courts),

(y) gqPk;eh ndkbs (Administrative Courts),

(r) ;zftXkfBe gfoPd (Constitutional Council),

(x) T[Zu fBnKfJe gfoPd (The High Council of Judiciary), ns/

(R) fBnK dh T[Zu ndkbs (The High Court of Justice)

(e) ;kXkoD ndkbsL(e) ;kXkoD ndkbsL(e) ;kXkoD ndkbsL(e) ;kXkoD ndkbsL(e) ;kXkoD ndkbsL fJBK ndkbsK ft~u f;oc r?o^;oekoh ftneshnK Bkb ;zpzfXs w[~edfwnK dh;[DtkJh j[zdh j?.

PKsh fBnKXhP d/ fBnkb/LPKsh fBnKXhP d/ fBnkb/LPKsh fBnKXhP d/ fBnkb/LPKsh fBnKXhP d/ fBnkb/LPKsh fBnKXhP d/ fBnkb/L ;G s'A fBwB Xoksb s/ PKsh fBnKXhPK (Justices of Peaces) d/ fBnkb/jB. fJj e?ANB ft~u j[zd/ jB.;ko/ d/P ft~u brGr 300 nfij/ fBnkb/ jB. fJBK ft~u fBnKXhP Bz{ PKshfBnKXhP efjzd/ jB. T[; dh fB:[esh okPNogsh eodk j?. fJj fBnkb/ dhtkBh ns/ c"idkoh d't/A gqekod/ w[~edfwnK dk fBoDk eod/ jB. fJBK fBnkfbnK dk ekoi ;wkfie fdqPNhe'D s'A pj[s wj~stg{oD j?.fJzrb?Av ft~u PKsh fBnKXhP nt?sfBe j[zd/ jB id'A fe cqK; ft~u g{oD ;t?sfBe eowukoh.

gqkozfGe fBnkbk LgqkozfGe fBnkbk LgqkozfGe fBnkbk LgqkozfGe fBnkbk LgqkozfGe fBnkbk L PKsh fBnKXhP d/ fBnkb/ d/ T[Zgo gqkozfGe fBnkbk (Courts of the first Instance)j[zdk j?. fJ; ft~u 15 fBnKXhP j[zd/ jB. dhtkBh wkwfbnK ft~u fJ; dk nfXeko y/so ;hfws j?. 3000cq?Ae s'A nfXe d/ dhtkBh w[~edfwnK ft~u fJ; Bz{ gqkozfGe y/sokfXeko gqkgs j?.

g[Bokt/dB fBnkbkLg[Bokt/dB fBnkbkLg[Bokt/dB fBnkbkLg[Bokt/dB fBnkbkLg[Bokt/dB fBnkbkL gqkozfGe fBnkfbnK d/ T[Zgo g[Bokt/dB fBnkb/ j[zd/ jB.fJ~e fBnkb/ dk y/sokfXeko;~s fvgkoNw?ANK s~e j[zdk j?. cqK; ft~u nfij/ 27 fBnkb/ jB. jo fBnkb/ ft~u fszB ftGkr j[zd/ jB dhtkBh, c"idkoh ns/ d'P'o'gD ftGkr. jo ftGkr ft~u gzi fBnKXhP j[zd/ jB. fJ; fBnkb/ dk e'Jh w"fbenfXeko y/so BjhA j?. fJ; dk s~E ;zpzXh fBoDk nzfsw j[zdk j?, gqzs{ ftXkfBe s~EK Bkb ;zpzfXs fBofDnKd/ fto[ZX fBnkfbnK ft~u nghb ehsh ik ;edh j?.

fBP/X fBnkbk fBP/X fBnkbk fBP/X fBnkbk fBP/X fBnkbk fBP/X fBnkbk (Courts of Assize)LLLLL fBP/X fBnkbk n;fEo fBnkbk j?. fJj t~v/ t~v/ BroK dk tkohtkoh d"ok eodk j? ns/ w[e~dfwnK dk c?;bk eodk j/. fJj cqK; dk dzfvs fBnkbk j? fi; ft~u nfXe rzGhoc"idkoh wkwfbnK d/ gqkozfGe fBnkb/ d/ fBoD/ dh nghb ehsh ik ;edh j?.fJ; ft~u fiT{oh dh ;jkfJskBkb fBnkb/ dk fBoDk nzfsw j[zdk j? , T[;d/ fto[ZX nghb BjhA ehsh ik ;edh.

ftokw fBnkbk ftokw fBnkbk ftokw fBnkbk ftokw fBnkbk ftokw fBnkbk (Court of Cessation)L fL fL fL fL ftokw fBnkbk cqK; dk ;ot^T[Zu fBnkbk j?.fJ; d/ ;zrmBns/ ekoi Gkos iK nwohek d/ ;ot^T[Zu fBnkb/ s'A fGzB jB. fJ; ft~u fJ~e wjknfXneP, 3 ftGkrhnfXneP ns/ 45 j'o fBnKXhP j[zd/ jB, fiBK Bz{ gkoPd (Councillors) efjzd/ jB. fJ; dh p?me g?fo;ft~u j[zdh j/. fJ; d/ fszB ftGkr jB^ gqkoEBk ftGkr (Chamber of Request), dhtkBh (civil) ftGkrns/ dzv ftGkr. fszB/ ftGkr nkgDk nkgDk ezw eod/ jB. fJj e/tb g[Bokt/dfBe fBnkbk j?.ukj/ fJjfBnkbk Gkos dh ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs iK fJzrb?Av dh fgqth gfoPd dh fBnKfJe ;fwsh dh soK BjhA j?,fco th i' rfowk gqkgs j?/, Uj PkfJd jh fe;/ j'o ndkbs Bz{ gqkgs j't/.

(y) gqPk;eh fBnkbk(y) gqPk;eh fBnkbk(y) gqPk;eh fBnkbk(y) gqPk;eh fBnkbk(y) gqPk;eh fBnkbk (Administrative Council)L gqPk;eh fBnkb/ d/ d' ;so jB^

gqkd/fPe gfoPdLgqkd/fPe gfoPdLgqkd/fPe gfoPdLgqkd/fPe gfoPdLgqkd/fPe gfoPdLfBwB Xoksb T[Zs/ gqkd/fPe gfoPd (Regional Council) j? . jo gfoPd dk ekoiy/so 2 s'A 7 fvgkoNw?AN s~e ofjzdk j?. fJBK dh e[b ;zfynk 23 j?. gqPk;B ;zpzXh w[e~dw/ ;G s'A gfjbKfJBK fBnkfbnK ft~u nkUAd/ jB.


B ØN


oki gfoPdLoki gfoPdLoki gfoPdLoki gfoPdLoki gfoPdL oki gfoPd (Council of State) okPNo dk ;ot^T[Zu gqPk;eh fBnkbk j?. fJ; dknfXneP cqK; dk fBnKwzsoh j[zdk j?. fJ; gfoPd ft~u 149 w?Apo j[zd/ jB. fJj gqkd/fPe gfoPdK d/fBofDnK d/ fto[ZX nghb ;[Ddh j?. gqPk;eh fBnK dk tk;sfte T[ZsodkJh fJ;/ d/ w'fYnK s/ j?. ;oekod/ ftfGzB ftGkrK d/ ft~u T[sgzB fttkdK dk th fJj fBgNkok eodh j?. fJj ;z;Ek iBsk d/ nfXekoK Bz{;[o~fyns o~yD ft~u wj~stg{oD ezw eodh j?.

(r) ;zftXkfBe gfoPd (r) ;zftXkfBe gfoPd (r) ;zftXkfBe gfoPd (r) ;zftXkfBe gfoPd (r) ;zftXkfBe gfoPd (Constitutional Council) LLLLL ;zftXkfBe gfoPd cqK;h;h fBnK ftt;Ek dhnB'yh ftP/Psk j?. cqK; ft~u g[Boftb'eD dk nfXeko fB:fws fBnkfbnK Bz{ Bk d/ e/ fJ~e d{ih ;z;Ek Bz{fd~sk frnk j? fi; Bz{ ;zftXkfBe gfoPd efjzd/ jB. fJ; Bz{ noX^fBnkfJe ;z;Ek th fejk ikdk j?.

;zftXkB d/ ;~st/A gkm ft~u ;zftXkfBe gfoPd d/ ;zrmB ns/ ekoiK dk fttoD fd~sk frnk j?. fJ; ft~u9 w?Apo j[zd/ jB. jo fszB ;kbK ft~u fJ~e fsjkJh w?Apo ntekP rqfjD eod/ jB. w?ApoK s'A fJbktk cqK;d/ g{ot okPNogsh fJ; d/ gd/B w?Apo j[zd/ jB.fJ; d/ nfXneP dh fB:[esh okPNogsh d[nkok j[zdh j?.nfXneP Bz{ fBoDkfJe ws d/D dk nfXeko j?. nKfre ftXh d/ d[nkok gfoPd d/ ;zrmB ns/ ekoi gqDkbhBz{ fBoXkfos ehsk iKdk j?.

;zftXkfBe gfoPd d/ fBwBfbfys ekoi jB^

(1) okPNogsh dk fBotkuB fB:fws o{g Bkb eotkUDk ns/ fBotkuB ;zpzXh ;G nko'gK dh iKu eoBkns/ fBoDk d/Dk.

(2) ;z;d w?ApoK d/ fBotkuB dh nfB:fwsskdk fbokeoD eoBk.(3) iBws ;zrqfj Bz{ fB:fws eoBk ns/ T[; d/ gfoDkw dh x'PDk eoBk.

(4) nKfre ftXhnK ns/ j'o ftXhnK d/ gqtosB dh g{oD ;zftXkfBesk dh iKu ;zftXkfBe gfoPd d[nkokIo{oh j?. noE fJj j? fe fJ; gfoPd Bz{ fBnKJh ;whfynk dk nfXeko gqkgs j?.

(x) T[Zu fBnKfJe gfoPd (x) T[Zu fBnKfJe gfoPd (x) T[Zu fBnKfJe gfoPd (x) T[Zu fBnKfJe gfoPd (x) T[Zu fBnKfJe gfoPd (The High Council of the Judiciary)L okPNogsh fBnKfJe ;[o~fynkdk ;zo~fyne j?. fJ; ekoi ft~u T[;dh ;jkfJsk d/ bJh T[Zu fBnKfJe gfoPd dk fBowkD ehsk frnkj?. okPNogsh fJ; dk nfXneP ns/ fBnKwzsoh gd/B j[zdk j?. fJj gfoPd cqK; dh ;ot^T[Zu ndkbsd/ fBnKXhPK ns/ g[Bokt/dB fBnkfbnK d/ nfXneP dh fB:[esh eodh j?. fBnKgkfbek dh ;[szsosk dho~fynk d/ f;bf;b/ ft~u fjj okPNogsh dh ;jkfJsk eodh j?.

(R) fBnK dh T[Zu ndkbs (R) fBnK dh T[Zu ndkbs (R) fBnK dh T[Zu ndkbs (R) fBnK dh T[Zu ndkbs (R) fBnK dh T[Zu ndkbs (The High Court of Justice)L fL fL fL fL fJj fJ~e okiBhfse ndkbs j?. fJ;d/ w?ApoK dk fBotkuB ;z;d d/ d't/A ;dB eod/ jB. jo ;kXkoD iK noX^fBotkuB s'A pknd okPNoh;Gk ns/ f;B/N nkgD/ jh w?ApoK ft~u'A pokpo pokpo ;zfynk ft~u fJ; T[Zu ndkbs d/ w?ApoK Bz{ fBotkfuseod/ jkB. nkgD/ jh w?ApoK ft~u'A ndkbs nkgDk nfXneP u[Ddh j?. okPNogsh T[Zs/ d/Pdq'j d/ bJhwzsohnK T[Zs/ d/Pdq'j d/ bJh ns/ j'o fe;/ dzfve ekoi d/ bJh ehs/ rJ/ d'Pko'gD dk gohyD fJj ndkbseodh j? ns/ fBoDk fdzdh j?.

gqPk;e ftXhgqPk;e ftXhgqPk;e ftXhgqPk;e ftXhgqPk;e ftXh (Administrative Law)L gqPk;e ftXh cqK; dh fBnKfJe gqDkbh dh wj~stg{oD ftP/Pskj?.nkw s"o s/ gqiksKsfoe d/PK ft~u ;G d/ bJh fJ~e jh gqeko dh fBnK ftt;Ek j[zdh j?. gqzs{ cqK; ft~ud' gqeko dh fBnK ftt;Ek j?. ;kXkoD iBsk d/ bJh dhtkBh ekBz{BK ns/ dhtkBh fBnKfbnK dh ftt;Ekj?, gqzs{ ;oekoh eowukohnK Bkb ;zpzfXs w[~edfwnK dk c?;bk gqPk;eh fB:wK d/ nkXko s/ j[zdk j?.

gfoGkPkLgfoGkPkLgfoGkPkLgfoGkPkLgfoGkPkL gqPk;eh ftXh dhnK gfoGkPktK nB/e ftdtkBK B/ fGzB fGzB gqeko dhnK fd~shnK jB. gq"HvkfJ;h B/ gqPk;eh ftXh dh gfoGkPk fdzd/ j'J/ fejk j? fe “cqK; dh gqPk;eh ftXh Pk;B nfXekohnK d/nfXekoK ns/ eos~tK d/ Uj f;XKs jB fiBK d/ nkXko s/ okPNo ;~sk d/ gqshfBXh d/ o{g ft~u okikeowukohnK ns/ iBsk d/ nkg;h fttjko dk fBoDk ns/ fB:zsoD j[zdk j?.” pko EhfbJ/ d/ nB[;ko “cqK;ft~u gqPk;eh ekBz{B dk noE UBK ;G ekBz{Bh fB:wK s'A j? fiBK d/ gqPk;B d/ ftGkrK dk go;go ns/ iBskBkb ;zpzX dk fBoDk j[zdk j?.” gq'H o/B v/ftv dk eEB j? fe “gqPk;eh ekBz{B dh gfoGkPk fJ; gqeko ehshik ;edh j? fe fJj T[gfB:wK dh ;zfjsk j? fi; Bkb ;kotifBe gqPk;B dh ftt;Ek ns/ eos~tK dk fBoDkns/ gqPk;eh eowukohnK d/ okPNo d/ BkrfoeK d/ gqsh ;zpzXK dk fB:zsoD j[zdk j?.


B ØN


vkH i/fBzr;vkH i/fBzr;vkH i/fBzr;vkH i/fBzr;vkH i/fBzr; dk efjDk j?” Pk;eh ekBz{B e/tb gqPk;B Bkb ;zpzfXs fB:w j?. fB:wK d/ d[nkokPk;B^nfXekohnK d/ nfXekoK ns/ eos~tK dk frnkB ns/ fBoDk j[zdk j?.”

T[go'es ;G gfoGkPktK d/ nB[PhbB s'A pknd gqPk;eh ftXh d/ ;zpzX ft~u fBwBfbfys r~bK ;fEo ehshnKik ;edhnK jB^

(e) gqPk;eh ftXh Uj ekBz{B j? i' ;oekoh eowukohnK ns/ ;kXkoD iBsk d/ ;zpzXK Bz{ fBoXkfos eod/jB. fJ; fdqPNh Bkb gqPk;eh ftXh dhtkBh ftXh s'A fGzB j?, feUAfe dhtkBh ftXh BkrfoeK d/ nkg;h;zpzXK Bz{ fBoXkfos eodh j?. gqPk;eh fBnkfbnK d/ ;kjwD/ nfij/ jh wkwb/ nkUAd/ jB fiBK ft~u ;oekodk e'Jh eowukoh Pkfwb j't/, ns/ nfij/ w[e~dw/ dh sithI gqPk;eh ftXh d/ nkXko s/ j[zdh j?.

(y) ;oeko iK ;oekoh eowukoh ns/ BkrfoeK d/ ft~u i' MrV/ j[zd/ jB, UBK dk c?;bk ;kXkoD fBnkb/ft~u BjhA j[zdk j?. nfij/ MrV/ d/ bJh cqK; ft~u fJ~e ftP/P gqeko d/ fBnkb/ dk ;zrmB ehsk frnk j?fiBK Bz{ gqPk;eh fBnkb/ efjzd/ jB. cqK; ft~u fJ; soK dh ftukoXkok gqu~fbs j? fe fBnKXhP ;oekohnfXekohnK d/ d[PwD j[zd/ jB ns/ BkrfoeK ns/ ;oekoh eowukohnK d/ MrV/ d/ ft~u ;oekoh eowukohnKBz{ szr eo ;ed/ jB. fJ; bJh fBog~y fBnK d/ bJh fJj Io{oh j? fe nfij/ MrfVnK dk fBgNkok gqPk;ehfBnkfbnK d[nkok j't/.

(r) ;oekoh eowukoh oki d/ fB:wK Bz{ nwb ft~u fbnkUD ;w/A iK nkgD/ T[Zu/ nfXekohnK dh nkfrnkdk gkbD eod/ ;w/A iK nkgD/ eos~tK dk gkbD eod/ ;w/A i/eo fe;/ d/ ftneshrs nfXekoK ft~u j;sy/g eoDF sK nfijh ;fEsh ft~u UBK Bz{ d'Ph mfjokUDK nfBnK j't/rk. fJ; bJh T[; dh o~fynk Io{ohj?. nfij/ wkwb/ ft~u gqPk;eh fBnkbk jh T[fus fBoDk d/ ;edk j?. fJjh ekoD j? fe nfij/ ngokXKdh iKu bJh okPNoh gfoPd dh nkfrnk b?Dh g?Adh j? fiBK ngokXK Bz{ e'Jh ;oekoh nfXekoh nkgD/ eos~tfBGkUAd/ ;w/A eodk j?.

dkoPfBe nkXkoLdkoPfBe nkXkoLdkoPfBe nkXkoLdkoPfBe nkXkoLdkoPfBe nkXkoL cqK; ft~u gqPk;eh ftXh d/ nkXko;o{g d' w{bG{s f;XKs jB. gfjbk nkXko o'wd/ ftXkB (Roman Law) dk gqGkt j?. fJ; ftukoXkok d/ nB[;ko oki ;kXe j? ns/ ftnesh ;kXB.fJ; bJh oki d/ eowukohnK Bz{ BkrfoeK dh pikJ/ nfXe nfXeko ns/ ;[ftXktK fd~shnK ikDhnKukjhdhnK jB. B/g'fbnB B/ oki eowukohnK d/ nfXekoK dh gqkoEfwesk Bz{ wzfBnk ;h. gqPk;ehftXh dk d{ik w"AN/;feT{ dk Pesh ftGkiB dk f;XKs j?. fJ; f;XKs d/ nB[;ko ekoigkfbek,ftXkfJek ns/ fBnKgkfbek Bz{ fJ~e d{i/ s'A ;[szso o~yDk ukjhdk j?. fJ; bJh gqPk;eh eowukohnKBz{ ;[szso ns/ fBog~y o~yD bJh nb~r ftXh ftt;Ek j'Dh ukjhdh j?. fJBK d' f;XKsK T[Zs/ cqK; dhgqPk;eh ftXh ftt;Ek nkXkfos j?.

gqPk;eh ftXh ns/ ftXh dk Pk;BgqPk;eh ftXh ns/ ftXh dk Pk;BgqPk;eh ftXh ns/ ftXh dk Pk;BgqPk;eh ftXh ns/ ftXh dk Pk;BgqPk;eh ftXh ns/ ftXh dk Pk;B (Administrative Law and Rule of Lwas)L gqPk;eh ftXhd/ ekoD cqK; ft~u ;oekoh eowukoh bJh fBnK dh nb~r ftt;Ek j?. fJ; fdqPNh Bkb ;oekoheowukohnK ns/ ;kXkoD iBsk ft~u ekBz{B d/ wkwb/ ft~u G/d ;Ekfgs ehsk iKdk j?. ;oekoh eowukohgqPk;eh fB:wK Bkb gqPkf;s j[zd/ jB. id'A fe ;kXkoD BkrfoeK bJh ;kXkoD ftXh dh ftt;Ek j?. gqzs{fpqN/B ft~u ;kXkoD ekBz{B dh XkoDk Bz{ wkBsk fd~sh iKdh j?. fJ; ftt;Ek d/ ekoD jh fpqN/B ft~u ftXhdk Pk;B j?. ftXh d/ Pk;B d/ nB[;ko oki ft~u t;D tkb/ ;G b'e ekBz{B d/ ;kjwD/ pokpo jB. gq'H vkfJ;hB/ nkgDh g[;se ‘fd bk Uc fd eKB;NhfNT{PB’ ft~u ftXh d/ Pk;B d/ fszB noE ;fEo ehs/ jB.gfjbkgfjbkgfjbkgfjbkgfjbk, fe;/ th ftnesh Bz{ T[d'A s~e e'Jh ;Ik BjhA fd~sh ik ;edh, id'A s~e fe y[~b/ fBnkb/ ft~u T[;ftnesh d/ fto[ZX T[; d/ ngokX ;kfps Bk j' ikD. d{ik,d{ik,d{ik,d{ik,d{ik, ekBz{B d/ ;kjwD/ ;G pokpo jB. ukj/ ;kXkoDBkrfoe j't/ iK t~v/ s'A t~vk nfXekoh j't/. shik, ;G d/ bJh fJ~e gqeko d/ ekBz{B jh jB ns/ fJ~e jhsoK d/ fBnkb/ dh ftt;Ek j?. vkfJ;h vkfJ;h vkfJ;h vkfJ;h vkfJ;h dk eEB j? fe fJ; ftXh d/ Pk;B d/ ekoD nzro/ih ;[szso ihtBdk T[gG'r eod/ jB. fpqN/B dh fBnK ftt;Ek s'A fGzB cqK; ft~u d[jo/ ekBz{B ns/ d[jo/ fBnK dh ftt;Ekj?. cqK; ft~u nfXekohnK d/ bJh gqPk;eh ftXh dh ftt;Ek j?. fJ; ekBz{B dh fdqPNh ft~u cqK; ft~u ;GBkrfoe ;wkB BjhA jB. fJ; fdqPNh Bkb fJj fejk ik ;edk j? fe fpqN/B ns/ cqK; dh fBnK gqDkbh ft~ue'Jh ;wsk BjhA j?. Bkb/ jh, fJj th fejk ik ;edk j? fe cqK; ft~u oki eowukohnK dh s[bBk ft~uBkrfoeK Bz{ x~N fBnKfJe nfXeko gqkgs jB. gqzs{ fJj ftukoXkok GqKshg{oD j?.


B ØN


gq'H vkfJ;h gq'H vkfJ;h gq'H vkfJ;h gq'H vkfJ;h gq'H vkfJ;h d/ nB[;ko cqK; dh gqPk;eh ftXh fJzrb?Av dh ;'bthA ns/ ;skothA Pskpdh dh fBnKfJe ftt;Eks'A fGzB BjhA ;h. r"otg{oD eqKsh s'A gfjbK fpqN/B ft~u ekoigkfbek fBnKgkfbek d/ nXhB BjhA ;h.fBnKgkfbek ;oeko d/ fe;/ ezw ft~u j;sy/g BjhA eodh ;h. oki eowukohnK d/ ;zpzX ft~u ftP/P nfXekogqkgs ;B.

j'o ;G d/PK dh soK fpqN/B ft~u th nfijhnK pj[s ;kohnK gqPk;eh ;z;EktK jB. Uj fBnKfJe ns/ j'onoX^fBnKfJe ekoi eodhnK jB. pj[s ;ko/ nfij/ gdkfXekoh ns/ e{NBhfse nfXekoh jB, fiBK Bz{fBnkb/ s'A ftP/P T[Bw[eshnK fwbhnK jB. fJBK ;G r~bK d/ ekoD ftXh d/ Pk;B dh XkoDk Uj BjhAofj rJh j? , fi; dk toDB vkfJ;h B/ ehsk ;h.

fco fBnK d/ ;zpzX ft~u d/PK ft~u nb~r nb~r XkoDktK jB. fpqN/B, nwohek nkfd d/PK ft~u ;oeko dh fIzw/dkoh jh nfXekohnK dh fIzw/dkoh wzBh iKdh j?. id'A fe cqK; ft~u eowukohnK dh fIzw/dkoh oki dh fIzw/dkohj[zdh j?. nkw s"o s/ jo fBnK ftt;Ek ft~u oki eowukohnK d[nkok ehs/ rJ/ iBsk d/ gqsh ngokX d/ fto[ZXfBnK wzfrnk ikdk j?. cqK; ft~u oki d[nkok eowukohnK Bz{ pukUD dh e'fPP ehsh ikdh j?. id'A fe eowukohiBsk d/ gqsh ngokX nkgD/ eos~t Bz{ fBGkUD d/ f;bf;b/ ft~u eod/ jB. fJ; dk fJj noE BjhA j?, fegqPk;eh ftXh dh ;fEsh d/ ekoD iBsk dh ;[szsosk yso/ ft~u ofjzdh j?. cqK; ft~u gqPk;eh ftXh d/ ekoDiBsk dh ;[szsosk ;[o~fyns j?. T[~E/ th ;oekoh eowukoh iBsk d/ nfXekoK ft~u j;sy/g eod/ jB iK iBskd/ gqsh ngokX eod/ jB, gqPk;eh fBnkb/ T[; nfXekoh d/ fto[ZX nkgDk fBoDk fdzd/ jB.

nkw s"o s/ pj[s ;ko/ d/PK ft~u fBnK gqDkbh ekch ifNb j?. fBnK ;[bG BjhA j? gqzs{ gqPk;eh fBnkb/ ibdhs'A ibdh fBnK d/D dh ftt;Ek eod/ jB.

fJzrb?Av nkfd d/PK ft~u fBnK ekch wfjzrk j?. ekBz{Bh ekotkJh J/Bh wfjzrh j? fe ;kXkoD iBsk nk;kBhBkb fBnK gqkgs BjhA eo ;edh j?. fJzrb?Av dh fBnK gqDkbh T[;/ d/ bJh ;[bG j?, i' ekch rohp j? ns/T[; dk fBnkbk P[be w[nkc j' iKdk j/. w~X tor d/ bJh ;[bG BjhA j?. fJ; fdqPNh s'A gqPk;eh ftXhd/ ekoD b'eK Bz{ ;;sk fBnK fwb ikdk j?.

;ft; fBnKfJe ftt;Ek ;ft; fBnKfJe ftt;Ek ;ft; fBnKfJe ftt;Ek ;ft; fBnKfJe ftt;Ek ;ft; fBnKfJe ftt;Ek (Swiss Judicial System);zxh fBnkb/ dk rmB;zxh fBnkb/ dk rmB;zxh fBnkb/ dk rmB;zxh fBnkb/ dk rmB;zxh fBnkb/ dk rmB (Organization of the Federal Tribunal)L fJfsjk;L ;zxkswe Pk;Bftt;Ek ft~u ;zftXkB dh ;ot[T[Zusk d/ ;zo~fynD ns/ ;zx ns/ ;zxh ns/ ;zxhG{s fJekJhnK d/ w~X T[sgzBfttkdsK Bz{ fBgNkUD bJh fBog~y ;zxh fBnkb/ dh Io{os j[zdh j?. ;ftNIob?Av ft~u ;G s'A gfjbK 1848JhH d/ ;zftXkB B/ ;zxh nfXeko y/so ft~u fBnK ftt;Ek d/ bJh fJ~e fBnkb/ dh ftt;Ek ehsh.gqzs{ fJ;fBnkb/ dk nfXeko y/so nfsnzs ;hfws ;h. Uj g{oh soK ;zxh ;Gk ns/ ;zxh gfoPd d/ nXhB ;h.oki wzvb ns/ e?ANBK dhnK ftXhnK ft~u nzso ns/ fttkd dk fBoDk eoD dk fJ; Bz{ nfXeko BjhA ;h.nfij/ fttkdK dk fBoDk nkg ;zxh ;Gk ns/ ;zxh gfoPd eodh ;h. ;zx fBnkbk e/tb UBK fttkdK s/ftuko eo ;edk ;h fiBK Bz{ ;zxh ;Gk ns/ ;zxh gfoPd UBK e'b G/idh. 1874 d/ ;zftXkfBeg[Bo^fBohyD B/ ;zxh fBnkb/ d/ ;zrmB ns/ nfXekoK ft~u e[M wj~stg[oD gfotosB fbnKUAdk. gqzs{ fJjgfotosB pj[s gqGkth ns/ eqKshekoh BjhA ;B. ;zftXkB dh Xkok 106 ft~u e/tb J/Bk jh fejk frnk j?fe “;zxh fBnKXheoD dh ;EkgBk ehsh ikt/, i' ;zxh nfXeko y/so d/ ;zpzX ft~u fBnK dh ftt;Ek eo/rk.” fco th, fJ; nfXeko y/so ft~u ;zxh ftXhnK ns/ ;zftXkBkfoes ftek;K d[nkok fBozso tkXk j[zdkofjzdk j?. n~i ;zxh fBnkb/ ;jh noEK ft~u d/P dh ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs pD frnk j?. fJj ;jh j? fetoswkB ;fEsh Bz{ gqkgs eoD ft~u fJ; Bz{ j'o ;zxh nzrK dh s[bBk ft~u pj[s nfXe ;wK b~frnk. fJjftXh d/ J/eheoD ns/ ;ft; iBsk d/ nfXekoK dh o~fynk d/ ;zpzX ft~u wj~stg{oD o'b ndk eodk j?.

fJ~ewkso ;zxh fBnkbkL fJ~ewkso ;zxh fBnkbkL fJ~ewkso ;zxh fBnkbkL fJ~ewkso ;zxh fBnkbkL fJ~ewkso ;zxh fBnkbkL ;z:[es oki nwohek ft~u ;zxh fBnkb/ dk ;zrmB fJ~e fgokfwv dh soK j?fi; d/ fPyo T[Zs/ ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs j? ns/ ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs d/ nXhB nB/eK fBwB fBnkb/ jB. gqzs{;ftNIob?Av ft~u ;ko/ ;zxh y/so bJh e/tb fJ~e jh fBnkbk j? fi; Bz{ ;zxh fBnkbk efjzd/ jB.

fJj d/P dk fJ~ewkso ns/ ;ot^T[Zu ;zxh fBnkbk j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk ;zxh Xoksb T[Zs/ fBwB fBnkb/BjhA jB.


B ØN


fBnKXhPK dh ;zfynkLfBnKXhPK dh ;zfynkLfBnKXhPK dh ;zfynkLfBnKXhPK dh ;zfynkLfBnKXhPK dh ;zfynkL ;zxh fBnkb/ d/ ;zrmB d/ ;zpzX ft~u ;zftXkB e'Jh fBPuk BjhA eodk. Uj f;ocJ/Bk nkd/P fdzdk j? fe ftXh jh ;zxh fBnkb/ ns/ T[;d/ T[g:'rK d/ ;zrmBK dh ohsh, T[; d/ w?ApoK ns/T[g^w?ApoK dh ;zfynk ns/ UBK dh gdkftXh ns/ t/sB nkfd d/ ;zpzX ft~u fBoDk eo/rh. fJ; gqeko;zftXkB fBnKXhPK dh ;zfynk fBPfus BjhA eodk j?. fJj nfXeko ;zxh ;Gk Bz{ ;"Ag fd~sk frnk j? i'nkgD/ ;dBK d/ ;z:[es nfXt/PB ft~u fBnKXhPK dk fBotkuB eodh j?.cb;o{g fJj ;zfynk fBozsogfotosBPhb ojh j?. 1875 JhH ft~u fBnKXhPK dh ;zfynk 9 ;h. gqzs{ 1943 JhH ft~u fJ~e ftXh d[nkokfJ; ;zfynk Bz{ d[pkok fBoXkfos ehsk frnk. fBnKXhPK dh ;zfynk 9 s'A tX e/ 26^28 eo fd~sh rJh.fJBK d/ nfsfoes T[g^fBnKXhPK dh th fB:[esh ehsh iKdh j?. fiBK dh ;zfynk 11^13 j[zdh j?. fJ;;w/A ;zxh fBnKXheoD ft~u 26 fBnKXhP ns/ 12 t?ebfge fBnKXhP jB. T[g^fBnKXhP dh r?o^jkfIohft~u UBK d/ gd s/ ezw eod/ jB. ;zxh ;Gk ;zx fBnkb/ d/ fBnKXhPK ft~u'A jh fJ~e nfXneP ns/ fJ~eT[gkfXneP Bz{ d' ;kbK bJh fBotkfus eodh j?.

ekoiekbLekoiekbLekoiekbLekoiekbLekoiekbL fBnKXhPK ns/ T[g^fBnKXhPK dk fBotkuB 6 ;kb bJh ehsk iKdk j?. fJj vo ;h fefBotkuB g~Xsh ns/ 6 ;kb d/ nbgekb d/ ekoD fBnKXhPK T[Zs/ okiBhfse gqGkt g?Adk ns/ UBK dhfBog~ysk ns/ ekoie[Pbsk ysw j' iKdh. gqzs{ fBnKXhPK d/ fBotkuB d/ ubd/ fJj vo ysw j' frnk.fBotkuB dh ftt;Ek d/ cb;o{g fBnKXhPK dk ekoiekb ;EkJh fijk j' iKdk j?. fJj gozgok pD rJhj? fe id'A s~e Uj fJ~S[e j'D, T[BK dk tko tko g[BofBotkuB j[zdk ofjzdk j?. e/tb nfXneP ns/T[gkfXneP d/ g[Bo fBotkuB BjhA j' ;ed/ jB.

:'rsktKL:'rsktKL:'rsktKL:'rsktKL:'rsktKL ;zftXkB fBnKXhPK dhnK :'rsktK d/ ;zpzX ft~u u[~g j?. f;oc J/Bk jh fejk frnk j? fe e'Jhth Bkrfoe i' okPNoh gfoPd dh ;d~;sk dh :'rsk o~ydk j't/, ;zxh fBnkb/ dk fBnKXhP fB:[es ehskikdk j?. fJ; bJh torkfXekoh fBnKXhP fBotkfus BjhA j' ;ed/ feUAfe okPNoh gfoPd dh ;d~;skUBK bJh tofis j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk fJj th fXnkB o~fynk iKdk j? fe fszBK oki;h GkPktK, w[~y okiBhfsedbK ns/ e?E'fbe ns/ gq'N/;N/AN d'jK XowK Bz{ fBnkb/ ft~u T[fus gqshfB~Xst fwb/. fJ; ;zpzX ft~u the[M gqshpzX jB. d' fBeN ;zpzXh ;zxh ;Gk ns/ ;zxh gfoPd d/ w?Apo iK UBK d[nkok fB:[es e'JhgdkfXekoh ;zxh fBnkb/ dk fBnKXhP BjhA pD ;ed/ jB. nkgD/ ekoiekb ft~u fBnKXhP Bk sK ;zx iKe?ANB d/ nzsors fe;/ j'o gd s/ ofj ;ed/ jB, ns/ Bk e'Jh j'o ezw iK B"eoh eo ;ed/ jB. 1814 JhHs'A gfjbK fJj r~bK tofis BjhA ;B.ukj/ ;zftXkB d[nkok fe;/ ftP/P :'rsk dh Io{os BjhA j?, fco thnB[Gth ns/ ftP/Pr ftXht/sktK Bz{ jh fBnKXhP fBotkfus ehsk iKdk j?. bkov pqkJh;bkov pqkJh;bkov pqkJh;bkov pqkJh;bkov pqkJh; B/ th fejk j?.fBnKXhPK d/ fBotkuB bJh ukj/ e'Jh :'rsk ftXh d[nkok fBoXkfos BjhA ehsh rJh j?, fco thfBnKPk;so d/ ftdtkBK ns/ :'r ftneshnK Bz{ fBotkfus eoD dh g{oh e'fPP ehsh iKdh j?. go fJjefjDk rbs j't/rk fe fBnKXhPK dk fBotkuB okiBhfse gqGktK s'A fJ~edw nS{sk j?, Gb/ jh fJ; dk T[bNkgqGkt fBnKXhPK dh Pq/Pmsk s/ BjhA g?Adk.

t/sBL t/sBL t/sBL t/sBL t/sBL ;ft; ;zxh fBnkb/ d/ fBnKXhPK Bz{ t/sB d/ o{g ft~u 53,000 cq?Ae jo ;kb fwbdk j?. nfXnePBz{ G~s/ d/ o{g ft~u 36,000 cq?Ae jo ;kb fwbdk j?. T[g^fBnKXhPK Bz{ e'Jh fBPfus ;kbkBk t/sB BjhAfwbdk. fizB/ fdB Uj ezw eod/ jB, UBK Bz{ d?fBe eqw Bkb e[M G~sk fd~sk iKdk j/. g?APB dh th ftt;Ekj?. gd^fBftq~sh 60 ;kb dh T[wo s/ j't/, ns/ fBnkb/ d/ w?Apo d/ o{g ft~u ezw eo u[ek j't/ sK T[; d/;/tkekb d/ nB[;ko T[; d/ t/sB dk 40 s'A 60# s~e g?APB d/ o{g ft~u fd~sk iKdk j?.

;futkbkL ;futkbkL ;futkbkL ;futkbkL ;futkbkL ;zx fBnkb/ dk nkgDk ;futkbk j? fi; dk ;zrmB ns/ eowukohnK dh fB:[esh fBnkbk nkgeodk j?. gqzs{ eowukohnK dh ;zfynk, fJBK dk t/sB ns/ ekoi ekb ;zxh ;Gk fBPfus eodh j?.

;EkBL ;EkBL ;EkBL ;EkBL ;EkBL ;zxh fBnkb/ dk ;EkJh ;EkB tKv Bkwe e?ANB dh okiXkBh b'ikB Bro j?. fJ; Bro ft~u fBnkb/dh ;EkgBk d/ d' w[~y ekoD ;B. gfjbk ;zxh Pk;B d/ d' nzr (ekoigkfbek ns/ ftXkBgkfbek) iowBGkPk^GkPh Bro poB ft~u nt;fEs ;B. fJ; bJh ;zftXkB fBowksk ukj[zd/ ;B fe ;zxh Pk;B dk x~Ns'A x~N fJ~e nzr cq?Au GkPk^GkPh Bro b'ikB j't/ fi; Bkb cq?Au p'bD tkfbnK Bz{ ;zs[PNh fwb/. fJ;/ T[d/P Bkb cq?Au GkPk^GkPh Gkr ft~u nt;fEs eo e/ ;zxh fBnkb/ dk ;EkB pDkfJnk frnk. d{i/, fjT{wod/ wskB[;ko ;zftXkB^ fBowksk poB s'A ;zxh fBnkb/ Bz{ jNk e/ Pesh fgqEeheoD d/ f;XKs s/ pb d/Dk


B ØN


ukj[zd/ ;B. UBK dk ftuko ;h fe okiXkBh s'A d{o ofj e/ fBnkbk okiBhfse tksktoD s'A w[es oj/rk.

ftGkrL ftGkrL ftGkrL ftGkrL ftGkrL ekoi dh ;[ftXk d/ fdqPNhe'D Bkb ;ft; fBnkb/ Bz{ uko ftGkrK ft~u tzfvnk frnk j?. fJBK ft~u'Ad' ftGkr dhtkBh w[e~dfwnK T[Zs/ ftuko eod/ jB, shik ftGkr ;kotifBe ftXh ;zpzXh fttkdK s/ ftukoeodk j? ns/ u"Ek ftGkr eoI/ ns/ dhtkBhnK Bkb ;zpzfXs w[e~dfwnK T[Zs/ ftuko eodk j?. fJBK ftGkrKdk ;zrmB g{ok fBnkbk d' ;kbK bJh eodk j?.

c"idkoh w[e~dfwnK T['Zs/ ftuko eoD bJh th ;zx fBnkb/ d/ uko ftGkr ehs/ rJ/ jB. (1) cfonkd ftGkr,(2) c"idkoh ftGkr, (3) ;zxh dzv ftGkr, (4) ;zftXkfBe ftGkr. c"idkoh ftGkr ed/ ed/ gfoGqwDPhbfBnkb/ d/ o{g ft~u ezw eodk j?. ;w/A ;w/A s/ d/P ft~u gfoGqwD eo e/ w[e~dfwnK dh ;[DtkJh eodk j?.c"idkoh wkwfbnK T[Zs/ ftuko d/ ;w/A fiT{oh dh ;jkfJsk bJh iKdh j/. jo c"idkoh w[e~dw/ dh ;[DtkJhd/ ;w/A 12 fiT{ohnK dh T[g;fEsh Io{oh j?. fiT{ohnK dk fBotkuB iBsk d[nkok 6 ;kbK bJh j[zdk j?.

;zxh fBnkb/ dk nfXeko y/so ;zxh fBnkb/ dk nfXeko y/so ;zxh fBnkb/ dk nfXeko y/so ;zxh fBnkb/ dk nfXeko y/so ;zxh fBnkb/ dk nfXeko y/so (Jurisdiction of the Federal Tribunal)LLLLL ;zxh fBnkb/ d/ nfXekoy/so Bz{ uko torK ft~u

ftGkfis ehsk ik ;edk j?.

(i) dhtkBh (Civil)

(ii) c"idkoh (Criminal)

(iii) ;zftXkfBe (Constitutional) ns/

(iv) gqPk;eh (Administrative)

dhtkBh y/sokfXekoLdhtkBh y/sokfXekoLdhtkBh y/sokfXekoLdhtkBh y/sokfXekoLdhtkBh y/sokfXekoL (e) gqkozfGe ns/ (y) g[Boftuko d't/A gqeko dk j?.

(e) gqkozfGe ;zftXkB dh Xkok 110 d/ nzsors fBwBfbfys ftg~yhnK d/ ft~u T[sgzB fttkdK dk fJj fBoDkeo/rk^

(1) oki ;zx ns/ e?ANBK d/ ft~u .

(2) oki ;zx ns/ fe;/ fJ~e fBrw iK ;kXkoD Bkrfoe d/ w~X pPos/ fe tkdh Bkrfoe iK fBrw j't/, oki;zx BjhA, ns/ fttkdkrq;s okPh 4,000 cq?Ae s'A x~N Bk j't/.

(3) e?ANBK d/ ft~u .

(4) fe;/ fJ~e e?ANB ns/ ;kXkoD BkrfoeK iK fBrwK d/ ft~u pPos/ fe fttkdkrq;s okPh 4,000 cq?Ae s'A x~NBk j't/.

(5) Bkrfoesk d/ y'D ns/ ftfGzB e?ANBK d/ efwT{BK d/ ft~u Bkrfoe nfXeko ;zpzXh fttkd.

fJ~E/ fJj T[b/y:'r j? fe gqkozfGe o{g s'A pj[s x~N dhtkBh wkwb/ ;zxh fBnkb/ d/ ;kjwD/ nkUAd/ jB.

(y) g[BoftukoeL(y) g[BoftukoeL(y) g[BoftukoeL(y) g[BoftukoeL(y) g[BoftukoeL fJ; ;zpzX ft~u d' r~bK T[b/y:'r jB^

(1) Xkok 111 d/ nB[;ko i/eo d't/A g~y ;fjws j'D, ns/ fttkdkrq;s okPh 10,000 cq?Ae s'A x~N Bk j't/, sK;zxh fBnkb/ ft~u fe;/ th w[~edw/ ft~u nghb ehsh ik ;edh j?.

(2) ;zxh fBnkb/ dhnK ftXhnK d/ nzsors e?ANBK d/ fBnkfbnK d/ fBoD/ d/ fto[~X nghb ;[DB dk nfXekoj?. fJ; nfXeko y/so d/ nzsors e?ANBK d/ fBnkfbnK d/ ;kjwD/ gq;s[s e[M w[~edfwnK dk d;tK GkrnkUAdk j?.

;zxL;zxL;zxL;zxL;zxL fBnkb/ d/ c"idkoh nfXeko y/so d/ nzsors Xkok 112 d/ nB[;ko fBwBfbfys ftP/ nkUAd/ jB^

c"idkoh y/sokfXekoc"idkoh y/sokfXekoc"idkoh y/sokfXekoc"idkoh y/sokfXekoc"idkoh y/sokfXeko^ (1) oki;zx d/ fto[ZX okidq'j, ;zxh nfXekohnK d/ fto[ZX ftdo'j ns/ fjz;k ;zpzXhnfG:'r.

(2) nzsookPNoh ftXhnK d/ fto[ZX ngokX iK d[okuko ;zpzXh nfG:'r.

(3) okiBhfse ngokX iK d[okuko ;zpzXh nfij/ nfG:'r fiBK d/ ekoD ;zxh ;?fBepb d/ j;sy/g dh Io{osgt/.


B ØN


(4) fe;/ ;zxh gqkfXekoh d[nkok fB:[es nfXekohnK d/ fto[ZX nfG:'r fi; Bz{ Ujh gqkfXekoh gq;s[seo/.

;zftXkB dh Xkok 113 ;zxh fBnkb/ Bz{ fBwBfbfys ;zftXkfBe wkwfbnK ft~u fBoD/ dk nfXeko fdzdh j?.

;zftXkfBe y/sokfXekoL;zftXkfBe y/sokfXekoL;zftXkfBe y/sokfXekoL;zftXkfBe y/sokfXekoL;zftXkfBe y/sokfXekoL (1) ;zxh nfXekohnK ns/ e?ANBK d/ nfXekohnK d/ ftueko y/sokfXeko ;zpzXhfttkd.

(2) e?ANBK d/ ft~u ;kotifBe ftXh d/ ;zpzX ft~u fttkd.

(3) BkrfoeK d/ ;zftXkfBe nfXekoK d/ nfseqwD d/ fto[ZX nghb ns/ ;kXkoD BkrfoeK d[nkok ;wM"skns/ nzsookPNoh ;zXhnK d/ nfseqwD d/ fto[ZX ehshnK rJhnK nghbK.

fJ~E/ fJj :kd o~yDk ukjhdk j? fe nwoheh ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs d/ ;[fdqP ;ft; ;zxh fBnkb/ Bz{ fBnKfJeg[Boftb'eD nfXeko gqkgs j?.

gqPk;fBe nfXekoL gqPk;fBe nfXekoL gqPk;fBe nfXekoL gqPk;fBe nfXekoL gqPk;fBe nfXekoL nzs ft~u ;ft; ;zx fBnKb/ Bz{ e[M wfonkfsds gqPk;fBe nfXeko gqkgs jB. fJ;d/ nzsors Uj gqPk;fBe nfG:'rK, ;oekoh eowukohnK dh ekBz{Bh ywsk ;zpzXh MrV/, o/b gqPk;B ;zpzXhfttkd, eoko'gD ;zpzXh gqPk;fBe wkwfbnK nkfd s/ ftuko eodh j?. 1928 JhH s'A gfjbK gqPk;fBewkwfbnK dk fBoDk ;zxh gfoPd eodh ;h. gqzs{ fJ~e ;zP'XB d[nkok UBK Bz{ ;zx fBnKb/ Bz{ j;sKsfos eofd~sk frnk.

nfXeko ft~u tkXkLnfXeko ft~u tkXkLnfXeko ft~u tkXkLnfXeko ft~u tkXkLnfXeko ft~u tkXkL ;ft; ;zxh fBnkb/ d/ nfXeko dk ;gPN fu~so f;oc ;zftXkfBe T[gpzXK s'A BjhA fwb;edk j?. ;zftXkB ft~u T[b/fys nfXekoK s'A fJbktk ;zxh ekBz{BK d[nkok fBnkb/ d/ nfXeko ft~u tkXk ehskik ;edk j?. ;zxh ;Gk dh nkfrnk Bkb e?ANBK d/ ftXkBwzvb th e[M dhtkBh wkwb/ ;zxh fBnkb/ d/ y/sokfXekoft~u o~y ;ed/ jB. fBnkb/ d/ ;kjwD/ g/P j'D tkb/ 95 # wkwb/ fJ; ftqXhrs nfXeko y/soK d/ jh nzsorsnkUAd/ jB. Gkos ft~u th ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs d/ nfXekoK dh ;z;d ftqXh eo ;edh j?.

;ftNIob?Av ft~u fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD nwkDe L;ftNIob?Av ft~u fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD nwkDe L;ftNIob?Av ft~u fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD nwkDe L;ftNIob?Av ft~u fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD nwkDe L;ftNIob?Av ft~u fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD nwkDe L gqzs{ ;ftNIob?Av ft~u ndkbs Bz{ fBnKfJeg[Boftb'eD dh ;zftXkfBesk dh iKu dk nfXeko BjhA fd~sk frnk j?. T[; Bz{ ;zxh ftXhnK dh ;zftXkfBeskdh iKu eoD dk nfXeko BjhA j?. ;zftXkB dh Xkok 113 ft~u fejk frnk j? fe ;G wkwfbnK ft~u ;zx fBnkb/;zxh d[nkok gkfos ftXhnK Bz{ ns/ ;G ;otwkDe nkfrnktK dh ns/ ;zxh ;Gk d[nkok nB[;wofEs ;G ftXhnKBz{ wkDsk d/D s/ fttP j't/rk.” fJ; soK ;zftXkB dh ftnkfynk dh fIzw/dkoh ;zx fBnkb/ Bz{ BjhA fd~sh rJh.Uj e/tb e?ANBK d[nkok fBofws ftXhnK dh ;zftXkfBesk dh iKu eo ;edk j?. ns/ UBK Bz{ nt?X x'fPs eo;edk j?, ;zxh ekBz{BK Bz{ BjhA. fJj nfXeko nkg ftXkB ;Gk ns/ iBsk Bz{ gqdkB ehsk frnk j?.


2H ;jh ftebg u[D' 2H ;jh ftebg u[D' 2H ;jh ftebg u[D' 2H ;jh ftebg u[D' 2H ;jh ftebg u[D' (Choose the Correct Option)1H fpqfNP fBnKfJe ;zrmB ft~u ;G s'A T[Zgobh g"Vh s/ j?

(e) bkov ;Gk (2) etkoNo ;/Pz; dh ndkbs (3) e'oN Uc feqwhBb nghb(4) ekT{ANh fBnkbk

2H :{H e/H ft~u ftXh d/ gqeko gqufbs jB^(e) d' (2) fszB (3) uko (4) gzi

3H fBnKgkfbek Bz{ w[~y s"o s/ gqPk;fBe nzr wzfBnk frnk j?^

(e) fpqN/B (y) nwohek ft~u (r) cqK; ft~u (x) ;ftNIob?Av ft~u4H cqK; dh ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs oki gfoPd ft~u fewzB/ w?Apo j[zd/ jB<

(e) 120 (y) 135 (r) 149 (x) 171

5H ;ft; ;zxh fBnKb/ ft~u i~iK ns/ T[g i~iK dk ekoiekb j[zdk j?^(e) 5 ;kb (y) 6 ;kb (r) 8 ;kb (x) 10 ;kb


B ØN



• ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs d/ fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD d/ nfXeko d/ ekoieoD d/ fttoD s'A T[; dh wj~ssk;kc j' iKdh j?. i~iK B/ e/tb ;zftXkB dh nkswk ns/ GkPk dk jh fBotkuB BjhA ehsk j? pbfe UBKB/ BhshnK dk th fBoXkoD ehsk j?.UBK B/ ;zftXkB ft~u eqKshekoh gfotosB fbnKdk j?. ns/ T[;Bz{ BthA fdPk gqdkB ehsh j?. fJ; bJh fJBK Bz{ ;zftXkB dk BtK fBowksk fejk frnk j?. i;fN;jki{ B/ mhe jh fejk j? fe nwoheB iBsk ;zftXkB d/ nXhB Io{o ofjzdh j?. ;zftXkB Ujh j? I' i~iefjzd/ jB. I;fN; cq?Ae B/ sK fJ~E'A s~e fejk j? fe “;ot^T[Zu ndkbs ;zftXkB j?.”

• nw/foek ftu ;zftxkB ftu fBnKfbnK B{z fBnKfJe w[Vntb'eB (Judiciary Review) dh PeshfdZsh rJh ;h i' T[BQK Bz{ ;zftXkB dk ;ozzfyne pDk fdzdk j?. gozs{ fJ;d/ T[bN fJzrb?Av ftu;K;d dh ;otT[Zusk d/ ekoD fBnKfbnK Bz{ ;z;d dh ftXhnK B{ nt?X x'fPs eo dh Pesh BjhAj?.

• fpqfNP fBnK ftnt;Ek dh fJe j'o ftP/Psk fBnKfbnK dh ;[szsosk ns/ fBPg~ysk j?. fJzrb?Av ftui~i g{oBsk ;[szso jB.

• i~i Bkrfoe nfXeko d/ ;ozfyne jB. fJzrb?Av ftu fBnKfbnk Bz{ fJ; ezw d/ bJh i' Pq/n gqkgsj? T[j fe;h th j'o d/PK d/ fBnKfbnktK Bz{ BjhA. w"fbe nfXekoK dh ;{uh iK fbys ;zftXkB ;[szsoskdh oZfynk d/ ;kXB BjhA jB pbfe ftXh dk Pk;B j?.

• fpqfNP fBnKfJe ftnt;Ek dh fJe ftP/Psk i{oh gqEk (Jury System) ns/ nfGfBoDkfJeK d/ oyDdh gqEk j?. ftXh d/ Pk;B dh ;cbsk ftu nfGfBoDkfJeK dk pj[s t~vkjZe j?. T[j iBws ns/wkBtsk B{z ;dk fXnkb ftu oyd/ jB ns/ edh–edh fBnK fto[ZX th ik ;ed/ jb iK nfGw[e B{z dzvd/Dk n;heko eo ;ed/ jB.

• fpqfNP fBnK–ftnt;Ek dh nzfsw, go wjZstg{oB ftP/Psk fBnKfbnk dh gqthDsk (Efficiency)j?. fJzrb?Av ftu fBnkfJe ekotkjh ibdh j[zdh j?. ns/ fBoD/ ftu d/o BjhA j[[zdh.

• fpqfNP ;zftXkB dh fJe nd[~sh d/D j?, ftXh dk Pk;B. ;kXkoD PpdK ftu fJ;dk noE fJj j? fefJzrb?Av dk ekBz{B jh d/P dk Pk;B eodk j? Bk fe fe;h ftnesh ftP/P dh ;t/Sk. ekBz{B ;otT[Zuj? ns/ fJ;d/ ;kjwD/ ;G pokpo jB.

• g'qH vkfJ;h B/ ftXh d/ Pk;B dh nk;kB ftnkfynk j?. fJ;d/ nB[;ko fJ;d/ nzsors fszB ftfGzBgozs{ ;ikshJ/ ftuko jB. gfjbk,gfjbk,gfjbk,gfjbk,gfjbk, fJ;dk noE j? fe Bk sK fe;h Bz{ dzv fdZsk ik ;edk j? Bk fe;hB{z Pohoe ePN iK jkBh gj[zukJh ik ;edh j? id se fe e'Jh ftnesh ;gPN ftXh d/ fto[~X nkuoBBk eo/ ns/ T[j ftXh fto[ZX nkuoD d/P d/ ;wkfBn fBnKfbnk ftu f;~X Bk j' ikJ/. noE fJj j?fe fJzrb?Av ftu fe;h ftnesh B{z sd se dzfvs BjhA ehsk ik ;edk id se fe fJj ;gPN o{GBkb f;~X Bk j' ikJ/ fe T[;B/ d/P dh fe;h ekBz{B Bz{ s'fVnk j?.

• ;G s'A gfjbK B/g'fbnB wjkB B/ cqK;h;h ftXh Bz{ ;zfjskpZX eoD dk wjkB ekoi nkgD/ j~EK ft~ub? fbnk ns/ T[; :'iBk Bz{ nkgDh ftfPPN Pesh ns/ ywsk Bkb bkr{ eod/ j'J/ e[M jh ;kbK ft~ug{ok eo fd~sk. B/g'fbnB d[nkok ekBz{B d/ ;zrqfj Bz{ B/g'fbnB ;zfjsk efjzd/ jB. n~i d/ cqK; dhnKftXhnK B/g'fbnB ;zfjsk s/ nkXkfos jB.

• cqK; ft~u ndkbsK dk ;zrmB J/eehfeqs BjhA j?, pbfe ;zxkswe j?.

• ;zftXkfBe gfoPd cqK;h;h fBnK ftt;Ek dh nB'yh ftP/Psk j?. cqK; ft~u g[Boftb'eD dk nfXekofB:fws fBnkfbnK Bz{ Bk d/ e/ fJ~e d{ih ;z;Ek Bz{ fd~sk frnk j? fi; Bz{ ;zftXkfBe gfoPd efjzd/jB. fJ; Bz{ noX^fBnkfJe ;z;Ek th fejk ikdk j?.


B ØN


• ;zftXkB d/ ;~st/A gkm ft~u ;zftXkfBe gfoPd d/ ;zrmB ns/ ekoiK dk fttoD fd~sk frnk j?. fJ;ft~u 9 w?Apo j[zd/ jB. jo fszB ;kbK ft~u fJ~e fsjkJh w?Apo ntekP rqfjD eod/ jB. w?ApoK s'AfJbktk cqK; d/ g{ot okPNogsh fJ; d/ gd/B w?Apo j[zd/ jB.fJ; d/ nfXneP dh fB:[esh okPNogshd[nkok j[zdh j?. nfXneP Bz{ fBoDkfJe ws d/D dk nfXeko j?. nKfre ftXh d/ d[nkok gfoPd d/;zrmB ns/ ekoi gqDkbh Bz{ fBoXkfos ehsk iKdk j?.

• gqPk;e ftXh cqK; dh fBnKfJe gqDkbh dh wj~stg{oD ftP/Psk j?.nkw s"o s/ gqiksKsfoe d/PK ft~u;G d/ bJh fJ~e jh gqeko dh fBnK ftt;Ek j[zdh j?. gqzs{ cqK; ft~u d' gqeko dh fBnK ftt;Ek j?.;kXkoD iBsk d/ bJh dhtkBh ekBz{BK ns/ dhtkBh fBnKfbnK dh ftt;Ek j?, gqzs{ ;oekoh eowukohnKBkb ;zpzfXs w[~edfwnK dk c?;bk gqPk;eh fB:wK d/ nkXko s/ j[zdk j?.

• gqPk;eh ftXh d/ ekoD cqK; ft~u ;oekoh eowukoh bJh fBnK dh nb~r ftt;Ek j?. fJ; fdqPNh Bkb;oekoh eowukohnK ns/ ;kXkoD iBsk ft~u ekBz{B d/ wkwb/ ft~u G/d ;Ekfgs ehsk iKdk j?. ;oekoheowukoh gqPk;eh fB:wK Bkb gqPkf;s j[zd/ jB. id'A fe ;kXkoD BkrfoeK bJh ;kXkoD ftXh dhftt;Ek j?. gqzs{ fpqN/B ft~u ;kXkoD ekBz{B dh XkoDk Bz{ wkBsk fd~sh iKdh j?. fJ; ftt;Ek d/ ekoDjh fpqN/B ft~u ftXh dk Pk;B j?. ftXh d/ Pk;B d/ nB[;ko oki ft~u t;D tkb/ ;G b'e ekBz{B d/;kjwD/ pokpo jB.

• gq'H vkfJ;h gq'H vkfJ;h gq'H vkfJ;h gq'H vkfJ;h gq'H vkfJ;h d/ nB[;ko cqK; dh gqPk;eh ftXh fJzrb?Av dh ;'bthA ns/ ;skothA Pskpdh dh fBnKfJeftt;Ek s'A fGzB BjhA ;h. r"otg{oD eqKsh s'A gfjbK fpqN/B ft~u ekoigkfbek fBnKgkfbek d/ nXhB BjhA;h. fBnKgkfbek ;oeko d/ fe;/ ezw ft~u j;sy/g BjhA eodh ;h. oki eowukohnK d/ ;zpzX ft~u ftP/P nfXeko gqkgs ;B.

• ;z:[es oki nwohek ft~u ;zxh fBnkb/ dk ;zrmB fJ~e fgokfwv dh soK j? fi; d/ fPyo T[Zs/;ot^T[Zu ndkbs j? ns/ ;ot^T[Zu ndkbs d/ nXhB nB/eK fBwB fBnkb/ jB. gqzs{ ;ftNIob?Avft~u ;ko/ ;zxh y/so bJh e/tb fJ~e jh fBnkbk j? fi; Bz{ ;zxh fBnkbk efjzd/ jB.

• fJj d/P dk fJ~ewkso ns/ ;ot^T[Zu ;zxh fBnkbk j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk ;zxh Xoksb T[Zs/ fBwB fBnkb/BjhA jB.

• ;zxh fBnkb/ d/ ;zrmB d/ ;zpzX ft~u ;zftXkB e'Jh fBPuk BjhA eodk. Uj f;oc J/Bk nkd/P fdzdkj? fe ftXh jh ;zxh fBnkb/ ns/ T[;d/ T[g:'rK d/ ;zrmBK dh ohsh, T[; d/ w?ApoK ns/ T[g^w?ApoK dh;zfynk ns/ UBK dh gdkftXh ns/ t/sB nkfd d/ ;zpzX ft~u fBoDk eo/rh.

• 1875 JhH ft~u fBnKXhPK dh ;zfynk 9 ;h. gqzs{ 1943 JhH ft~u fJ~e ftXh d[nkok fJ; ;zfynk Bz{d[pkok fBoXkfos ehsk frnk. fBnKXhPK dh ;zfynk 9 s'A tX e/ 26^28 eo fd~sh rJh. fJBK d/nfsfoes T[g^fBnKXhPK dh th fB:[esh ehsh iKdh j?. fiBK dh ;zfynk 11^13 j[zdh j?. fJ; ;w/A ;zxh fBnKXheoD ft~u 26 fBnKXhP ns/ 12 t?ebfge fBnKXhP jB. T[g^fBnKXhP dh r?o^jkfIohft~u UBK d/ gd s/ ezw eod/ jB.

• fBnKXhPK ns/ T[g^fBnKXhPK dk fBotkuB 6 ;kb bJh ehsk iKdk j?. fJj vo ;h fe fBotkuB g~Xshns/ 6 ;kb d/ nbgekb d/ ekoD fBnKXhPK T[Zs/ okiBhfse gqGkt g?Adk ns/ UBK dh fBog~ysk ns/ekoie[Pbsk ysw j' iKdh.

• ;zxh fBnkb/ dk ;EkJh ;EkB tKv Bkwe e?ANB dh okiXkBh b'ikB Bro j?.

• ekoi dh ;[ftXk d/ fdqPNhe'D Bkb ;ft; fBnkb/ Bz{ uko ftGkrK ft~u tzfvnk frnk j?. fJBK ft~u'Ad' ftGkr dhtkBh w[e~dfwnK T[Zs/ ftuko eod/ jB, shik ftGkr ;kotifBe ftXh ;zpzXh fttkdK s/ftuko eodk j? ns/ u"Ek ftGkr eoI/ ns/ dhtkBhnK Bkb ;zpzfXs w[e~dfwnK T[Zs/ ftuko eodk j?.fJBK ftGkrK dk ;zrmB g{ok fBnkbk d' ;kbK bJh eodk j?.


B ØN


• ;zxh fBnkb/ d/ nfXeko y/so Bz{ uko torK ft~u ftGkfis ehsk ik ;edk j?.

(i) dhtkBh (Civil)

(ii) c"idkoh (Criminal)

(iii) ;zftXkfBe (Constitutional) ns/

(iv) gqPk;eh (Administrative)

• gqzs{ ;ftNIob?Av ft~u ndkbs Bz{ fBnKfJe g[Boftb'eD dh ;zftXkfBesk dh iKu dk nfXeko BjhA fd~skfrnk j?. T[; Bz{ ;zxh ftXhnK dh ;zftXkfBesk dh iKu eoD dk nfXeko BjhA j?. ;zftXkB dh Xkok 113ft~u fejk frnk j? fe ;G wkwfbnK ft~u ;zx fBnkb/ ;zxh d[nkok gkfos ftXhnK Bz{ ns/ ;G ;otwkDenkfrnktK dh ns/ ;zxh ;Gk d[nkok nB[;wofEs ;G ftXhnK Bz{ wkDsk d/D s/ fttP j't/rk.”

9H4 Ppde'P (9H4 Ppde'P (9H4 Ppde'P (9H4 Ppde'P (9H4 Ppde'P (Keywords)))))

gqthDsk L dePsk, gqGktPhbsk.

;dkuko gfonzs L nkihtB ;[fuskg{oD fttjko.

ekoigokfJDsk L JhwkBdkohg{oD ezw eoBk.

fBotuB L ekBz{B dh ftnkfynk eoBk.


1H nwoheh ;[gohw e'oN ns/ fBnKfJe g[Bokftb'eD dh ftnkfynk eo'.

2H fpqN/B, cqK; ns/ ;ftNIob?Av ft~u fBnKfJe g[Bokftb'eD d/ f;XKs dh ftt/uBk eo'.

3H fpqN/B, cqK; ns/ ;ftNIob?Av dh fBnkfJe ftt;EktK dk ftPb/PDkswe toDB eo'.

4H nwohek ns/ ;ftNIob?Av dh ;zxh ftt;Ek dh ftnkfynk eo'.

T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment)

1H (1) fJ~e w[~y fBnKXhP ns/ 8 (2) nkihtB (3) eKro;(4) nes{po (5) ;zftXkB dk ;zo~fyne ns/ nfGGkte

2H (1) e (2) y (3) r (4) r (5) y






p[e;


B ØN


fJekJh^10L dbh ftt;Ek fJekJh^10L dbh ftt;Ek fJekJh^10L dbh ftt;Ek fJekJh^10L dbh ftt;Ek fJekJh^10L dbh ftt;Ek (Party System)

ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ ftP/ t;s{ (Contents)T[d/P (Objectives)


10H1 dbh ftt;Ek dk noE ns/ torheoD (Meaning and Classification of Party System)

10H2 dbh ftt;Ek d/ gqeko ns/ ezw (Kinds and Function of Party System)







• dbh ftt;Ek d/ noE, gqeko ns/ ekoiK dh ftnkfynk eoD ft~u.


okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u okiBhfse dbK dh ekoi gqDkbh, UBK dhnK ;zouBktK ns/ fJBK ;zouBktK Bz{fBoXkfos eoD tkb/ ekoeK s'A fBo{fgs j[zdh j?. fJ; nkXko s/ fJ~e dbh ftt;Ek iK d' iK pj[^dbhftt;EktK ft~u e'Jh ftP/P nzso BjhA ofj ikdk.

rfjokJh Bkb d/yD s/ ftfGzB gqeko dhnK db ftt;EktK ft~u dbK d[nkok ehs/ ikD tkb/ ekoi ns/okiBhfse ftt;Ek dhnK Io{osK dh g{osh ft~u UBK dh G{fwek w'Nh ;wkBsk o~ydh j?. fJ; bJh dbgqDkbh d' iK d' s'A nfXe dbK dk ;[szso ns/ y[~b/ u[BktK ft~u gqsh:'rh j'Dk j?, ;jh gqshs BjhA j[zdhj?. fJj ftnkfynk fJ; r~b s/ nkXkfos j? fe d' iK d' s'A nfXe dbK d/ gqsh:'rh Bk j'D s/ okiBhfsegqfeqnk d/ gqeNheoD ft~u w"fbe nzso nk ikdk j?. fJ; ekoD, nB/e ftdtkB fJ~e db tkbh ftt;EkBz{, dbh ftt;Ek ft~u Pkfwb jh BjhA eod/ jB. j?oh n?e;NhB B/ fJzNoB?PBb n?B;kJheb'ghfvnkUc fd ;'Pb ;kfJzf;I g[;se ft~u nkgD/ fJ~e b/y ‘gkoNh f;;Nw’ ft~u fJ; ws dh g[PNh eod/j'J/ fbfynk j? fe, ‘n;hA fJ~e db ftt;Ek dh ntXkoDk Bz{ bJhJ/ sK ;jh noEK ft~u nfijh e'JhntXkoDk BjhA j' ;edh. i/eo db ftt;Ek dk noE fBotkuB gqsh:'frsk gqfeqnk ft~u dbhfJekJhnK dh nzso feqnk j?, sK fJ~e db ftt;Ek dk ftuko p/j{dk j?, feUAfe e/tb fJ~e jh db ft~ugqsh:'frsk iK nzsofeqnk BjhA j' ;edh.

db gqDkbh dk T[go'es noE fInkdkso ftdtkBK d[nkok ;thekfonk BjhA frnk j?. UBK d/ nB[;ko fJ~edb tkbh Pk;B ftt;EktK ft~u th fBotkuB gqsh:'frsk j[zdh j?. v[toio d/ nB[;ko BkIh iowBh,ckf;;N fJNbh, ;kbkiko d/ ;w/A ft~u g[osrkb ns/ 1923 s'A 1950 s~e Noeh ft~u fJ~e db j[zd/ j'J/ thfBotkuB gqsh:'frsk dk nGkt BjhA ;h. e'bw?B B/ th db ftt;Ek ft~u ;zfynk dk nkXko n;theko eod/j'J/ BkJhihohnk, xkBk, ;'wkbhnk, o'v/Phnk ns/ Bkrkb?Av Bz{ fJ~e s'A nfXe dbK d/ gqsh:'rh j'D s/ thUBK Bz{ fJ~e dbh gqDkbh ft~u Pkfwb ehsk frnk ;h. pb/Ae;NhB fJ;/ soK w?e;he' Bz{ fJ~e dbh ftt;Ek

fJekJh^10L dbh ftt;EkfJekJh^10L dbh ftt;EkfJekJh^10L dbh ftt;EkfJekJh^10L dbh ftt;EkfJekJh^10L dbh ftt;Ek

B ØN


tkbk oki wzBd/ jB. fJ; bJh db ftt;Ek Bk ;zfynkswe b~SD Bkb gfoGkfPs ehsh ik ;edh j?, ns/Bk jh fJ; dk fBotkuB gqsh:'frsk d/ Bkb f;~Xk ;zpzX i'fVnk ik ;edk j?.

10H110H110H110H110H1 dbh ftt;Ek dk noE ns/ torheoD dbh ftt;Ek dk noE ns/ torheoD dbh ftt;Ek dk noE ns/ torheoD dbh ftt;Ek dk noE ns/ torheoD dbh ftt;Ek dk noE ns/ torheoD (Meaning and Classificationof Party System)

db ftt;Ek dk n~ie~b ftnkge noE ft~u gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; ft~u dbK dh ;zfynk, ;zouBk,ftukoXkok, UBK dk gko;gfoesk nkfd nB/eK b~SDK dk nkXko fbnk ikD b~rk j?. db ftt;EktK d/torheoD^nkXkoK d/ ftt/uB Bkb db ftt;Ek dk noE j'o th ;gPN j' ikt/rk.

bk gkbzpkok B/ db ftt;Ek d/ gqeko dk fBoXkoD eod/ ;w/A okiBhfse dbK d/ fBwBfbfys b~SDK dk ;zdoGIo{oh wzfBnk j?^

(1) okiBhfse db dhnK ftP/PsktK ns/ b~SD,(2) dbK d/ nkg;h ;zpzX,(3) db iK dbK dk ;wki d/ j'o ftq~sK Bkb ;zpzX, ns/

(4) dbK dh feqnkftnzpsk Bz{ gqGkfts eoD tkb/ s~s.

db ftt;EktK Bz{ fJ; nkXko s/ torhfeqs ehsk ik ;edk j?. bk g'bzpkok ns/ wkJh;B thBo B/ fJ;/ nkXkoBz{ b? e/ db ftt;EktK dhnK d' w'NhnK Pq/DhnK dk T[b/y ehsk j?. UBK d/ nB[;ko db ftt;EktK Bz{ d'gqeko^ gqsh:'rh db ftt;EktK ns/ ngqsh:'rh db ftt;EktK^ft~u tzfvnk ik ;edk j?.

j?oh n?e;NhB B/ db ftt;EktK d/ fszB fB:kwe gqw[~y wzB/ jB. UBK d/ nB[;ko fe;/ db Bz{ e/tb ;zfynkd/ nkXko s/ fe;/ db ftt;Ek ft~u o~yDk T[g:[es BjhA j?. fJ;/ soK Uj e/tb fBotkuB gqsh:'frsk Bz{th dbK Bz{, db ftt;EktK ft~u torhfeqs eoD dk m'; nkXko BjhA wzBdk j?. T[; d/ nB[;ko dbK Bz{ dbftt;EktK ft~u torhfeqs eod/ ;w/A fBwBfbfys r~bK dk nkXko o~yDk nfXe soe;zrs j?^

(1) ;kXkoD okiBhfse ftt;Ek ns/ T[; dhnK T[g^;zouBktK,(2) ;wkfie ;zouBk ns/ ;z;feqsh, ns/(3) db dk fJfsjk;.

n?e;NhB dk wzBDk j? fe db ftt;EktK Bz{, okiBhsh dh ftnkge ns/ T[;d/ j'o gfjb{nK d/ gqsh UBKdh nB[feqnkswesk d/ ;zdoG ft~u jh ;wfMnk ik ;edk j/. fJ;/ soK db ftt;EktK Bz{, ;wkfie ;z;feqfsePeshnK d/ okiBhfse ;z:[ese d/ ;kXB d/ o{g ft~u d/fynk ik ;edk j?. okiBhfse db dk nshs thT[;dh db ftt;Ek ftP/P ft~u o~yD dk nkXko pDkfJnk ik ;edk j?. bzp/ nshs tkb/ okiBhfse db dhnKrshftXhnK nshs d/ ;zdoG s'A fB:fws ofjzdhnK jB. nfij/ db dk ekoi wkor pj[s e[M fBPfus ofjDd/ ekoD fdPk fBod/P dh ywsk gq;s[s eo fdzdk j?. fJ; gqeko, n?e;NhB B/ db ftt;EktK Bz{ nfsnkfXeftnkge ;zdoG ft~u o~y e/ jh torhfeqs eoD dk ;[Mkn fd~sk j?.

;koN'oh B/ th ftt;EktK d/ torheoD ft~u e/tb ;zfynk jh d/ nkXko Bz{ GqKshg{oD fejk j?. T[;B/ dbKd/ torheoD ft~u, fJBK d/ ftukfoe ck;b/, ftukfoe T[Zrosk ns/ ;~sk ekb iK T[;d/ ;~sk ft~u nkUDdh ;zGktBk Bz{ fXnkB ft~u o~yD dh r~b ejh j?. T[;d/ nB[;ko db ftt;Ek d/ o{g dk fBoXkoD eod/;w/A dbK dh ;zfynk dk nkXko S~fvnk BjhA ik ;edk j?, gqzs{ e/tb ;zfynk dk jh nkXko b?Dk r[wokj j'Dkj?. fJ; bJh T[;B/ db ftt;EktK dk torheoD eoD bJh fsqw[yh nkXko gqshgkfds ehsk j?. fJj fsqw[yhnkXko j?̂

(1) okiBhfse dbK dh ;zfynk,

(2) dbK dh ftukXkok dh gqfeqsh, ns/(3) dbK ft~u ftyzvB dh wksok (fragmentation).;koN'oh db gqDkbhnK d/ torheoD ft~u ;zfynk d/ nkXko Bz{ GqKshg{oD wzB e/ th fJ; nkXko Bz{ fsnkrDs'A fJBeko eodk j?. T[;dk efjDk j? fe dbK dh ;zfynk nkgD/ nkg ft~u dbK d/ b~SD gqeN eoD tkbh


B ØN


j?. fJ; bJh fJ; Bz{ S~fvnk BjhA ikDk ukjhdk. T[dkjoD bJh, fe;/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u d' dbK dkj'Dk jh okiBhfse ftt;Ek, okiBhfse dbK dk fBotkuB gqDkbhnK pko/ pj[s e[M s~E gq;s[s eo fdzdkj?.

pb"Dv/b B/ th dbh gqDkbhnK d/ torheoD d/ nkXkoK s/ uouk ehsh j?. T[;d/ nB[;ko th e/tb ;zfynkBz{ d/y e/ fe;/ d/P dh db gqDkbh d/ ;o{g fBoXkoD dh e'fPP nX{oh j?. Uj db gqDkbh d/ tk;sfte o{g,T[; dh gqfeqsh, T[;d/ ftek; dh ;fEsh ns/ dbK d/ gqshwkfBs ;zpzXK Bz{ torheoD dk nkXko wzBdk j?.gqzs{ T[;dk wzBDk j? fe dbK ft~u J/BhnK ftftXsktK ns/ ft~fusosktK jB fe e/tb fJBK nkXkoK s/ ehskfrnk torheoD ftP/P T[g:'rh BjhA ofjzdk j?. fJ; bJh Uj fJBK nkXkoK d/ Bkb e[M j'o b~SDK Bz{ thi'VB dh r~b efjzdk j?. T[;d/ nB[;ko fBwBfbfys s~E th db gqDkbh d/ gqeko d/ fB:kwe j[zd/ jB^

(1) okiBhfse dbK dh feqnk ebkg dh fdqPNh Bkb rDBk ns/ d/P dh okiBhsh ft~u UBK dh G{fwek.

(2) okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u db dh Pesh, fJ; Pesh d/ wkg ft~u db dh w?Apo ;zfynk, wsdkB gqshPsns/ ftt;Ekfgek ft~u T[; Bz{ gqkgs ;EkBK dh ;zfynk Bz{ nkXko pDkfJnk ik ;edk j?.

(3) dbK ft~u ftukoXkok ;zpzXh nzso.

(4) dbK d/ ;woEB dk nkXko.(5) dbK dk ;zrmB.

pb"Dv/b B/ fJBK gzi s~sK d/ nkXko s/ db ftt;EktK d/ gqi gqeko wzB/ jB. fJj jB^ fJ~edbh, d'dbh,YkJh dbh, fJ~e db gqXkB pj[̂ dbh ns/ pj[ dbh :'r db gqDkbhnK. pb"Dv/b dk fJj torheoD ftP/PgfoP[ZXsk :[es BjhA j?. fJ; ft~u powk, uhB ns/ w?e;he' fJ~e dbh gqDkbh d/ tor ft~u jh o~y/ ikDr/, id'Afe fJBK fszBK jh okiK ft~u db dhnK rshftXhnK pj[s fGzBsk o~ydhnK jB.

db gqDkbh d/ noE ns/ dbK d/ db^gqDkbhnK ft~u torheoD d/ nkXkoK dk ftt/uB eod/ ;w/A fJj r~b;gPN j' ikdh j? fe db ftt;Ek dk ;ot;zws noE BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJ;/ soK db ftt;Ek d/torheoD d/ nkXkoK s/ th ftdtkBK ft~u wsG/d ft~fdnkwkB jB.

n?bB pkb dk torheoD n?bB pkb dk torheoD n?bB pkb dk torheoD n?bB pkb dk torheoD n?bB pkb dk torheoD (Alan Ball’s Classification)n?bB pkb d/ nB[;ko, db g~XshnK d/ eJh torheoD ;zGt jB. ukj/ e'Jh th torheoD n;hA gq:'rft~u fbnkJhJ/, fJ; ft~u iKu eoD dh r~b f;oc J/Bh j? fe Uj torheoD ;kBz{ nfij/ fBu'VK s~e gj[zukJ/, i' ;jh ns/ ;{uBkgqd j'D.T[;d/ nB[;ko db ftt;EktK dh pj[s t~vh ;zfynk j'D d/ ekoD torheoDdh e'Jh th :'iBk fpbe[b ;jh BjhA j't/rh. torheoD d/ nkXkoK dh nB/esk d/ ekoD th db ftt;EktKd/ torheoD ft~u fJj g/uhdrhnK T[sgzB j[zdhnK jB. dbK dk ;zukbB db g~XshnK d/ nzsors j[zdk j?ns/ g~Xsh dk gqeko dbK d/ nkuoD s/ pj[s rfjok n;o gkUAdk j?. fit/A ;[;gPN ftukoXkok tkb/ e/Adohfeqs, nB[Pkf;s okiBhfse db dk d' dbh g~Xsh iK pj[ dbh g~Xsh d/ nzsors nb~r nb~r nkuoDj[zdk j?. fJ; bJh db ftt;EktK dk torheoD e/tb gqsh:'rh dbK dh ;zfynk d/ nkXko s/ eoD ft~uth ekch ;ktXkBhnK o~yDhnK Io{oh jB. t~v/ dbK dh ;zfynk ;wkB j[zd/ j'J/ th db ftt;EktK ft~uwj~stg{oD nzso j[zd/ jB. fJ; soK, i/eo n;hA d'dbh, pj[ dbh ns/ fJ~e dbh ftt;EktK d/ ft~u nzsoeohJ/, sK fpqfNP ns/ nwohek db g~XshnK fJ~e tor ft~u nkUDrhnK ns/ pj[ dbh g~XshnK j'D d/ekoD fJNbh ns/ ;thvB ft~u db g~XshnK Bz{ fJ~em/ torhfeqs eoD dh rbsh ehsh ikt/rh, ns/ o{;,sBikBhnk ns/ powk dh fJ~e dbh gqDkbhnK Bz{ fJ~e jh ykB/ ft~u o~y fd~sk ikt/rk.o{;, sBikBhnk ns/powk dhnK g~XshnK Bz{ fJ~e gqeko dk wzBDk fJ~e dbh g~Xsh d/ ;kXkoD b~SDK d/ ftP/ ft~u ;jh frnkB

;koN'oh db gqDkbhnK d/ torheoD ft~u ;zfynk d/ nkXko Bz{ GqKshg{oD wzB e/th fJ; nkXko Bz{ fsnkrD s'A fJBeko eodk j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j'


B ØN


dk gfou/ d/Dk BjhA j't/rk. fJ; bJh db ftt;EktK d/ torheoD ft~u ;ktXkBhnK ns/ ;soesktK o~ye/ jh T[g:'rh torheoD ehsk ik ;edk j?. torheoD d/ nkXkoK Bz{ ftnkge ns/ ;[fBPfus pDk e/ jhtorheoD eoBk j't/rk. n?bB pkb B/ dbK dh ;zfynk, UBk dh ;zouBk ns/ UBk dh skes d/ ;[fBPfusnkXko b? e/ fBwBfbfys db ftt;EktK d~;hnK jB^ (1) n;gPN d' dbh g~XshnK (indistinct partysystems), (2) ;[;gPN d' dbh g~XshnK (distinct two party systems), (3) ekoiekoh pj[ dbhg~XshnK (working multi-party systems), (4) n;fEo pj[ dbh g~XshnK (unstable multi-partysystems), (5) gqGkth db g~XshnK (dominant party systems), (6) fJ~e dbh g~XshnK (one partysystems), (7) ;otkfXekoh fJ~e dbh g~XshnK (totalitarian one party systems).(1)(1)(1)(1)(1) n;gPN d' dbh g~XshnK n;gPN d' dbh g~XshnK n;gPN d' dbh g~XshnK n;gPN d' dbh g~XshnK n;gPN d' dbh g~XshnK ft~u dbh ftukoXkok T[Zs/ x~N pb fd~sk ikdk j?, nfXeqfwe ;zouBk dk

nGkt ns/ wsK Bz{ fi~sD d/ ezwK s/ fXnkB e/Adfos ehsk ikdk j?. fJ; g~Xsh ft~u db e/Adohfeqs j[zd/jB ns/ e[M Pq/PmiBK Bz{ n~r/ tXkUD dh EK ftneshrs r[DK s/ nkXkfos fynksh T[Zs/ nfXe fBoGoofjzd/ jB. ;z:[es oki nwohek ns/ nkfJob?Av dhnK db g~XshnK Bz{ n;gPN d' dbh g~XshnK fejkik ;edk j?.

(2)(2)(2)(2)(2) ;[;gPN d' dbh g~XshnK ;[;gPN d' dbh g~XshnK ;[;gPN d' dbh g~XshnK ;[;gPN d' dbh g~XshnK ;[;gPN d' dbh g~XshnK ft~u db nfXe e/Adohfeqs j[zd/ jB. g~Sw iowBh ns/ nk;No/bhnk dh;zxh g~XshnK d/ nzsors th fJjh ;fEsh j?. Uj db, ftfPPN Xkofwe ifNbsktK Bz{ b? e/ torK s/nkXkfos j'D dh gqftq~sh o~yd/ jB. fJ; g~Xsh d/ nzsors u[Bkth bVkJh ft~u ftukoXkok dh N~eookiBhsh Bz{ e[M nfXe ;o; pDk fdzdh j?. fJBK g~XshnK ft~u ;z;dh ;so s/ nbgws dbK dkn;fs~st Io{o ofjzdk j?, gqzs{ fJBK S'N/ dbK d/ ;woEB ;fjs iK fpBK fJBK d/ ;woEB d/, d' t~v/ dbKft~u'A fJ~e nkgDh ;fEo ;oeko pDkUD ft~u ;woE jz[dk j?. nkw s"o s/ ;[;gPN d' dbh g~XshnK ft~u;oeko nrb/ ftftX u[Bkt s~e iK gqXkBwzsoh d/ ftXkB wzvb Bz{ Gzr eoD d/ g~y ft~u j'D s~e pDhofjzdh j?. fJ; soK g~Sw iowBh ft~u coh v?w'eq/N;, nk;No/bhnk ft~u ezNoh gkoNh ns/ fpqN/B ft~ufbpob gkoNh fijhnK shihnK gkoNhnK d/ j[zd/ j'J/ th fJBK d/PK dhnK d' dbh g~XshnK d/ Io{oh b~SDKft~u rVpVh g?dk BjhA j' ;eh j?. fJ; bJh fpqN/B, g~Sw iowBh ns/ nk;No/bhnk ;[;gPN d' dbhftt;Ek dhnK T[dkjoDK ej/ ik ;ed/ jB.

(3)(3)(3)(3)(3) ekoiekoh pj[ dbh g~XshnK ekoiekoh pj[ dbh g~XshnK ekoiekoh pj[ dbh g~XshnK ekoiekoh pj[ dbh g~XshnK ekoiekoh pj[ dbh g~XshnK Uj db g~XshnK jB i' d' s'A nfXe db tkbhnK j[zd/ j'J/ th ;gPN d'dbh g~XshnK d/ ;wkB nkuoD o~ydhnK jB. yk; s"o s/ ;oekoK dh ;fEosk d/ ;zpzX ft~u. fJ; soK;thvB ns/ Bkot/ ft~u ;'Pb v?w'eq/fNe gkoNhnK jB fiBK dk fto'X T[dkotkdh, fe;kB, nB[dkotkdh,feqPfunB gkoNhnK fijhnK eJh e/Ado s'A ;~i/ dhnK gkoNhnK eodhnK jB. gqzs{ p[fBnkdh ;fEsh fJjhofjzdh j? fe iK sK ;'Pb v?w'eq?NK dh ;oeko pDdh j?, fi; Bz{ ;z;d ft~u ezw ubkUD bJh pj[ws gqkgsj' iKdk j?, iK Bkot/ dh soK e/Ado s'A ;~i/ dhnK gkoNhnK dh ;fEo Pkfwb ;oeko pD iKdh j?. fJ; bJh;thvB ns/ Bkot/ ft~u ekoiekoh pj[dbh g~XshnK ejhnK ik ;edhnK jB.

(4)(4)(4)(4)(4) n;fEo pj[dbh g~XshnK n;fEo pj[dbh g~XshnK n;fEo pj[dbh g~XshnK n;fEo pj[dbh g~XshnK n;fEo pj[dbh g~XshnK ft~u ;oeko dh ;fEosk dk nGkt j[zdk j?. nfijhnK g~XshnK tkb/ okiKft~u ;oekoK nfXeso e/Ado dhnK gkoNhnK d/ Bkb ;KM/dkoh Bkb pDdhnK jB, fiBK dk fto'X d~yDns/ tkw dhnK gkoNhnK eodhnK jB. fJ; soK dh db g~Xsh dk ;ot^T[Zsw T[dkjoD fJNbh ft~ufwbdk j?. fJNbh dh ;z;d ft~u x~N s'A x~N n~m gkoNhnK dk gqshfB~Xst ofjzdk j? ns/ d{i/ ftPt :[ZXs'A pknd n~i s~e (1977) e'Jh th gkoNh pj[ws ft~u BjhA nk ;eh j?. feqPfunB v/w'eq/N db ;G s'At~vk db j?. fJ; bJh fJjh ;oeko pDkUD tkbh gkoNh ofj rJh j?, fi; B/ ‘;~i/’ iK ‘y~p/’ t~b M[ehnKj'JhnK S'NhnK gkoNhnK d/ Bkb ;KM/dkohnK ft~u fJNbh dk Pk;B ubkfJnk j?. nfijh dbh g~XshnKtkb/ okiK ft~u ;oekoK dk gsB ibdh ibdh j[zdk ofjzdk j? gqzs{ fJ~e ;oeko d/ gsB s'A pknd E'V/ ;w/A ft~u jh d{ih ;oeko pD iKdh j?. fJj d{ih ;oeko brGr T[; g{ottosh ;oeko, fi;d/ gsB B/fJ;d/ rmB dh gfo;fEsh g?dk ehsh ;h, dh soK jh j[zdh j?.

(5)(5)(5)(5)(5) gqGkth db g~XshnKgqGkth db g~XshnKgqGkth db g~XshnKgqGkth db g~XshnKgqGkth db g~XshnK Uj g~XshnK jB, fiBK d/ nzsors db gqsh:'frsk u~bD fd~sh iKdh j? gqzs{ fJ~edb dk T[d/ j[zdk j?, i' d{i/ ;G dbK s/ Sk iKdk j?.Gkos gqGkth db g~Xsh dk fJ~e uzrk T[dkjoD j?^nkIkdh s'A pknd s'A 1977 s~e okPNoh ;so s/ Gkosh okPNoh eKro; jh fJ~e wkso Pk;e db j?.pj[s ;ko/ d{i/ db th w"i{d jB ns/ UBK Bz{ gqGkth db Bkb y[~bh gqsh:'frsk dh S{N fd~sh rJh j?. fJ~E'As~e fe e[M fJ~e S'N/ dbK B/ eJh Gkosh okiK d/ Pk;B T[Zs/ id^sd fB:zsoD th ehsk j?. w?ef;e' ft~uth nfijh jh g~Xsh j?.fJ~E/ ‘gkfsod' o/t'fbT{PB/ohU fJz;NhfNT{PBb’ (PRI) B/ 1917 s'A e'Jh th


B ØN


okPNogsh u[Bkt BjhA jkfonk j?. gqzs{ fJj nkgD/ wj~stjhD gqshfd_zdh, gkfsod' J/f;UA B/PBb (PAN)Bz{ u[BktK ft~u jo ;so s/ N~eo b?D fdzdk j?.Gkos ns/ w?ef;e' dh s[bBk db g~XshnK dhnK e[MefmBkJhnK t~b ;ze/s eodh j?.fJBK d'jK d/PK ft~u gqGkth db ns/ u[Bkth gqsh:'frsk j?, fco thgqsh:'rh dbK T[Zs/ eKro; dk fB:zsoD ghH J/H T[Zs/ ghH nkoH nkJhH d/ fB:zsoD s'A x~N j?.

(6)(6)(6)(6)(6) fJ~e dbh g~XshnKfJ~e dbh g~XshnKfJ~e dbh g~XshnKfJ~e dbh g~XshnKfJ~e dbh g~XshnK dh ;jh gfoGkPk eoBk w[Pfeb j?. fJ; Pq/Dh ft~u fw;o s'A b? e/ sBikBhnk s~eo~y/ ik ;ed/ jB. fw;o ft~u ;wkitkdh ;zx dk fBowkD eqKshekoh ftfPPN tor B/ ;oeko Bz{ ftnkgeiB^;woEB d[nkUD bJh ehsk ;h. sBikBhnk ft~u fJ~e jh db, sBikBhnk ncoheh okPNoh, ;zx d/nzdo r[NK ft~u fy~uskD ns/ u[Bkth gqsh:'frsk d/ bJh fJikIs ofjzdh j?. ehBhnk fJ~e dbh g~Xsh dkT[dkjoD wzfBnk ik ;edk j?.P/y w[ihp d/ ;w/A ft~u pzrbkd/P ns/ toswkB ft~u powk th fJ~e dbhg~XshnK d/ gqtor ft~u o~y/ ik ;ed/ jB. fJBK g~XshnK ft~u u[Bkth gqsh:'frsk dk g{oh soK nGktBjhA j[zdk j?. db ft~u jh r[N, u[Bkth fy~uskD eoD dh e[M e[M S{N o~yd/ jB.

(7)(7)(7)(7)(7) ;otkfXekoh db g~XshnK ;otkfXekoh db g~XshnK ;otkfXekoh db g~XshnK ;otkfXekoh db g~XshnK ;otkfXekoh db g~XshnK Bz{ fJ~e dbh g~XshnK s'A eJh r~bK ft~u fGzB gkUAd/ jK. fJBK g~XshnKft~u ;wkfie, nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse ;feqnsk d/ ;G gfjb{nK T[Zs/ db dk nfsnkfXe fB:zsoDofjzdk j?.fJBK ft~u gqGkth ftukoXkok s/ pb fd~sk iKdk j? ns/ e/tb Pk;e db d/ j~EK ft~u jhokiBhfse nfGiBK dh Gosh j[zdh j?.o{;, uhB, g{oth iowBh ns/ j'o ;kwtkdh d/PK ft~u ;otkfXekohfJ~e dbh gqDkbhnK gkJhnK iKdhnK jB.

n?bB pkb d/ d[nkok ehsk frnk torheoD ftnkge ns/ rfsnkswe j[zd/ j'J/ th ;hfws T[g:'frsk o~ydkj?. fJj torheoD dh pj[s pkohe :'iBk j[zd/ j'J/ th ;kXkoD fBu'VK s/ gj[zuD ft~u ;jkfJe BjhA j?.fJ;Bkb db g~XshnK d/ nzsors j'D tkb/ ifNb gfotosBK dh g[PmG{wh dk ;ze/s th BjhA fwbdk j?.fJjr~b ;jh j? fe db g~XshnK d/ nzsors j'D tkb/ gfotosBK dk fBoXkoD ifNb j[zdk j?, ns/ fJBKgfotosBK Bz{ nb~r nb~r eo e/ ;wMkUDk efmB j?, fco th torheoD dhnK :'iBktK ft~u db g~XshnKdh rfsnkswe skesK dh nDd/yh BjhA ehsh ik ;edh. fJ; bJh db ftt;EktK d/ torheoD dh pj[spkohe :'iBktK d/ w[ekpb/ ft~u w'NhnK iK ;kXkoD :'iBktK fJ; ekoD Pq/Pmso j' iKdhnK jB, feUAfe,UBK ft~u db dhnK ;zouBktK d/ rfsnkswe gfjb{nK dk ;wkt/P ;zGt j[zdk j?. fJ; soK d/ torheoDdh :'iBk bk gkbzpkok ns/ wkJhBo thBo d/ d[nkok g/P ehsh rJh j?.

bk gkbzpkok ns/ thBo dk torheoD bk gkbzpkok ns/ thBo dk torheoD bk gkbzpkok ns/ thBo dk torheoD bk gkbzpkok ns/ thBo dk torheoD bk gkbzpkok ns/ thBo dk torheoD (La Palombara and Myron Weiner’sClassificaton):db ftt;EktK dk torheoD eJh j'o nkXkoK s/ th ehsk ik ;edk j?. bk gkb’zpkok ns/ thBo B/ dbgqDkbhnK Bz{ u[Bkth gqsh:'frsk d/ nkXko s/ torhfeqs ehsk j?. fJBK B/ UBK okiBhfse dbK Bz{ i' u[Bkthgqsh:'frsk ft~u ;[szsoskg{ote Pkfwb ofjzd/ jB, gqsh:'frskswe db g~Xsh dh Pq/Dh ft~u ns/ UBK dbKiK db Bz{, fiBK ft~u nfijh gqsh:'frsk dk nGkt j[zdk j?, gqsh:'frskswe db g~Xsh dh Pq/Dh ft~u o~fynkj?.fJBK d'jK gqeko dhnK db g~XshnK dk t~y t~y toDB fJ; soK j?^

(e) gqsh:'rh db gqDkbhnK (e) gqsh:'rh db gqDkbhnK (e) gqsh:'rh db gqDkbhnK (e) gqsh:'rh db gqDkbhnK (e) gqsh:'rh db gqDkbhnK (The competitive party systems)^̂̂̂̂ gqsh:'rh db gqDkbh dhftnkfynk eod/ j'J/ bk gkb'wzpkok ns/ thBo B/ fbfynk j? fe, “gqsh:'rh db gqDkbh ft~u ;~sko{V dbiK dbK dk fwfbnk i[fbnk rmpzXB nkgD/ nkg Bz{ ;oeko d/ fB:zsoe d/ o{g ft~u o~yD bJh gqsh:'rhtksktoD ft~u ;zxoPPhb ofjzdk j?.nfij/ tksktoD d/ bJh Io{oh j? fe i' ;~sk s'A pkjo j?, Uj fpBkfjz;k dk ;jkok bJ/ ;~sk d/ nzdo tkfbnK Bz{ f;XKse ns/ ftfXe o{g Bkb fbnk ;e/. Gkos, wb/Phnk,Pqhbzek, nwohek, eBkvk, nk;No/bhnk ns/ g~Swh :{og d/ okiK ft~u nfijh jh db gqDkbh gkJh ikdhj?. gqsh:'rh db gqDkbh ft~u ;kohnK d' dbh ns/ pj[dbh g~XshnK Pkfwb j[zdhnK jB.gqzs{ pkoheh Bkb

n?bB pkb d/ d[nkok ehsk frnk torheoD ftnkge ns/ rfsnkswe j[zd/ j'J/ th ;hfwsT[g:'frsk o~ydk j?.

B'N;


B ØN


d/yD s/ fpqN/B ns/ nwohek dh d' dbh g~Xsh ft~u th nzso fdykJh fdzd/ jB. fJ; bJh gqsh:'rh dbgqDkbh ft~u th nB/eK gqeko d/ db g~Xsh gqshwkB gfjukD/ ik ;ed/ jB.

bk gkbzpkok ns/ thBo B/ gqsh:'rh db g~Xsh dk, dbK dhnK nzdo{Bh ftP/PsktK ns/ okiBhfse ftt;Ekft~u ;oeko T[Zs/ fB:zsoD pDkJ/ o~yD dh ftXh d/ nkXko s/ T[g^g~XshnK ft~u torheoD ehsk j?.okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u okiBhfse dbK d/ d[nkok ;~sk dh ndb pdb fe; ;hwk s~e j[zdh j?, fJ; nkXkos/ db g~XshnK d' gqeko dhnK wzBhnK rJhnK jB. fJBK B/ fJj d' g~XshnK^ T[bND:'r db g~XshnK(turnover party systems) ns/ nkfXgsh db g~XshnK (hegemonic party systems) w'fbe nzsoKtkbhnK d~;hnK jB.gqzs{ fJj d't/A gqeko dhnK g~XshnK d' d' o{g o~y ;edhnK jB. dbK dhnK nzdo{BhftP/PsktK d/ nkXko s/ fJBK ft~u'A jo fJ~e g~Xsh ft~u iK sK ftukoXkok dk gqXkBheoD j' ;edk j? iKcbw{besk dk I'o j' ;edk j?.fJ; bJh fJBK d'jK nkXkoK s/ okiBhfse dbK dhnK gqsh:'rh db g~XshnKBz{ uko gqeko dhnK T[g^g~XshnK ft~u torhfeqs ehsk ik ;edk j?.fJj uko gqeko dhnK T[g^Pq/DhnK fJ;soK jB^

(1) nkfXgsh^ftukoe db g~XshnK(2) nkfXgsh^cbw{be db g~XshnK

(3) T[bND:'r^ftukoe db g~XshnK(4) T[bND:'r^cbw{be db g~XshnK

nkfXgsh^ftukoe db g~XshnK^nkfXgsh^ftukoe db g~XshnK^nkfXgsh^ftukoe db g~XshnK^nkfXgsh^ftukoe db g~XshnK^nkfXgsh^ftukoe db g~XshnK^ fi; db g~Xsh ft~u e/Adoh gqft~sh ftukoXkok dh j?,ns/ ;~sko{Vdb iK dbK dk fwfbnk i[fbnk ;w{j bzph ntXh s~e ;oeko s/ fB:zsoD o~ydk j?, nfijh db g~Xsh Bz{nkfXgsh^ftukoe db g~Xsh fejk iKdk j?. nfijh g~Xsh ft~u ;~sko{V db iK dbK d/ rmpzXB pko pkou[Bkth gqsh:'frsk d/ d[nkok ;~sk ft~u nkgD/ nkg Bz{ pDkJ/ o~yD dh nt;Ek ft~u ofjzdk j?.nwohek ft~ufBT{ vhb (New deal) ns/ c/no vhb (Fair deal) d/ ;w/A nfijh db^g~Xsh ojh ;h. ftPt :[ZX s'Apknd ikgkB dh okiBhsh ft~u fbpob db dk SkfJnk ofjDk, j[D s~e Bkot/ ft~u v?w'eq/fNe ;'Pfb;N dbdk ;oeko s/ fB:zsoD ns/ ;[szsosk s'A pknd eKro; db dk 30 ;kbK s~e brksko ;~sk ft~u pfDnkofjDk, fJBK d/PK dhnK db g~XshnK Bz{ nkfXgsh^ftukoe db g~Xsh dh Pq/Dh ft~u fbnk fdzdk j?.

nkfXgsh^cbw{be db g~XshnK^ fJBK ft~u e/Adoh gqftq~sh sEkswesk t~b M[eh ofjzdh j?.fJBK ft~u okiBhfsedb bzph ntXh s~e ;~sk ft~u pD/ ofjzd/ jB ns/ okiBhfse db ftek; d/ wkor s/ wzEo rsh Bkb ubd/ jBfeUAfe nfijhnK g~XshnK ft~u dbK Bz{ s/Ih Bkb n~r/ tXkUD tkbh Pesh d/ o{g ft~u ftukoXkok dh gq/oDkdk nGkt ofjzdk j?. nwohek ft~u 1896 s'A 1932 s~e fogpbheB db nfijh g~Xsh pD frnk ;h.

T[bND:'r^ftukoe db g~XshnK^T[bND:'r^ftukoe db g~XshnK^T[bND:'r^ftukoe db g~XshnK^T[bND:'r^ftukoe db g~XshnK^T[bND:'r^ftukoe db g~XshnK^ fJBK ft~u dbK dh e/Adoh gqftq~sh ftukoXkok dh ofjzdh j?, gqzs{ ;~skft~u dbK dh ibdh ibdh ndbk pdbh j[zdh ofjzdh j?.fJ; soK dhnK g~XshnK ft~u ;wki d' iK nB/eftukoXkok nk:kwK ft~u pokpo pokpo ftGkfis ofjzdk j? fi; Bkb e'Jh th db nkgDh ftukoXkok d/nB[;ko pDkJhnK rJhnK BhshnK Bz{ Pk;B szso d/ wkfXnw Bkb feqnKfts eoBk n;zGt gkUAdk j?, ns/fJ~e s'A pknd d{ik db ;~sk ft~u nkUD s/ T[; d/ g{ottosh db d[nkok bkr{ ehshnK rJhnK ftukoeBhshnK Bz{ T[bND dh e'fPP eodk j?.nfijh db g~XshnK ft~u ;~sko{V db iK dbK dh j/ok c/oh w"fbeT[Eb g[Eb ns/ ybpbh T[sgzB eo fdzdh j?.nfij/ ftukoe db i' ;wkfie, nkofEe ns/ okihfsegfotosB Bkb gqshp~X j'D, gfotosB d/ ;EkB s/ nkfXgsh nt;Ek ukj[Dr/ gqzs{ gfo;fEshnK nfijkeoD ft~u t~vh pkXk pD e/ yVhnK j' iKdhnK jB. cqK; dh db ftt;Ek fJ;/ soK dh j?.

T[bND:'r^cbw{be g~XshnK^T[bND:'r^cbw{be g~XshnK^T[bND:'r^cbw{be g~XshnK^T[bND:'r^cbw{be g~XshnK^T[bND:'r^cbw{be g~XshnK^ fJBK ft~u okiBhfse db pko pko ;~sk ft~u nkUd ikD dh e/Adohgqftq~sh d/ ekoD, ;~sk ft~u nkUAd/ jh s/Ih Bkb n~r/ tXD dk ekoieqw ngDkUAd/ jB. nfijh g~Xsh tkb/okiBhfse dbK ft~u ftukfoe wsG/d nkXkoG{s BjhA j[zd/ jB. ;kXkoD gfo;fEshnK ft~u nwohek ns/fpqN/B d/ okiBhfse db fJ; gqeko dh Pq/Dh ft~u o~y/ ik ;ed/ jB.

gqsh:'rh db g~Xsh dhnK fJBK T[g^Pq/DhnK s'A ;gPN j? fe okiBhfse db dh ftukoe, cbw{be iKnkfXgsh ns/ T[bND:'r gqfeqsh ;kBz{ dbK dh nkofEe, ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse ftek; ft~u G{fwek


B ØN


;wMkUD ft~u ;jkfJe j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh gqsh:'rh g~XshnK d/ T[go'es T[g^ftGkiB dbK dh ;zouBk,dbK dh ekoi ftXh ns/ dbK d/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek d/ ;zpzXK d/ pko/ ft~u ftnkge ikDekoh d/D tkb/ ej/ik ;ed/ jB.

(y) ngqsh:'rh db gqDkbhnK (y) ngqsh:'rh db gqDkbhnK (y) ngqsh:'rh db gqDkbhnK (y) ngqsh:'rh db gqDkbhnK (y) ngqsh:'rh db gqDkbhnK (The non-competitive party systems) ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ fJ~e dbh g~XshnK ft~unkw s"o s/ u[Bkth gqsh:'frsk dk nGkt ofjzdk j?. fJ~e db gqshwkB gfoGkPk s'A jh nkfXgsh gqeko dkj[zdk j?, gqzs{ fJj ;zGt j? fe w"i{dk fJ~e db gfo;fEsh nBzsL gqsh:'rh pD ikt/. bk gkbzpkok ns/ thBod/ nB[;ko ‘okPNoh J/eheoD dh ;EkgBk, ng/fynkfeqs nkX[fBe noEftt;Ek dk ftek; ns/ j'owj~stg{oD ;w~f;nktK ns/ wzrK d/ g{oD j'D s/ okiBhfse nkX[fBeheoD dhnK ;[Gkfte PeshnK eJh tkofJ~e db gfo;fEsh ft~u gqsh:'rh dbK dh nt;Ek gqsh;Ekfgs eo fdzdh j?, fezs{ fJ~e db g~XshnK dh;zouBk, ekoiftXh ns/ nrtkJh fJzBh em'o j[zdh j?, fe j'o db dh T[sgsh BjhA j'D fd~sh ikdh. fJ;bJh ngqsh:'rh db gqDkbhnK ft~u fJ~e db iK nfXe dbK dk j'Dk jh fto'XkGk; j?. t?;/ fJ~e db d/ j[zd/j'J/ th fJBK g~XshnK ft~u gfonkgs nzso gkJ/ iKd/ jB. bk gkb'zpkok ns/ thBo B/ ngqsh:'rh dbgqDkbhnK ft~u fszB T[g^Pq/DhnK eo e/ fJBK Bz{ fszB gqeko dk jh wzfBnk j?. fJj fszB gqeko fBwBfbfysjB^

(1) fJ~e db fBoze[Psk g~Xsh(2) fJ~e db pj[btkdh g~Xsh(3) fJ~e db ;otkfXekoh g~Xsh

fJ~e db fBoze[Psk g~Xsh ft~u, fJ~e nyzfvs iK J/ekP (monolithic) ftukoXkok nkw[yh ns/ n;otkfXekohdb ;zg{oD okiBhfse ftt;Ek s/ SkfJnk ofjzdk j?. fJ; gqeko dh db g~Xsh ft~u fto'Xh w?ApoK Bz{eqKshekoh iK okPNotkdh fBfwsK d/ gqsh d/Pdq'jh ns/ ;[o~fynk ns/ J/esk d/ bJh ysok efj e/ dpk fd~skiKdk j?. fJ; soK dhnK g~XshnK ft~u okPNo d/ rzst ns/ fJ~SktK fJ~e jh db Bkb w/bi'b o~ydhnK jB.nkw s"o s/ nfijh db g~Xsh ft~u db ns/ okPNo dk fJ~e jh uwsekfoe ftnesh fB:zsoD ns/ fBod/PB j[zdk j?. cq?Ae' (Franco) d/ ;w/A ;g/B, J/eeqwk d/ ;w/A xkBk, dkJhw (Diem) d/ ;w/A d~yD thnsBkwns/ toswkB ;w/A ft~u feT{pk, powk ns/ wkbh fij/ d/PK ft~u fJ~e db fBoze[Psk g~Xsh gkJh iKdh j?.

fJ~e db pj[btkdh g~Xsh tkb/ d/P noX^fBoze[P j[zd/ jB. fJBK ft~u fJ~e db nfijk j[zdk j?, i' ;zrmBft~u pj[btkdh fdqPNhe'D ft~u em'o ftukoe d/ ;EkB s/ s~Ekswe ns/ j'o ;w{jK Bz{ fBPm[osk Bkb ysweoD dh pikJ/ nkgD/ ft~u nksw;ks eoD tkbk j[zdk j?. fJ~e db fBoze[Psk g~Xsh Bkb fJj db g~XshfJ; r~b ft~u fGzBsk o~ydh j? fe fJ; ft~u ftukoe fdqPNhe'D dh pikJ/ s~Ekswe fdqPNhe'D dk nB[gkbBj[zdk j?. w?ef;e', ;/B/rb, nkJhtoh e';N ns/ e/w/bB ft~u nfijhnK jh db g~XshnK ft~fdnkwkB jB.

fJ~e db ;otkfXeko g~Xsh ft~u oki J/ekPw db d/ j~E ft~u :zso wkso j[zdk j?. fJ; gqeko dh g~Xshft~u db J/ekfXekoh jh BjhA j[zdk j? pbfe ;wki dh nkofEe ftt;Ek ns/ ;wkfie ftt;Ek d/ g[BormBd/ bJh gow ;~sk dk T[g:'r th eodk j?. fJ; d/ d[nkok jh fJ~e ftukoe rzst dh ftnkfynk j[zdh j?.uhB, o{;, T[Zsoh e'ohnk ns/ g{oth :{og d/ ;kwtkdh okiK ft~u fJ~e db ;otkfXeko g~XshnK jB.

bk gkb'Apkok ns/ thBo B/ db g~XshnK dk torheoD eod/ ;w/A d' fdqPNhe'D ngDk e/, db g~XshnK d/torheoD Bz{ rfsnkswe pDkfJnk j?. UBK B/ okiBhfse dbK Bz{ ;wkfie, nkofEe ns/ okiBhfsegfotosBK dh gqfeqnk d/ gqshcb d/ o{g ft~u d/yD dh e'fPP ehsh j?. fJ; soK UBK B/ okiBhfse dbKBz{ okiBhfse ftek; eoD tkbh ;[szso ;z;Ekrs skes d/ o{g ft~u o~yd/ j'J/ torhfeqs ehsk j?. fJ; ekoDfJBK dk torheoD :EkoEtkdh, rfsnkswesk :[es ns/ ftnkgesw j?, gqzs{ fJ; torheoD ft~u J/BknfXe buhbkgD j?, fe fJ~e jh db nb~r nb~r gfo;fEshnK ft~u nb~r nb~r gqeko dh db gqDkbh ft~utorhfeqs ehsk ik ;edk j?. t?;/ e[M ftdtkBK dk efjDk j? fe bk gkb'Apkok ns/ thBo dk torheoD fJ;/ftP/Psk d/ ekoD ;otPq/Pm pD iKdk j?. fJj torheoD ngqsh:'rh db g~Xshnk d/ fszB gqeko pDk e/fJ~e db g~XshnK ft~u ftnkgs nzsoK dk uzrk ;gPNheoD th eo fdzdk j?. fJ; bJh g~XshnK dk fJjtorheoD ;zs'PiBe wzfBnk ik ;edk j?. db g~XshnK d/ torheoD d/ T[go'es ftt/uB s'A ;gPN j[zdk


B ØN


j? fe db g~XshnK dh ;zfynk ekch t~vh j'D d/ ekoD torheoD dh e'Jh th :'iBk fpbe[b ;jh BjhA j';edh j?. t?;/ th db g~XshnK d/ eJh torheoD ;zGt jB. ukj/ e'Jh th torheoD n;hA gq:'r ft~ufbnkJhJ/, fJ; ft~u iKu eoD dh r~b f;oc J/Bh j? fe fJj torheoD ;kBz{ nfij/ fBu'VK s~e gj[zukUAdkj? iK BjhA i' ;jh ns/ ;{uBkgqd j'D. fJjh ekoD j? fe torheoD :'iBktK ft~u n~ie~b e/tb dbK dh;zfynk dk jh nkXko BjhA fbnk iKdk j?.

10H210H210H210H210H2 dbh ftt;Ek d/ gqeko ns/ ezw dbh ftt;Ek d/ gqeko ns/ ezw dbh ftt;Ek d/ gqeko ns/ ezw dbh ftt;Ek d/ gqeko ns/ ezw dbh ftt;Ek d/ gqeko ns/ ezw (Kinds and Function of PartySystem)

db g~XshnK Bz{ nkw s"o s/ fszB g~XshnK ft~u o~fynk iKdk j?^

(1) fJ~e dbh g~Xsh (Single party System)(2) d' dbh g~Xsh (Bi-party or two party System)(3) pj[ dbh g~Xsh (Multi-party System)

1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H fJ~e dbh g~Xsh fJ~e dbh g~Xsh fJ~e dbh g~Xsh fJ~e dbh g~Xsh fJ~e dbh g~Xsh (Single party System)^̂̂̂̂ fJ~e dbh g~Xsh Uj ftt;Ek j?, fi; ft~u e/tb fJ~e jhokiBhfse db dk n;fs~st ofjzdk j?. Io{oh o{g Bkb ;oeko s/ T[;/ db dk n;fs~st ofjzdk j?.nfXekotkdh ns/ ;kwtkdhl fit/A BkIh, iowBh, ckf;;N fJNbh, ;g/B, ;'ftns o{;, ;kwtkdh uhBnkfd ft~u nfijh ftt;Ek gkJh iKdh j?.fJ; g~Xsh d/ ;woEeK dk efjDk j? fe fJj ;~u/ noE ft~uiBsKsfoe j?. iBszso ;zg{oD iBsk dk Pk;B j?, ftfGzB torK dk BjhA. ;koh iBsk fJ;dkgqshfB~Xst eo ;edh j?, nB/e db BjhA, gqikszso ft~u nB/e dbK dk n;fs~st sK fJ~e fto'XkGk;j?.fJ~e dbh ftt;Ek Bkb iBsk ft~u ftGkiB ns/ r[Npzdh dk vo th ysw j' ikdk j?. okPNoh J/eskpDh ofjzdh j?.fJ; ftt;Ek ft~u fto'Xh db dk nGkt ofjzdk j?. fJ; bJh fto'X d/ nGkt ft~u dbfdqVskg{ote Pk;B ;zukbB eodk j? ns/ ;[fBPfus fdPk ft~u BhshnK dk fBowkD eodk j?.gqzs{ fJ;ft~u nB/eK ewhnK th gkJhnK iKdhnK jB. fJj g~Xsh ngqiksKsfoe j?. gqikszso dk nkXkotkd^fttkd ns/ ns/ ftukoXkoktK dk NeokU j?.gqzs{ fJ~edbh ftt;Ek ft~u ftuko dk pj[w[yh ftek;BjhA j' ;edk. fJ; bJh ftnesh dh ;[szsosk ysw j' iKdh j?. T[;d/ ;'uD ftukoD dh ;[szsosk iKdhofjzdh j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk fJ~e db dk Pk;B ;Ekfgs j' iKdk j?. cb;o{g nfXBkfJeszso dh ;EkgBkj' iKdh j? fi; ft~u ftnesh d/ nkXkoK dk ngjoD j'D brdk j?. ;oeko dh J/eKeh Bhsh iBsk s/ b~dhikdh j?.okPNoh fjs nkfd n'N ft~u g? iKdk j? ns/ dbh fjs dh gqXkBsk j' iKdh j?. E'V/ ft~u, iBszsodk ftBkP j' iKdk j?, ns/ d/P dh T[ZBsh nto[~X j' iKdh j?.

2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H d' dbh g~Xsh d' dbh g~Xsh d' dbh g~Xsh d' dbh g~Xsh d' dbh g~Xsh (Bi-party or two party System)^̂̂̂̂ d' dbh g~Xsh ft~u e/tb d' dbK dh gqXkBsk ofjzdhj?. fJ; s'A fJbktk j'o S'N/ db th ofjzd/ jB, gqzs{ d/P dh okiBhsh ft~u T[;dk e'Jh wj~stg{oD ;EkBBjhA ofjzdk. d' gqw[~y dbK ft~u pj[ws db ;~sko{V ofjzdk j? ns/ nbgws fto'Xh db dk ezw eodkj?.fJ; g~Xsh dk ;ot^T[Zsw T[dkjoD fpqN/B ns/ ;z:[es oki nwohek jB. fJj gqDkbh gqiksKsfoej?.gqikszso ft~u pj[ws db dk Pk;B ofjzdk j?.iBsk dk gqshfB~Xst pj[ws db dk ezw eodk j?.fJ;/gqDkbh ft~u T[ZsodkJh Pk;B dh ;EkgBk j[zdh j?.fto'Xh db d/ j'D Bkb ;~sko{V db fBoze[P ns/;t/Skukoh BjhA j' gkUAdk. ;oeko Bz{ nkgDhnK ewhnK Bz{ ikDB dk w"ek fwbdk j?. wzsoh wzvb dh;EkgBk pVh ;obsk Bkb j' iKdh j?. Bkb/ jh, UBK dh ;fEsh th fdqV ofjzdh j?.fJ~e db d[nkokfBowkD dk Uj fdqV ns/ fBPfus BhshnK dk nB[;oD eodk j?. fJ; Bkb iBsk dk okiBhfsegqfPePD th j[zdk j?, feUAfe fto'Xh db jo ;w~f;nk d/ ftfGzB gfjb{nK Bz{ iBsk d/ ;kjwD/ o~yd/ jB.fJ; g~Xsh dk ;G s'A t~vk d'P fJj j? fe Pk;B T[Zs/ pj[ws db dk J/ekfXeko j' iKdk j?,wzsoh wzvb dhskBkPkjh dh ;EkgBk j' iKdh j?. ;z;d dh ;fEsh ewI'o j' iKdh j?.wzsohwzvb jK ft~u jK fwbkUDtkbh fJ~e ;Gk wkso ofj ikdk j?.fBotkueK Bz{ wsdkB dh ;[szsosk BjhA ofj ikdh, feUAfe wip{o j'e/ UBK Bz{ d' ft~u'A fe;/ fJ~e db Bz{ ws d/Dk jh g?Adk j?. UBK d/ ;kjwD/ e'Jh d{ih u'D BjhA ofj iKdh.

33333. pj[ dbh g~Xsh pj[ dbh g~Xsh pj[ dbh g~Xsh pj[ dbh g~Xsh pj[ dbh g~Xsh (Multi-Party Systgem)^̂̂̂̂ pj[ dbh g~Xsh T[;Bz{ efjzd/ jB fi~E/ nB/e okiBhfse dbj[zd/ jB ns/ fJ~e s'A nfXe db gqGktPkbh ofjzd/ jB. fe;/ fJ~e iK d' dbK dh gqXkBsk BjhA ofj iKdhpbfe ;ko/ db pokpo j[zd/ jB. fe;/ fJ~e db Bz{ ftXkBwzvb ft~u fJzBk gqshfB~Xst gqkgs BjhA j[zdk, fe


B ØN


Uj ;oeko pDk ;e/. eJh db fwbî[b e/ ;oeko dk fBowkD eod/ jB. ;z:[es wzsoh^wzvb(Coalition Ministry) pDkfJnk iKdk j?. pj[dbh g~Xsh :{og d/ wjKd/Ph d/PK fit/A cqK;, fJNbh nkfdft~u gkJh iKdh j?. fJ; g~Xsh ft~u fe;/ fJ~e db dh fBoze[Psk BjhA j' gkUAdh ns/ ftt;Ekfgekwzsohwzvb d/ j~EK dk fyb"Dk wkso ofj ikdh j?. ftfGzB torK ns/ ;tkoEK dk Pk;B ft~u g{oDgqshfB~Xst fwbdk j?. fJ; g~Xsh dk ;G s'A t~vk d'P fJj j? fe fJ; d/ nzsors pDkJh rJh ;z:[es;oeko nfsnzs n;EkJh j[zdh j?. gbK ft~u ;oeko pDdh ftrVdh j?. cqK; ft~u 1870^1914 JhH s~eft~u 88 wzsoh wzvbK dk fBowkD j'fJnk. fBopbsk d/ ekoD ;oeko dhnk BhshnK ft~u fJ~eo{gsk thBjhA j' gkUAdh. d{i/ gk;/ ed/ ed/ wzsoh wzvb th nfB:zsfos j' iKdk j? . ftt;Ekfgesk dk T[; s/fB:zsoD BjhA ofjzdk. ws^G/d d/ ubd/ th ;oeko fdqVskg{ote fe;/ :'iBk Bz{ ekotkfjs BjhA eo;edh.

db^g~Xsh dk w[~bKeD db^g~Xsh dk w[~bKeD db^g~Xsh dk w[~bKeD db^g~Xsh dk w[~bKeD db^g~Xsh dk w[~bKeD (Evaluation of the Party System)db gqDkbh okiBhfseK dh gqPz;k ns/ Gos;Bk dk gkso ojh j?. g~Swh okiBhsh Pk;sohnK B/ db gqEkBz{ gqikszso dh ikB fejk j?. w[Bow[Bow[Bow[Bow[Bo' B/ sK fejk j? fe dbh Pk;b dk d{ik BK b'eszsoh Pk;B j?. nwoheh;zftXkB d/ fBowksktK B/ dbK dk ;ys fto'X ehsk ;h. wkoe;tkdhnK B/ dbh gqikszso Bz{ ftfeqs gqikszsofejk j?. UBK d/ nB[;ko db ;wki ft~u torK ns/ ;tkoEK dk d:'se j?. ;ot'dtkdh B/sk sK dbftjhD;oeko (Partyless government) d/ g~ygksh jB. fJ; fttkd Bz{ d{o eoD dk ;G s'A tXhnk T[gkn j?fe n;hA db gqDkbh d/ r[DK ns/ d'PK s/ fXnkB dJhJ/.

db g~Xsh d/ r[D db g~Xsh d/ r[D db g~Xsh d/ r[D db g~Xsh d/ r[D db g~Xsh d/ r[D (Merits)1H okiBhfse db ;oeko dk fBowkD eod/ jB. i/eo okiBhfse db Bk ofjD, sK gqikszso d/ nzsors

;oeko Bz{ fttjkfoe o{g d/Dk efmB j' ikt/rk. db fBotkueK ft~u Gkr b?Ad/ ns/ ftXkB wzvb ft~u gqt/P eo e/ ;oeko pDkUAd/ jB.

2H gqshfBXh ;oeko dh ;cbsk okiBhfse dbK d/ n;fs~st s/ jh fBoGo eodh j?. fJj g{o/ d/P dh iBskBz{ fe;/ ;kXkoD f;XKsK d/ ;woEB ft~u nkg; ft~u fwb e/ ezw eoD :'r pDkUAdh j?. “;zrfmsokiBhfse dbK d/ nGkt ft~u ;zxoPkswe ftuko^;w{j j'Dr/ fiBK ft~u ;zs[Bb s'A fpBK nfijh e'Jh;otwkDe r~b BjhA j't/rh, i' UBK Bz{ fJ~em/ fwb e/ gqGktg{oD Yzr Bkb ezw eoD :'r pDkJ/.”

3H w/ekJhto d/ PpdK ft~uw/ekJhto d/ PpdK ft~uw/ekJhto d/ PpdK ft~uw/ekJhto d/ PpdK ft~uw/ekJhto d/ PpdK ft~u, “db gqDkbh s'A fpBK oki ft~u Bk sK b'u j[zdh j? ns/ Bk ;~uk nksw fBPukjh.” gqikszso dk nkXko iB^;fjwsh ns/ iBws j?, Pesh BjhA. “fJj fttPsk dh pikJ/ gq/oDk Bz{nfXe T[fus ns/ P;so^;zxoP dh pikJ/ ftuko^;zxoP Bz{ nfXe ouBkswe” wzBdh j?. db^ftt;Ekd/ ubd/ ftukoK dk nkdkB^gqdkB j[zdk j?, ;oeko dh nkb'uBk ehsh iKdh j?. i/eo ;oeko iBsk dhfJ~Sk nB[;ko BhshnK dk fBowkD BjhA eodh, sK iBsk T[; Bz{ dbK d/ wkfXnw Bkb gd s'A jNk ;edhj?. fJ; bJh okiBhfse dbK d/ ubd/ ;oeko dk ;zukbB iBws d/ nB[;ko j[zdk j?.

4H db iBsk d/ okiBhfse gqfPePD d/ gqw[~y ;kXB jB. Uj iBsk dh okiBhfse BhAd Bz{ Gzr eod/ jB,UBK ft~u okiBhfse ikroD g?dk eod/ jB. ns/ ;kotifBe gqPBK d/ gqsh ;feqn o{uh g?dk eod/ jB.Uj ftnkfynkBK, ;GktK, g~so^g~sfoektK nkfd d/ d[nkok BkrfoeK Bz{ okPNoh ns/ nzsookPNoh;w~f;nktK Bkb ntrs eokUAd/ jB. Bkrfoe T[s;kj ft~u tkXk eod/ jB ns/ iBszsoh GktBk Bz{tXkUAd/ jB.

5H db gqDkbh s'A Pq/Pm ekBz{BK dk fBowkD j[zdk j?. fJ~e db d{i/ db dhnK ewhnK d~;dk j?. Xkok ;GktKft~u fto'Xh db ekBz{Bh fBowkD ft~u ;~sko{V db Bz{ nkb'uBktK ns/ ;[MktK d[nkok ;bkj fdzdk j?. ekBz{BpDkUAd/ ;w/A i' T[sktbkgB iK okiBhfse Me g?dk j' iKdh j?, T[; Bz{ db d{o eod/ jB. bkt/b d/ PpdKft~u, “db^;zrmB, okiBhfse MeK Bz{ fB:zsfos eod/ jB.”

pj[ dbh ftt;Ek s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'<Nk;e


B ØN


6H okiBhfse iBsk dhnK nftnes fJ~SktK Bz{ ftnes eod/ jB. bkt/b d/ ftukokB[;ko db ftukoK d/dbkb d/ o{g ft~u ezw eod/ jB. i/eo db Bk ofjD sK iBsk dh fJ~Sk n;zrfms ns/ fpyoh ofj ikt/rhl Uj fJ~e ebgBk dh t;s{ ofj ikt/rh. db iB^fJ~Sk Bz{ ;zrfms eod/ ns/ b'e ws dk fBowkDeod/ jB.

7H db gqDkbh d/ wkfXnw Bkb ;G b'eK Bz{ Pk;B gqDkbh ft~u Gkr b?D dk w"ek fwbdk j?. ;~sk ft~u dbK dkgfotosB j[zdk j?. i' ;~sko{V db Bkb ;zpzfXs BjhA ofjzdk, Uj fto'Xh db Bkb ;zpzX ;Ekfgs eo e/nkgDhnK nkb'uBktK d[nkok jh Pk;B ezw ft~u ;fj:'r d/ ;edk j?.

8H okiBhfse db Pk;B d/ ftfGzB nzrK ft~u ;zs[bB ;Ekfgs eod/ jB. Uj ftt;Ekfgek ns/ ekoigkfbek d/ ftueko fJ~e eVh dk ezw eod/ jB. Uj g{o/ Pk;B :zso Bz{ fJ~e ;{so ft~u pzB e/ fJ~e fdPkt~b b? iKd/ jB.

9H okiBhfse db ftneshrs ;[szsosk d/ th o~fyne jB. fto'Xh db Pk;B db dhnK rbshnK d/ fto[~X;dk jh nktkI T[mkUAd/ jB. db ;oeko Bz{ ;dk ;[u/s eod/ jB fe Uj nkgDh PeshnK dk d[oT[g:'rBk eoD, fBoze[P Bk pD ikD. bk;eh d/ PpdK ft~u, “okiBhfse db d/P ft~u e?A;oPkjh s'A ;kvho~fynk eoD dk ;G s'A T[Zsw ;kXB jB.”

10H okiBhfse db ftXkBgkfbek ft~u, nkgD/ gqshfBXhnK d/ ft~u nB[Pk;B ns/ fB:zsoD o~yd/ jB fiBKBkb fJ~e fBPfus Bhsh dk ftek; j[zdk j? ns/ PeshPkbh Pk;B dh ;EkgBk jz[dh j?.

11H okiBhfse db okPNoh J/esk ;Ekfgs eod/ jB. ;EkfBesk, ikshtkd, Xkofwe ns/ y/soh ;zehoDskdk fsnkr eo e/ fJj BkrfoeK Bz{ ftqfjs ;tkoEK t~b b? iKd/ jB.

12H okiBhfse dbK s'A fJ~e bkG fJj th j? fe Uj Xkofwe, ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe ;[Xko ft~u Gkr b?Ad/ jB.;wkfie e[ohshnK Bz{ d{o eoBk fgSV/ d/PK ft~u dbK dk gqw[~y ezw j?. fJ; d/ bJh Uj iBws dkfBowkD eod/, nBt/PD eotkUAd/, okiBhfse ns/ ftP/Pr ;fwshnK dk fBowkD eod/ jB.

13H nzs ft~u, okiBhfse db d/P d/ nzdo fJ~e ;[zdo ns/ ;t;E okPNoh ns/ ;wkfie ihtB dk fBowkDeod/ jB. Uj ;ko/ okPNo Bz{ Gqkosotkd d/ fJ~e ;{so ft~u pzBd/ jB. vkH ckJhBo dk efjdk j? fe“okiBhfse db fJ; gqeko ezw eod/ jB fe jo Bkrfoe Bz{ ;ko/ okPNo dk frnkB gqkgs j' ikt/, i' j'osoK Bkb ;w/A ns/ gqd/P dh d{oh d/ ekoD gqkgs eoBk n;zGt j?. “

db^g~Xsh d/ d'P db^g~Xsh d/ d'P db^g~Xsh d/ d'P db^g~Xsh d/ d'P db^g~Xsh d/ d'P (Demerits)1H db^ftt;Ek n;[Gkfte j?. fJj wkBt^;[Gkn dk Bshik BjhA pbfe feqfsqw j?. ftneshnK ft~u e'Jh

w"fbe gko;gfoe nzso BjhA j?. okiBhfse db UBK ft~u M{m w{m dk ftGkiB eod/ ns/ feqfsqw ;wM"skeotk e/ UBK Bz{ d[pkok ;zrfms eod/ jB.

2H okiBhfse dbK d/ ubd/ d/P eJh r[NK ft~u tzfvnk ikdk j?. fJBK fto'Xh ;w{jK ft~u fBozso ;zxoPubdk ofjzdk j? i' d/P dh J/esk Bz{ BPN eo fdzdk j?. ;kv/ d/P ft~u sK dbpzdh B/ fgzvK ns/ xoK s~e Bz{ftGkfis eo fd~sk j?. fBotkuB d/ ;w/A okiBhfse db :[ZX d/ ;wkB iBsk dhnK GktBktK Bz{ T[GkoDdh u/PNk eod/ jB fi; Bkb iBsk d/ nkg;h ;zpzXK ft~u sBkt ns/ eVtkjN g?dk j[zdh j/ ns/ ed/ ed/dzr/ c;kd s~e j' iKd/ jB.

3H okiBhfse db BkrfoeK d/ gsB bJh th T[ZsodkJh jB.Uj ;kotifBe ihtB ft~u p/JhwkBh,fGqPNkukons/ nt;otkfdsk Bz{ gq's;kfjs eod/ jB. u[Bkt d/ ;w/A M{m/ gquko eod/ ns/ ;~u Bz{ dpkUAd/ jB. wsgqkgsh d/ bJh nB?fse ns/ fBwB e'fN d/ T[gktK dh PoD b?Ad/ jB. fJ~e db d{i/ s/ fu~eV T[Skbdk ns/ngwkBiBe PpdK dk gq:'r eodk j?. frbeqkJh;N d/ PpdK ft~u, “db tk;sftesk dk dwB eo e/ns/ ntk;sftesk gqrN eo e/ ngokXK d/ d'Ph j[zd/ jB.” soe ns/ ftt/e dk rbk x'N fd~sk iKdk j?.fJ; soK db g~Xsh b'eszso d/ bJh ysoBke f;~X j' ikdh j?.

4H db^gqDkbh ft~u db^fjs Bz{ gq's;kjB fwbdk j? ns/ okPNoh fjs dk T[bzxD j[zdk j?. d/P d/ gqshtckdko (Loyalty) okPNoh fjs d/ bJh xkse j?.

5H frbeqkJh;N d/ nB[;kofrbeqkJh;N d/ nB[;kofrbeqkJh;N d/ nB[;kofrbeqkJh;N d/ nB[;kofrbeqkJh;N d/ nB[;ko, “db gqDkbh fe;/ d/P d/ okiBhfse ihtB Bz{ :zsots pDk fdzdh j?. fto'Xhdb dk fJ~e wkso T[d/P j[zdk j?^;~sko{V db dk fto'X eoBk. Uj Pk;e db d/ jo edw dk nzXkX[zX


B ØN


fto'X eod/ jB, ukj/ Uj edw rbs j't/ iK ;jh. T[g:'frsk ns/ soe Bkb UBK dk e'Jh ;zpzX BjhA.UBK dk fdqPNhe'D J/Bk ;ze[fus ns/ ;zehoD j' iKdk j? fe fJ~e d{i/ dk fto'X eo e/ Pk;B Bz{ jfEnkDkUBK dk fJ~e wkso T[d/P ofj ikdk j?.@

6H db^g~Xsh d/ ekoD Pk;B :'r ftneshnK dh ;/tk s'A tzfus j' ikdk j?. Pk;B ekoi ft~u e/tb pj[wsdb d/ ftneshnK Bz{ Gkr b?D dk w"ek fwbdk j?, ukj/ Uj :'r j'D iK n:'r. d{i/ dbK d/ :'r ftneshPk;B ekoi ft~u Gkr b?D s'A tzfus j' iKd/ jB.

7H okiBhfse db ;tkoEh, okiBhfse ;kj;hnK (Deagouges) ns/ nt;otkdhnK Bz{ gq's;kfjs eod/jB. Uj fBs Bt/A dbK dk fBowkD eod/, nkgDh ;tkoE^f;~Xh bJh iBsk Bz{ GVekUAd/ ns/ Pesh Bz{nkgD/ j~E ft~u eoD bJh rbs o;sk ngDkUAd/ jB. okiBhfse ihtB ;tkoEhnK ns/ fGqPNftneshnK dk rV pD iKdk j?. fejk frnk j? fe, “ fi; soK jo fJ~e w[ork nkgD/ fBih Nhb/ s/ yVkj'Dk ukj[zdk j?, T[;/ soK okiBhfse nt;otkdh nkgD/ ;tkoEh NhfunK d/ tkX/ bJh nkgDk iBwnfXeko f;~X eodk j?. nfij/ dbK dk po;ksh e[e[ow[~s/ dh soK fes/ th g?dk j'Dk fe;/ d/P dhnKokiBhfse ;w~f;nktK Bz{ ifNb pDk fdzdk j?.”

8H fInkdkso okiBhfse dbK dk nzdo{Bh ;zrmB ngqiksKsfoe j[zdk j?. g{o/ db s/ e[M B/sktK iK r[NK dkfB:zsoD j' iKdk j?. fJj r[N wBukj/ o{g Bkb ;ko/ fBoD/ b?Ad/ jB, iBsk dhnK fJ~SktK dh UBK Bz{ Iokth gotkj BjhA j[zdh . fJ; soK dbPkjh dh nkV ft~u skBkPkjh ekfJw j' iKdh j?.

9H db^gqDkbh dh rzdrh nB/eK ;[:'r BkrfoeK Bz{ ;kotifbe ihtB s'A ftw[y eo fdzdh j?. okPNo UBKp[~XhwkB ftneshnK dh ftt/ePhbsk, frnkB ns/ nB[Gt s'A tzfus j' iKdk j?, i' iK sK fBotkuB Gho{jB, iK db^;u/se ns/ db^nB[Pk;B ft~u ofjD s'A fJBeko eod/ jB.

10H okiBhfse dbK d/ ekoD ftnesh dh ;[szsosk dk ngjoD j[zdk j?. ;ko/ w?Apo db d/ fB:zsoD ft~uofjzd/ jB, UBK Bz{ db dhnK fBoXkfos BhshnK dk ;woEB Io{oh o{g ft~u eoBk g?Adk j?, BjhA sK dbhnB[Pk;B dk e'gGiB pDBk g?Adk j?.frbpoN B/ fbfynk j? fe, “w?A jw/Pk nkgD/ db d/ nB[;ko wsfd~sk ns/ nkg ed/ e[M th BjhA ;'funk.@ BkrfoeK dh ;[szsosk dk th ngjoD j[zdk j? feUAfenD^fJ~Sk d/ pkti{d UBK Bz{ fe;/ Bk fe;/ db dk ;woEB eoBk g?Adk j?.

11H nB/eK d/PK ft~u okiBhfse dbK d/ wkfXnw Bkb g{zihgsh tor Pk;B s/ fB:zsoD eo b?Adk j?.db g{zihgshnK s'A nkofEe ;jkfJsk b?Ad/ jB. fJ; bJh Uj UBK d/ j~EK dh emg[sbh pD iKd/jB. ;oeko T[Zs/ fJ; fB:zsoD d/ ubd/ g[zihgsh tor ‘nfdqP ;oeko’ (Invisible govern-ment) pD iKdk j?.

db g~Xsh d/ d'PK Bz{ d{o eoD d/ T[gkn^db g~Xsh d/ d'PK Bz{ d{o eoD d/ T[gkn^db g~Xsh d/ d'PK Bz{ d{o eoD d/ T[gkn^db g~Xsh d/ d'PK Bz{ d{o eoD d/ T[gkn^db g~Xsh d/ d'PK Bz{ d{o eoD d/ T[gkn^fBo;zd/j db g~Xsh ft~u e[M d'P jB, gqzs{ fJBK d'PK d/ubd/ T[; Bz{ iVw{b s'A BkP eo d/Dk n;zGt ns/ n;[Gkfte j?. jK, UBK d/ d'PK Bz{ d{o eo e/ Gb/ jh UBKft~u ;[Xko fbnKdk ik ;edk j?. ;G s'A gfjbK dbK dk fBowkD ns/ ;zrmB okiBhfse f;XKsK d/ nkXkos/ j'Dk ukjhdk j?. f;~fyns iBsk jh okiBhfse ;w~f;nktK Bz{ g{oh soK ;wM ;edh j? ns/ dbK dhnKBhshnK ns/ ekoieqwK dk ;jh w[~bKeD eo ;edh j?. iBsk dh rohph Bz{ d{o eoBk ukjhdk j? sK fe UBKd/ ws Bz{ e'Jh db yohd Bk ;e/, ns/ g{zihgshnK dk db s/ fB:zsoD Bk j' ;e/. dbK Bz{ th nkgDk fdqPNhe'Dftqfjs eoBk ukjhdk j?. UBK Bz{ db fjs Bz{ fsnkr e/ okPNoh fjs Bz{ nkgDk Nhuk pDkUDk ukjhdk j?.;oeko Bz{ ukjhdk j? fe Uj dbK dh nB?fse, nftXkfBe ns/ nB[fus ekotkJhnK s/ ;ys fB:zsoD o~y/.;ze[fus nkXkoK s/ ;zrfms dbK^ ;zgodkfJe, Xkofwe, iksh nkXko nkfd Bz{ nftXkfBe eoko d/Dk rbs BjhAj't/rk. ;oeko fe;/ db dk g~ygks Bk eo/ pbfe ;G dbK Bz{ ;wkB ns/ T[fus nt;o gqdkB eo/. ;~sko{V dbBz{ ukjhdk j? fe Uj fto'Xh dbK d/ uzr/ ;[MktK dk nkdo eo/ ns/ UBK Bz{ ekoi ft~u fbnkUD bJh e'fPPeo/. f;ifte B/ db g~Xsh d/ d'PK Bz{ d{o eoD bJh e[M fttjkfoe ;kXB d~;/ jB. nfXnkePkswePk;B^g~Xsh d/ nzsors okPNogsh dk fBotkuB ftt;Ekfgek d[nkok ehsk ikDk ukjhdk j? ns/ekoigkfbek d/ eowukohnK dk gd dbpzdh nB[;ko BjhA j'Dk ukjhdk j?. ;z;dh Pk;B g~Xsh ft~u ekBz{BfBowkD dk Gko ekoigkfbek s'A fJbktk Xkok^;GktK dhnK j'o ;fwshnK Bz{ th gqdkB ehsk ik ;edk j?.ftGkrh nfXnePK dh fB:[esh dbh nkXko s/ BjhA j'Dh ukjhdh ns/ ftXkfJek ;Gk d/ nftPtk; gq;skts'A pknd wzsoh wzvb Bz{ gd^fsnkr eoBk ukjhdk j?.


B ØN


okiBhfse dbK d/ ezw okiBhfse dbK d/ ezw okiBhfse dbK d/ ezw okiBhfse dbK d/ ezw okiBhfse dbK d/ ezw (Functions of the Political Parties)okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u okiBhfse db nB/e gqeko Bkb ;feqn ofj ;edk j?. db dh ;zouBk, j'o dbKdh ft~fdnkwkBsk ns/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek dhnK ftP/PsktK d/ d[nkok db d/ ezwK dh G{fwek dk fB:wBj[zdk j?. okpoN ;hH p'B d/ nB[;ko fJ~e okiBhfse db nfijk gfotose j?, i' fszB gqeko dh G{fwek fJ~em/fBGkUD dh ywsk o~ydk j?. fJj fJ~e' tko w~Xtosh, ;[szso iK nkPfos gfotose d/ o{g ft~u rfsnksweG{fwek fBGk ;edk j?. iK fJBK ft~u'A e'Jh fJ~e G{fwek th fBPgkfds eo ;edk j?. okiBhfse db dhgfotose d/ o{g ft~u fJBK fszBK G{fwektK dk t~y t~y toDB eoe/ jh db dh G{fwek dk ;jh w[~bKeD ehskik ;edk j?.

(1) w~Xtosh gfotose d/ o{g ft~u db dh G{fwek (1) w~Xtosh gfotose d/ o{g ft~u db dh G{fwek (1) w~Xtosh gfotose d/ o{g ft~u db dh G{fwek (1) w~Xtosh gfotose d/ o{g ft~u db dh G{fwek (1) w~Xtosh gfotose d/ o{g ft~u db dh G{fwek (Role of political party as an interven-ing variable) ^ ̂^ ̂̂ okiBhfse db w~Xtosh gfotose d/ o{g ft~u wj~stg{oD G{fwek ndk eodk j?. fJ;o{g ft~u db ;oekoh szso ns/ okiBhfse ;wki d/ ft~u nkdkB gqdkB dh eVh dk ezw eodk j?. fJj ;wkins/ ;oeko Bz{ i'Vdk j?. fJ; o{g ft~u db y/soh fjsK Bz{ fJ~e d{i/ d/ eohp fbnkUAd/ jB, G{r'fbe d{ohnKdk fBtkoD eod/ jB ns/ ed/ ed/ ftGkfis eo d/D tkbhnK Pk;B ;zouBktK ft~u ;zs[bB ;Ekfgs eod/jB. okiBhfse db dh fJ; o{g ft~u G{fwek jo soK dh okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u ofjzdh j?. w~Xtoshgfotose d/ o{g ft~u db dh G{fwek d/ d' gfjb{ j[zd/ jB. id'A fJj ;~sko{V j't/, sK fJ; dh G{fwek ft~uT[; nt;Ek dh G{fwek Bkb E'Vk nzso nk iKdk j?, id'A fJj ;~sk s'A pkjo j[zdk j?. go fJj nzsowksokswe jh j[zdk j?, gqekokswe BjhA j' ;edk. w~Xtosh gfotose d/ o{g ft~u db dhnK fszB G{fwektKj[zdhnK jB^

(1) db ;oeko dhnK BhshnK dh nkgD/ ;woEeK ns/ nkw iBsk d/ bJh ftnkfynk eodk j? ns/ ;oeko d/ekoiK pko/ iBsk Bz{ ;wMkUAdk j?.

(2) okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u T[ZmD tkbhnK wzrK Bz{ ;oeko s~e gj[zukUAdk j?.(3) ;~sk ft~u pD/ ofjD bJh iK ;~sk ft~u nkUD bJh b'ews dh goy ft~u b~frnk ofjzdk j?.

fJ; bJh w~Xtosh gfotose d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse dbK dh nfsnkfXe wj~stg{oD G{fwek ofjzdh j?.fJj ;oeko ns/ ;wki d/ ft~u dh jo r~b ft~u dyb d/D d/ Bkb Bkb w~X;E th pDd/ jB. w~Xtoshgfotose d/ o{g ft~u dbK dh G{fwek Bz{ fu~so 10H1 ft~u fu~sfos ehsk ik ;edk j?.

fu~so 10H1 ft~u ;oeko ns/ ;wki d/ ft~u ;zgoesk dk wj~stg{oD wkfXnw okiBhfse db Bz{ jh d~f;nkfrnk j?. db dh w~Xtosh gfotose d/ o{g ft~u G{fwek ;G gqeko dhnK okiBhfse ftt;EktK ft~u gkJhiKdh j?, gqzs{ fJ; o{g ft~u db dh G{fwek b'esKsfoe ;wki ft~u nfXe gqGkth ofjzdh j?. fBoze[P ns/;otkfXekoh okiBhfse ftt;EktK ft~u fJ~e jh db d/ ekoD gqsh:'rh okiBhfse dk nGkt ofjzdk j?. fJ;bJh db dh w~Xtosh gfotose d/ o{g ft~u G{fwek BK wkso jh ofj ikdh j?. fJ~E'A s~e fe e'Jh thokiBhfse gqfeqnk db d/ ;feqn j;sy/g s'A fpBK fBPgkfds BjhA j' gkUAdh.

(2) nkPfos gfotose d/ o{g ft~u db dh G{fwek (2) nkPfos gfotose d/ o{g ft~u db dh G{fwek (2) nkPfos gfotose d/ o{g ft~u db dh G{fwek (2) nkPfos gfotose d/ o{g ft~u db dh G{fwek (2) nkPfos gfotose d/ o{g ft~u db dh G{fwek (Role of political party as a dependentvariable) ^ ̂^ ̂̂ okiBhfse db P{B: ft~u ezw BjhA eod/ jB. fJj okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u ekoifeqs ofjzd/jB. fJBK dk ezw ;wkfie, okiBhfse, nkofEe ns/ ;z;feqfse gfonktoD ft~u jh ;zukfbs ofjzdk j?.

;oeko;oeko;oeko;oeko;oeko okiBhfse dbokiBhfse dbokiBhfse dbokiBhfse dbokiBhfse db okiBhfse ;wki okiBhfse ;wki okiBhfse ;wki okiBhfse ;wki okiBhfse ;wki

fu~so 10H1fu~so 10H1fu~so 10H1fu~so 10H1fu~so 10H1


B ØN


fJ; bJh nkgD/ uko/ gk;/ d/ tksktoD Bkb db Bk e/tb gqGkfts j[zd/ jB, pbfe T[; Bkb UBK dhnKrshftXhnK pj[s e[M ;hfws ns/ fB:fws th j[zdhnK jB. fe;/ d/P dh Pk;B ;zouBk dh gqfeqsh,;wki d/ ;soD (stratification) dk ftGkiB, ftneshnK d/ fuzsB ns/ feqnk Bz{ gqGkfts eoD tkbk;z;feqfse YKuk ns/ db feqnk Bz{ fB:zsfos ns/ gqGkfts eoD tkb/ ekBz{B, okiBhfse db Bz{ nkPfosgfotose d/ o{g ft~u jh G{fwek fBGkUD d/ bJh uko/ gk;/ s'A dpkUAd/ jB. nkPfos gfotose d/o{g ft~u jo okiBhfse db fBwBfbfys G{fwek fBGkUAdk j?^ (i) okiBhfse ;wki dh ;zouBk ns/;wki d/ ;z;feqfse gqshwkB Bz{ gqGkfts eoD tkbh okiBhfse gqfeqnk Bz{ i'VBk, ;ob eoBk ns/ ;fEopDkUDk. (ii) ;wki dhnK ;zouBktK ns/ T[g^ftt;EktK ft~u ;zs[bB ;Ekfgs eoBk. (iii) gfonktoDft~u j'D tkb/ gfotosBK d/ nB[o{g nkgD/ nkg Bz{ Ykbd/ j'J/ ;wki dh ;zg{oD ;w{j ftt;Ek d/nB[e{bD ft~u :'rdkB d/Dk. nkPfos gfotose d/ o{g ft~u dbK dh G{fwek Bz{ fu~so 10H2 ft~ufu~sfos ehsk ik ;edk j?.

fu~so 10H2 ft~u okiBhfse db fJ~e gk;/ sK ;oeko d/ d[nkok ns/ d{i/ gk;/ ;wki dh okiBhfseftt;Ek dhnK ;zouBktK d/ T[Zgo nkPfos j' e/ jh ;feqn ofjzdk j?. fJ; o{g ft~u db nkgD/ ezwKns/ G{fwek ft~u nkPfos jh ofjzdk j?. Uj jo ;so s/ fB:fws ns/ gqshpzfXs ofj e/ jh ;feqnofjzdk j?.

(3) ;[szso gfotose d/ o{g ft~u db dh G{fwek (3) ;[szso gfotose d/ o{g ft~u db dh G{fwek (3) ;[szso gfotose d/ o{g ft~u db dh G{fwek (3) ;[szso gfotose d/ o{g ft~u db dh G{fwek (3) ;[szso gfotose d/ o{g ft~u db dh G{fwek (Role of political party as anindependent variable) ^ ̂^ ^ ^ okiBhfse db nfsnkfXe J/ehfeqs T[g^;z;feqsh d/ o{g ft~u th d/fynkik ;edk j/. fJ; o{g ft~u db ;zg{oD ;wki dk fB:kwe pD iKdk j?. w"fbe ns/ rfsnkswe skesd/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse db ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek Bz{ fB:zsfos eoD dh nt;Ek ft~u j'Dd/ ekoD fJBK d'jK s'A ;[szso pD ikdk j?. d' dbh ns/ pj[ dbh gqDkbhnK ft~u dbK dk gqGkt ns/G{fwek eJh PeshnK ns/ fyzuktK s~e ;hfws ofjzdh j?, gqzs{ fJ~e dbh g~Xsh ft~u nfijk e'Jh gqshpzXBjhA ofjzdk j?. fJ; bJh ;[szso gfotose d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse db, ftukoXkok ekoieqw dh o{go/yk d/ nB[;ko fBnKT[fus ;wki dh ;EkgBk eoD d/ bJh ;wki ns/ ;oeko d'tK dk jh fB:zsoe,fBod/Pe ns/ fBohye ofjzdk j?. fJ; o{g ft~u db dh G{fwek fBwB gqeko ofjzdh j?^(i) ;wki ns/;oeko, d'tK dk fBod/PB eoBk ns/ UBK s/ fB:zsoD o~yDk. (ii) ftukoXkok d/ nB[;ko ;zg{oD;z;Ekswe ftt;Ektk Bz{ YkbDk (iii) ekoieqw dh feqnKfts ft~u nkUD tkbhnK ;G gqfeqnkswe ns/;zouBkswe pkXktK Bz{ d{o eoBk.

fu~so 10H2 okiBhfse db dh nkPfos gfotose d/ o{g ft~u G{fwekfu~so 10H2 okiBhfse db dh nkPfos gfotose d/ o{g ft~u G{fwekfu~so 10H2 okiBhfse db dh nkPfos gfotose d/ o{g ft~u G{fwekfu~so 10H2 okiBhfse db dh nkPfos gfotose d/ o{g ft~u G{fwekfu~so 10H2 okiBhfse db dh nkPfos gfotose d/ o{g ft~u G{fwek

okiBhfse ;wki okiBhfse ;wki okiBhfse ;wki okiBhfse ;wki okiBhfse ;wki(1) Pk;B YKuk(2) ;wkfie ;soD(3) ;z;feqfse gqshwkB(4) ekBz{Bh YKuk

okiBhfse db ;oeko


B ØN


;[szso gfotose d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse db ;G gqeko d/ fB:zsoDK s'A w[es ofjzdk j?. ns/ ;wki ftt;Ekns/ Pk;B szso Bz{ g{oh soK fB:zsfos ns/ fBod/fPs eodk j?. fJ; o{g ft~u fJ; dh G{fwek ;otkfXekohPk;B^ftt;EktK ft~u jh ;zGt j?. fJBK ftt;EktK ft~u okiBhfse db jh okiBhfse u/sBk dk e/Ado j[zdkj?. ;koh okiBhfse ;feqnsk db d/ wkfXnw s'A r[Iodh j? ns/ Ujh Pk;B ns/ i'V^s'V dk T[geoD j[zdkj?. fJ; bJh ;[szso gfotose d/ o{g ft~u db dh G{fwek Bk e/tb ftnkge j[zdh j? pbfe J/ekfXekohns/ ftneshrs ns/ ;wkfie rshftXh d/ ;G gfjb{nK dh fB:zsoe th j[zdh j?.

ftfGzB gfotoseK d/ o{g ft~u okiBhfse dbK dh G{fwek d/ ftt/uB s'A fJj ;gPN j[zdk j? fe db nB/e gqeko d/ ezw eod/ jB. okiBhfse ftt;Ek dh gqfeqsh nkg, dbK dhnK ;zouBktK ns/ Pk;B YKu/ dhnKftP/PsktK okiBhfse dbK d/ ekoiK dhnK fBnkwe j[zdhnK jB, gqzs{ okiBhfse dbK d/ e[M ekoi nfij/jB, i' fJBK ;G Bkb gqGkfts j[zd/ j'J/ th jo gqeko dh okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u fJBK d[nkok fBPgkfdsj[zd/ jB. n;hA fJ~E/ okiBhfse dbK d/ ;kXkoD ezwK dk T[b/y eo oj/ jK.

okpoN ;hH p'B B/ okiBhfse dbK d/ ftnkge ekoiK dh uouk ehsh j?. T[; d/ nB[;ko jo soK dhokiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u okiBhfse db ;feqn ofjzd/ jB. fJj nkw s"o s/ okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u fJ~ejh gqeko d/ ftukoK tkb/ ftneshnK d/ ftt;fEs Yzr Bkb ;zrfms j'D dk ;kXB gq;s[s eod/ jB. p'BokiBhfse dbK d/ ekoiK ft~u (i) ;zrmB, (ii) wzrK d/ ftt;fEs ;zP'XB, (iii) B/sktK dh Gosh, (iv) ;~skdk t?XheoD, (v) Bhsh dk fBoXkoD, (vi) Pk;B T[ZsodkfJ~st, ns/ (vii) nkX[fBeheoD d/ ekoiK Bz{ gqw[~ywzBd/ jB. T[; d/ nB[;ko jo gqeko dh okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u okiBhfse db x~N iK nfXe wksok ft~ufJj ekoi eod/ j'J/ gkJ/ iKd/ jB. b'esKsfoe okiBhfse ;wkiK ft~u okiBhfse dbK d/ fJj ekoi u[Bkthgqsh:'frsk d/ nt;oK s/ jh nfXe fttjkfoe pDd/ jB, gqzs{ fBoze[P ;otkfXekoh okiBhshnK ft~u sK dbjo ;w/A fJBK ekoiK Bz{ fttjko ft~u fBozso eod/ ofjzd/ jB.

okiBhfse dbK d/ ekoiK pko/ fBT{w?B th okpoN ;hH p'B Bkb fwbd/ i[bd/ ftuko o~ydk j?. gqzs{ T[;d/nB[;ko gqiksKsfoe okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u okiBhfse dbK d/ ekoi fBoze[P ns/ ;otkfXekoh Pk;Bftt;EktK ft~u UBK d/ ekoiK d/ ;wkB BjhA j' ;ed/. ;otkfXekoh Pk;BK ft~u db dk J/ekfXeko j'D d/ekoD Bk e/tb T[;dh ekoi P?bh ft~u nzso nkUAdk j?, pbfe T[;dh ekoi ywsk dh n;hwsk d/ ekoDT[; d/ ekoi th fGzB j' ikd/ jB. fJ; bJh Uj b'esKsfoe okiBhfse ftt;EktK ft~u okiBhfse dbKd/ ekoiK Bz{ ;otkfXekoh Pk;BK ft~u UBK d/ ekoiK s'A nb~r wzB e/ fJ; dk nb~r nb~r ftt/uB eodkj?. T[; d/ nB[;ko b'esKsfoe ftt;EktK ft~u okiBhfse db^ (i) n;s ftn;s ns/ fpyoh iB^fJ~SkBz{ ;zrfms eoD ft~u, (ii) BkrfoeK Bz{ okiBhfse T[ZsodkfJ~st dh fdqPNh Bkb f;fy~ns pDkUD, (iii)Pk;B ns/ iBws Bz{ i'VD tkbh eVh dk gqshfBfX~st eoD ns/ (iv) B/sktK dk u[Bkt eoD dk ezw eod/jB.

fu~so 10H3 okiBhfse db dh ;[szso gfotose d/ o{g ft~u G{fwekfu~so 10H3 okiBhfse db dh ;[szso gfotose d/ o{g ft~u G{fwekfu~so 10H3 okiBhfse db dh ;[szso gfotose d/ o{g ft~u G{fwekfu~so 10H3 okiBhfse db dh ;[szso gfotose d/ o{g ft~u G{fwekfu~so 10H3 okiBhfse db dh ;[szso gfotose d/ o{g ft~u G{fwek

(;oeko dh ;wki Bkb ;zgoesk dk wkor)

okiBhfse db

;oeko

okiBhfse ;wki

(okiBhfse ;wki dh ;oeko Bkb ;zgoesk dk wkor)


B ØN


fBT{w?B d/ nB[;ko nfXBkfJetkdh db pkjo s'A b'eszso dbK s'A fGzB fdykJh BjhA fdzd/. UBK d/ f;XKsns/ ekoi b'esKsfoe XkoDk Bkb o~yd/ jB. Uj th fJjh ezw eod/ jB. ;otkfXekoh db thn;s^ftn;s iB^fJ~Sk Bz{ ;zrfms eoD, ftneshnK Bz{ ;w{j ft~u pzBD, iBws ns/ Pk;B Bz{ i'VD tkbheVh dk T[ZsodkfJ~st fBGkUD ns/ fJ; d/ Bkb jh B/sktK d/ u[Bkt dh ftt;Ek eoD dk ekoi th eod/jB. gqzs{ fBT{w?B dk efjDk j? fe J/Bk j[zd/ j'J/ th, B/sktK ns/ nB[:kJhnK dh UBK dhnK ntXkoDktK dhnKb'esKsfoe XkoDktK Bkb g{oD gqshe{bsk d/ ekoD fJBK ekoiK dk noE nkXkoG{s o{g ft~u pdb ikdkj?. fJ; bJh ;otkfXekoh db^ (1) iB^fJ~Sk T[Zs/ J/ekPw fB:zsoD, (2) ftneshnK T[Zs/ fJ~eo{gsk dkb~dDk, (3) ;wki ns/ oki d/ w~X ;zgoe d/ bJh e/tb wkso T[Zgo t~b'A fJ~esock gquko ns/ fBod/P ns/(4) B/sktK d/ u[Bkt dk ekoi eod/ jB. fJ~E/ fJ; r~b dk fXnkB o~yDk io{oh j? fe ;otkfXekoh db w'N/s"o s/ Ujh ezw eod/ jB, i' b'esKsfoe ftt;Ek ft~u dbK d[nkok ;zgkfds j[zd/ jB.nzso e/tb ekoi ftXh,ekoi ywsk ns/ ekoi T[d/PK dk j[zdk j?. fJj nzso sK b'esKsfoe okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u gkJ/ iKd/ jB.T[dkjoD bJh, B/sktK dh u'D d' dbh, pj[ dbh iK fJ~e dbh nkfXgs ftt;EktK ft~u gfonkgs nzsoo~ydh j?. fJ; bJh n;hA fBT{w?B d[nkok d'jK gqeko dhnK db ftt;EktK d/ ekoiK d/ nb~r nb~rtorheoD Bkb ;fjws BjhA j' ;ed/. dbK d/ ekoi, jo okiBhfse gfo;fEsh ft~u x~N iK nfXe j[zd/ofjzd/ jB. fJ; bJh n;hA dbK d/ e/tb nfij/ ekoiK dh uouk eoBh j?, i' jo ftt;Ek, gfo;fEsh ns/nt;Ek ft~u dbK d[nkok ehs/ ikd/ jB.

bk gkb'Apkok B/ nkgDh g[;se g'fbfNe; ftd fJB B/PBI ft~u okiBhfse dbK d/ fBwBfbfys ekoi d~;/jB^

(i) B/sktK dh Gosh ns/ ;wkiheoD.(ii) okiBhfse gfjukD ns/ wsK Bz{ ;zouBkswe o{g d/Dk.

(iii) ;oeko pDkUDk.(iv) ;zxNB, ;"d/pkIh ns/ J/eheoD eoBk.

okiBhfse dbK d/ fJBK ekoiK Bz{ b? e/ ftdtkBK ft~u nfXe wsG/d BjhA jB. ;G okiBhfse db x~N iKnfXe wksok ft~u fJj ezw eod/ jB. gqzs{ okiBhfse dbK d/ ekoiK Bz{ bk gkb'Apok B/ e/tb okiBhfseekoiK s~e ;hfws o~yD dh pikJ/ ftnkge ;zdoG gqdkB ehsk j?. fJ;/ soK, Uj dbK Bz{ e/tb ekBz{Bh gfoXhft~u jh ;feqn BjhA wzBdk j?. T[;dk efjDk j? fe ftftX gfo;fEshnK ft~u nB/e okiBhfse db ftftXYKu/ dk T[bzxD jh BjhA eod/, pbfe T[; d/ gqshe{b ezw th eod/ jB. fJ; bJh okiBhfse dbK d/ ekoiKBz{ n"gukfoesk d/ nktoD ft~u jh d/yDk ekch BjhA j?. okiBhfse dbK d/ okiBhsh Bz{ eb[fPs pDkUDtkb/ ekoiK s'A p/ypo BjhA fojk ik ;edk. bk gkb'Apkok B/ okiBhfse dbK d/ ekoiK d/ fJ; gfjb{ T[Zs/nfXe pb BjhA fd~sk j?. nkX[fBe db ftP/P eo e/ ftek;Phb okiK ft~u, okiBhfse gqfeqnk Bz{ i'VB,;ob eoD ns/ ;fEo pDkUD d/ ekoi d/ Bkb jh Bkb fJ; Bz{ s'VB, g/uhdk pDkUD ns/ T[; ft~u n;fEoskfbnkUD dk ezw th eod/ jB. fJ; bJh okiBhfse dbK d/ ekoiK ft~u fJ; gqeko dhnK rshftXhnK thPkfwb ehshnK ikDhnK ukjhdhnK jB. n~i okiBhfse db fJ~e ‘Pesh ;zouBk’ ns/ okiBhfse ftt;Ekdh nkXkoG{s T[g^ftt;Ek pD rJ/ jB. fJBK d/ ekoiK dk ftt/uB eod/ ;w/A fJBK b~SDK Bz{ fXnkB ft~uo~yDk Io{oh j?. fJ; soK okiBhfse dbK d/ ekoiK Bz{ nkg okiBhfse db, ;wki, ;w{j ftt;Ek ns/ Pk;BYKu/ d/ ;zdoG ft~u jh d/yDk Io{oh j' iKdk j?. fJBK r~bK Bz{ fXnkB ft~u o~yd/ j'J/, n;hA fJBK d/fBwBfbfys ekoiK Bz{ ;G gqeko dhnK okiBhfse ftt;EktK ft~u fBPgkfds wzB ;ed/ jK.

B/sktK dh Gosh ns/ u'D B/sktK dh Gosh ns/ u'D B/sktK dh Gosh ns/ u'D B/sktK dh Gosh ns/ u'D B/sktK dh Gosh ns/ u'D (The Recruitment and Selection of Leaders)okiBhfse ;wki dk ;[ftt;fEs ;zukbB eoD bJh nfij/ ftneshnK dh Io{os j[zdh j?, i' iB^;w[dkJ/d/ pj[s t~v/ Gkr d[nkok ;wofEs ofjD. fJ; gqeko dk iB^;woEB Bk e/tb b'eszso ftt;EktK ft~ujh Io{oh j? pbfe ;otkfXekoh Pk;BK bJh th Io{oh j?. fJ; bJh jo okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u ftfGzB;oekoh gdK d/ nkr{nK dh Gosh ns/ u'D dh ftt;Ek eoBh j[zdh j?. okiBhfse db fJ;dh ;z;Ekrs;[ftXk ns/ ;kXB T[gbpX eotkUAd/ jB. eo'VK ftnesh nkgD/ ft~u'A jh B/sktK dk u[Bkt eoD d/ nfXeko


B ØN


dk fttjko ft~u T[g:'r eoD sK f;XKse fdqPNh Bkb fJj ;zGt j[zd/ j'J/ th fttjko ft~u n;zGt j't/rk.ns/ fJ~e ;fEsh fJj th j' ;edh j? fe UB/ jh B/sk pDB d/ T[whdtko j'D, fizB/ B/sk u[DB tkb/ . fJ;nt;Ek ft~u B/sktK dh Gosh ns/ u[Bkt dk ezw n;zGt j' ikt/rk. okiBhfse db fJ; ;fEsh ft~u B/sktK dh GhV dk fJ~e wkso wkfXnw pD iKd/ jB.

B/sktK dh Gosh ns/ u[Bkt ft~u d' g/uhdrhnK j'o jB. fJ~e r~b sK fJj j? fe B/sktK dh Gosh :'rskns/ ftP/P d~ysk d/ nkXko s/ j't/, ns/ d{i/ B/sk, nfXe s'A nfXe iB^;woEB d[nkok jh ;oekohgdkfXekoh pDB dh nt;Ek ft~u nkUD. fJBK d/ ekoD B/sktK dh Gosh dh ;w~f;nk j'o th efmB j'iKdh j?. okiBhfse db, gqsh:'rh u[BktK ft~u ftfGzB T[whdtkoK d/ o{g ft~u wsdksktK d/ ;kjwD/ nB/e ftebg g/P eo e/ fJj ezw ;zGt pDkUAd/ jB. ;otkfXekoh ftt;EktK ft~u th B/sktK dk u[Bkt sKeoBk jh j[zdk j?. fJj ezw okiBhfse db jh eodk j?. fJ; soK okiBhfse db nD^frDs b'eK ft~u'Ae[M d/ ftebg g/P eo e/ fJ~e dk u[Bkt ;zGt pDkUAd/ jB.

BhshnK ns/ ekoieqwK dk T[sgkdB BhshnK ns/ ekoieqwK dk T[sgkdB BhshnK ns/ ekoieqwK dk T[sgkdB BhshnK ns/ ekoieqwK dk T[sgkdB BhshnK ns/ ekoieqwK dk T[sgkdB (The Generation of Policies andProgrammes)okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u db jh BhshnK ns/ ekoieqwK d/ T[sgkdBeosk j[zd/ jB. wsdksktK ft~u fInkdksosK ;zg{oD ;wki d/ ftnkge fjsK dh fdqPNh Bkb ;'u jh BjhA gKUAd/. ;w{j nkgD/ w?ApoK d/ fjsK s'A T[ZgoBjhA T['m gKUAd/ jB. fJ~ebk, nb~rÊb~r ftnesh ;zg{oD ;wki d/ bJh T[g:'rh BhshnK ns/ ekoieqwK dkfBoXkoD eoBk ukj/ sK th BjhA eo ;edk j?, feUAfe nfijk ekoieqw nfXe s'A nfXe UBK b'eK dh ;thfeqshs~e jh ftnkgs oj/rk, fiBK d/ Bkb fBoXkoD eoD tkb/ ftnesh dk ;zgoe j?. okiBhfse db u[BktK ft~uw[~d/ g/P eo e/ BhshnK ns/ ekoieqwK d/ fBowksk pD iKd/ jB.u[Bkth gqsh:'frsk ft~u iBsk d/ ;kjwD/ nB/e Bhsh ftebg gq;s[s j' iKd/ jB, fiBK ft~u'A fJ~e dh u'D eo e/ ;wki dh Bhsh dk fBPuk eoBk fttjkfoej' iKdk j?. ;oekoK Bz{ eh eoBk j?, fe; fdPk ft~u ;wki Bz{ b? e/ ikDk j?, fJj ;G okiBhfse db iBsk s'As?n eokUD bJh nB/e ftebgh ekoieqw gq;s[s eoD dk ;kXB j[zd/ jB.

;otkfXekoh Pk;B ftt;EktK ft~u sK fJj ekoi okiBhfse db nkg jh eod/ jB. fJBK ftt;EktK ft~uftebg gq;s[s eo e/ fJj BjhA ehsk iKdk j?. fJj db dh dkoPfBe e'oh n"gukfoesk jh j[zdk j?. fJ;bJh db d[nkok T[sgzB ehs/ rJ/ ekoieqwK ft~u fe;/ gqeko dh eKN SKN dk th gqPB BjhA T[Zmdk j?. fJ;gqeko ;otkfXekoh Pk;B ftt;EktK ft~u db jh Bhsh ns/ ekoieqw dk fJ~ewkso ;o's ofjzdk j?, go fJ;;zpzX ft~u fJj fXnkB d/D :'r r~b j? fe Bhsh T[sgkdB ns/ ekoieqw fBoXkoD dk ekoi okiBhfse dbftP[ZX ftnkge fjs dh fdqPNh Bkb BjhA eod/ jB. ekoieqw fBoXkoD s'A pknd UBK d/ nwb dk e'JhfBPuk th BjhA j[zdk j?. dbh ;tkoE dhnK gqftq~shnK ed/ ed/ dbK Bz{ ekoieqwK s'A ftw[y eo fdzdhnK jB.gqzs{ fJ; Bkb ekoieqw ns/ Bhsh T[sgkdB ft~u ;jkfJsk fwbdh j?.u[BktK ft~u wsdksk fJBK ;zpzXhftbrBK (deviations) dh d[pkok iKu dk nt;o o~yd/ jB. fJ; bJh db ;wki d/ bJh BhshnK dkT[sgkdB jh BjhA eod/, pbfe T[; dh fBozso goy dh nt;Ek th fbnKUAd/ jB.

;oeko dk fB:zsoD ns/ ;zs[bB ;oeko dk fB:zsoD ns/ ;zs[bB ;oeko dk fB:zsoD ns/ ;zs[bB ;oeko dk fB:zsoD ns/ ;zs[bB ;oeko dk fB:zsoD ns/ ;zs[bB (Control and Co-ordination of Government)okiBhfse dbK dk shik wj~stg{oD ezw Pk;B nzrK ft~u ;zs[bB ns/ ;oeko d/ fB:zsoD dk j?. n?g;NhB(EPSTEIN) B/ nkgDh g[;se “g'fbfNeb gkoNhI fJB t?;NoB v?w'eo/;hI” ft~u dbK d/ fJ; ekoi Bz{;otkfXe wj~st dk d~;d/ j'J/ fejk j? fe “db okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u fBoDk b?D ns/ nkgD/ nkg Bz{ PkfwbeoD d/ T[d/P bJh ;zrmB ns/ ;zs[bB dh Io{os d/ gqsh nB[feqnk j?.” db jh ;oeko T[Zs/ gqGkth fB:zsoDdk :zso j' ;edk j?. dbK dk fJj ekoi fBozso ubdk ofjzdk j?. fJzBk jh BjhA dbK d[nkok Pk;B dk ekoie/tb UBK d ;~sk ft~u ofjD s/ jh BjhA j[zdk pbfe ftg~y ft~u th Uj Pk;B ekoi ft~u ;feqn ofjzd/ jB.db ftg~y dh ftt;Ek eo e/ iBsk Bz{ th Pk;B ekoi ft~u Pkfwb eoD dh ftt;Ek eod/ jB.

db ;oeko d/ fBowkD ft~u nB/e gqeko Bkb ;jkfJe j[zd/ jB. Uj Pk;B d/ bJh :'r ftneshnK Bz{ u[Dd/ns/ gqfPefPs eod/ jB. ;zrmBkswe ns/ gq/oDkswe rshftXhnK d[nkok Pk;e tor d/ bJh ;woEBi[NkUAd/ jB, ns/ iBws Bz{ ikfrqs eo e/ ;oeko T[Zs/ gqGkth fB:zsoD ftt;Ek bkr{ eod/ jB.


B ØN


;~sk dk t?XheoD ;~sk dk t?XheoD ;~sk dk t?XheoD ;~sk dk t?XheoD ;~sk dk t?XheoD (Legitimization of Authority)Pk;e ;~sk dk T[g:'r eoD dk n"fus o~yd/ jB iK BjhA, fJ; dh iKu dk fJ~e wkfXnw fBnsekfbefBotkuB j[zd/ jB. gqzs{ d' u[BktK d/ nzsokb ft~u Pk;eK dh ;~sk tk;sfte t?Xsk o~ydh j? iK BjhA;z;Ekswe ftt;Ek dh ftXkB wzvb d/ wkfXnw Bkb goy BjhA j' gKUAdh j?. fJ; ekoi Bz{ iBsk t~b'AokiBhfse db eod/ jB. fJj B/sktK dh Gosh ns/ ndbk pdbh bJh ;zouBkswe gqfeqnktK i[NkUD d/Bkb jh Bkb ;~sk d/ t?XheoD dh ftt;Ek th eod/ jB. Ipod;sh jfEnkJh ;~sk Bz{ t?XheoD d/ bJhiBsk d/ ;kjwD/ db jh oytkUAd/ jB. fJBK dh ;~sk t?XheoD ft~u J/Bh wj~stg{oD G{fwek ofjzdh j?,fe fBoze[P ftt;EktK ft~u th dbK dk BjhA sK x~N s'A x~N fJ~e db dk fBowkD PkfJd fJ; bJh jh ehskikdk fojk j?.

okiBhfse ftt;EktK ft~u ;~sk dh t?Xsk dk ;zeN T[sgzB j[zdk ofjzdk j?. j[D s~e wkD:'r ojh ;~sk d/ewI'o j'D s/ T[;dh d[pkok b'efgqn nfGg[PNh iK iB ;woEB dh b'V Io{oh j' iKdh j?.T[; dh ftt;EkdbK d/ wkfXnw Bkb jh j[zdh j?.fJjh ekoD j? fe fJ~e db gqDkbhnK ft~u th ;~sk t?XheoD Bz{ Io{oh wzfBnkfrnk j?. fBoze[P Pk;e ;w/A ;w/A s/ u[BktK dk fdyktk ;~sk t?XheoD d/ T[geoD d/ o{g ft~u jh eod/ jB.fJ; bJh, okiBhfse db ;~sk t?XheoD d/ gqw[~y wkfXnw jh BjhA j[zd/, pbfe ;~sk dh t?Xsk dk ekoifBozso ubdk oj/, fJ; dh ftt;Ek th eod/ jB.

;wki dk J/eheoD ;wki dk J/eheoD ;wki dk J/eheoD ;wki dk J/eheoD ;wki dk J/eheoD (Integration of Society)okiBhfse db ;w{j wzrK dh ;zs[PNh ns/ ;kwzi; d/ d[nkok fJ~e' fijhnK wkBsktK iK ftukoXkoktK T[sgzBeod/ jB, fi; Bkb ;wki ft~u ftGkiBekoh gqftq~shnK dk Pk;B j[zdk ofjzdk j?. fJ; Bkb ;wki dk J/eheoD j[zdk j?. ;wki ft~u J/esk ns/ m';sk ;Ekfgs j[zdh j?. jo ;wki ft~u nB/eK ;w{j ns/ fjs j[zd/jB. fJBK dhnK Io{osK ns/ wzrK pko pko fJ~e d{i/ d/ gqshe{b pD e/ nkg;h ;zxoP T[sgzB eodhnKjB.nkg;h fto'Xh wzrK okiBhfse ftt;Ek Bz{ s'VD dk ezw eoD brdhnK jB. okiBhfse db, fto'Xh;w{j wzrK ft~u u[Bkth gqsh:'frsk dh gqfeqnk d/ d[nkok skbw/b ;Ekfgs eoD dk ekoi eod/ jB. dbJ/eheoD eoD d/ Bkb Bkb J/esk pDkJ/ o~yD dk ezw th eod/ jB.

n?bB pkb B/ dbK d/ ;wkfie J/eheoD d/ ekoi Bz{ wj~stg{oD d~;d/ j'J/ fbfynk j? fe, “okiBhfse dbKd/ nfsnkfXe wj~stg{oD ekoiK ft~u'A fJ~e ekoi okiBhfse gqfeqnk Bz{ i'VBk, ;ob eoBk ns/ ;fEopDkUDk j?. okiBhfse dbK ft~u wj~sw ;wkgtose g/P eoD dh gqftq~sh j[zdh j?. Uj ftGkiB BjhA eod/pbfe dbjhD ns/ fwbh i[bh ;oekoK d/ ;woEeK d/ pkti{d Uj ;wki Bz{ i'Vd/ jB. db y/soh fjsK Bz{fJ~e d{i/ d/ eohp fbnKUAd/ jB, G{r'fbe d{ohnK dk fBtkoD eod/ jB ns/ ftGes eoD tkbhnK Pk;B;zouBktK ft~u ;kwzi; ;Ekfgs eod/ jB.dbK d[nkok ehsk ikD tkbk fJj i'VB dk ezw okiBhfse ;fEoskft~u wj~stg{oD ekoe j[zdk j?. jo okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u okiBhfse db okiBhfse ;~sk dh sbkP ft~unftt;Ek d/ nzdo s'A ftt;Ek dk fBowkD eo b?Ad/ jB. Uj nkgD/ d[nkok gqshfB~fXst ehs/ ikD tkb/fjsK dk ft;sko eoBk ukj[zd/ jB ns/ fJBK fjsK d/ ft~u nkg;h ;kwzi; ;Ekfgs eod/ jB. okiBhfseftt;Ek d/ nzsors fjsK d/ fJ~esoheoD dk ekoi th db jh eod/ jB. fjsK dk gqshfB~Xst ;[o~fynkBbh (safety valve) fijk gqGkt o~ydk j?. fJj fpyo/, c?b/ j'J/ fjsK Bz{ okiBhfse gqfeqnk ft~u ;w/Nb?Ad/ jB ns/ UBK dhnK wzrK Bz{ ;zs[PN eoD dh e'fPP eod/ jB.;G db nkgD/ ;woEB dk ft;sko eoBkukj[zd/ jB. fJj u[Bkt bVD tkb/ gqsh:'rh dbK ns/ okiBhfse gqfeqnk T[Zs/ jkth ofjD tkb/ fJ~e wksodb, d'jK pko/ jh ;jh j?. nfijk eoD ft~u Uj Bk e/tb ;wki d/ nzsors ftGkiB Bzz{ gqshfpzfps eod/jB pbfe UBK ft~u UBK Bz{ x~N eoD dh gqftq~sh th j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh e[b fwbk e/, okiBhfse db ;wkid/ ;z:'iB dk ezw th eod/ jB.

;oeko ns/ iBsk dh ;zgoe eVh ;oeko ns/ iBsk dh ;zgoe eVh ;oeko ns/ iBsk dh ;zgoe eVh ;oeko ns/ iBsk dh ;zgoe eVh ;oeko ns/ iBsk dh ;zgoe eVh (Link between Government and thePeople)okiBhfse dbK dk fJ~e ezw ;oeko ns/ iBsk d/ ft~u ;zgoe ;Ekfgs eoBk j?. Uj fBotkue ;w{j Bz{ikDekoh gqdkB eoD, gqfPefPs eoD ns/ ;feqn pDkUD dh e'fPP eod/ jB. okiBhfse o{g Bkb ng/


B ØN


fynkfeqs fBPfeqn b'eK Bkb ;zgoe o~yD ns/ ftfGzB BhshnK d/ gqsh UBK ft~u ;irsk T[sgzB eoD ns/UBK s'A UBK BhshnK dk ;woEB gkUD bJh Uj iB ;zgoe wkfXnwK ns/ ;EkfBe ;zrmBK dk gq:'r eod/jB. Uj iBsk Bz{ feqnkPhb pDkUD dk :sB eod/ jB. Uj iBsk dhnK wzrK Bz{ ;oeko s~e ns/ ;oekod/ fBofDnK Bz{ iBsk s~e b? iKd/ jB. fJ; soK db, ;oeko ns/ iBsk ft~u w~Xtosh dk ezw eod/ jB.db iBsk Bz{ ;feqn pDk e/ UBK dk ;woEB gkUD dk ezw iB^;GktK, todhnK, MzfvnK ns/ j'o J/esk;{uet;sK d[nkok n~r/ tXkfJnk iKdk j?. fJ; soK db, ftnesh ns/ ;oeko Bz{ i'VD tkbh eVh pD iKd/ jB.okiBhfse iB ;zukbB dk fJj gfjb{ ;otkfXekoh Pk;B ftt;EktK d/ fJ~e wkso dbK d/ ;zpzX ft~u j'oth nfXe ;jh j?. fJ; gqeko dhnK ftt;EktK ft~u db , okiBhfse iB ;zukbB dk ekoi eo e/ jh ;wkins/ ;oeko ft~u skbw/b fpmkJ/ o~ydk j?. fJ; bJh okiBhfse db, ;oeko ns/ iBsk d/ ft~u ;zgoe;Ekfgs eoD dk gqGkth ;kXB ofjzd/ jB.

nkX[fBeheoD dk T[geoD nkX[fBeheoD dk T[geoD nkX[fBeheoD dk T[geoD nkX[fBeheoD dk T[geoD nkX[fBeheoD dk T[geoD (Tools of Modernization)ftek;Phb okiK dhnK okiBhfse ftt;EktK ft~u nkX[fBeheoD dh ;w~f;nk dk ;kjwDk eoD bJh ;oekoKth okiBhfse dbK dh wj~stg{oD G{fwek Bz{ ;theko eodhnK jB. fJBK okiK ft~u gozgokrs ;wki j'Dd/ ekoD iksh, Xkofwe, B;bh ns/ j'o brktK dhnK fy~uK gqpb j[zdhnK jB. fJ; d/ ekoD okPNoh J/esk ns/ okPNoh fdqPNhe'D dk ftek; BjhA j' gkUAdk j?. ;wki ftt;Ek dh gozgokrssk, okiBhfsenkX[fBeheoD ft~u t~vh o[ektN pD iKdh j?. okiBhfse db ;~sk ft~u nkUD s/ ;~sk ft~u pD/ ofjD bJhnkX[fBeheoD dhnK Io{osK d/ wj~stg{oD g{oe ns/ gq/oe pD iKd/ jB. nkofEe ns/ ;wkfie fB:'iBd/ wkfXnw Bkb ;oekoK ;wki dk Bt^fBowkD eodhnK jB ns/ okiBhfse db UBK Bz{ Io{oh ;woEBi[Nk e/ n~r/ tXD d/ ;kXB i[NkUAd/ jB.

ftek;Phb okiK dh soK jh ftef;s okiK ft~u th okiBhfse db nkX[fBeheoD d/ ;z:'ie ofjzd/ jB. jookiBhfse ;wki ft~u okiBhfse dbK ns/ ;oekoK dk Gft~y fJ; r~b s/ fBoGo eodk j? fe Uj ;wkiBz{ nkX[fBeheoD d/ o;s/ s/ fe~E'A s~e b? ikD ft~u ;cb j'J/ jB. nB/eK ftek;Phb okiK ft~u ;oekoK ns/okiBhfse dbK dhnK b'esKsfoe gfo;fEshnK, nkX[fBeheoD ft~u fJBK dh n;cbsk d/ jh ekoD,nfXBkfJetkdh pDk fd~shnK rJhnK jB. fJ; bJh okiBhfse db nkX[fBeheoD d/ T[geoD d/ o{g ft~ujo okiBhfse ;wki ft~u ;feqn ofjzd/ jB. bk gkb'Apkok ns/ wkJhBo thBo B/ dbK d/ fJ; ekoi d/ ;zpzXft~u mhe jh fbfynk j?, “ okiBhfse dbK dk Gft~y fJ; r~b s/ fBoGo eodk j? fe Uj ns/ UBK dhnK;oekoK okiBhfse ftek; d/ ;zeN dk ;kjwDk eoD ft~u fe~E'A s~e ;cb ofjzdhnK jB.”

iB^;zukbB ns/ ;"d/pkIh iB^;zukbB ns/ ;"d/pkIh iB^;zukbB ns/ ;"d/pkIh iB^;zukbB ns/ ;"d/pkIh iB^;zukbB ns/ ;"d/pkIh (Mobilization and Bargaining)jo EK okiBhfse db iB^;zukbB dk ekoi eod/ jB. fJ~e dbh gqDkbhnK ft~u sK iB^;zukbB b'e gqPk;Bd/ Io{oh nzr d/ o{g ft~u jh ftt;fEs ofjzdk j?. fJBK ftt;EktK ft~u iB^;zukbB, iBsk ns/ db d/w?ApoK Bz{ nB[Pkf;s o~yD d/ fJ~e gfjb{ d/ o{g ft~u th d/fynk ikdk j?. ;?w{nb pkoB; B/ fJ; ;zpzX ft~uT[fus jh fbfynk j?, “iB okiBhfse db, ftyzfvs ;GktK d/ okiBhfse fdqPNh Bkb ngfo;feqs ns/T[dk;hB b'eK Bz{ ;w{fje feqnk d/ bJh ;zukfbs eoD dk fJ~e T[Zitb nkftPeko j?.” fJ;/ soK n?vtovPhbI dk wzBDk fJj j? fe fJ~e dbh okiBhshnK ft~u sK okiBhfse swkPk nfXeKP ftneshnK d/ d[nkokftukfoe ;fjwsh d/ nkXko s/ jh ubkfJnk iKdk j?. t?;/ ftukoXkok nfXeso nfGiBK Bz{ jh gqGkfts eodhj?. fJ;/ ekoD iB ;zukbB bJh th db dk jh ;jkok b?Dk g?Adk j?.

;G okiBhfse ;GktK ft~u wsdksktK dk fttjko ftt/eg{oD BjhA ofjzdk j?. wsdksktK dk t~vk Gkr ;"d/pkIhgqfeqnk (bargaining process) ft~u ;feqn BjhA ofjzdk j?. wsdksktK t~b'A ftfGzB fjsK ft~u skbw/b fpmkUDdk ezw okiBhfse db jh eod/ jB. Uj nkgD/ ;woEeK d/ fjsK dh nfXesw ;[o~fynk bJh j'o ;z;Ekrs;zouBktK Bkb th ;"d/pkIh eod/ jB. fJj ;"d/pkIh nfXeso ;oeko d/ Bkb eoBh j[zdh j?. ;oeko ftfGzB wzrKdk ;z;kXB eodh j? ns/ UBK Bz{ bkr{ eoD pko/ fBoD/ b?Adh j?. ;oeko d[nkok wzrK d/ ;z;kXB d/ ;w/A okiBhfsedb ;feqn ofjzd/ jB ns/ gfo;fEsh d/ nB[;ko b?D^d/D dh ;"d/pkIh eod/ jB.


B ØN


fto'X ns/ T[ZS/dB fto'X ns/ T[ZS/dB fto'X ns/ T[ZS/dB fto'X ns/ T[ZS/dB fto'X ns/ T[ZS/dB (Opposition and Subversion)okiBhfse db e/tb ouBkswe ekoiK s~e jh ;hfws BjhA ofjzd/ jB. ghNo woeb dk efjDk j? feokiBhfse db e/tb ;zftXkfBe iK ekBz{Bh gfoXh ft~u ofj e/ jh ezw BjhA eod/ jB. n~i e~b okiBhfsedb ftg~y ft~u j'D s/ fto'X dh okiBhsh ngDkUAd/ jB. Uj ;oeko Bz{ fB:zsfos eoD ns/ T[; ft~u;zs[bB ;Ekfgs eoD d/ ekoi d/ fpbe[b T[bN ezw th eod/ jB. okiBhfse gqsh:'frsk dh :EkoEsk d/bJh ftg~y Io{oh th j?. fJ;/ ekoD ;G ftXkB wzvbK ft~u ftg~y Bz{ wkBsk d/D dh gqEk j?. fpqN/B ft~uftg~y Bz{ e/tb wkBsk jh BjhA gqkgs j? pbfe T[;dk ;[fBPfus ;z;EkeoD th ehsk frnk j?. okiBhfsedbK dk ftg~y d/ o{g ft~u ekoi fJ~e ;[o~fynk Bbh dh soK j[zdk j?. iB^nzd'bB ns/ iBêqKsh s'A pukndh ftt;Ek d/ bJh ftg~y dk j'Dk pj[s Io{oh j?.

ftg~yh dbK d/ o{g ft~u dbK d/ ekoi ftfefonkswe (dysfunctional) jh nfXe ofjzd/ jB. BhshfBoXkoD dh gqfeqnk Bkb jo ;so T[Zs/ fBokPk ns/ n;jfwsh dk T[dGt th j[zdk j?. fJBK gqftq~shnK Bz{Uj db i' ;~sk ft~u nkUD dh ;zGktBk BjhA o~yd/ jB, fto'X ns/ i'V^s'V ft~u gq:[es eod/ jB.;otkfXekoh db g~XshnK ft~u gqsh:'rh dbK Bz{ e'Jh ;EkB BjhA fd~sk iKdk j?. fJ; bJh nfijhnKgfo;fEshnK ft~u fJj db G{whrs o{g ft~u jh ;feqn ofjzd/ jB. fJ;/ soK, b'esKsfoe okiBhfseftt;EktK ft~u eqKshekoh db G{whrs ofj e/ b'eszso Bz{ T[ykV ;[~ND ft~u ;feqn ofjzd/ jB. fJ;/ soKokiBhfse db gqsh^;zrmBK (counter organization) d/ o{g ft~u nkszetkdh r[fo~bk rshftXhnK s'A n~r/tX e/ ;oekoK Bz{ T[bND bJh ;kfIPK ns/ eqKshnK dh nrtkJh th eod/ jB.

fJj dbK dh ftt;Ek fto'Xh rshftXhnK jB. nfij/ db, ;oeko dhnK ewI'ohnK b~GD, fJ; d/okiBhfse ns/ nkofEe ;zeNK s'A bkG T[mkUD ns/ ;oeko d/ ;woEeK Bz{ ftGkfis eo e/ UBK Bz{ws^fGqPN eoD dk ezw th eod/ jB. fJ; soK Uj nfij/ w"fenK dh ske ft~u ofjzd/ jB, id'A ;oekodh fe;/ efmBkJh d/ ;w/A M~N ;~sk jfEnk b?D. ‘shi/ ftPt’ d/ okiK ft~u nfXeKP db bzph ntXh s~e;~sk ft~u Bk nk gkUD d/ ekoD nfijh jh G{fwek fBGkUAd/ jB. fJBK d/PK ft~u fBokP okiBhfse B/skdbK dk ;jkok b? e/ s'V^c'V s~e bJh n~r/ tX ikd/ jB. nfij/ b'eK Bz{ okiBhfse dbK ft~u ‘;zrmBhn;so’ (organizational weapon) gqkgs j' iKdk j?. Uj fJ; n;so dk gq:'r B/sktK Bz{ pdbD dhpikJ/ ;zg{oD okiBhfse ftt;Ek Bz{ jh o{gKsfos eoD ft~u eod/ jB. fJ; bJh okiBhfse db T[dkoftg~y s'A b? e/ T[ro fto'X ns/ ;Ekfgs ftt;Ek Bz{ T[ykV ;[~ND d/ bJh nkszetkdh ezw th eod/ jB.

okiBhfse dbK d/ ekoiK dh T[go'es ;{uh fe;/ th soK gfog{oD BjhA ejh ik ;edh. okiBhfse dbK d/ekoi fJzB/ ftftX jB fe UBK Bz{ ;{uhpZX ehsk jh BjhA ik ;edk. okiBhfse ftt;Ek dh gqfeqsh,Pk;Bszso dk YKuk, okiBhfse gqfeqnk dhnK ftP/PsktK ns/ nkg dbK dhnK ;zouBktK Bkb fJBK d/ ekoifB:fws j[zd/ jB. fJBK d/ ekoiK dk ftPb/PD eod/ j'J/ fBT{w?B B/ mhe jh fbfynk j? fe, “okiBhfsedb ftukoK d/ dbkb jB i' dbh f;XKsK dk fBozso ;gPNheoD, ftt;EheoD ns/ gq;ko eod/ ofjzd/ jB.Uj ;wkfie fjs^;w{jK d/ gqshfBXh j[zd/ jB, i' ftnesh, ;wki ns/ ;w[dkJ/ d/ ft~u d{oh x~N eod/ jB.”okiBhfse db iBsk Bz{ ;kotifBe gqPBK ns/ ;w~f;nktK d/ gqsh ikro{e pDkUAd/ jB. fJj ftg~y ft~uofjzd/ j'J/ ;oeko Bz{ ;[u/s ns/ T[ZsodkJh pDk e/ o~yd/ jB. nksskJh ;oeko Bz{ T[bND ns/ eqKshekohnzd'bBK dh nrtkJh eoD dk ezw eoD ft~u th db n~r/ ofjzd/ jB.

ftef;s ns/ ;[;Ekfgs okiBhfse ftt;EktK ft~u okiBhfse dbK d/ ekoi gqshwkfBs j' rJ/ jB, gqzs{ftek;Phb okiK ft~u fJBK d/ ekoi nfsnkfXe nfBPu/ dh nt;Ek ft~u jB. fJBK d/PK ft~u okiBhfsedb ftfu~so s'A ftfu~so ekoi eod/ j'J/ gkJ/ rJ/ jB. T[dkjoD bJh, u"E/ nkw u[Bkt s'A pknd Gkosd/ fJ~e oki g~Swh pzrkb ft~u fwbhî[bh ;oeko d/ fJ~e xNe wkoe;tkdh ;kwtkdh db d/ wzsohrD nkgjh ;oeko d/ fto'X ft~u jVskb s/ p?m rJ/ ;B. nB/eK ncoheh okiK ft~u, okiBhfse dbK dhnK nfijhnKjh ftfu~so G{fwektK ojhnK jB. ftXkB wzvbK ft~u XofBnK s'A b? e/ fjz;kswe gqdoPBK s~e ft~uokiBhfse db ;feqn gkJ/ rJ/ jB. fJ; bJh okiBhfse dbK d/ T[go'es ezw, fJBK dhnK rshftXhnKdk fJ~e ;kXkoD ftPb/PD ej/ ik ;ed/ jB.


B ØN


okiBhfse dbK d/ ekoiK dk fJj ftt/uB ;gPN eodk j? fe okiBhfse dbK dk jo okiBhfse ftt;Ekft~u e/Adoh ;EkB j[zdk j?. Uj ;G gqeko dhnK okiBhfse ftt;EktK ft~u wj~stg{oD ezw eod/ jB.okiBhfse dbK s'A fpBK nkX[fBe okiBhfse ftt;EktK dh ebgBk eoBk efmB j?. T[dkotkdh gqiksKsfoe;z;RktK ft~u okiBhfse db fBPfus o{g Bkb fBfjs j[zd/ jB. ns/ ;otkfXekoh Pk;BK ft~u dbK s/fBoGosk ;G s'A fInkdk j[zdh j?. fiBK okiK ft~u db BjhA j[zd/, iK fJ~E'A s~e fe fJ~e wkso db th BjhAj[zdk, Uj Io{o jh nB[dktkdh j[zd/ jB ns/ fejk ik ;edk j? fe Uj okiBhfse fdqPNh Bkb nfXe n;fEoj[zd/ jB. nfij/ okiK ft~u okiBhfse db G{whrs (underground) ofjzd/ jB. ns/ ;hfws noEK ft~ujh T[go'es ezw eod/ jB. okiBhfse db ftjhD okiBhfse ftt;EktK dh n;fEosk fJ; r~b dk gqwkDj? fe okiBhfse ;wkiK ft~u dbK dhnK G{fwektK nsfnkfXe wj~st dhnK j[zdhnK jB. fJ; bJh, nkX[fBeokiBhfse ftt;EktK ft~u okiBhfse db nkX[fBesk dk d{ik BK wzB/ ik ;ed/ jB. e'Jh th oki okiBhfsedbK d/ nGkt ft~u nkX[fBesk d/ o;s/ s/ s/Ih Bkb n~r/ BjhA tX ;edk j?. fJ;/ ekoD i?gqekP BkokfJDd[nkok gqshgkfds db ftjhD b'eszso dk ftuko f;XKsesk s'A n~r/ BjhA tX gkUAdk j?.

okiBhfse dbK d/ ekoiK Bz{ b? e/ ftdtkBK ft~u ftP/P wsG/d BjhA jB. w"fye fdqPNh Bkb ;G gqeko dhnKdb^gqDkbhnK ft~u okiBhfse dbK d/ ekoi fJ~e' fij/ j[zd/ jB. UBK ft~u wksok d/ nzso j[zd/ jB gqzs{ gqekod/ nzso BjhA j[zd/ . okiBhfse ftt;Ek dh gqfeqsh db gqDkbh d/ gqeko, ;wki dh ;w{j ftt;Ek ns/okiBhfse gqfeqnk dh gqfeqsh Bkb fJBK d/ ezwKl ekoi eoD dhnK ftXhnK ns/ ekoi P?bh ft~u E'Vk nzsoIo{o nkUAdk j?, gqzs{ okiBhfse dbK d/ T[go'es ekoi jo ;wki ftt;Ek ft~u ;zgkfds j[zd/ jB. fJ;/ ekoDnkX[fBe ;wkiK ft~u okiBhfse dbK dh fJ~e ‘;{yw okiBhfse ftt;Ek’ (a miniature politicalsystem) iK ‘fJ~e fBoDk gqfeqnk’ (a decision making process) fejk iKdk j?.


ykbh ;EkB Go' ykbh ;EkB Go' ykbh ;EkB Go' ykbh ;EkB Go' ykbh ;EkB Go' (Fill in the Blanks)1H okiBhfse db ;oeko dhnK BhshnK dh nkgD/ ;woEeK ns/ nkw iBsk Bz{ ftnkfynk eodk j?

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH d/ pko/ ft~u iBsk Bz{ ;wMkUAdk j?.2H HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ft~u T[ZmD tkbhnK wzrK Bz{ ;oeko s~e gj[zukUAdk j?.

3H db ;~sk ft~u pD/ ofjD bJh iK ;~sk ft~u nkUD bJh HHHHHHH dh goy ft~u b~frnk ofjzdk j?.4H okiBhfse db HHHHHHHHHH dh ;zgoe dh eVh j[zd/ jB.5H okiBhfse db HHHHHHHHHHHH d/ nkX[fBeheoD ft~u wj~stg{oD G{fwek fBGkUAd/ jB.


• db ftt;Ek dk n~ie~b ftnkge noE ft~u gq:'r ehsk iKdk j?. fJ; ft~u dbK dh ;zfynk, ;zouBk,ftukoXkok, UBK dk gko;gfoesk nkfd nB/eK b~SDK dk nkXko fbnk ikD b~rk j?.

• bk gkbzpkok B/ db ftt;Ek d/ gqeko dk fBoXkoD eod/ ;w/A okiBhfse dbK d/ fBwBfbfys b~SDKdk ;zdoG Io{oh wzfBnk j?^

(1) okiBhfse db dhnK ftP/PsktK ns/ b~SD,

(2) dbK d/ nkg;h ;zpzX,

(3) db iK dbK dk ;wki d/ j'o ftq~sK Bkb ;zpzX, ns/

(4) dbK dh feqnkftnzpsk Bz{ gqGkfts eoD tkb/ s~s.

• db ftt;EktK Bz{ fJ; nkXko s/ torhfeqs ehsk ik ;edk j?. bk g'bzpkok ns/ wkJh;B thBo B/ fJ;/nkXko Bz{ b? e/ db ftt;EktK dhnK d' w'NhnK Pq/DhnK dk T[b/y ehsk j?. UBK d/ nB[;ko db ftt;EktKBz{ d' gqeko^ gqsh:'rh db ftt;EktK ns/ ngqsh:'rh db ftt;EktK^ft~u tzfvnk ik ;edk j?.


B ØN


• n?e;NhB dk wzBDk j? fe db ftt;EktK Bz{, okiBhsh dh ftnkge ns/ T[;d/ j'o gfjb{nK d/ gqsh UBKdh nB[feqnkswesk d/ ;zdoG ft~u jh ;wfMnk ik ;edk j/. fJ;/ soK db ftt;EktK Bz{, ;wkfie;z;feqfse PeshnK d/ okiBhfse ;z:[ese d/ ;kXB d/ o{g ft~u d/fynk ik ;edk j?.

• ;koN'oh B/ th ftt;EktK d/ torheoD ft~u e/tb ;zfynk jh d/ nkXko Bz{ GqKshg{oD fejk j?. T[;B/dbK d/ torheoD ft~u, fJBK d/ ftukfoe ck;b/, ftukfoe T[Zrosk ns/ ;~sk ekb iK T[;d/ ;~sk ft~unkUD dh ;zGktBk Bz{ fXnkB ft~u o~yD dh r~b ejh j?.

• db gqDkbh d/ noE ns/ dbK d/ db^gqDkbhnK ft~u torheoD d/ nkXkoK dk ftt/uB eod/ ;w/A fJjr~b ;gPN j' ikdh j? fe db ftt;Ek dk ;ot;zws noE BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJ;/ soK db ftt;Ekd/ torheoD d/ nkXkoK s/ th ftdtkBK ft~u wsG/d ft~fdnkwkB jB.

• fJ~e dbh g~Xsh Uj ftt;Ek j?, fi; ft~u e/tb fJ~e jh okiBhfse db dk n;fs~st ofjzdk j?. Io{oho{g Bkb ;oeko s/ T[;/ db dk n;fs~st ofjzdk j?. nfXekotkdh ns/ ;kwtkdhl fit/A BkIh, iowBh,ckf;;N fJNbh, ;g/B, ;'ftns o{;, ;kwtkdh uhB nkfd ft~u nfijh ftt;Ek gkJh iKdh j?.

• iBszso ;zg{oD iBsk dk Pk;B j?, ftfGzB torK dk BjhA.

• fJ~e dbh ftt;Ek Bkb iBsk ft~u ftGkiB ns/ r[Npzdh dk vo th ysw j' ikdk j?. okPNoh J/esk pDhofjzdh j?.fJ; ftt;Ek ft~u fto'Xh db dk nGkt ofjzdk j?.

• gqzs{ fJ; ft~u nB/eK ewhnK th gkJhnK iKdhnK jB. fJj g~Xsh ngqiksKsfoe j?. gqikszso dk nkXkotkd^fttkd ns/ ns/ ftukoXkoktK dk NeokU j?.gqzs{ fJ~edbh ftt;Ek ft~u ftuko dk pj[w[yh ftek;BjhA j' ;edk.

• ;oeko dh J/eKeh Bhsh iBsk s/ b~dh ikdh j?.okPNoh fjs nkfd n'N ft~u g? iKdk j? ns/ dbh fjs dhgqXkBsk j' iKdh j?. E'V/ ft~u, iBszso dk ftBkP j' iKdk j?, ns/ d/P dh T[ZBsh nto[~X j' iKdh j?.

• d' gqw[~y dbK ft~u pj[ws db ;~sko{V ofjzdk j? ns/ nbgws fto'Xh db dk ezw eodk j?.fJ; g~Xsh dk;ot^T[Zsw T[dkjoD fpqN/B ns/ ;z:[es oki nwohek jB. fJj gqDkbh gqiksKsfoe j?.

• fto'Xh db d/ j'D Bkb ;~sko{V db fBoze[P ns/ ;t/Skukoh BjhA j' gkUAdk.

• fJ; g~Xsh dk ;G s'A t~vk d'P fJj j? fe Pk;B T[Zs/ pj[ws db dk J/ekfXeko j' iKdk j?,wzsoh wzvb dhskBkPkjh dh ;EkgBk j' iKdh j?. ;z;d dh ;fEsh ewI'o j' iKdh j?.wzsohwzvb jK ft~u jK fwbkUDtkbh fJ~e ;Gk wkso ofj ikdk j?.fBotkueK Bz{ wsdkB dh ;[szsosk BjhA ofj ikdh, feUAfe wip{o j'e/ UBK Bz{ d' ft~u'A fe;/ fJ~e db Bz{ ws d/Dk jh g?Adk j?.

• pj[ dbh g~Xsh T[;Bz{ efjzd/ jB fi~E/ nB/e okiBhfse db j[zd/ jB ns/ fJ~e s'A nfXe db gqGktPkbhofjzd/ jB. fe;/ fJ~e iK d' dbK dh gqXkBsk BjhA ofj iKdh pbfe ;ko/ db pokpo j[zd/ jB. fe;/ fJ~edb Bz{ ftXkBwzvb ft~u fJzBk gqshfB~Xst gqkgs BjhA j[zdk, fe Uj ;oeko pDk ;e/. eJh db fwbî[be/ ;oeko dk fBowkD eod/ jB. ;z:[es wzsoh^wzvb (Coalition Ministry) pDkfJnk iKdk j?.

• fJ; g~Xsh dk ;G s'A t~vk d'P fJj j? fe fJ; d/ nzsors pDkJh rJh ;z:[es ;oeko nfsnzs n;EkJhj[zdh j?. gbK ft~u ;oeko pDdh ftrVdh j?.

• gqshfBXh ;oeko dh ;cbsk okiBhfse dbK d/ n;fs~st s/ jh fBoGo eodh j?. fJj g{o/ d/P dh iBskBz{ fe;/ ;kXkoD f;XKsK d/ ;woEB ft~u nkg; ft~u fwb e/ ezw eoD :'r pDkUAdh j?.

• okiBhfse dbK dk shik wj~stg{oD ezw Pk;B nzrK ft~u ;zs[bB ns/ ;oeko d/ fB:zsoD dk j?. n?g;NhB(EPSTEIN) B/ nkgDh g[;se “g'fbfNeb gkoNhI fJB t?;NoB v?w'eo/;hI” ft~u dbK d/ fJ; ekoiBz{ ;otkfXe wj~st dk d~;d/ j'J/ fejk j? fe “db okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u fBoDk b?D ns/ nkgD/ nkgBz{ Pkfwb eoD d/ T[d/P bJh ;zrmB ns/ ;zs[bB dh Io{os d/ gqsh nB[feqnk j?.”

• okiBhfse dbK dk fJ~e ezw ;oeko ns/ iBsk d/ ft~u ;zgoe ;Ekfgs eoBk j?. Uj fBotkue ;w{jBz{ ikDekoh gqdkB eoD, gqfPefPs eoD ns/ ;feqn pDkUD dh e'fPP eod/ jB. okiBhfse o{g Bkb


B ØN


ng/fynkfeqs fBPfeqn b'eK Bkb ;zgoe o~yD ns/ ftfGzB BhshnK d/ gqsh UBK ft~u ;irsk T[sgzBeoD ns/ UBK s'A UBK BhshnK dk ;woEB gkUD bJh Uj iB ;zgoe wkfXnwK ns/ ;EkfBe ;zrmBKdk gq:'r eod/ jB.


• TSzyb L wfonkdkftjhD, wfonkdktK Bz{ bzxDk.• ws^t?fGzB L nb~r nb~r ftuko .

• T[dpZX L irDk, d~;Dk, ikro{e eoBk.


1. dbh ftt;Ek dk eh noE j?< ftnkfynk eo'.2. dbh ftt;Ek d/ torheoD Bz{ ;gPN eod/ j'J/ fJ; d/ gqekoK dh ftt/uBk eo'.

3. dbh ftt;Ek d/ ekoiK dk toDB eo'.4. dbh ftt;Ek d/ r[DK ns/ d'PK dk ftt/uB eo'.


1H ;oeko d/ ekoi 2H okiBhfse ftt;Ek 3H b'ews

4H ;oeko ns/ iBsk 5H okiBhfse ftt;Ek






p[e;


B ØN


fJekJh^11L dpkn ;w{j fJekJh^11L dpkn ;w{j fJekJh^11L dpkn ;w{j fJekJh^11L dpkn ;w{j fJekJh^11L dpkn ;w{j (Pressure Groups)

ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ (Contents)T[d/P (Objectives)ikDekoh (Introduction)11H1 dpkn ;w{j dk noE (Meaning of Pressure Groups)11H2 okiBhfse db ns/ dpkn ;w{j ft~u nzso (Distinction between Political Parties and

Pressure Groups)11H3 dpkn ;w{j dh G{fwek (Role of Pressure Groups)11H4 ;ko nzP (Summary)11H5 Ppde'P (Keywords)11H6 nfGnk;^gqPB (Review Questions)11H7 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)



• dpkn ;w{j dh G{fwek ns/ T[;d/ noE Bz{ ;wMD ft~ul

• dpkn ;w{j ns/ okiBhfse dbK ftueko nzso dh ftnkfynk eoD ft~ul


dpkn^;w{j nkX[fBe b'eszso dk nfGzB nzr j?. b'eszsoh d/PK ft~u okiBhfse dbK d/ ftek; d/ Bkb Bkbdpkn iK fjs ;w{jK dk ftek; j'fJnk j?.nkw s"o s/ ;ko/ ftef;s ns/ nftef;s d/PK ft~u fi~E/ b'esKfsqeftt;Ek j? dpkn^;w{j d/P dh okiBhsh ft~u wj~stg{oD G{fwek ndk eod/ jB. fJzrb?Av ns/ Gkos fij/d/PK ft~u n~i fJBK dh G{fwek wj~stg{oD j' rJh j?.

dpkn^;w{j nwoheh okiBhfse ftt;Ek dh d/D j?. ukj/ nwoheh rDszso dh ;EkgBk d/ Bkb jh Ujg?dk j' rJ/ ;B, gqzs{ thjthA ;dh ft~u fJBK dh G{fwek nfXe wj~stg{oD j' rJh. n~i nwohek d/okiBhfse ihtB ft~u fJBK dk wj~st J/Bk fInkdk tX frnk j? fe ;oeko ns/ ftXkfJe fJBK dh T[g/fynk BjhA eo ;ed/. fjs^;w{jK dk ftek; gqiksKsfoe d/PK ft~u thjthA ;dh d/ nkozG ft~u fxqDk dhfdqPNh Bkb d/fynk iKdk ;h. UBK Bz{ fJ~e p[oh Pesh wzfBnk iKdk ;h ns/ gqikszso bJh xkse ;wfMnkiKdk ;h. go j[D ;fEsh pdb rJh j? ns/ dpkn ns/ fjs^;w{jK Bz{ Io{oh p[okJh d/ o{g ft~u ;thekoehsk ikD b~rk j?. UBK Bz{ okiBhfse feqnkPhbsk d/ bJh Io{oh ;wfMnk iKdk j?. fJBK dk T[d/P okiBhfsedbK dh soK ;~sk Bz{ gqkgs eoBk BjhA j[zdk, pbfe ;~sko{V db dhnK BhshnK Bz{ nkgD/ g~y ft~u gqGkftseoBk j[zdk j?. fJj ftneshrs ;zrmB (Private Organisation) j[zd/ jB i' ftP/P ;wkfie, nkofEe ns/tgkoe fj~sK dh o~fynk bJh feqnkPhb ofjzd/ jB. okiBhfse y/so d/ Bhsh fBoXkoD ns/ gqPk;B T[Zs/fdB gqshfdB fJBK dk gqs~y ns/ ngqs~y gqGkt tXdk ik fojk j?.fJ; bJh n~i d/ b'esKsfoe d/PK ft~udpkn ns/ fjs ;w{jK dk nfXn?B th b'efgqn ns/ o{uheo ftPk j' frnk j?.

fJekJh^11L dpkn ;w{jfJekJh^11L dpkn ;w{jfJekJh^11L dpkn ;w{jfJekJh^11L dpkn ;w{jfJekJh^11L dpkn ;w{j

B ØN


11H1 dpkn ;w{j dk noE 11H1 dpkn ;w{j dk noE 11H1 dpkn ;w{j dk noE 11H1 dpkn ;w{j dk noE 11H1 dpkn ;w{j dk noE (Meaning of Pressure Group)

;wki ft~u ftfGzB gqeko d/ fjs gkJ/ iKd/ jB, fit/A^wId{o, fe;kB, T[d:'rgsh, nfXnkge, tgkoh nkfd.id'A e'Jh S'Nk iK t~vk fjs ;zrfms o{g XkoD eo b?Adk j? sK T[;Bz{ fjs^;w{j (Interest Group) fejk iKdkj?. fJ; ;w{j dk T[d/P nkgD/ w?Apok d/ ftfGzB ;wkfie, nkofEe ns/ tgkoe fjsK dh o~fynk eoBk j[zdk j?.id'A e'Jh fjs^;w{j nkgD/ T[d/PK dh g{osh bJh ;oeko s'A wdd ukj[D brdk j? iK nkgD/ w?Apok d/ fjsK d/nB[e{b d/ fBowkD ns/ ;zP'XB bJh ftXkfJeK Bz{ gqGkfts eoB brdk j? sK T[;Bz{ dpkn ;w{j (pressuregroup) fejk iKdk j?. wkfJoB fpBowkfJoB fpBowkfJoB fpBowkfJoB fpBowkfJoB fpBo B/ dpkn ;w{j dh gfoGkPk fdzd/ j'J/ fbfynk j? fe dpkn^r[~N iKfjs^;w{j s'A ;kvk wsbp nfij/ fe;/ fJ~fSs o[g Bkb ;zrfms ;w{j s'A j[zdk j? i' ;oeko ;zrmB s'A pkjo ofje/ ;oekoh nfXekohnK dh fB:[esh, ;oeko dh Bhsh, fJ;d/ gqPk;B ns/ fJ;d/ fBoD/ Bz{ gqGkfts eoB dhe'fPP eodk j?.1 fJBK ;w{jK Bz{ dpkn ;w{j iK fjs^;w{j fJ; bJh fejk iKdk j? feUAfe fJBK dk fBowkDftP/P fjsK dh o~fynk bJh j[zdk j? ns/ fJj nkgD/ gqshfBXhnK d/ wkfXnw Bkb ftXkfJeK Bkb ;zgoe ;Ekfgseod/ jB ns/ UBK T[Zs/ fe;/ ftXkfJe ftP/P d/ g~y iK ftg~y s'A wsdkB bJh dpkn gkUAd/ jB.

ekoNo ns/ joi ekoNo ns/ joi ekoNo ns/ joi ekoNo ns/ joi ekoNo ns/ joi (Carter and Herz) B/ th fjs ns/ dpkn ;w{j pko/ fbfynk j? fe “fJ~e ;[szso ;wkid/ fjs ;w{jK Bz{ ;[szso o{g Bkb ;zrfms j'D dh nkfrnk j[zdh j? ns/ id'A fJj ;w{j ;oekoh :zso ns/gqfeqnk T[Zs/ gqGkt gkUD dh e'fPP eod/ jB ns/ fJ; soK ekBz{BK, fB:wK, bkJh;?A;, eoko'gD ns/ j'oftXkfBe ns/ gqPk;fBe ezwK Bz{ nkgD/ nB[e{b YkbD dh e'fPP eod/ jB, sK ;gPN jh fJj fjs (Interest)dpkn ;w{j (Pressure Groups) ft~u pdb iKd/ jB. j[D fjs ;w{jK dhnK rshftXhnK ;oeko T[Zs/dpkn gkUD dhnK j' iKdhnK jB.@ UvhrkovUvhrkovUvhrkovUvhrkovUvhrkov (Odegard) B/ th fbfynk j?, “fJ~e dpkn ;w{j nfij/b'eK dk n"gukfoe ;zrmB j? fiBK d/ fJ~e iK ;wkB T[d/P ns/ ;tkoE j'D ns/ i' xNBktK d/ eqw Bz{ ftP/P o{g Bkb ;kotifBe Bhsh d/ fBowkD ns/ Pk;B Bz{ fJ; bJh gqGkfts eoB dk fXnkB eoD sK fe UBKd/ fjsK dh o~fynk ns/ tkXk j' ;e/.@

fjs iK dpkn ;w{j fJ~fSs (voluntary) ns/ r?oôkiBhfse (non-political) ;zrmB j[zd/ jB. fJBK dh;d~;sk dk nkXko fJBK d/ w?ApoK d/ ft~u ;wkB fjs dh u/sBk ns/ ;wkB fjs d/ tkX/ bJh e'fPP j[zdh j?. fJBKdk ;zpzX fe;/ okiBhfse db Bkb gqs~y o{g ft~u BjhA j[zdk ns/ Bk jh fJj fe;/ okiBhfse db d/ nzr j[zd/ jB.gqzs{ fJj nkgD/ fjsK Bz{ d/yd/ j'J/ fe;/ Bk fe;/ okiBhfse db Bkb nkgDk ;zpzX Io{o ;Ekfgs eo b?Ad/ jB.dpkn ;w{j okiBhfse db dh soK fe;/ gq'rokw d/ nkXko s/ fBotkueK Bz{ gqGkfts BjhA eod/ pbfe Uj e[MftP/P w;fbnK ft~u o{uh b?Ad/ jB. UBK d/ ;zrmB dk w"fbe ekoD ;wkfie, nkofEe iK tgkoe j[zdk j?,okiBhfse BjhA. fco th okiBhsh Bz{ gqGkfts eoD dk T[d/P UBk ft~u okiBhfse g[N fbnk fdzdk j?. noEksdpkn ;w{j g{oh soK okiBhfse BjhA j[zd/ ns/ Bk jh Uj u'DK bJh nkgD/ T[whdtko yV/ eod/ jB. okiBhfsedb Bk j[zd/ j'J/ th Uj dbK dh soK ;zrfms j[zd/ jB fiBK dh fBih ;d~f;nsk, T[d/P, ;zrmB, J/esk, ;kXBns/ gqfsPmk j[zd/ jB. gqfeqsh T[d/P ns/ ;zrmB dh fdqPNh Bkb okiBhfse dbK s'A Uj w"fbe o[g Bkb fGzBj[zd/ jB. okiBhfse db ft~u ;ko/ ftneshnK dk okiBhfse T[d/P BjhA j[zdk.

okiBhfse db Bz{ ;ko/ torK d/ wsdksktK dk ftnkge ;woEB gqkgs j[zdk j? id'A fe dpkn ;w{j Bz{ e/tb fJ~e jh tor dk. okiBhfse db fBotkuB ft~u Gkr b?Ad/ jB id'A fe fjs^;w{j fBotkuB ft~u GkrBjhA b?Ad/. okiBhfse db ftXkB wzvb d/ nzdo ns/ pkjo d'jK EktK s/ ezw eod/ jB id'A fe dpkn ;w{j

fJ; soK fjs^;w{j ;wki ft~u gkJ/ ikD tkb/ ftP/P fjsK d/ ;zrmB j[zd/ jB i' nkgD/T[d/PK dh g{osh bJh ;oeko T[Zs/ nfijh fe;/ th Bhsh Bz{ ngBkUD bJh dpkn gKUAd/jB i' UBK d/ fjsK d/ gqshe{b j't/ ns/ nkgD/ fjsK dh g{osh bJh nypkoK, gofunK,o/vhU, ftneshrs ;zgoe ns/ j'o wkfXnwK d[nko ;oeko T[Zs/ dpkn gkUAd/ jB fi;ekoD UBk Bz{ dpkn ;w{j fejk iKdk j?.

B'N;


B ØN


e/tb ftXkB wzvb d/ pkjo ezw eod/ jB. fJ~e tko ft~u fJ~e ftnesh fJ~e jh okiBhfse db dh ;d~;skgqkgs eo ;edk j? id'A fe fJ~e jh ftnesh fJ~e jh tko ft~u eJh dpkn ;w{jK dk w?Apo j' ;edk j?,noEks okiBhfse dbK dh nBzs (exclusive) ;d~;sk d/ T[bN go;go ftnkgh (over-lapping) ;d~;skdpkn^;w{jK ft~u gkJh iKdh j?.

(1) dpkn iK fjs^;w{j nkgD/ T[d/P dh g{osh bJh ftfGzB sohfenK Bkb ezw eod/ jB. Uj nkgDhnKwkf;e, gytkV/, ;kgskfje iK d?fBe g~so^g~sfoektK gqekfPs eod/ jB.fJBK g~so^g~sfoektK ft~uUj nkgD/ fjsK Bz{ iBsk ;kjwD/ gq;s[s eod/ jB ns/ UBK d/ g~y ft~u iBws dk fBowkD eo e/ ;oekoBz{ fjsK d/ nB[o{g BhshnK pDkUD bJh wip{o eod/ jB.

(2) UBK dk ezw eoD dk d{ik sohek iBsk Bkb f;ZXk ;zgoe ;Ekfgs eoBk j[zdk j? ns/ fe;/ th ftXkfJed/ ;woEB iK fto'X d/ bJh iBsk Bz{ gq/fos eodk j?. fJ; d/ bJh Uj nbgekbhB nfGnkB (Short-term campaign) ns/ dhoxekbhB nfGnkB (Long-term campaign) ubkUAd/ jB. nbgekbhBnfGnkB iBws Bz{ fe;/ th ftXkfJe d/ g~y iK ftg~y ft~u pFDkUD bJh ns/ dhoxekbhB fe;/ th;w~f;nk d/ gqsh iBsk d/ w{bG{s fdqPNhe'D Bz{ nB[e{b pDkUD d/ T[d/P Bkb ngFDkfJnk iKdk j?.gqGktPkbh ;zrmB d[nkok gq?;, o/vhU, N?bhftIB ns/ ftP/P~rK dhnK ;/tktK dk T[g:'r ehsk iKdk j/.

(3) dpkn^;w{j nf;~X/ o{g (Indirectly) Bkb u'DK ft~u Gkr b?Ad/ jB. ukj/ UBK dk e'Jh T[whdtko u'DKft~u yVk BjhA j[zdk, sK th Uj ftP/P okiBhfse dbK ns/ T[whdtkoK Bz{ nkgDk ;woEB fdzd/ jB. fJ;d/ bJh Uj uzdk fdzd/ jB ns/ u'D nfGnkBK ft~u Gkr b?D bJh nkgD/ ekoieosk th fdzd/ jB. Gkosd/ fInkdkso gqw[~y okiBhfse db fit/A eKro;, efwT{fB;N ns/ iB;zx nkgD/ wId{o ns/ Skso^;zrmBKBz{ w"e/ s/ ezw ft~u fbnkUAd/ t/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. d{i/ gk;/ UBK d/ fJj ;zrmB th T[whdtko dh u'D d' ;zpzXft~u nrtkJh dh wzr eod/ jB.

(4) dpkn^;w{j ed/ ed/ ;oeko s/ dpkn gkUD bJh jVskb ns/ gqdoPBK dk th nk:'iB eod/ jB. Gkosft~u fJ; sohe/ Bz{ pj[s fInkdk ngDkfJnk iKdk j?. yk; s"o s/ ;zx ;GktK, jVskbK ns/ gqdoPBK dkfInkdk ;jkok b?Ad/ jB.

(5) ed/ ed/ dpkn^;w{j nfij/ ftXkfJeK Bz{ i' UBk d/ fjsK d/ gqshe{b j[zd/ jB, gkfos Bk j'D d/D tk;s/fBnkb/ dk dotkik th yVekUAd/ jB. p?AeK d/ okPNoheoD ns/ gqhthgo; d/ T[Bw{bD Bkb ;zpzfXsnfXnkd/PK Bz{ fBnkb/ ft~u u[B"sh fJ; dk ;G s'A tXhnk T[dkjoD j?.

(6) dpkn iK fjs^;w{jK d/ ezw eoD dk ;G s'A tXhnk sohek b"fpzr (Lobbying) j?. nwohek ft~u fJjsohek okiBhfse ihtB dh wj~stg{oD ;z;Ek pD u[ek j?. jo ftt;Ekfgek ;dB d/ Bkb b~r/ j'J/ ewo/iK pokwd/ Bz{ b"ph iK gqe'Pm fejk iKdk j?, fi~E/ ftXkfJe S[~Nh d/ ;w/A nk e/ p?md/ jB ns/ T[ZE/dpkn^;w{jK d/ gqshfBXh UBK Bkb ;zgoe eod/ jB, ns/ UBK Bz{ nkgD/ g~y ft~u gqGkfts eoD dhe'fPP eod/ jB. fInkdkso dpkn^;w{j nkgD/ ftXkfBe gqshfBXhnK d/ d[nkok b"fpzr ezw eoKUAd/jB. fJ; sohe/ Bz{ fGqPNkuko dk sohek wzfBnk iKdk j?, feUAfe ftXkfJeK Bz{ g~y ns/ ftg~y ft~u t'NgkUD d/ bJh e'fPP iK foPts s~e fd~sh iKdh j?. toswkB ;w/A ft~u nwohek ft~u b"fpzr dh g~Xshft~u fJ~e BtK ftek; j'fJnk j?, fi; Bz{ rqk;ô{N; b"fpzr (Grass-root lobbying) efjzd/ jB. fJ;dkwsbp fJj j? fe b"ph ftXkfJek ;Gk d/ w?ApoK Bz{ gqGkfts eoD bJh UBK d/ ftXkB ;Gk y/soK d/wsdksktK s'A sko, g~so iK N?bhc'B nkfd eotkUAd/ jB. nwohek ft~u b"fpzr d/ tXd/ j'J/ e[gqGkt Bz{o'eD bJh eJh ekBz{B pDkJ/ rJ/, fco th b"phnK T[ZE'A d/ okiBhfse ihtB ft~u ekch gqGktPkbh jB.Gkos ft~u ukj/ b"ph dk gqubB nfXe BjhA j?, fco th T[d:'rgshnK ns/ tgkohnK d/ dpkn^;w{j fJ;sohe/ Bz{ ngBkUD dh e'fPP eod/ jB. ftXkfJeK d/ fBowkD, bkJh;?A; d/D, fe;/ ftXkfJe d/ g~y iKftg~y ft~u p'bD bJh Gkos ft~u ftXkfJeK Bz{ foPts fdzd/ iK UBK d/ ;r/̂ ;zpzXhnK Bz{ B"eohnK fdzd/ j'J/

okiBhfse dbK dk T[d/P ;~sk Bz{ gqkgs eoBk ns/ T[;d/ wkfXnw Bkb nkgDhBhshnK ns/ gq'rokwK Bz{ bkr{ eoBk j[zdk j? id'A fe dpkn r[NK dk T[d/P ;~skBz{ gqkgs eoBk BjhA pbfe nkgD/ fjsK dh o~fynk eoBk j[zdk j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j'


B ØN


gkfJnk frnk j?. eJh tko nfij/ wkwfbnK dk ;z;d ns/ ftXkB ;GktK iK UBk d/ pkjo godkckP thj'fJnk j?.

dpkn^;w{j Bz{ fGqPNkuko dk n~vk fejk ikdk j?. Uj rbs Yzr Bkb gqGkt gkUD dk sohek ngDkUAd/jB. fJ; d/ bJh Uj ftPkb XBôkPh you eod/ jB, foPts fdzd/ jB, ftXkfJeK Bz{ soK soK d/ bkbufdzd/ jB. nwohek d/ fjs^;w{jK d/ pko/ fbyd/ j'J/ gq'H thH UH ehgq'H thH UH ehgq'H thH UH ehgq'H thH UH ehgq'H thH UH eh (V.O. Key) B/ fejk j? fe “fJjfjs^;w{j ftXkfJeK bJh uzrhnK uzrhnK dktsK dk nk:'iB eod/ jB, UBK bJh BPhbh t;sK w[j~JhnkeokUAd/ jB. fJjh BjhA, Uj ftXkfJeK d/ bJh d[okukoh n"osK dk th gqpzX th eod/ jB, fiBK Bz{ b"pht~b'A t/sB fwbdk j?.@ fJ;/ ekoD nwohek ft~u fJj wfj;{; ehsk ikD b~rk j? fe dpkn^;w{jK B/ T[ZE/okiBkfse nB?fsesk, fGqPNkuko ns/ j'o gqeko dhnK nfB:fwssktK Bz{ tXktk fd~sk j?. Gkos ft~u thdpkn^;w{jK dhnK p[okJhnK ;gPN j'D b~rhnK jB. d/P ft~u fInkdkso jVskbK ns/ gqdoPB fJBKd[nkok jh nk:'fis ehs/ iKd/ jB, fJj ;z;d d/ w?ApoK Bz{ nB?fse Yzr Bkb gqGkfts eod/ j'J/ gkJ/ rJ/jB. fco th dpkn^;w{j nkX[fBe b'eszso d/ ;[Gkfte nzr pD u[e/ jB.

dpkn^;w{jK dhnK ftP/PsktK dpkn^;w{jK dhnK ftP/PsktK dpkn^;w{jK dhnK ftP/PsktK dpkn^;w{jK dhnK ftP/PsktK dpkn^;w{jK dhnK ftP/PsktK (Characteristics of Pressure Groups)dpkn^;w{j nkgDh gqfeqsh s'A fjs^;w{jK dh soK Bk sK g{oh soK nokiBhfse j[zd/ jB ns/ Bk jh dbKdh soK g{oh soK okiBhfse j[zd/ jB. dpkn^;w{jK d/ e[M ftP/P b~SD j[zd/ jB i' fJBK Bz{ j'o ;zrmBK s'Anb~r eod/ jB. ;zy/g ft~u fJj b~SD fBwBfbfys jB^

(1) n"gukfoe ;zrmBn"gukfoe ;zrmBn"gukfoe ;zrmBn"gukfoe ;zrmBn"gukfoe ;zrmB^n"gukfoe o{g Bkb ;zrfms ftnesh^;w{jK Bz{ dpkn^;w{j fejk iKdk j?. ft-neshnK d/ fe;/ th ;w{j Bz{ dpkn^;w{j BjhA fejk ik ;edk, feUAfe nfij/ ;zrmB dk n"gukfoe j'DkIo{oh j?. d{i/ PpdK ft~u ;w{j d/ fjsK dh gqkgsh bJh n"gukfoe Yzr Bkb fBotkfus iK wB'BhsftneshnK dh ftt;Ek fJ; ft~u j't/. fJ; bJh dpkn^;w{j d/ nkgD/ fB:w, ;d~;sk P[be, ;fwshns/ ekoiekfoDh j[zdh j?. fJ;dk ezw okiBhfse gqfeqnk Bz{ nkgD/ fjsK dh g{osh bJh ftP/P o{g BkbgqGkfts eoD dk j?. fJ; bJh dpkn^;w{j dk gfjbk b~SD fJ; dk n"gukfoe ;zrmB j?.

(2) ftfPPN ;t?fjs^dpknftfPPN ;t?fjs^dpknftfPPN ;t?fjs^dpknftfPPN ;t?fjs^dpknftfPPN ;t?fjs^dpkn^;w{jK d/ fBowkD dk w[~y nkXko ftfPPN fjsK dh gqkgsh j[zdk j?. ftP/P o{gBkb g/P/to ;w{j nkw fjs dk jh b~SD o~yd/ jB. go nfijk d/fynk iKdk j? fe T[d/PK ns/ ;t?^fjsKdh fBPfussk jh ftneshnK Bz{ dpkn^;w{j ft~u wip{o eodh j?. id'A s~e ftneshnK d/ ;kjwD/;gPN, fBPfus fjs BjhA j'Dr/, T[d'A s~e fe;/ th dpkn^;w{j dk fBowkD BjhA j' ;edk.

(3) ;ot^ftnkgh gqfeqsh;ot^ftnkgh gqfeqsh;ot^ftnkgh gqfeqsh;ot^ftnkgh gqfeqsh;ot^ftnkgh gqfeqsh^jo soK dhnK okiBhfse ftt;EktK ft~u dpkn^;w{jK Bz{ t/fynk ik ;edk j?.;ot;~sktkdh ftt;EktK ft~u th fJj gkJ/ iKd/ jB. b'eszso ft~u fJj wj~stg{oD G{fwek ndk eod/jB. ;kwtkdh ftt;EktK ft~u th fJBK dk n;fs~st gkfJnk iKdk j?. jkbKfe UBK dhnK rshftXhnKpj[s r[gs j[zdhnK jB. okiBhfse db u'DK d/ ;w/A jh ;feqn fdykJh fdzd/ jB. fJ; bJh d' u'DK d/ ft~udh ntXh ft~u fJj ;w{j ;oeko ns/ iBsk d/ nB[;ko e/tb fJj s~E fe dpkn^;w{j ;kwtkdh okiKft~u th j[zd/ jB, fJBK dh ;ot^ftnkgesk dk gqwkD j?.

(4) fJ~fSs ;d~;skfJ~fSs ;d~;skfJ~fSs ;d~;skfJ~fSs ;d~;skfJ~fSs ;d~;sk^dpkn^;w{j feUAfe ftP/P fjsK dh gqkgsh bJh ;zrfms ehs/ iKd/ jB, fJ; bJh Ujhftnesh fJBK d/ w?Apo pDd/ jB, fiBK d/ fjsK dh g{osh fJBK d[nkok j[zdh j?. cb;o[gL dpkn^;w{jdk w?Apo pDB bJh fe;/ Bz{ wip{o BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJ~e ftnesh id'A ukj/, fe;/ dpkn^;w{j s'Afsnkr g~so d/ ;edk j?. fJ;/ ftP/Psk d/ ekoD dpkn^;w{j gqshd_zdh okiBhsh d/ nkXko s/ ;szG pDkJ/iKd/ jB ns/ okiBhsh ft~u nkw iBsk dh Gkrhdkoh tX ikdh j?.

(5) okiBhfse feqnk T[Bw[yokiBhfse feqnk T[Bw[yokiBhfse feqnk T[Bw[yokiBhfse feqnk T[Bw[yokiBhfse feqnk T[Bw[y^dpkn^;w{j nkgD/ nkg ft~u okiBhfse ;zrmB BjhA j[zd/, pbfe yk; gqPBT[Zs/ okiBhfse feqnk Bz{ gqGkfts eoD dh e'fPP eod/ jB. Uj Bk sK u'DK ft~u T[whdtko yVk eod/ jBns/ Bk jh okiBhfse ;zrmB pDkUAd/ jB. d{i/ PpdK ft~u Pk;B s'A pkjo ofj e/ nkgD/ fjsK d/ nB[e{b;oeko Bz{ gqGkfts eod/ jB.

(6) nfBPfus ekoiekbnfBPfus ekoiekbnfBPfus ekoiekbnfBPfus ekoiekbnfBPfus ekoiekb^dpkn^;w{j ;EkJh BjhA j[zd/. fJ; bJh fJj pDd/^ftrVd/ ofjzd/ jB.fjs^g{osh s'A pknd fJj ysw j' iKd/ jB. gqzs{ e[M g/P/to dpkn^;w{j ;EkJh o{g Bkb pD/ ofjzd/ jB.okPNoh ;so T[Zs/ ftfGzB d/PK ft~u Nq/v :{BhnB fJ; dk T[dkjoD j?/. go fInkdkso ;w{j fjs^gqkgshs'A pknd ysw j' iKd/ jB.


B ØN


11H2 okiBhfse db ns/ dpkn^;w{j t~u nzso 11H2 okiBhfse db ns/ dpkn^;w{j t~u nzso 11H2 okiBhfse db ns/ dpkn^;w{j t~u nzso 11H2 okiBhfse db ns/ dpkn^;w{j t~u nzso 11H2 okiBhfse db ns/ dpkn^;w{j t~u nzso (Distinction betweenPolitical Parties and Pressure Groups)

okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u okiBhfse dbK d/ Bkb ;G s'A rfjok ;zpzX dpkn^;w{jK dk j[zdk j?. d't/A fJ~ed{i/ s/ fJzB/ fBoGo jB fe nkgD/ T[d/PK dh g{osh bJh d'jK Bz{ fJ~e^d{i/ dk ;fj:'rh j' e/ ezw eoBk g?Adkj?. go fJ;dk noE fJj BjhA fe d't/A fJ~e^d{i/ s'A fpBK ezw BjhA eo ;ed/. gfo;fEshnK d/ ekoDedêd/ d'jK ft~u ;fj:'r ns/ ed/êd/ fto'X th d/fynk iKdk j?/. e[M dpkn^;w{j fJ~e s'A fInkdk dbKBkb nkgDk ;zpzX ekfJw eod/ jB. fJ; bJh ;wkBsktK d/ pkti{d okiBhfse dbK ns/ dpkn^;w{jK ft~unzso d/y/ ik ;ed/ jB. ;zy/g ft~u fJBK d'jK ft~u fBwBfbfys nzso jB^

(e) T[d/P ;zpzXh gfjbk nzso dpkn^;w{jK ns/ okiBhfse dbK ft~u gkfJnk iKdk j?. dpkn^;w{j d/ T[d/PftfPPN ;gPN ns/ e/tb fBih bkG bJh j[zd/ jB. d{i/ gk;/ okiBhfse dbK d/ T[d/P ;kXkoD j[zd/ jB,fiBk dk ;zpzX g{o/ ;wki Bkb j[zdk j?.

(y) ekoi^y/so ;zpzXh d{ik nzso th fJBK d'jK ft~u gkfJnk iKdk j?. dpkn^;w{jK dk ekoi y/so ftfPPNns/ ;w[fus j[zdk j?, id'A fe okiBhfse dbK dk ;kXkoD ns/ ftnkge. dpkn^;w{j dk ;zpzX wkBthihtB d/ fe;/ yk; gfjb{ Bkb jh j[zdk j? id'A fe okiBhfse dbK dk ;zpzX wkBth ihtB dhnK ;zg{oDrshftXhnK Bkb j[zdk j?.

(r) ;d~;sk ;zpzXh shik nzso th fJBK d'jK ftueko gkfJnk iKdk j?. fJ~e jh ;w/A ft~u fJ~e ftnesh nB/e dpkn^;w{jK dk w?Apo j' ;edk j?, id'A fe nfijh ;fEsh ft~u fJ~e ftnesh nB/eK okiBhfse dbKdk w?Apo BjhA j' ;edk.

(x) dpkn^;w{j nkg okiBhfse gqfeqnk d/ nzr BjhA j[zd/. gqzs{ db fJ;/ gqfeqnk d/ nB[;ko nfXeko gqkgseoD dh e'fPP eod/ jB. Uj e/tb fBoDk gqfeqnk Bz{ gqGkfts eod/ jB. dbK dh soK ;t?^fBoDkfJeBjhA pDd/.

(u) u'DK dk f;~Xk ;zpzX okiBhfse dbK Bkb j[zdk j?, dpkn^;w{jK Bkb BjhA. fJ; soK dpkn^;w{j dknkgDk e'Jh fBotkuB^y/so BjhA j[zdk. gqzs{ okiBhfse dbK dk T[d/P ;~sk gqkgs eoBk j[zdk j/. fJ;bJh u'DK ft~u Gkr b? e/ Uj nkgD/ T[whdtkoK Bz{ fiskUDk ukj[zd/ jB.

(S) ;zrmB Bz{ b? e/ th dpkn^;w{j ns/ okiBhfse dbK ft~u nzso j?. okiBhfse db okPNoftnkgh j[zd/jB. go pj[s x~N dpkn^;w{jK dk ;o{g okPNoftnkgh j[zdk j?.d{i/ gk;/ e[M dpkn^;w{j okiBhfsedbK s'A th nfXe ftnkge ;zrmB tkb/ j[zd/ jB id'A fe e[M okiBhfse db y/soh iK ;EkfBe ;so s~ejh ;hfws ofjzd/ jB.

fJBK nzsoK d/ pkti{d fJj Bshik e~YDk rbs j? fe d'jK ft~u ;zpzX BjhA j?. nfijk wzfBnk iKdk j? fedpkn^;w{jK dk o{g nfsnzs ;zrfms ns/ UBK dh G{fwek ;wki ft~u gqGktekoh j[zdh j? sK okiBhfse dbth UBK d/ ;kjwD/ p"D/ brd/ jB.

ckJhBo ckJhBo ckJhBo ckJhBo ckJhBo B/ fJ; ;zpzX ft~u mhe jh fbfynk j? fe, “fi~E/ f;XKs ns? ;zrmB ft~u okiBhfse db d[opbj'Dr/, T[ZE/ dpkn^;w{j pDkUDr/, fi~E/ dpkn^;w{j PeshPkbh j'Dr/, T[ZE/ okiBhfse db ewI'o j'Dr/ns/ fi~E/ okiBhfse db PeshPkbh j'Dr/ T[ZE/ dpkn^;w{j dpk fd~s/ ikDr/.@1 ckJhBockJhBockJhBockJhBockJhBo dk fJj eEBg~Swh b'eszsoK T[Zs/ jh bkr{ j[zdk j?, fi~E/ okiBhfse db ns/ dpkn^;w{j d't/A jh ftef;s j'D. ftek;PhbokiBhfse ftt;EktK ft~u okiBhfse dbK ns/ dpkn^;w{jK dk PeshPkbh ;zrmB BjhA gkfJnk iKdk.fJ; bJh fJBK d/PK ft~u d'jK d/ ft~u e'Jh nzso BjhA ehsk ik ;edk.

dpkn^;w{jK Bz{ fGqPNkuko dk n~vk feUA fejk iKdk j?<Nk;e


B ØN


dpkn^;w{jK dk torheoD dpkn^;w{jK dk torheoD dpkn^;w{jK dk torheoD dpkn^;w{jK dk torheoD dpkn^;w{jK dk torheoD (Classification of Pressure groups);zfynkswe fdqPNh s'A fInkdk ns/ gqfeqsh ft~u ftfGzBsk d/ ekoD dpkn^;w{jK dk torheoD eoBk fJ~ew[Pfeb ezw brdk j?. torheoD d/ fBPfus nkXkoK ft~u dpkn^;w{jK dh gqfeqsh Bz{ ikDBk ;~uw[u pj[sw[Pfeb j?. fco th fJBK ;w{jK d/ beP, ;zrmB dh gqfeqsh, n;fs~st dh ntXh, ekoi y/so ns/ fBowkDd/ gq/oe s~sK d/ nkXko s/ dpkn^;w{jK dk torheoD nB/eK ftdtkBK d[nkok ehsk frnk j?. T[go'esnkXkoK T[Zs/ dpkn^;w{jK d/ e[M torheoD fJ; gqeko jB^

1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H ekob cq/vfoe dk torheoD^cq/vfoe B/ dpknekob cq/vfoe dk torheoD^cq/vfoe B/ dpknekob cq/vfoe dk torheoD^cq/vfoe B/ dpknekob cq/vfoe dk torheoD^cq/vfoe B/ dpknekob cq/vfoe dk torheoD^cq/vfoe B/ dpkn^ ;w{jK Bz{ d' torK ft~u ftGkfis ehsk j?^(e) ;kXkoD dpkn^;w{j^;kXkoD fjsK Bz{ nkXko wzB e/ u~bD tkb/ ;w{jK Bz{ T[; B/ fJ; Pq/Dh ft~uo~fynk j?. (y) ftfPPN dpkn^;w{j^ fe;/ yk; iK ftP/P fjs dh gqkgsh bJh ezw eoD tkb/dpkn^;w{jK Bz{ T[;B/ d{ih Pq/Dh ft~u o~fynk j?.

2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H nkwzv dk torheoDnkwzv dk torheoDnkwzv dk torheoDnkwzv dk torheoDnkwzv dk torheoD^nkwzv B/ dpkn^;w{jK dk torheoD ;zouBkswe o{gK ns/ fjs ;zukoD d/ nkXkos/ ehsk j?.2 fJBK d'jK nkXkoK T[Zs/ T[;B/ dpkn^;w{j Bz{ fBwBfbfys uko torK ft~u tzfvnk j?̂

(e)(e)(e)(e)(e) ;z;Ekswe dpkn ;w{j ;z;Ekswe dpkn ;w{j ;z;Ekswe dpkn ;w{j ;z;Ekswe dpkn ;w{j ;z;Ekswe dpkn ;w{j (Institutional Pressure groups)^fJ; tor ft~u nkwzv B/ UBk;w{jK Bz{ o~fynk j? i' fe;/ okiBhfse db iK ;zrmB d/ nzsors ro[~g d/ o{g ft~u ezw eod/ jB.nfsfoes ;w{jK d/ o{g ft~u fJj ;?Bk iK n;?fBe ;/tk ft~u gkJ/ iKd/ jB. eowukohnK d/ fJBK;w{jK dk T[d/P ;wkfie ns/ okiBhfse fjsK dh g{osh eoBk j[zdk j?. fJj okiBhfse, ;wkfie,gqPk;fBe iK Xkofwe ezwK s'A fJbktk fjs ;o{gheoD (Interest articution) dk th ezw eod/jB. nbgftef;s iK nftef;s d/PK ft~u nfij/ ;w{jK dh ;zfynk ekch x~N j[zdh j?, gqzs{ftef;s d/PK ft~u nfXe ;zfynk ft~u gkJ/ iKd/ jB ns/ gqGktekoh Yzr Bkb fjs ;o{gheoD dk thezw eod/ jB.

(y) gqdoPBkswe iK uwsekfoe dpkn^;w{j (y) gqdoPBkswe iK uwsekfoe dpkn^;w{j (y) gqdoPBkswe iK uwsekfoe dpkn^;w{j (y) gqdoPBkswe iK uwsekfoe dpkn^;w{j (y) gqdoPBkswe iK uwsekfoe dpkn^;w{j (Anomic Pressure Groups)^nfij/ dpkn^;w{jKBz{ nkwzv B/ nke;fwe iK uwsekfoe fttjko Bkb :[es wzfBnk j?, feUAfe fJj gqdoPBK,nzd'bBK, o?bhnK, dzfrnK nkfd d/ o{g ft~u gqrN j' e/ nukBe nkgD/ gqGkt dk ft;sko eod/ jB.;zrfms fB:zsfos j'D d/ pkti{d fjj okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u o[ektN gkUD iK T[; Bz{ pdbd/D dh ywsk o~yd/ jB. coK;, fJNbh, b?fNB nwoheh d/PK ns/ e[M nop d//PK ft~u nfij/dpkn^;w{j fInkdk gqGktPkbh jB.

(r)(r)(r)(r)(r) n;w[fdnkswe dpkn^;w{j n;w[fdnkswe dpkn^;w{j n;w[fdnkswe dpkn^;w{j n;w[fdnkswe dpkn^;w{j n;w[fdnkswe dpkn^;w{j (Non-associational Pressure Groups)ôes ;zpzX Xow iKtor s/ gozgokrs Yzr Bkb nkXkfos dpkn^;w{j fJ; tor ft~u o~y/ iKd/ jB. fJBK ;w{jK ft~unkwzv B/ g?fsqe, iksh, Xkofwe ns/ oes ;zpzXh ;w{jK Bz{ EK fd~sh j?. fJBK dh ftP/Psk fJj j? fefjs ;kXB dk ezw Uj fBozso BjhA eod/ pbfe Io{os^nB[;ko ;w/A ;w/A s/ eod/ jB. nfij/;w{jK dhnK ;zouBktK pDdhnK ftrVdhnK ofjzdhnK jB ns/ pj[s x~N ;zrfms j' gKUAdhnK jB.

(x)(x)(x)(x)(x) ;w[fdnkswe dpkn^;w{j;w[fdnkswe dpkn^;w{j;w[fdnkswe dpkn^;w{j;w[fdnkswe dpkn^;w{j;w[fdnkswe dpkn^;w{j (Associational Interest Groups)^ftP/P ftneshnK d/ fjsKdh nrtkJh eoD tkb/ nfij/ ;w{jK dk ;zrmB n"gukfoe o{g Bkb j{zdk j?. wId{o ;zx, tgkoe;zx fij/ ;w{j fJ; d/ T[dkjoD jB. nfij/ ;w{j nkgD/ w?ApoK d/ fjsK dh nrtkJh eod/ jB.okiBhfse ftt;Ek d[nkok fJBK dh ekoiP?bh Bz{ wkBsk gqdkB ehsh iKdh j/. nfij/ ;w{j UBK;ko/ d/PK ft~u gkJ/ iKd/ jB, fi~E/ ;zx pDkUD dk nfXeko b'eK Bz{ ;zftXkB d[nkok gqkgs j[zdk j?.

3H pb"Dvb dk torheoDpb"Dvb dk torheoDpb"Dvb dk torheoDpb"Dvb dk torheoDpb"Dvb dk torheoD^pb"Dvb B/ fBowkD d/ gq/oe s~sK d/ nkXko s/ dpkn^;w{jK dk torheoDehsk. fiBK ;w{jK dh ;EkgBk d/ iV ft~u ftneshnK d/ ;wkfie ;zpzX j[zd/ jB, UBK Bz{ T[;B/;zgodkfJe ;w{j fejk j? ns/ fiBK ;w{jK dh ;EkgBk d/ fg~S/ fe;/ yk; T[d/P dh gq/oDk j't/, UBK Bz{ T[;B/;kjuo ;w{j fejk j?. gfjb/ ;w{j Bz{ d[pkok pb"Dvb B/ o{Vhtkdh ns/ gqEktkdh ns/ d{i/ Bz{ ;zo~fynkswens/ T[ZEkBkswe T[gtorK ft~u tzfvnk j?. e[b fwbk e/ pb"Dvb dk torheoD fBwBfbfys j?^

(e) ;zgodkfJe dpkn^;w{j (e) ;zgodkfJe dpkn^;w{j (e) ;zgodkfJe dpkn^;w{j (e) ;zgodkfJe dpkn^;w{j (e) ;zgodkfJe dpkn^;w{j (Communal Pressure Groups): ;wkfie ;zpzXK d/ ekoD pb"Dvbd/ nB[;ko nfij/ dpkn^;w{jK dk fBowkD j[zdk j? . fJBK ;zpzXK Bkb ;w{fje J/esk dh GktBkftef;s j[zdh j?, cb;o{g, ekbKso ft~u b'e nkg jh nfij/ ;w{jK ft~u pzB/ iKd/ ;B. fJjn"gukfoe ns/ nD^n"gukfoe d'jK o{gK ft~u ;zrfms j[zd/ jB. pb"Dvb B/ nfij/ ;w{jK Bz{fBwbfbfys d' T[gGkrK ft~u tzfvnk j?^


B ØN


(i) gqEkrs ;w{j gqEkrs ;w{j gqEkrs ;w{j gqEkrs ;w{j gqEkrs ;w{j (Customary Groups)L fiBK ;w{jK d/ w?ApoK d/ fttjko ns/ ekoi g~Xshft~u ;wkfie ohsh^fotki w[~y G{fwek ndk eod/ jB, UBK Bz{ pb"Dvb B/ gqEkrs ;w{j fejkj?. ikshnK ns/ iBîkshnK d/ nfij/ ;w{j gqEkrs ;w{jK d/ uzr/ T[dkjoD jB.

(ii) ;z;Ekswe ;w{j ;z;Ekswe ;w{j ;z;Ekswe ;w{j ;z;Ekswe ;w{j ;z;Ekswe ;w{j (Institutional Groups)L e[M ;z;EktK d/ w?ApoK d/ fJ~em/ ofjD Bkb;wkfie ;zpzXK s'A fJbktk UBK ft~u okrkswe ;zpzX th ;Ekfgs j' ikd/ jB. pb"Dvb B/nfij/ ;w{jK Bz{ ;z;Ekswe fejk j?. ;?fBe efbnkD gfoPdK, eowukoh ;zo~fynD gfoPdKnkfd fJ;d/ T[dkjoD j' ;ed/ jB.

(y) ;zxkswe iK ;kjuo ;w{j (y) ;zxkswe iK ;kjuo ;w{j (y) ;zxkswe iK ;kjuo ;w{j (y) ;zxkswe iK ;kjuo ;w{j (y) ;zxkswe iK ;kjuo ;w{j (Associational Groups)L pb"Dvb d/ nB[;ko fJ~e yk; T[d/P dhgqkgsh bJh ;w{jK Bz{ fJ; tor ft~u o~fynk ik ;edk j?. nfij/ ;w{j fBPfus T[d/P s'A w[es j[zd/jB, fiBK d[nkok okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u ;wki dhnK wzrK dk gqt/P j[zdk j?. fJj ;w{j wzrK d/Bkb ubd/ jB ns/ T[d:'fre ftek; d/ Bkb fJBK dh ;zfynk ft~u tkXk j[zdk j?. pb"Dvb B/ nfij/;w{jK Bz{ fco d' T[gtorK ft~u tzfvnk j?.(i) ;zo~fynkswe ;w{j;zo~fynkswe ;w{j;zo~fynkswe ;w{j;zo~fynkswe ;w{j;zo~fynkswe ;w{j (Protective Groups): nfij/ ;w{jK dk T[d/P ftfPPN j[zd/ j'J/ th

ftnkge ns/ ;kXkoD j[zd/ jB. fJj nkgD/ w?ApoK d/ ;kXkoD fjsK dh o~fynk eod/ jB.tgkoe ns/ wId{o ;zxK Bz{ fJ; d/ nzsors o~fynk ik ;edk j?.

(ii) T[ZEkBkswe ;w{j T[ZEkBkswe ;w{j T[ZEkBkswe ;w{j T[ZEkBkswe ;w{j T[ZEkBkswe ;w{j (Promotional Groups)L id'Z fe;/ yk; fdqPNhe'D d/ gquko d[nkok;wki Bz{ ftef;s eoD dk T[d/P o~y e/ ;w{jK dk fBkowkD ehsk iKdk j? sK UBK Bz{T[ZEkBkswe ;w{j fejk iKdk j?. r"̂ o~fynk, Bkoh ;[szsosk, fBLP;soheoD nkfd T[d/PK dhgqkgsh bJh fBofws ;w{jK Bz{ fJ; e'fN ft~u o~fynk ik ;edk j?.

4H4H4H4H4H okpoN ;hH p'B dk torheoDokpoN ;hH p'B dk torheoDokpoN ;hH p'B dk torheoDokpoN ;hH p'B dk torheoDokpoN ;hH p'B dk torheoDL p'B B/ ;kXkoD gqfeqsh ns/ T[d/PK d/ nkXko s/ dpkn^;w{jK Bz{ d'torK ft~u tzfvnk j?. fJ~e Bz{ T[;B/ gfo;fEshîDe ;w{j ns/ d{i/ Bz{ nfGftq~shîDe ;w{j fejk j?.2

fJBK d'jK gqeko d/ ;w{jK dk ;zy/g ftt/uB fBwBfbfys j?^

(e)(e)(e)(e)(e) gfo;fEshîDe ;w{j gfo;fEshîDe ;w{j gfo;fEshîDe ;w{j gfo;fEshîDe ;w{j gfo;fEshîDe ;w{j (Situational Groups)L nfij/ dpkn^;w{j w[~y o{g Bkb nkgD/ w?ApoKdh o~fynk ns/ ;[Xko Bkb ;zpzfXs j[zd/ jB. fJBK ;w{jK dk T[d/P ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe fdqPNhBkb nkgD/ w?ApoK dh ;fEsh Bz{ ;[XkoBk j?.p'B dk efjDk j? fe fJBK dpkn^;w{jK dk fe;/ yk; ftukoXkok Bkb yk; ;zpzX BjhA j[zdk. fJjgqfeqsh s'A ftfPPN j[zd/ jB ns/ nkgD/ w?ApoK d/ fjsK d/ tkX/ ns/ o~fynk dk th T[d/P o~yd/ jB.fJBK dh ekoi^g~Xsh ftXkfBe j[zdh j?.

(y) nfGftq~shîDe ;w{j (y) nfGftq~shîDe ;w{j (y) nfGftq~shîDe ;w{j (y) nfGftq~shîDe ;w{j (y) nfGftq~shîDe ;w{j (Attitudinal Groups)L nfij/ ;w{j e[M w{bK d/ gqsh ;kXkoD o{g BkbfBPmk o~yd/ jB. fJj PKshg{oD ;[XkoK iK ed/ ed/ eqKshekoh sohfenK Bkb ;wki ft~u ftnkgegfotosB fbnkUDk ukj[zd/ jB. fJj ;w{j gfo;fEshîDe ;w{jK s'A fGzB j[zd/ jB. fJBK dkekoieqw ekbpZX j[zdk j?. x~N s'A x~N ;w/A ft~u nkgD/ T[d/P Bz{ gqkgs eoD bJh ;oeko Bz{ wip{oeoD dh e'fPP eod/ jB. feUAfe fJBK ;w{jK d/ T[d/P nbgekbhB j[zd/ jB, fJ; bJh fJj s/Irsh dhnK seBheK dk gq:'r eod/ jB.

okpoN ;hH p/B d[nkok ehsk frnk dpkn ;w{jK dk torheoD ;kXkoD j[zd/ j'J/ th dpkn ;w{jK dh gqfeqsh,;zrmB, T[d/PK ns/ ekoi^ftXh Bz{ ;wMD ft~u ;jkfJe brdk j?.

11H3 dpkn ;w{jK dh G{fwek 11H3 dpkn ;w{jK dh G{fwek 11H3 dpkn ;w{jK dh G{fwek 11H3 dpkn ;w{jK dh G{fwek 11H3 dpkn ;w{jK dh G{fwek (Role of Pressure Groups)

nfijk d/fynk iKdk j? fe dpkn ;w{jK dh e'Jh fJ~e soK dh ekoi^ftXh BjhA j[zdh j?. Uj nB/eK soK dhnKseBheK dk gq:'r eod/ jB. nkw s"o s/ ;oekoh gqfeqnk dh ;zouBk ns/ gqu~fbs gfo;fEshnK d[nkok dpkn;w{jK d/ wkfXnw Bkb gq:'r ft~u fbnKdh ikD tkbh gqftXhnK dk fB:wB j[zdk j?. fJ~e jh dpkn ;w{j ftfGzBgfo;fEshnK ft~u ftfGzB gqeko dhnK seBheK dk gq:'r eo ;edk j?. fJ~E/ fJ~e r~b pj[s fXnkB d/D :'rj? fe dpkn ;w{j fi; ftXh Bz{ nkgD/ T[d/PK dh gqkgsh ft~u fInkdk ;jkfJe wzBdk j?, T[;/ seBhe dk Ujgq:'r eodk j?. nkw s"o s/ dpkn ;w{j fiBK seBheK dk gq:'r eod/ jB, Uj fBwBfbfys jB^

1H gqkoEBk (Persuation) 2H ;"d/pkIh (Bargaining) 3H gqs~y ekotkJh (Direct Action)


B ØN


dpkn ;w{jK d/ d[nkok ezw eoD dhnK ftXhnK UBK d/ ;zrmB d/ ;o{g, B/sktK d[nkok gqkoEBk eoD dhywsk, gd^nfXekohnK ns/ eowukohnK dk skdkswJ/, w?ApoK dh ;w{fje ezwK ft~u fj~;/dkoh ns/ ;w{jdh ft~sh ;fEsh d/ d[nkok th fBoXkfos j[zdhnK jB. fit/A dpkn ;w{j Bz{ ;"d/pkIh d/ fInkdk nt;o fwbd/jB, id'A fe S'N/ ns/ ;kXBjhD ;w{j Bz{ iK sK gqkoEBk s~e jh ;jfws ofjDk g?Adk j? iK gqs~y ekotkJheoBh g?Adh j?.

nkX[fBe okiBhfse gqfeqnk ft~u dpkn ;w{jK dh ftP/P G{fwek ns/ wj~st j?.nkw s"o s/ ;ko/gqiksKfsqe d/PK ft~u dpkn ;w{j gkJ/ iKd/ jB. ekob i/H cq?vfoeekob i/H cq?vfoeekob i/H cq?vfoeekob i/H cq?vfoeekob i/H cq?vfoe B/ fJBK ;w{jK Bz{ ‘db d/ fg~S/;feqn iB* (The living public behind the party’s) fejk j?.1 gqzs{ fJ~e nfijk ;wK th ;h, id'AfJBK dpkn ;w{jK Bz{ nB?fse wzfBnk ikdk ;h ns/ UBK Bz{ fxqDk dh fdqPNh Bkb d/fynk iKdk ;h.b"ph Ppd Bz{ fxqDk dh fdqPNh Bkb d/fynk iKdk ;h ns/ fJ; Bz{ X'yk, fGqPNkuko, p[okJh nkfd dk gqshewzfBnk iKdk ;h.

go ;w/A B/ eotN bJh ns/ b'eszso d/ ftek; d/ Bkb Bkb dpkn ;w{jK d/ wj~st Bz{ th ;thekfonk ikDb~rk. n~i fJBK Bz{ b'eszso bJh Bk e/tb Io{oh wzfBnk iKdk j?, pbfe ftnesh d/ fjsK dk o~fyne th;wfMnk iKdk j?. oki d/ ftXkfBe ezwK s/ dpkn ;w{jK dk n;o fdB^gqshfdB tXdk jh ik fojk j?. fJBKBz{ ‘ftXkB wzvb d/ fg~S/ ftXkB ;Gk wzvb* (Legislature behind a Legislature) fejk iKdk j?. ckJhBockJhBockJhBockJhBockJhBoB/ dpkn ;w{jK B{z nfrnks ;kwoki (The Anonymous Empire) fejk j?. ;zy/g ft~u fJBK ;w{jK dhtXdh j'Jh G{fwek ns/ wj~st d/ fBwBfbfys ekoD jB^

1 H1 H1 H1 H1 H b'esKsfoe gqfeqnk dh nfGftneshb'esKsfoe gqfeqnk dh nfGftneshb'esKsfoe gqfeqnk dh nfGftneshb'esKsfoe gqfeqnk dh nfGftneshb'esKsfoe gqfeqnk dh nfGftneshL dpkn ;w{jK Bz{ b'eszso dh nfGftnesh dk ;kXB wzfBnkiKdk j?. b'eszso dh ;cbsk bJh ;t;E iBws fsnko eoBk Io{oh j? sK fe ftfPPN BhshnK dk fto'XiK ;woEB ehsk ik ;e/. iBws Bz{ f;~fyns eoD d/ nKeV/ fJ~em/ eoB ns/ ftXh fBowksktK d/ e'bIo{oh ;{uBktK gj[zuk e/ dpkn ;w{j nkgD/ T[d/P dh gqkgsh bJh e'fPP eod/ jB.

2 H2 H2 H2 H2 H gqPk;B d/ bJh ;{uBk fJ~emh eoD tkbk ;zrmBgqPk;B d/ bJh ;{uBk fJ~emh eoD tkbk ;zrmBgqPk;B d/ bJh ;{uBk fJ~emh eoD tkbk ;zrmBgqPk;B d/ bJh ;{uBk fJ~emh eoD tkbk ;zrmBgqPk;B d/ bJh ;{uBk fJ~emh eoD tkbk ;zrmBL dpkn ;w{jK dk wj~st Pk;B d/ bJh ;{uBktKfJ~emhnK eoD tkb/ ;zrmB d/ o{g ft~u th j?. jo d/P ft~u ;oeko ns/ gqPk;B d/ e'b Io{oh ;{uBktKIo{oh wksok ft~u j'DhnK ukjhdhnK jB. fJBK ;{uBktK s'A fpBK T[fus Bhsh dk fBowkD BjhA ehsk ik;edk. Pk;B dhnK ;{uBktK d/ r?o^;oekoh dkB d/ o{g ft~u dpkn ;w{j wj~stg{oD G{fwek ndk eod/jB.

3 H3 H3 H3 H3 H gqPk;B Bz{ gqGkfts eoD tkbk ;zrmBgqPk;B Bz{ gqGkfts eoD tkbk ;zrmBgqPk;B Bz{ gqGkfts eoD tkbk ;zrmBgqPk;B Bz{ gqGkfts eoD tkbk ;zrmBgqPk;B Bz{ gqGkfts eoD tkbk ;zrmBL dpkn ;w{j n~i e~b nfijh ;z;Ek d/ o{g ft~u gfotofssj' u[e/ jB i' Pk;B Bz{ fJ~e yk; ;hwk s~e gqGkfts eodh j?. dpkn ;w{j fJzB/ PeshPkbh ns/ ;zrfmsj' u[e/ jB fe fJj nkgD/ ;tkoE ns/ fjs d/ bJh Pk;B ftt;Ek T[Zs/ T[g:'rh gqGkt gk ;ed/ jB.

4 H4 H4 H4 H4 H ;oeko dh fBoze[Psk Bz{ ;hfws eoD tkbk ;zrmB;oeko dh fBoze[Psk Bz{ ;hfws eoD tkbk ;zrmB;oeko dh fBoze[Psk Bz{ ;hfws eoD tkbk ;zrmB;oeko dh fBoze[Psk Bz{ ;hfws eoD tkbk ;zrmB;oeko dh fBoze[Psk Bz{ ;hfws eoD tkbk ;zrmBL nkX[fBe Pk;B ftt;Ek ft~u e/AdoheoD dhgqftq~sh tXD d/ ekoD ;kohnK PeshnK e/Ado d/ j~E ft~u fJ~emhnK j[zdhnK ik ojhnK jB. go fJjdpkn ;w{j nkgD/ gqGkt ns/ PeshnK d[nkok e/Adoh fBoze[Psk Bz{ ;hfws eod/ jB. fJ; soK e/AdoPeshnK dk d[o^T[g:'r BjhA eo ;edk.

5 H5 H5 H5 H5 H gqPk;B ns/ ;wki ft~u ;zs[bB ;Ekfgs eoD tkbk ;zrmBgqPk;B ns/ ;wki ft~u ;zs[bB ;Ekfgs eoD tkbk ;zrmBgqPk;B ns/ ;wki ft~u ;zs[bB ;Ekfgs eoD tkbk ;zrmBgqPk;B ns/ ;wki ft~u ;zs[bB ;Ekfgs eoD tkbk ;zrmBgqPk;B ns/ ;wki ft~u ;zs[bB ;Ekfgs eoD tkbk ;zrmBL dpkn ;w{j nkgD/ gqGkt ns/n;fs~st d[nkok ftfGzB fjsK ft~u ;zs[bB ;Ekfgs eod/ j'J// fe;/ fJ~e ;~sk Bz{ nfsnkfXegqGktPkbh j'D s'A o'ed/ jB. tgkoh, fe;kB, wId{o, ftfdnkoEh, n"osK, ikfs ns/ Xkofwe;w[dkJ/ ;ko/ nkgD/ nkgD/ fjsK dh o~fynk eoBk ukjz[ad/ jB ns/ fJ; soK iB^;w{jK dh gqsh:'frskns/ T[g;fEsh Bkb gqPk;B ns/ ;wki ft~u ;zs[bB ;Ekfgs j[zdk j?. fJj ;zs[bB fBih ;tkoEK d/tkX/ T[Zs/ nze[P dk ezw eodk j?. fJ; bJh ftfGzB dpkn ;w{j ;wki ft~u ;zs[bBeosk d/ o{g ft~uezw eod/ jB.

fJ; gqeko dpkn ;w{jK dk wj~st nfsnzs ftnkge j[zdk ik fojk j?. nkX[fBe b'esKsfoe ;wki ft~u fJjdpkn ;w{j Pk;eK d/ pDB ns/ ftrVB dh G{fwek th ndk eod/ jB.Uj ;~sko{V db Bz{ wBwkBh eoDs'A o'ed/ jB ns/ ;wki ft~u okiBhfse gfjo/dko dk ezw eod/ jB. ;~uw[u dpkn ;w{j n~i dh fttjkfoeokiBhsh d/ fttjkfoe nzr pD u[e/ jB fiBK Bz{ ysw BjhA ehsk ik ;edk.


B ØN



ykbh ;EkB Go'ykbh ;EkB Go'ykbh ;EkB Go'ykbh ;EkB Go'ykbh ;EkB Go' (Fill in the Blanks)1H dpkn ;w{jK dk T[d/P e/tb fBih bkG bJh j[zdk j?, id'A fe HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH d/ T[d/P dk ;zpzX g{o/

;wki bJh j[zdk j?.

2H fJ~e jh ;w/A ft~u e'Jh ftnesh nB/eK okiBhfse dbK dk w?Apo BjhA pD ;edk, id'A fe e'Jhftnesh fJ~e jh ;w/A ft~u fJ~e s'A nfXe HHHHHHHHHdk w?Apo pD ;edk j?.

3H u'DK Bkb f;~Xk ;zpzX HHHHHHHHHHH dk j[zdk j?.

4H dpkn ;w{jK dk wj~st Pk;B d/ bJh ;{uBktK fJ~emhnK eoD tkb/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH d/ o{g ft~u th j?.5H dpkn ;w{j HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ft~u ;zs[bB ;Ekfgs eoD tkb/ ;zrmB d/ o{g ft~u th ezw eod/ jB.


• ;wki ft~u ftfGzB gqeko d/ fjs gkJ/ iKd/ jB, fit/A^wId{o, fe;kB, T[d:'rgsh, nfXnkge, tgkohnkfd. id'A e'Jh S'Nk iK t~vk fjs ;zrfms o{g XkoD eo b?Adk j? sK T[;Bz{ fjs^;w{j (Interest Group)fejk iKdk j?. fJ; ;w{j dk T[d/P nkgD/ w?Apok d/ ftfGzB ;wkfie, nkofEe ns/ tgkoe fjsK dho~fynk eoBk j[zdk j?. id'A e'Jh fjs^;w{j nkgD/ T[d/PK dh g{osh bJh ;oeko s'A wdd ukj[D brdk j?iK nkgD/ w?Apok d/ fjsK d/ nB[e{b d/ fBowkD ns/ ;zP'XB bJh ftXkfJeK Bz{ gqGkfts eoB brdk j? sKT[;Bz{ dpkn ;w{j (pressure group) fejk iKdk j?.

• fjs iK dpkn ;w{j fJ~fSs (voluntary) ns/ r?oôkiBhfse (non-political) ;zrmB j[zd/ jB. fJBKdh ;d~;sk dk nkXko fJBK d/ w?Apok d/ ft~u ;wkB fjs dh u/sBk ns/ ;wkB fjs d/ tkX/ bJh e'fPP j[zdhj?. fJBK dk ;zpzX fe;/ okiBhfse db Bkb gqs~y o{g ft~u BjhA j[zdk ns/ Bk jh fJj fe;/ okiBhfse dbd/ nzr j[zd/ jB. gqzs{ fJj nkgD/ fjsK Bz{ d/yd/ j'J/ fe;/ Bk fe;/ okiBhfse db Bkb nkgDk ;zpzX Io{o;Ekfgs eo b?Ad/ jB. dpkn ;w{j okiBhfse db dh soK fe;/ gq'rokw d/ nkXko s/ fBotkueK Bz{gqGkfts BjhA eod/ pbfe Uj e[M ftP/P w;fbnK ft~u o{uh b?Ad/ jB.

• okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u okiBhfse dbK d/ Bkb ;G s'A rfjok ;zpzX dpkn^;w{jK dk j[zdk j?. d't/A fJ~ed{i/ s/ fJzB/ fBoGo jB fe nkgD/ T[d/PK dh g{osh bJh d'jK Bz{ fJ~e^d{i/ dk ;fj:'rh j' e/ ezw eoBk g?Adkj?. go fJ;dk noE fJj BjhA fe d't/A fJ~e^d{i/ s'A fpBK ezw BjhA eo ;ed/. gfo;fEshnK d/ ekoD ed/êd/ d'jK ft~u ;fj:'r ns/ ed/êd/ fto'X th d/fynk iKdk j?/.

• T[d/P ;zpzXh gfjbk nzso dpkn^;w{jK ns/ okiBhfse dbK ft~u gkfJnk iKdk j?. dpkn^;w{j d/ T[d/PftfPPN ;gPN ns/ e/tb fBih bkG bJh j[zd/ jB. d{i/ gk;/ okiBhfse dbK d/ T[d/P ;kXkoD j[zd/ jB,fiBk dk ;zpzX g{o/ ;wki Bkb j[zdk j?.

• ekoi^y/so ;zpzXh d{ik nzso th fJBK d'jK ft~u gkfJnk iKdk j?. dpkn^;w{jK dk ekoi y/so ftfPPNns/ ;w[fus j[zdk j?, id'A fe okiBhfse dbK dk ;kXkoD ns/ ftnkge. dpkn^;w{j dk ;zpzX wkBthihtB d/ fe;/ yk; gfjb{ Bkb jh j[zdk j? id'A fe okiBhfse dbK dk ;zpzX wkBth ihtB dhnK ;zg{oDrshftXhnK Bkb j[zdk j?.

• dpkn^;w{j nkg okiBhfse gqfeqnk d/ nzr BjhA j[zd/. gqzs{ db fJ;/ gqfeqnk d/ nB[;ko nfXeko gqkgs eoD dhe'fPP eod/ jB. Uj e/tb fBoDk gqfeqnk Bz{ gqGkfts eod/ jB. dbK dh soK ;t?̂ fBoDkfJe BjhA pDd/.

• ;zrmB Bz{ b? e/ th dpkn^;w{j ns/ okiBhfse dbK ft~u nzso j?. okiBhfse db okPNoftnkgh j[zd/jB. go pj[s x~N dpkn^;w{jK dk ;o{g okPNoftnkgh j[zdk j?.d{i/ gk;/ e[M dpkn^;w{j okiBhfsedbK s'A th nfXe ftnkge ;zrmB tkb/ j[zd/ jB id'A fe e[M okiBhfse db y/soh iK ;EkfBe ;so s~ejh ;hfws ofjzd/ jB.

• nkX[fBe okiBhfse gqfeqnk ft~u dpkn ;w{jK dh ftP/P G{fwek ns/ wj~st j?.nkw s"o s/ ;ko/gqiksKfsqe d/PK ft~u dpkn ;w{j gkJ/ iKd/ jB.

• gqzs{ fJ~e nfijk ;wK th ;h, id'A fJBK dpkn ;w{jK Bz{ nB?fse wzfBnk ikdk ;h ns/ UBK Bz{ fxqDk dhfdqPNh Bkb d/fynk iKdk ;h.


B ØN


• go ;w/A B/ eotN bJh ns/ b'eszso d/ ftek; d/ Bkb Bkb dpkn ;w{jK d/ wj~st Bz{ th ;thekfonk ikDb~rk. n~i fJBK Bz{ b'eszso bJh Bk e/tb Io{oh wzfBnk iKdk j?, pbfe ftnesh d/ fjsK dk o~fyne th;wfMnk iKdk j?. oki d/ ftXkfBe ezwK s/ dpkn ;w{jK dk n;o fdB^gqshfdB tXdk jh ik fojk j?.fJBK Bz{ ‘ftXkB wzvb d/ fg~S/ ftXkB ;Gk wzvb* (Legislature behind a Legislature) fejk iKdk j?.

• dpkn ;w{jK Bz{ b'eszso dh nfGftnesh dk ;kXB wzfBnk iKdk j?. b'eszso dh ;cbsk bJh ;t;EiBws fsnko eoBk Io{oh j? sK fe ftfPPN BhshnK dk fto'X iK ;woEB ehsk ik ;e/.

• dpkn ;w{jK dk wj~st Pk;B d/ bJh ;{uBktK fJ~emhnK eoD tkb/ ;zrmB d/ o{g ft~u th j?. jo d/Pft~u ;oeko ns/ gqPk;B d/ e'b Io{oh ;{uBktK Io{oh wksok ft~u j'DhnK ukjhdhnK jB.

• dpkn ;w{j n~i e~b nfijh ;z;Ek d/ o{g ft~u gfotofss j' u[e/ jB i' Pk;B Bz{ fJ~e yk; ;hwk s~egqGkfts eodh j?. dpkn ;w{j fJzB/ PeshPkbh ns/ ;zrfms j' u[e/ jB fe fJj nkgD/ ;tkoE ns/ fjsd/ bJh Pk;B ftt;Ek T[Zs/ T[g:'rh gqGkt gk ;ed/ jB.

• nkX[fBe Pk;B ftt;Ek ft~u e/AdoheoD dh gqftq~sh tXD d/ ekoD ;kohnK PeshnK e/Ado d/ j~E ft~ufJ~emhnK j[zdhnK ik ojhnK jB. go fJj dpkn ;w{j nkgD/ gqGkt ns/ PeshnK d[nkok e/AdohfBoze[Psk Bz{ ;hfws eod/ jB. fJ; soK e/Ado PeshnK dk d[o^T[g:'r BjhA eo ;edk.

• dpkn ;w{j nkgD/ gqGkt ns/ n;fs~st d[nkok ftfGzB fjsK ft~u ;zs[bB ;Ekfgs eod/ j'J// fe;/ fJ~e;~sk Bz{ nfsnkfXe gqGktPkbh j'D s'A o'ed/ jB. tgkoh, fe;kB, wId{o, ftfdnkoEh, n"osK, ikfs ns/Xkofwe ;w[dkJ/ ;ko/ nkgD/ nkgD/ fjsK dh o~fynk eoBk ukjz[ad/ jB ns/ fJ; soK iB^;w{jK dhgqsh:'frsk ns/ T[g;fEsh Bkb gqPk;B ns/ ;wki ft~u ;zs[bB ;Ekfgs j[zdk j?.


• gqftXh L ftfGzB ftXhnK iK seBheK• nB[Bn L gqkoEBk eoBk.


• dpkn ;w{j dk eh noE j?< ;wMkU.• okiBhfse db ns/ dpkn ;w{j ft~u nzso ;gPN eo'.• dpkn ;w{j dh okiBhfse ftt;Ek ft~u eh G{fwek j?< ;gPN eo'.

• dpkn ;w{jK B{z ‘ftXkB wzvb d/ fg~S/ ftXkB ;Gk wzvb* fejk iKdk j?. feUA< ;gPN eo'.

T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment)1. okiBhfse db 2. dpkn ;w{j ;zrmBK 3. okiBhfse dbK4. ;zrmB 5. gqPk;B ns/ ;wki






p[e;


B ØN


fJekJh^12L gqshfBfX~st dh okiBhsh ns/ ;fjGkfrskfJekJh^12L gqshfBfX~st dh okiBhsh ns/ ;fjGkfrskfJekJh^12L gqshfBfX~st dh okiBhsh ns/ ;fjGkfrskfJekJh^12L gqshfBfX~st dh okiBhsh ns/ ;fjGkfrskfJekJh^12L gqshfBfX~st dh okiBhsh ns/ ;fjGkfrsk(Politics of Representation and Participation)

ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ (Contents)T[d/P (Objectives)ikDekoh (Introduction)12H1 gqshfBfX~st gqDkbh dk ftek; ns/ f;XKs (Development and Theory of

Representation System)12H2 ;fjGkfrsk ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek (Participation and Election System)12H3 fpqN/B^nwohek^cqK; ns/ ;ftNIob?Av ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek

(Representation and Election System in UK, USA, France and Switzerland)12H4 ;ko nzP (Summary)12H5 Ppde'P (Keywords)12H6 nfGnk;^gqPB (Review Questions)12H7 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)



• gqshfBfX~st gqDkbh d/ ftek; ns/ f;XKs dh ftnkfynk eoD ft~u.• fpqN/B, nwohek, cqK; ns/ ;ftNIob?Av ft~u gqshfBfX~st gqDkbh ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek dh ftt/uBk

eoD ft~u.


nkX[fBe ekb ft~u ;[szso ns/ gqiksKszfoe d/PK dh gqDkbh dk nkXko gqshfBfX~st j?.gqkuhB ekb ft~u okiS'N/ S'N/ j[zd/ ;B ns/ fInkdkso oki dk ;o{g okiszsoh ;h. fJ; bJh fJBK okiK d/ Pk;B ;zukbB ft~uiBsk dk e'Jh ftP/P j~E BjhA ofjzdk ;h. nkw s"o s/ okik ns/ T[; d/ d[nkok fB:[es eowukoh Pk;Bdk ;zukbB eod/ ;B. rqh; iK t?Pkbh^ fij/ S'N/^w'N/ okiK ft~u jh ;zGt j?. nkX[fBe oki nkw s"o s/y/so ns/ iB^;zfynk ft~u ekch t~v/ j[zd/ jB. fJBK dh ftPkbsk d/ ekoD oki d/ jo/e Bkrfoe dk gqs~yo{g Bkb Pk;Bêkoi ft~u Gkr b?Dk n;zGt j' iKdk j?. fJ; bJh gqshfBfXnkswe gqikszso (Represen-tative Democracy) gqDkbh dh y'i j'Jh j?. fJ; soK d/ oki ft~u iBsk nkgD/ gqshfBXhnK Bz{ u[Ddh j?ns/ UBK gqshfBXhnK dk ;zukbB eodh j?. fJ; bJh gqshfBXhnK Bz{ u[DB d/ nfXeko Bz{ fBotkuB dknfXeko efjzd/ jB. fJj BkrfoeK dk gqw[~y nfXeko j' frnk j?. wsbp fJj fe fBotkuB ftt;Ek dhebgBk nkX[fBe j?. ftPkb nkX[fBe gqiksKsfoe okiK d/ ekoD fJ; dk iBw j'fJnk.

E'V/ ft~u, nkX[fBe :[~r ft~u fBotkuB fJ~e nfsnzs wj~stg{oD okiBhfse gqfeqnk j?.jo gqshfBfXnkswe;oeko ft~u fBotkueK ns/ fBotkuB y/soK dk ;zrmB ns/ fBotkuB gqfeqnk ekch wj~stg{oD gqPB j'rJ/ jB. fJBK Bz{ nkX[fBe gqiksKsfoe g~Xsh dk nkXko efjDk nfsfPn'esh BjhA j't/rh.

fJekJh^12L gqshfBfX~st dh okiBhsh ns/ ;fjGkfrskfJekJh^12L gqshfBfX~st dh okiBhsh ns/ ;fjGkfrskfJekJh^12L gqshfBfX~st dh okiBhsh ns/ ;fjGkfrskfJekJh^12L gqshfBfX~st dh okiBhsh ns/ ;fjGkfrskfJekJh^12L gqshfBfX~st dh okiBhsh ns/ ;fjGkfrsk

B ØN


12H1 gqshfBfX~st gqDkbh dk ftek; ns/ f;XKs 12H1 gqshfBfX~st gqDkbh dk ftek; ns/ f;XKs 12H1 gqshfBfX~st gqDkbh dk ftek; ns/ f;XKs 12H1 gqshfBfX~st gqDkbh dk ftek; ns/ f;XKs 12H1 gqshfBfX~st gqDkbh dk ftek; ns/ f;XKs (Development andTheory of Representation System)

gqshfBfX~st gqDkbh dk ftek; gqshfBfX~st gqDkbh dk ftek; gqshfBfX~st gqDkbh dk ftek; gqshfBfX~st gqDkbh dk ftek; gqshfBfX~st gqDkbh dk ftek; (Growth of the Representation System) L^ L^ L^ L^ L^wKN/;feTwKN/;feTwKN/;feTwKN/;feTwKN/;feT{ (Montesqieu) d/ ftuko ft~u ftP[ZX gqshfBXh dh ebgBk nkX[fBe j?. gqkuhB ekb d/ b'eKBz{ ftP[ZX gqshfBXh dh ebgBk BjhA ;h. okik jh ekBz{B pDkUAdk ;h. i/eo ed/ ;w{j fJ~emk j[zdk th ;hsK Uj iBsk dk j[zdk ;h, T[;d/ gqshfBXhnK dk BjhA. o{;'o{;'o{;'o{;'o{;' (Rousseau) dk th efjDk j? fe gqshfBfX~stdh ebgBk nkX[fBe j?, fJ;dh T[sgsh dk ekoD ;oekoK dh ;t/Skukfosk ;h.fco th fejk ik ;edk j?fe gqkuhB gqiksKsfoe okiK ft~u fJ; dh E'Vh pj[s P[o{nks j' u[eh ;h.gqzs{ w~XekbhB :[~r ft~u fJj ;gPNo{g Bkb fqdqPNhr'uo j'D b~rh. id'A e[M okfinK Bz{ XB dh Io{os j[zdh ;h, sK Uj eoko'D d/ ;zpzX ft~u;bkj b?D bJh e[M iB^gqshfBXhnK Bz{ nkwszsfos eod/ ;B.gqshfBXhnK d/ ;w{j B/ j'bh j'bh gqshfBXh;z;Ek dk o{g rqfjD eo fbnk. fi; Bz{ fJzrb?Av ft~u ;z;d (Parliament), cqK; ft~u ;N/N; iBob(Estates General) ns/ ikgkB ft~u vkfJN (Diet) fejk iKdk ;h.fJBK ;z;EktK ns/ okfinK ftueko;dhnK s~e ;zxoP ubdk fojk. okfinK dh Pesh ewI'o g?D b~rh ns/ gqshfBXh ;z;EktK dh Pesh tXDb~rh. 1213 JhH ft~u fJ; gqeko dh ;Gk p[bkJh rJh. 1256 JhH ft~u p?oBK d/ fti/ ;~sk^;kJhwB^v/w'ANc'oN (Simon de-Montford) B/ ;z;d dh p?me p[bkJh fi; ft~u ;kwzsK, gkdohnK ns/ ekT{ANhnK d/gqshfBXhnK s'A fJbktk 21 BroK (Borughs) s'A th d' d' gqshfBXh nkwzsfos j'J/. gfjbh tko ;z;d dhgqshfBfXnkswe gqfeqsh Bz{ fJzBk ftnkge ns/ eqKshekoh o{g fd~sk frnk. 1295 JhH ft~u n?vtov gqEwB/ ;z;d dh p?me p[bkJh. fJj fJfsjk; ft~u ‘nkdoP ;z;d* (Model Parilament) d/ BK Bkb ftfynksj?, feUAfe 400 ftneshnK dh fJ; ;Gk ft~u nkw s"o s/ ;ko/ gqw[~y torK^p?oB, gkdoh, BkJhN, Bronkfd Bz{ gqshfBfX~st fwfbnk. fJ; s'A fpqfNP ftt;Ek dk fJj fJ~e ;EkJh ns/ Io{oh nzr pD rJh.fJ;s'A pknd, fNT{vo ns/ ;N{noN ekb ft~u ;zftXkfBe ns/ okiBhfse eqKshnK ubdhnK ojhnK, fi;d/cb;o{g, ;z;d j'o fInkdk PeshPkbh ns/ gqshfBfXnkswe j[zdh rJh. nmkothA Pskpdh ft~u ;wokNfJ~e ;zftXkfBe gqXkB wkso ofj frnk ns/ ;z;d g{oh soK ;kotG"w j' rJh. 19thA ns/ toswkB Pskpdhft~u fJj ftek; g{oD j' frnk.

fJzrb?Av ft~u P[o{ s'A jh ;z;d dk o{g nKfPe o{g ft~u gqshfBfXnkswe (Representative) fojk j?, feUAfeBroK ns/ ;kwzsK d/ gqshfBXh fe;/ Bk fe;/ o{g ft~u u[D/ ikd/ ;B.fJzrb?Av d/ bJh gqshfBfX~st dk f;XKse'Jh BtK f;XKs BjhA ;h. ;z;d s'A gfjbK ;EkfBe ;z;EktK ft~u fJ; dk gq:'r j'D b~rk ;h. ;z;d d/;zpzX ft~u fJ; dk w~X:[r ft~u j'fJnk. fJj efjDk rbs j't/rk fe gqshfBfX~st g~Xsh dk T[/d/ iowBhd/ izrbK ft~u ns/ ftek; ;?e;B :[r d/ fJzrb?Av ft~u j'fJnk, fi; Bz{ pknd ft~u ;z;dh ;z;EktK B/ngDkfJnk. w~X:[rh ;z;d dh ;d;~sk nfXeko dh pikJ/ efmB ns/ d[ydkJh ;h, e?d ns/ j~fsnk dk vopfDnk ofjzdk ;h, ;d;~sk fe;/ d/ f;o s/ Ipod;sh wVh iKdh ;h. fJ; bJh ;~uh gqshfBfXnkswe ;oekodh ;EkgBk toswkB ekb ft~u j'Jh. gqzs{ fJ; dh BhAj ftqfjs ;Gk ft~u ekT{ANh ns/ p"oK Bz{ gqshfBfX~std/D Bkb jh g? u[eh ;h. fJ; d/ T[d/ dk ekoD ;[szsosk ns/ ;t?Pk;B d/ gqsh gq/w BjhA, pbfe okfinkdh eo gqkgs eoD dh Pesh dk fto'X ;h.

fJzrb?Av dh soK j'o d/PK ft~u gqshfBXh ;z;EktK dh ;EkgBk ehsh rJh ns/ Pesh j;sKsfos eoD bJh;zxoP nkozG j'fJnk. cqK; dh wjkB eqKsh (glorious Revolution) B/ gqshfBfXnkswe gqDkbh dh;EkgBk dh fdPk ft~u fJ~e wjkB ;zxoP ehsk. nwoheh T[gfBt/PK B/ ‘fpBK gqshfBfX~st d/ eo BjhA*(No taxation without repesentation) dk Bkok brkfJnk ns/ nzs ft~u b'eszsoh gqshfBfXnkswe;oeko dh ;EkgBk ft~u ;cb j'J/. ftPt d/ j'o d/PK ft~u th gqshfBfXnkswe ;z;EktK dh ;EkgBk bJhnzd'bB j'J/. fJ;dk Bshik fJj fB~efbnk fe b'eszsoh ns/ nfXBkfJetkdh d/PK ft~u ;wkB o{g BkbgqshfBfXnkswe gqDkbh ngDkJh ik ojh j?.

gqkuhB ns/ w[rbekbhB Gkos ft~u dopko gqEk d/ nzsors ikrhodkoK ns/ ;kwzsK Bz{ nkwzsfos ehsk iKdk;h, go UBK Bz{ gqshfBXh dh EK gqkgs BjhA ;h. 1857 JhH d/ ftdo'j s'A pknd fpqfNP ;oeko B/ th fJj


B ØN


wfj;{; ehsk fe GkoshnK d/ ;fj:'r s'A fpBK ;oeko ubkUDk n;zGt j?. fJ; bJh Gkosh gfoPdnfXfB:w 1861 d/ d[nkok rtoBo iBob ns/ rtoBoK dhnK gfoPdK ft~u GkoshnK Bz{ ;EkB fd~skfrnk. d[pkok 1892 JhH ft~u Gkosh gfoPd nfXfB:w d[nkok GkoshnK dh ;zfynk ft~u tkXk ehsk frnkns/ go'y fBotkuB gqDkbh dh ftt;Ek ehsh rJh. wkob/ fwzN' ;[Xko, 1909 JhH d/ d[nkok GkoshnK d/gqshfBfX~st Bz{ tXk fd~sk frnk ns/ w[;bwkBK d/ bJh nb~r fBotkuB dh ftt;Ek ehsh rJh. wKN/frT{̂ u/w;c'ov ;[Xko, 1919 fJ; fdPk ft~u fJ~e gqw[~y edw ;h. fJ; dk T[d/P T[ZsodkJh Pk;B dh ;EkgBkeoBk ;h. Pk;B d/ j;sKsfos (Transfered) Gkr Bz{ gqshfBXhnK d/ gqsh T[ZsodkJh wzsohnK d/ j~E ft~u;"Ag fd~sk frnk. fJ; nfXfB:w dh fJ~e gqw[~y ftP/Psk fJj ;h fe ;zgodkfJe ns/ torh fjsK d/gqshfBfX~st T[Zs/ nfXe pb fd~sk frnk.1935 JhH d/ Gkos ;oeko nfXfB:w B/ gqshfBfXe ;z;EktK dhiV Bz{ g{ok wip{s eo fd~sk. fBotkfus gqshfBXhnK dh ;zfynk pj[s tXk fd~sh rJh.gqKsK ft~u fBotkfusgqshfBXhnK d/ gqsh T[ZsodkJh wzsohwzvb tkbhnK ;oekoK dh ;EkgBk j'Jh. fJj gfjbk w"ek ;h, id'AGkos ft~u ftqjs o{g Bkb u"DK j'JhnK, ns/ ;G s'A t~v/ db eKro; B/ fJ; ft~u ;feqn Gkr fbnk. nzsft~u, ;[szso Gkos d/ ;zftXkB d/ fBowkD j/s{ ;zftXkB ;Gk (Constituent Assembly) dk rmB j'fJnk.fJ; d/ gqshfBXhnK dk u[Bkt ngqs~y ohsh Bkb j'fJnk ;h. fco th fJ; ;Gk ft~u ;ko/ torK, ikshnK,okiBhfse dbK ns/ fjsK Bz{ g{ok gqshfBfX~st gqkgs ;h. ;[szsosk gqkgsh s'A gfjbK s~e, gqshfBfX~st ns/fBotkuB dh ftP/Psk ;h fe Uj ;hfws ;B ns/ gqshfBXhnK d/ u[Bkt dk nkXko pkbr wskfXeko BjhA;h ns/ u[Bkt dk nkXko ;zgodkfJe ns/ torh gqshfBfX~st ;h. gqzs{ ;[szso Gkos ft~u fBotkuB Bz{ g{oDgqiksKsfoe pDk fd~sk frnk j?. fJ; dk nkXko n;hfws pkbr wskfXeko j?. gqshfBXhnK Bz{ ftP/P;EkBns/ nfXeko gqkgs j? ns/ gqshfBfXe ;z;EktK Bz{ w[~y s"o s/ ftXhfBowkD ns/ efsg: j'o y/soK ft~u thIo{oh nfXeko fd~s/ rJ/ jB.

gqshfBfX~st d/ f;XKs gqshfBfX~st d/ f;XKs gqshfBfX~st d/ f;XKs gqshfBfX~st d/ f;XKs gqshfBfX~st d/ f;XKs (Theories of Representation): gqshfBfX~st d/ ;zpzX ft~u d' gqshcb f;XKsKdk gqshgkdB ehsk frnk j?^ nkfdPN gqshfBfX~st ns/ nkd/P gqshfBfX~st.

nkfdPN gqshfBfX~st nkfdPN gqshfBfX~st nkfdPN gqshfBfX~st nkfdPN gqshfBfX~st nkfdPN gqshfBfX~st (Instructed Representation): nkfdPN gqshfBfX~st dk noE j? fe gqshfBfX~stfBotkueK d/ nXhB j?. T[;dh fBih fJ~Sk e[M BjhA j?. Uj fBotkueK dh fJ~Sk dh nfGftnesh eodkj?. fJj fe;/ gqeko dk ;zP'XB fBotkueK dh nkfrnk Bkb fbnk ;edk j?. gqshfBXh dk fJj o{g n~i g[okDkg? frnk j/. fco th e[M nfij/ gqshfBXh j[zd/ jB i' wkfbe dh fJ~Sk d/ nzsors jh e[M eo ;ed/ jBfit/A ftd/PK ft~u okid{s, nzsookPNoh ;zw/bBK ft~u ftfGzB okPNoK d/ gqshfBXh^gqshfBfX~st d/ fJ;f;XKs Bz{ nwkBth mfjokfJnk frnk j?, feUAfe gqshfBXhnK Bz{ Bk sK ftt/eg{oD nkd/P jh T[gbpX j[zd/jB ns/ Bk jh fBotkueK dh tk;fte fJ~Sk dk gsk jh nk;kBh Bkb brkUDk ;zGt j?. fJ; s'A fJbktkftXh fBowkD d/ ezw n~i J/B/ g/uhdk, efmB ns/ ftqjd j' rJ/ jB fe e'Jh gqshfBXh jo edw s/ fBotkueKd[nkok fBod/fPs BjhA j' ;edk j?. d[orsh Bkb gfotko ft~u j'D tkbhnK xNBktK ns/ ;w~f;nktK d/ ekoDgqfs~frnktK T[Zs/ nNb ofjDk fe;/ th gqshfBXh d/ bJh ;zGt BjhA j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk toswkB fBotkuBgqDkbh d/ nzsors nkfdPN gqshfBfX~st dk f;XKs fttjkfoe BjhA fdydk. nkX[fBe :[r ft~u u[Bkt dknkXko g~Xsh j?. wsdksk fe;/ gqshfBXh^ftP/P Bz{ BjhA pbfe okiBhfse dbK Bz{ ws fdzd/ jB. dbnkgDhnK BhshnK Bz{ wsdksktK d/ ;kjwD/ o~yd/ jB. i/s{ db nkgDh BhshnK Bz{ ekoftzs eodk j?, Bk fewsdksktK dhnK BhshnK Bz{. wsdksktK dh e'Jh fJ~e Bhsh j't/ sK th j?. fco gqshfBXhrD dbh ;zrmBd/ nzsors u[Dkt bV ;ed/ jB ns/ dbh BhshnK Bz{ bkr{ eoD dh gqfs~frnk eod/ jB. fJj fe;/ thgqshfBXh dh Pesh d/ pkjo dh r~b j? fe Uj fe;/ db dh Bhsh Bz{ ftneshrs o{g Bkb bkr{ eo/. fJ;bJh fJj fttjkfoe BjhA brdk fe e'Jh gqshfBXh fBotkueK d/ nzsors jh nkgD/ ekoiy/so Bz{ ;hfws

Gkos ft~u gqshfBfXnkswe gqDkbh d/ ftek; dh ejkDh fpqfNP Pk;B dh;EkgBk s'A nkozG j[zdh j?.

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j'


B ØN


o~y/. nzs ft~u e'Jh th ftt/ePhb ftnesh T[; ;fEsh ft~u gqshfBXh j'Dk ukj/rk id'A e/tb fBotkueKd/ nkd/PkB[;ko T[; Bz{ u~bDk gt/. nkfdPN gqshfBfX~st d/ f;XKs Bz{ bk;eh B/ rbs ns/ bhpo B/“fBnKfto[ZX, n;zrs ns/ nftXkfBe@ fejk j?.

nkd/PjhD gqshfBfX~st nkd/PjhD gqshfBfX~st nkd/PjhD gqshfBfX~st nkd/PjhD gqshfBfX~st nkd/PjhD gqshfBfX~st (Unistructed Representation): nkd/PjhD gqshfBfX~st dk noE j? fegqshfBXhrD fBotkueK d/ nfGeosk (Agent) BjhA jB, Uj fBotkueK d/ nXhB BjhA jB ns/ e/tb UBKd/ nkd/P nB[;ko ezw BjhA eod/ jB fit/A fe T[Zgo fejk frnk j?. f;XKse ns/ fttjkfoe d'jK fdqPNhe'DKBkb fJj ;zGt BjhA j? fe e'Jh gqshfBXh ;dk fBotkueK d/ fBod/PkB[;ko iK fBotkueK d/ ;kjwD/ ehshnKrJhnK gqfs~frnktK d/ nB[;ko ezw eo/. fJ; bJh nkX[fBe :[r ft~u nkfdPN gqshfBfX~st dk f;XKsnwkBfte f;XKs f;~X j' frnk j? ns/ nkd/PjhD f;XKs Bz{ wkBsk fwb rJh j?.

gd^ntXhLgd^ntXhLgd^ntXhLgd^ntXhLgd^ntXhL gqshfBXhnK dh ekoi^ntXh d/ ;zpzX ft~u e'Jh fBfPfus fB:w BjhA j?. ftfGzB d/PK ft~uftfGzB ntXhnK ngDkJhnK rJhnK jB. fi~E/ ftt;Ekfgek ;GktK d/ b'efgqn ;dBK dk gqPB j?, UBK dkekoi ekb Gkos, fpqN/B ns/ eBkvk ft~u 5 ;kb, nwohek ft~u 2 ;kb ns/ g{op ;'ftns ;zx, ;thvBns/ ikgkB ft~u 4 ;kb j?. d'rb/ ;dBK d/ gqshfBXhnK dk ekoiekkb nwohek ns/ nk;No/bhnk ft~u 6;kb, d~yD ncohek ft~u 10 ;kb, cqK; ft~u 9 ;kb ns/ ;'ftns o{; ft~u 4 ;kb ns/ fpqN/B ft~u nkihtBj?. ftfGzB ekoi^ntXhnK d/ T[fus j'D d/ g~y ft~u e'Jh m'; soe d/Dk efmB j?. Gkosh ;zftXkB ;Gk(Indian Constitution Assembly) dh ;zxh ;zftXkB^;fwsh (Union Constitution Committee) B/b'e;Gk bJh 4 ;kb s~e dk ekoiekb fBPfus ehsk ;h, gqzs{ gqko{g ;fwsh (drafting Committee) B/ fJ; Bz{tXk e/ 5 ;kb eo fd~sk. fJ; dk ekoD fJj d~f;nk frnk fe ;z;dh gqDkbh ft~u gfjbk ;kb, fe;/ wzsoh Bz{Pk;B ekoi dk frnkB gqkgs eoD ft~u br iKdk j? ns/ nzfsw ;kb ;kXkoD fBotkuB dh fsnkoh ft~u briKdk j?. fJ; bJh d' ;kb dk ;wK pu/rk i' ;[fB:'fis gqPk;B d/ bJh pj[s x~N ntXh j?. vkH e/H thH okUvkH e/H thH okUvkH e/H thH okUvkH e/H thH okUvkH e/H thH okUd/ PpdK ft~u gqko{g ;fwsh d[nkok fd~sh rJh ftnkfynk UBh jh n;zs'PiBe j? fizBh r?oÎo{oh. uko ns/gzi ;kbK ft~u e'Jh ftP/P nzso BjhA j?, gqzs{ ;fwsh d[nkok T[go'es ftnkfynk fpbe[b th mhe BjhA j?.ikB ;N{noN fwbikB ;N{noN fwbikB ;N{noN fwbikB ;N{noN fwbikB ;N{noN fwb B/ gqshfBXhnK dh ntXh B{z fBPfus eoD bJh :[esh;zrs f;XKs dh ftnkfynk ehshj?, “fJ~e gk;/ sK w?ApoK d/ gd dh ntXh J/Bh bzph BjhA j'Dh ukjhdh i' T[;Bz{ nkgDk coI jh G[bk d/t/ iK i' nkgD/ eos~tK Bz{ pj[s Bowh Bkb rqfjD eo/ ns/ ftneshrs ;tkoEK dh fdqPNh Bkb UBK dkgkbD eo/ iK nkgD/ ftukoK d/ Bkb UBK ;zg{oD w/b^fwbkgK dh T[g/fynk eo/ fiBK d/ ftP/ ft~u Uj UBKBkb ;fjws j't/ iK fGzB ws o~ydk j't/ fJj gqshfBXh ;oeko d/ b'eK ft~u'A fJ~e j?. d{i/ gk;/ T[;d/ gddh ntXh nfijh j'Dh ukjhdh j? fe T[;Bz{ fJ~e ezw d[nkok fBohyD :'r Bk pDkt/ pbfe T[;d/ ekoieqwd[nkok fBohyD :'r mfjokt/. noEks gqshfBXh dh ntXh Bk sK pj[s bzph j'Dh ukjhdh j? ns/ Bk jh pj[sS'Nh. Bkb jh, T[;d/ ekoi dh ntXh T[;d/ ezw dh gqfeqsh d/ nB[e{b j'Dh ukjhdh j?.

gqshfBXhnK dhnK :'rsktKgqshfBXhnK dhnK :'rsktKgqshfBXhnK dhnK :'rsktKgqshfBXhnK dhnK :'rsktKgqshfBXhnK dhnK :'rsktK (Qualifications of Representatives): gqshfBXhnK Bz{ ftfPPN ns/T[ZsodkfJ~stg{oD ezw eoB/ g?Ad/ jB. UBK Bz{ ifNb ns/ g/uhdk ekBz{BK dk fBowkD eoBk g?Adk j?. Bkb/ jh,UBK Bz{ fJ; r~b dk fXnkB th o~yDk g?Adk j? fe gfjbK d/P dk Pk;B ;zukbB ;t~S ns/ e[Pb sohe/ Bkb j't/ns/ ;kXkoD fjsK dk tkXk j't/. fJ; bJh fJj Io{oh j? fe gqshfBXh :'r, ekoiê[Pb ns/ d/P^;/th j't/.

wsbp fJj j? fe gqshfBXhnK dk r[Dkswe (Qualitative) g~y T[Zuk j't/. fJ; bJh ikB ;N{noN fwbgqshfBXhnK d/ bJh e[M T[ZuhnK :'rsktK fBoXkfos eoD d/ g~y ft~u ;B. Gkosh ;zftXkB ;Gk (ConstituentAssembly) ft~u eJh gqw[~y w?ApoK B/ fJj ;[Mkt fd~sk ;h fe ftt;Ekfgsk ;Gk dh ;d;~sk d/ bJh e[M ftP/P :'rsktK fBoXkfos ehshnK ikDhnK ukjhdhnK jB. nkoH nkoH fdtkeo dk efjDk ;h fe n;hA b'e nfijkftXkfJe ukj[zd/ jk i' e/tb fJ~e gqshfBXh Bk j't/, pbfe nfijk gqshfBXh j't/ i' ftXh fBowkD eo ;e/ ns/i' d{odoPh j't/. fJ;/ gq;zr ft~u vkH oki/Ado gq;kdvkH oki/Ado gq;kdvkH oki/Ado gq;kdvkH oki/Ado gq;kdvkH oki/Ado gq;kd B/ fejk ;h fe w?A ftXkB wzvbK d/ w?ApoK bJh e[M :'rsktKfBoXkfos eoD d/ g~y ft~u jK. fJj nihp fijk brdk j? fe ekBz{B d/ gqPk;eK bJh T[ZuhnK :'rsktK fBoXkfoseohJ/ ns/ i' fJ;dk fBowkD eod/ jB UBK bJh fBotkuB j'D s'A fJbktk e[M BjhA.

e/H NhH Pkje/H NhH Pkje/H NhH Pkje/H NhH Pkje/H NhH Pkj B/ th fJj ftnes ehsk ;h fe ftnkge o{g Bkb c?bh fBo~yosk d/ cb;o{g ftXkB wzvbKft~u nf;fy~ns ftneshnK d/ u[D/ ikD dk vo j?. fJ; bJh ftXkB wzvb d/ bJh f;fy~ns j'Dk Io{oh eo


B ØN


d/Dk ukjhdk j?. gqzs{ gqshfBXhnK T[Zs/ fJ; gqeko dh fe;/ soK dh wo:kdk brkUDk ngqiksKsfoe brdkj?. gqzs{ e[M ;kXkoD wo:kdktK brkJhnK ik ;edhnK jB^ T[wo, Bkrfoesk,ngokX,wkBf;e ;fEshnkfd.

ftfGzB d/PK d/ gqshfBXhnK d/ bJh fBoXkfos :'rsktK Bz{ fXnkB ft~u o~yd/ j'J/ UBK bJh fBwBfbfys:'rsktK Io{oh ;wMhnK iKdhnK jB^

(((((i) Bkrfoesk ) Bkrfoesk ) Bkrfoesk ) Bkrfoesk ) Bkrfoesk (Citizenship)LLLLL nkw s"o s/ d/P dk Bkrfoe jh gqshfBXh j' ;edk j? . BkrfoeK dkgqshfBXh gd bJh T[whdtko d/ o{g ft~u yV/ j'Dk UBk dk fJ~e gqw[~y okiBhfse nkXko j?. jo BkrfoeBz{ fJj nfXeko gqkgs ofjDk ukjhdk j?. ukj/ Uj iBwiks (by birth) iK gzihfeqs (by registration)iK nrhfeqs (by naturalization) Bkrfoe j't/. ftd/Ph Bkrfoe Bz{ fJj nfXeko gqkgs BjhA j? feUAfefJj ;zGt j? fe Uj gd dk d[oT[g:'r fBih ;tkoE iK nkgDh wks^G{wh d/ ;tkoE bJh eo ;ed/ jB.gqzs{ d/P d/ BkrfoeK s'A nfijh T[whd BjhA ehsh ik ;edh. fJ; s'A fJbktk d/P d/ Bkrfoe jh d/P^fjsdh r~b fInkdk uzrh soK ;'u ;ed/ jB ns/ d/P dhnK ;w~f;nktK ns/ gfo;fEshnK Bkb GbhGKsh ntrsofjD d/ ekoD fInkdk uzr/ ekBz{BK dk fBowkD eo ;ed/ jB.

(((((ii) T[wo ) T[wo ) T[wo ) T[wo ) T[wo (Age)LLLLL fInkdkso ;zftXkB ft~u gqshfBXhnK dh T[wo dk T[b/y fwbdk j?. Gkosh ;zftXkBft~u b'e;Gk d/ w?ApoK bJh fBT{Bsw T[wo 25 ;kb ns/ oki ;Gk d/ w?ApoK bJh 30 ;kb fBPfus ehshrJh j?. nwohek ft~u th gqEw ns/ d{;o/ ;dBK d/ w?ApoK bJh th T[go'es fBT{Bsw T[wo fBPfus j?.Gkos ;oeko nfXfB:w 1935 d/ d[nkok sK T[Zu ;dBK dh fBT{Bsw T[wo 5 ;kb fBPfus ehsh rJh;h.E'V/ ft~u ftt;Ekfgek ;Gk d/ w?ApoK bJh nkw s"o s/ fBT{Bsw T[wo fBoXkfos eo fd~sh iKdh j?.T[wo dh fBT{Bsw ;hwk Bz{ nkw s"o s/ T[Zu o~fynk iKdk j?. ekoD fJj j? fe ftXh fBowkD bJh nB[Gthns/ gfog~e ftneshnK dh Io{os. d{i/ ;dBK d/ w?ApoK dh fBT{Bsw T[wo nkw s"o s/ nfXe T[Zu o~yhiKdh j? feUAfe T[Zu ;dB dk ezw ekoi ftXhnK T[Zs/ nfXe rzGhoskg{ote ftuko eoBk ns/ UBK Bz{fBwB;dB d/ T[s/fis ns/ yfDe nkt/PK s'A pukUDk j?.

(((((iii) nktk; ) nktk; ) nktk; ) nktk; ) nktk; (Residence)L L L L L eJh d/PK ft~u gqshfBXhnK bJh nktk; dh :'rsk fd~sh rJh j?. nwohehgqshfBXh ;Gk d/ w?ApoK bJh fJj Io{oh j? fe Uj fi; oki s'A fBotkfus j[zdk j't/, T[; oki dk fBtk;hj't/. gqzs{ y/soh fB:w (locality rule) d/ ftek; d/ ekoD T[whdtko Bz{ T[;/ fBotkuB y/so dk fBtk;hj'Dk ukjhdk j?. fJ; d/ ftgohs Gkos ft~u nktk; Bz{ Io{oh BjhA pDkfJnk frnk. f;oc fJ~e y/so dkfBtk;h d{i/ y/so s'A jh BjhA pbfe fJ~e oki dk fBtk;h d{i/ oki s'A th yVk j' ;edk j?. fco th, ;kXkoDs"o s/, n;EkfBe ftnesh th fe;/ y/so s'A gqshfBXh db bJh T[whdtko d/ o{g ft~u yVk j' ;edk j?.

(((((iv) ;zgsh ) ;zgsh ) ;zgsh ) ;zgsh ) ;zgsh (Property): eJh d/PK ft~u ;zgsh Bz{ gqshfBXh dh :'rsk wzfBnk iKdk j?. fi; ftnesh e'bfBih ;zgsh j[zdh j?, T[; Bz{ ekBz{B fBowkD bJh gfonkgs ;wK fwbdk j?. Bkb/ jh, u[Bkt ft~u x[zwD^fcoDns/ nkgD/ nkgD/ ftuko Bz{ gqekfPs eoD bJh T[; e'b gfonkgs ;kXB ofjzdk j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk ;zgsh dho~fynk bJh Uj oki dk Grs j[zdk j?. fpBK fwjBskB/ d/ jh iBsk dh ;/tk eodk j?. gqzs{ ;zgsh dh :'rsk dkj"bh j"bh b'g j' fojk j?. gqrshPhb gqiksKsfoe d/PK ft~u fJj brGr ysw j' frnk j?.

nkX[fBe ekb ft~u okiBhfse ;wsk d/ f;XKs Bz{ ngDkfJnk frnk j?. fJ; bJh nwho ns/ rohp ;GBz{ ;wkB okiBhfse nfXeko gqkgs jB.

(v) gdgdgdgdgd (Office): pj[s ;ko/ okiK ft~u fJj pzXB brk fd~sk frnk j? fe e[M ftP/P gdK T[Zs/ nk;kBhBkb ftt;Ekfgek d/ w?Apo BjhA j' ;ed/.T[dkjoD bJh, Gkos ft~u e'Jh th ftnesh, i' ;oekoh iK fe;/bkG d/ gd s/ j't/, ftXkBwzvb dk w?Apo BjhA j' ;edk. ;z:[es oki nwohek ft~u sK ekoigkfbek dk w?AponoEks wzsohrD eKro; d/ w?Apo BjhA j' ;ed/ jB.fJ; pzXB dk fJ~e ekoD j? fe ekoigkfbek d/ w?Apoftt;Ekfgek d/ w?Apo j' ikD sK Uj fBih ;tkoE bJh ekBz{B dk fBowkD eoDr/.

(vi) gkrbgB iK dhtkbhnk gkrbgB iK dhtkbhnk gkrbgB iK dhtkbhnk gkrbgB iK dhtkbhnk gkrbgB iK dhtkbhnk (Mentally unfit or Insolent): Gkosh ;zftXkB fJj gqshpzX brkUAdkj? fe e'Jh th ftnesh i' fBnkb/ d[nkok gkrb iK dhtkbhnk eoko d/ fd~sk frnk j't/, Uj ;z;d iK ftXkBwzvb dk w?Apo BjhA pD ;edk.


B ØN


(vii) u'DK dk d[okuoD u'DK dk d[okuoD u'DK dk d[okuoD u'DK dk d[okuoD u'DK dk d[okuoD (Election Malpractices): fBotkuB d/ bJh fBnKg{oD nkuoD ns/ fB:wKdk gkbD Io{oh j?. i' T[whdtko u[Bkt ft~u fJBK fB:wK Bz{ Gzr eodk j?, T[; Bz{ n:'r x'fPs eo fd~skiKdk j?. u'DK d[okuoD dk fBoXkoD fJ~e ;[szso fBnkbk eodk j?.

(viii) Xow Xow Xow Xow Xow (Religion): eJh d/PK ft~u Xow Bz{ th gqshfBXh dh :'rsk wzfBnk frnk j?. fJzrb?Av ft~u;Ekfgs froikxo d/ nfXekoh, wzsoh ns/ o'wB e?E'fbe uou d/ gkdoh b'e;Gk d/ w?Apo BjhA j' ;ed/ns/ gkfe;skB ft~u fJ~e w[;bwkB jh okPNogsh j' ;edk j?.

(ix) nB[Gt nB[Gt nB[Gt nB[Gt nB[Gt (Experience): bk;eh dk efjDk ;h fe e/tb nB[Gth ftnesh Bz{ jh ftt;Ekfgek d/ u[Bktft~u yV/ j'D dh nB[wsh fwbDh ukjhdh j?. fe;/ th gqshfBXh Bz{ ;EkfBe ;z;EktK ft~u ezw eoD dk x~Ns'A x~N fszB ;kb dk nB[Gt Io{o j'Dk ukjhdk j?.

gqshfBXhnK d/ ftP/PkfXeko gqshfBXhnK d/ ftP/PkfXeko gqshfBXhnK d/ ftP/PkfXeko gqshfBXhnK d/ ftP/PkfXeko gqshfBXhnK d/ ftP/PkfXeko (Privileges of the Representatives): jo d/P ft~u T[ZE'A d/gqshfBXhnK Bz{ e[M ftP/PkfXeko gqkgs ofjzd/ jB. UBK Bz{ ;zftXkB d/ gqsh PoXk ns/ fBPmk o~yD dh ns/eos~t dk PoXkg{ote gkbD eoD dh PgE b?Dh g?Adh j?. UBK Bz{ ftXkB ;Gk ns/ T[;d/ pkjo ftukonfGftnesh dh g{oD ;[szsosk ofjzdh j?. GkPD d/D d/ fto[~X UBK T[Zs/ e'Jh ekotkJh BjhA ehsh ik;edh. ;dB d/ nfXt/PB d/ ;w/A ft~u nkw s"o s/ UBK Bz{ frocsko BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. gqshfBXhnKBz{ fB:fws o{g Bkb ;kbkBk iK wkf;e t/sB ns/ j'o G~s/ fwbd/ jB.

gqshfBXhnK d/ eos~t gqshfBXhnK d/ eos~t gqshfBXhnK d/ eos~t gqshfBXhnK d/ eos~t gqshfBXhnK d/ eos~t (Duties of the Representatives): nkX[fBe ekb d/ gqshfBXh ;zg{oD okPNodk gqshfBfX~st eod/ jB.Uj fe;/ db, iksh, tor iK ;w{j dk gqshfBXh BjhA j[zdk j?. ukj/ Uj fe;/iksh, ;w{j, y/so iK tor d/ ;woEB Bkb u[fDnk iKdk j?, fco th u[D/ ikD s'A pknd Uj g{o/ okPNodk gqshfBXh pD iKdk j?. T[j ;ze[fus fjs dk BjhA, pbfe ;zg{oD oki dk gqshfBXh j? ns/ okiêkoijh T[;dk eos~t j/. Uj nkgD/ fBotkueK d/ nkd/PK Bkb pzfBnk j'fJnk BjhA j? ns/ Bk jh nkgD/ ezwKd/ bJh Uj fBotkueK d/ gqsh T[ZsodkJh jh j?. “gqshfBXh nkgD/ ftt/e Bkb ezw eodk j?. Uj nkgD/fBotkueK dh wB'ftqsh Bz{ fXnkB ft~u o~ydk j?.go fJ; dk wsbp fJj BjhA fe jo tko d/ bJh UBk dh;fjwsh b?Adk j?, pbfe Uj nkgD/ ezw d/ ftP/ ft~u g{oh soK ;[szso j?. n;b ft~uL gqshfBXhnK Bz{ nkgD/ftt/e d/ nB[;ko jh ezw eoBk ukjhdk j?.@ fJ; ;zpzX ft~u pb{zPbh B/ fejk j? fe gqshfBXh Uj j? i' nkgD/ftXkfBe nfXekoK dh ;hwk ft~u b'eK d/ pdb/ nkgDh ;[szso fBoDk Pesh d/ nB[;ko ezw eoD bJhfBotkfus ehsk frnk j?. T[; Bz{ ezw ns/ fBoD/ dh g{oh ;[szsosk j'Dh ukjhdh j?. i/eo e'Jh gqshfBXhnkgD/ ftt/e ns/ ftuko Pesh Bkb ezw Bk eoe/ e/tb fBotkueK dh ;fjwsh Bkb ezw eodk j? sK Ujtk;st ft~u gqshfBXh BjhA j?. b'efjs d/ bJh T[; Bz{ ftt/e s'A ezw b?Dk ukjhdk j?.

12H2 ;fjGkfrsk ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek 12H2 ;fjGkfrsk ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek 12H2 ;fjGkfrsk ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek 12H2 ;fjGkfrsk ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek 12H2 ;fjGkfrsk ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek (Participation and ElectionSystem)

okiBhfse ;fjGkfrsk (Political Participation): okiBhfse ;fjGkfrsk Uj rshftXh j? fi;d/ nzsorsfe;/ d/P d/ Bkrfoe ;kotifBe BhshnK (Public Policies) ns/ fBofDnK (Decisions) d/ fBowkD,fBo{gD ns/ ekoi dh gqfeqnk ft~u Gkr b?Ad/ jB. d{i/ PpdK ft~u, fJj iB^;kXkoD ns/ okiB/sktK d/ftueko ;zgoe dh gqfeqnk j?.

shih d[BhnK d/ d/PK ft~u iB^;kXkoD ns/ okiB/sktK d/ ;zgoe dk w[~y gqshwkB *;/tkoEhtkd* (Clien-telism) d/ o{g ft~u ftnes ehsk ik ;edk j?.fJ; wkBsk d/ nB[;ko, ftek;Phb d/PK ft~u B/sktK

Gkosh ;zftXkB ft~u b'e ;Gk ns/ oki ;Gk d/ gqshfBXhnK dh fBT{Bsw T[wo ehfBoXkfos ehsh rJh j?<

Nk;e


B ØN


(Leaders) ns/ iB^;kXkoD (Public) dk ;zpzX ;zo~fyne (Patron) ns/ ;/tkoEh (Client) d/ ;zpzXK dko{g XkoD eo b?Adk j/. wsbp fJj fe B/sk nkgD/ gqGkt dk gq:'r eoe/ nkgD/ ;woEeK Bz{ ;[o~fynk dhGktBk (Sense of Security) gqdkB eod/ jB, ns/ ;oeko t~b'A UBK Bz{ e[M p[fBnkdh ;/tktK (BasicAmenities)^fit/A fe fpibh, gkDh, okPB ekov, ;e{b, j;gskb nkfd T[gbpX eokUD dh ftt;Ekeod/ jB. fJ; d/ pdb/ ft~u UBK d/ ;woEe UBK d/ ib;/̂ ib{;, o?bhnK nkfd ft~u Pkfwb j'D ns/ u[Bktd/ ;w/A UBK Bz{ t'N d/D bJh fsnko ofjzd/ jB. fJ; soK n;b ft~u, iB^;kXkoD ns/ S'N/ t~v/ B/sktKftueko ;zo~fyne^;/tkoEh dh bVh pD iKdh j?. fJ; d/ wkfXnw Bkb okiBhfse y/so d/ gqGktPkbh b'eKBz{ soK soK d/ ftP/PkfXeko (Privileges)^fit/A fe e'Nk, gofwN, bkJh;?A;, ;pf;vh ns/ m/e/ (Contracts)tzv/ iKd/ jB. nfij/ b'e nkgD/ feqgkgksoK d/ ;woEB d/ pdb/ ;~sk d/ dbkbK (Power Brokers) dh G{fwekfBGkUAd/ jB. fJ; soK nfXeKP okiBhfse rshftXhnK S'N/^t~v/ B/sktK ns/ UBK d/ ;woEeK ftuekob?d^d/D dk ;"dk pD iKdhnK jB, fi; Bkb fGqPNkuko Bz{ tXktk fwbdk j?.

‘;/tkoEhtkd* dk ftuko nB/eK ftukoPhb d/PK ft~u nB[Gt d/ nkXko s/ gq;s[s ehsk frnk j?.;qhbzek ft~uoki ;z;kXB fiBK ;ziksh ;w{jK (Ethnic Groups) d/ B/sktK dh gj[zu bJh nkgD/ gqGkt dk gq:'r eod/jB, UBK d/ nB[:kJh Bk e/tb UBK d/ ;zrmB ft~u Pkfwb j[zd/ jB, ns/ UBK dhnK ;GktK ft~u t~vh ;zfynkft~u T[g;fEs j[zd/ jB, pbfe u[Bkt ft~u ;G d/ ;G UBK Bz{ fJ~em/ t'N th fdzd/ jB.Gkos ft~u okiB/sktKd/ ;/tkoEh iks (Caste), Xow (Religion), y/so iK tgko (Vocation) d/ nkXko s/ UBK Bz{ u[Bkt ft~ufistkUAd/ jB.fJBK Bz{ p'bûkb ns/ g~soekfosk dh GkPk ft~u *t'N p?Ae* fejk iKdk j?.fi~E/ rohph ns/;wkfie ftPwsk fJzB/ ft;fsqs ;so s/ c?bh j't/, fjs^;w{j ns/ okiBhfse db fJzB/ ewI'o j'D, T[ZE/i/eo okiB/sk nkgD/ n;kXkoD ftnefs~st ns/ i'V^s'V dh ywsk d/ pb s/ fe;/ ftP/P ;w{jK dk Io{oh;woEB i[Nk b?D sK fJ; ft~u j?okBh dh e'Jh r~b BjhA j'Dh ukjhdh.

;jkok o/fr;skB Bkb b~r/ nfXeKP ncohek ft~u nkIkdh d/ nzd'bB d/ d"okB iB^;fjGkfrsk Bz{ gfonkgsgq's;kjB fd~sk frnk. gqzs{ nkIkdh s'A pknd fJj gqftq~sh b[gs j' rJh. T[dkjoD bJh, 1983 ft~uBkJhihohnk d/ nkw u[Bkt ft~u e/tb fJ~eû"EkJh wsdksktK B/ wsdkB ehsk. fJ; s'A pknd T[ZE/ ;?fBePk;B ;Ekfgs j' frnk. ;?fBe Pk;B B/ fJ; wkw{bh ;fjGkfrsk Bz{ th BjhA u~bD fd~sk.

b?fNB nwohek ft~u i' nkofEe ftek; j'fJnk, T[;d/ cb;o{g fJ~e Pfjoh w~X tor (Urban MiddleClass) ns/ ;otjkok tor (Proletariat) T[ZGo e/ ;kjwD/ nkfJnk. gqzs{ fJBK d/PK ft~u o{Vhtkdh(Conservative) ns/ nfGikshtorh (Aristocratic) ftfPPN torK B/ fJBK Bt/A torK Bz{ okiB-hfse gqfeqnk ft~u Gkr b?D dk w"ek BjhA fd~sk. nfXeKP b?fNB nwoheh d/PK ft~u okiBhfsen;fEosk dk tksktoD fojkl e/tb e';Nk ohek ns/ t/B/i[J/bk fJ;d/ ngtkd ;B.fi~E/ fi~E/ r[NszsoK(Oligrachies) B/ ;?fBe Pk;B Bz{ u[B"sh fd~sh, T[ZE/ fBwB wZX torK ns/ ekwrko torK d/ b'efgqnnzd'bB T[ZGo e/ ;kjwD/ nkJ/. noiBNhBk ft~u 1944 s'A 1955 s~e d/ d"o ft~u :[nkB g/o'A d/ ;~sktkdhPk;B (Authoritarian Regime) B/ fJBK torK Bz{ okiBhfse gqfeqnk ft~u Pkfwb eoD dh e'fPPehsh.

b?fNB nwohek d/ pj[s t~v/ fj~;/ ft~u ;?fBe nfXBkfJeszso (Military Dictatorship) dk bzpk d"ou~fbnk. fes/ fes/ fJ; Bz{ iB^;woEB gqkgs ;hl fes/ nfijk BjhA ;h. gqzs{ 1980 d/ dPe d/ nzs s~enkUAd/ nkUAd/ brGr g{o/ b?fNB nwohek ft~u n;?fBe Pk;B (Civil Regimes) ;Ekfgs j' rJ/. e[M thj't/, b?fNB nwoheh b'eszsoK Bz{ n~i th Gkoh w[dok;fcsh, Gkoh eoI/ ns/ ft;fsqs rohph dk ;kjwDkeoBk g? fojk j?, fiBK d/ fg~S/ p[i[otk ns/ ;?fBe ftfPPNtorK dh SkfJnk wzvok ojh j?.

shih d[BhnK d/ e[M ;kwtkdh d/PK B/ iBrshPhbB (Mass Mobilization) d/ wkfXnw Bkb nkofEe;fwq~Xh (Economics Growth) gqkgs eoD dh e'fPP ehsh. iBrshPhbB Uj gqfeqnk j? fi; ft~u e'Jhb'efgqn B/sk pj[s t~v/ iB;w{j Bz{ ;zp'fXs eo e/ UBK Bz{ fe;/ wjkB T[d/P dh f;~Xh bJh rshwkB eodkj?. UBK d/ wB ft~u gq/oDk ns/ T[s;kj dk ;zuko eodk j? fi; Bkb Uj nkgD/ B/sk d/ fBod/PK d/ nB[o{gezw eoD bJh nkgDhnK PeshnK Bz{ fJ~ei[N eo b?Ad/ jB. ;kwtkdh d/PK B/ ;wkkitkdh T[d/PK dh f;~XhbJh wId{oK ns/ fe;kBK Bz{ rshwkB eoD s/ ftP/P fXnkB fd~sk. uhB, thnsBkw ns/ feT{pk ft~u fJj


B ØN


oDBhsh (Strategy) ngDkJh rJh. eJh r?o^;kwtkdh d/PK ft~u fit/A Gkos, ;qhbzek ns/ sBIkBhnk ft~uth e[M ;kwtkdh T[d/PK dh g{osh bJh iBrshPhbB dh gqfeqnk ngBkUD dk gq:sB ehsk frnk.

fJ~Xo pqkIhb, skJhtkB, d~yDh e'ohnk ns/ fJzv'B/Phnk fij/ ftek;Phb d/PK ft~u ;~sktkdh Pk;eK(Authoritarian Rulers) B/ nkgD/ nkgD/ d/P ft~u T[d:'freheoD ns/ nkX[fBeheoD Bz{ tXktk d/D bJhb'eK Bz{ okiBhfse ;fjGkfrsk s'A d{o o~fynk sK fe T[~E/ pj[okPNoh fBrwK (Multinational Corpora-tions) Bz{ okiBhfse ;fEosk dk tksktoD ns/ nB[Pkf;s ns/ ;;sh wId{o Pesh T[gbpX j' ;e/. gqzs{d~yDh e'ohnk ns/ skJhtkB fit/A jh ftek;Phb d/PK d/ ;so s'A T[Zu/ T[m e/ ftef;s d/PK dh Pq/Dh ft~unkJ/, T[ZE/ okiBhfse ;fjGkfrsk dh wzr fco s'A pbtsh j' rJh.

fBotkuB ftt;Ek fBotkuB ftt;Ek fBotkuB ftt;Ek fBotkuB ftt;Ek fBotkuB ftt;Ek (Election System)gqs~y ns/ ngqs~y fBotkuB gqs~y ns/ ngqs~y fBotkuB gqs~y ns/ ngqs~y fBotkuB gqs~y ns/ ngqs~y fBotkuB gqs~y ns/ ngqs~y fBotkuB (Direct and Indirect election)LLLLL nkw s"o s/ fBotkuB d/ d' o{g jB^

(i) gqs~y fBotkuB (Direct Election), ns/

(ii) ngqs~y ik go'y fBotkuB (Indirect Election)

gqs~y fBotkuB T[; Bz{ efjzd/ jB fi~E/ wsdksk nkgD/ gqshfBXhnK Bz{ nkg fBotkfus eod/ jB. UjgqshfBXhnK d/ u[Bkt ft~u nkg ws fdzd/ jB. fJ; d/ ftgohs ngqs~y gqDkbh ft~u wsdksk gqshfBXhnKd/ u[Bkt ft~u nkg Gkr BjhA b?Ad/ pbfe e[M nfij/ b'eK Bz{ u[Dd/ jB i' fJ; d/ pdb/ ft~u gqshfBXhnKdk fBotkuB eod/ jB noEks gqshfBXhnK dk fBotkuB wsdksk d[nkok fBotkfus fJ~e fBotkuB wzvb(Electroal Collage) d[nkok j[zdk j?, nkg wsdksk d[nkok BjhA. fJ; soK ngqs~y ns/ d{ih tko fBotkuewzvb d/ w?Apo gqshfBXhnK dk fBotkuB eod/ jB, T[dkjoD bJh Gkos ft~u b'e;Gk ns/ oki dh ftXkB;GktK d/ w?ApoK dk fBotkuB gqs~y gqDkbh Bkb j[zdk j?. fJ; d/ ftgohs oki ;Gk ns/ oki dh ftXkBgfoPd d/ gqshfBXhnK dk u[Bkt ngqs~y gqDkbh Bkb j[zdk j?.

gqs~y fBotkuB d/ r[D ns/ d'P gqs~y fBotkuB d/ r[D ns/ d'P gqs~y fBotkuB d/ r[D ns/ d'P gqs~y fBotkuB d/ r[D ns/ d'P gqs~y fBotkuB d/ r[D ns/ d'P (Merits and Demerits of Direct election)LLLLL gqs~y fBotkuBgqDkbh brGr ;otwkB gqDkbh j?. fJj b'eszso d/ f;XKsK d/ nB[e{b j?. b'e;~sk iBsk ft~u fBfjs j?.gqs~y gqDkbh d/ nzsors jh iBsk Bz{ fJ; Pesh Bz{ nfGftnes eoD dk tk;sfte w"ek fwbdk j?. gqs~ygqDkbh gqshfBXhnK ns/ fBotkueK ft~u xfBPm ;zpzX g?dk eodh j?. T[whdtko nkg fBotkueK e'b iKd/jB ns/ UBK Bz{ ws d/D dh gqkoEBk eod/ jB ns/ wsdksktK dh ikDekoh gqkgs eod/ jB. Uj gqshfBXhu[D/ ikD s'A pknd T[ZsodkfJ~st dk th nB[Gt eod/ jB.

iBsk Bz{ th u[Bkt ft~u gqs~y o{g Bkb Gkr b?D d/ ekoD okiBhfse gqfPePD gqkgs j[zdk j?. T[; ft~u okiBhfseu/sBk ns/ ;kotifBe ezwK d/ ;zgkdB dh GktBk T[sgzB j[zdh j?. iBsk nkgDhnK fIzw/dkohnK ns/ nfXekoKd/ gqsh ikro{e j[zdh j?. Bkb/ jh gqshfBXhnK d/ fBotkuB ft~u gqs~y o{g Bkb Gkr b?D d/ ekoD iBsk Bz{ Pk;B;zukbB ft~u gqs~y o{g Bkb Gkr b?D dk w"ek fwbdk j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk iBsk okiBhfse dbK ns/ gqshfBXhnKT[Zs/ th nze[P o~ydh j?. i/eo fBotkfus gqshfBXh nkgDhnK fIzw/dkohnK Bz{ BjhA fBGk oj/ j[zd/, sK nrb/ u[Bktft~u iBsk UBK Bz{ d[pkok BjhA fBotkfus eo ;edh j?. fJ; bJh gqshfBXhnK Bz{ ;kotifBe fjs Bz{ tXkUDbJh ns/ iBsk dhnK fJ~SktK dh g{osh bJh e[M Bk e[M Io{o eoBk ukjhdk j?.

go fJ;dk wsbp fJj BjhA fe gqs~y fBotkuB gqDkbh fJ~edw d'Pofjs j?. fJ; gqDkbh ft~u nB/eK d'PgkJ/ iKd/ jB. n~i fBotkueK dh ;zfynk pj[s nfXe j' rJh j?. fi; ekoD fBotkuB ekoi ifNb ns/efmB j' iKdk j?. fJ; d/ bJh pj[s bzph u"Vh ftt;Ek eoBh g?Adh j? ns/ oki e'P dk pj[s t~vk Gkr

rkoBo d/ PpdK ft~u, wsdkB dk nkX[fBe fdqPNhe'D fJj j? fe fJj fJ~e gd iK ezw j?,i' oki d[nkok nfij/ b'eK Bz{ gqdkB ehsk ikdk j?, i' ;kotifBe fjs d/ bJh ;otkfXe:'rsk d/ Bkb gq:[es eoD :'r ;wM/ iKd/ jB ns/ fJj gqkfeqfse nfXeko BjhA j? i' G/d Gkt s'A fpBK ;ko/ BkrfoeK Bz{ gqkgs j't/.

B'N;


B ØN


fJ; s/ you j' iKdk j?. gqshfBXhnK d/ fdqPNhe'D s'A th ftt;Ek pj[s youhbh j? feUAfe wsdksktK dhpj[s t~vh ;zfynk Bkb UBK Bz{ ;zgoe ;Ekfgs eoBk g?Adk j?. Bkb/ jh fJj T[s/iBkg{oD th j[zdk j?. fJ;ft~u pj[s ;ko/ okiB/sk Xow, iksh, ;zgodkJ/ nkfd dh d[jkjh d/ e/ wsdksktK Bz{ pfjekUAd/ jB. fJ;bJh p[~XhwkB ns/ :'r ftnesh fBotkuB d/ MziN ft~u BjhA g?Dk ukj[zd/. cb;o{g, n:'r ns/ ;EkJhftnesh XB, tkeûs[okJh ns/ ;zehoD ftukoK dk ;jkok b? e/ nkw s"o s/ u[Bkt fi~s iKd/ jB.

ngqs~y fBotkuB d/ r[D ns// d'P ngqs~y fBotkuB d/ r[D ns// d'P ngqs~y fBotkuB d/ r[D ns// d'P ngqs~y fBotkuB d/ r[D ns// d'P ngqs~y fBotkuB d/ r[D ns// d'P (Merits and Demerits of Indirect Election): gqs~y fBotkuBd/ d'PK Bz{ d/yd/ j'J/ ftdtkB ngqs~y fBotkuB gqDkbh dk ;woEB eod/ jB. UBK dk efjDk j? fe ngqs~yg~Xsh d/ nzsors :'r ns/ uzr/ ftneshnK dk fBotkuB ;zGt j?. gqs~y fBotkuB ft~u nf;~fyns ns/T[ZsodkJh iBsk wsdkB ft~u Gkr b?Adh j?. fJ; d/ ftgohs ngqs~y gqDkbh ft~u e[M u[D/ j'J/ ftneshGkr b?Ad/ jB i' ;kXkoD iBsk s'A nfXe p[~XhwkB ns/ T[ZsodkJh j[zd/ jB.Bkb/ jh, UBK dh ;zfynk thx~N j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh UBK Bz{ Iok fij/ nkt/P ft~u th T[GkfVnk BjhA ik ;edk.fBotkuB ft~u you dhwksok th x~N j' iKdh j?. okiBhfse dbK dh T[Zrosk th fJ; Bkb xNdh j?. fgSV/ d/PK bJh ngqs~ygqDkbh ekch T[g:[es f;~X j'Jh j?. t~v/ d/P d/ bJh th fJ; ftt;Ek dk ;woEB ehsk ikdk j?. gqzs{ ngqs~ygqDkbh ft~u r[DK dh pikfJ d'P nfXe jB. fJj g~Xsh b'eszso d/ f;XKsK d/ fto[~X j?. wsdksktK ns/gqshfBXhnK ft~u e'Jh ftP/P ;zpzX BjhA ofj iKdk.wsdksk d/P dh okiBhsh ns/ Pk;B ft~u fdbu;ghb?Dk x~N eo fdzd/ jB. Bk sK Uj nkgD/ nfXekoK ns/ eos~tK d/ gqsh ikro{e j' ;ed/ jB ns/ Bk jhPk;B T[Zs/ fB:zsoD dk ezw eo ;ed/ jB. okiBhfse dbpzdhnK th x~N BjhA j[zdhnK.nwohek d/okPNogsh d/ u[Bkt d/ nkXko s/ fJj nB[Gt gqkgs ehsk frnk j? fe ngqs~y fBotkuB e/tb BKwkso dkofj iKdk j?.nzs ft~u, fBotkue wzvb d/ w?ApoK dh ;zfynk x~N ofjD d/ ekoD foPtsy'oh ns/ fGqPNkukodh ;zGktBk tX ikdh j?.

fBotkuB y/so fBotkuB y/so fBotkuB y/so fBotkuB y/so fBotkuB y/so (Electrol Constituency): w[~y o{g Bkb gqshfBXhnK d/ fBotkuB bJh d' gqeko d/fBotkuB y/so j[zd/ jB^

(e) fJ~e^w?Apoh fBotkuB^y/so (Single Member Constituency) ns/

(y) pj[^w?Apoh fBotkuB y/so (Multiple Member Constituency).

fJ~e^w?Apoh fBotkuB^y/so gqEk d/ nzsors ;ko/ d/P Bz{ UB/ jh fBotkuB y/soK ft~u tzv fd~sk iKdk j?.fBih gqshfBXhnK Bz{ fBotkuB dh Io{os j[zdh j?, fit/A i/eo b'e;Gk d/ 500 w?Apo jB sK g{o/ d/P Bz{ 500y/soK ft~u tzv fd~sk ikt/rk ns/ jo y/so s'A fJ~e gqshfBXh dk fBotkuB j't/rk. fJ; d/ gqshe{b pj[̂ w?ApohfBotkuB y/so d/ nzsors d/P Bz{ eJh t~v/ t~v/ fBotkuB y/soK ft~u tzfvnk iKdk j?. ns/ jo y/so s'AfJ~e s'A nfXe gqshfBXh fBotkfus j[zd/ jB.

nkX[fBe :[r ft~u fJ~e^w?Apoh fBotkuB^y/so nfXe b'efgqn j? feUAfe fJj nfsnkfXe ;ob j?,gqshfBXhnK ns/ wsdksktK ftueko fBeN ;zpzX ;Ekfgs j' iKdk j?, gqshfBXhnK ft~u fIzw/dkoh dh GktBkg?dk j' iKdh j?, fBotkuB ft~u you x~N j[zdk j?.

nbg;zfyneK d/ gqshfBfX~st dhnK gqDkbhnK nbg;zfyneK d/ gqshfBfX~st dhnK gqDkbhnK nbg;zfyneK d/ gqshfBfX~st dhnK gqDkbhnK nbg;zfyneK d/ gqshfBfX~st dhnK gqDkbhnK nbg;zfyneK d/ gqshfBfX~st dhnK gqDkbhnK (Methods of Minority Representation): gqikszsoiBsk dk Pk;B j?. iBsk nkgD/ gqshfBXhnK d[nkok Pk;B Bz{ ubkUAdh j?. fJ; d/ bJh Uj gqshfBXhnK dkfBotkuB eodh j?. gqikszso sK jh iBsk dk Pk;B j' ;edk j? id'A gqshfBXhnK d/ fBotkuB ft~u g{oh soKiBsk dh fJ~Sk gqbefPs j[zdh j?.pj[ws d/ nkXko s/ u[D/ rJ/ gqshfBXh ;jh wsdksktK dh fJ~Sk Bz{ BjhA do;kUAd/jB. ;kXkoD pj[ws dh gqEk d/ nzsors 51 wsdksktK Bz{ Pk;B ekoi ft~u gqshfBfX~st BjhA fwb gkUAdk id'Afe 49 wsdksktK Bz{ e'Jh gqshfBfX~st BjhA fwbdk j?. fJ; bJh fJ; nbg;zfyne tor Bz{ Pk;B ekoi ft~ufet/A gqshfBfX~st fd~sk ikt/, ;dk s'A fJj fJ~e rfjDPhb ns/ ftukoPhb ;w~f;nk ojh j?. i/H n?;H fwb B/th fejk j? fe i/eo pj[̂ ;zfyne torK Bz{ Pk;B eoD dk gqkfeqfse nfXeko j? sK nbg;zfyne torK Bz{ thfJ; r~b dk ;wkB nfXeko j? fe UBK dh r~b ;[Dh ikt/.

nbg;zfyne okPNo dk fJ~e Gkr j[zd/ j'J/ th pj[;zfyne iB;w{j s'A fGzB j[zdk j?.fJ; fGzBsk d/ nkXkos/ nkofEe, Xkofwe, ;zgodkfJe nkfd ekoD j[zd/ jB. fJBK nbg;zfyne torK Bz{ ;w[fus gqshfBfX~st


B ØN


d/D s'A pknd jh ;~uk gqikszso j' ;edk j?. BjhA sK, b'e;~sk Pk;B^;zukbB ft~u gfobefPs BjhA j' ;edhj?. nbg;zfyneK Bz{ T[fus gqshfBfX~st d/D d/ T[d/P Bkb nB/eK gqDkbhnK dh uouk ehsh rJh j?^

(1) nB[gkfse gqshfBfX~st (Proportional Representation)(2) ;hfws wsdkB gqEk (Limited Vote System)(3) J/eb wsdkB gqEk (Cumulative Vote system)(4) nb~r fBotkuB gqEk (Separate Electorate System)(5) ;[o~fyns ;EkB^:[es fBotkuB gqEk (Joint Electorate in the Reservation of Seates) ns/(6) g/Pkrs gqshfBfX~st (Professional of Occupational Representation)`

12H312H312H312H312H3 fpqN/B^nwohek^cqK; ns/ ;ftNIob?Av ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/fpqN/B^nwohek^cqK; ns/ ;ftNIob?Av ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/fpqN/B^nwohek^cqK; ns/ ;ftNIob?Av ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/fpqN/B^nwohek^cqK; ns/ ;ftNIob?Av ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/fpqN/B^nwohek^cqK; ns/ ;ftNIob?Av ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/fBotkuB ftt;Ek fBotkuB ftt;Ek fBotkuB ftt;Ek fBotkuB ftt;Ek fBotkuB ftt;Ek (Representation and Election System in UK,USA, France and Switzerland)

fpqN/B ;G s'A g[okDk gqiksKsfoe d/P j?.fJ; bJh fBotkuB ns/ gqshfBfX~st ftt;Ek dk ftek; ;G s'Agfjb/ fpqN/B ft~u jh j'fJnk j?. nfG;fwnK s/ nkXkfos ftek; d/ cb;o{g fi; ekwB ;Gk ft~ub'eszsoheoD gfjbK j'fJnk, T[;/ dh Beb j'o d/PK d[nkok gqEw ;dB d/ o{g ft~u ehsh rJh j?. 1949d/ gqshfBfX~st d/ fB:w d/ nB[;ko fpqfNP ekwB ;Gk dk u[Bkt r[gs wsdkB d[nkok j[zdk j?. fpqN/B ft~ufi; fBotkuB g~Xsh dk gq:'r j[zdk j?, T[; Bz{ ;kXkoD pj[ws s/ nkXkfos fJ~e^w?Apoh fBotkuB ftt;Ekfejk ikdk j?. u[Bkt Bshi/ ;kXkoD pj[ws g~Xsh d/ nkXko s/ j[zd/ jB. d{i/ PpdK ft~u, fi; T[whdtkoBz{ ;G s'A nfXe ws gqkgs j[zdk j?, T[; Bz{ jh i/s{ x'fPs ehsk ikdk j?. ekwB ;Gk dk fJj u[Bkt nkws"o s/ gzi ;kb bJh j[zdk j?, gqzs{ ftueko fij/ th fJ; d/ w~Xtosh u[Bkt Io{os nB[;ko j[zd/ ofjzd/ jB.

fJ; fBotkuB g~Xsh dh ;G s'A w[~y ftP/Psk fJj j? fe wsdksktK ns/ w?ApoK d/ ft~u f;ZXk ;zgoe pDdkj?. you x~N j[zd/ jB ns/ ;EkfBe gqfsGk Bz{ gq's;kjB fwbdk j?. fpqN/B dh fJ;/ fBotkuB g~Xsh dk Pq/n j? fe fJ; B/ fJzrb?Av dh d'^dbh g~Xsh Bz{ ftef;s ehsk fi; ft~u fJ~e gkoNh ;~sk ft~u ofjzdh j? ns/d{ih gkoNh fto'Xh db d/ o{g ft~u.

e[M nkb'ue fJ; g~Xsh ft~u ewhnK th b~Gd/ jB. gqs~y u[Bkt d/ cb;o{g gqkgs wsK dh ;zfynk d/ nB[gksft~u dbK d/ T[whdtko i/s{ BjhA j[zd/ jB. ed/ ed/ d/P ft~u fi; db d/ wsdksktK dk pj[ws j[zdk j?, Ujhnbgws ft~u nk iKdk j?. okwi/ fwUookwi/ fwUookwi/ fwUookwi/ fwUookwi/ fwUo B/ th fJ; gqDkbh Bz{ u[Bkt dk ftfeqs o{g wzfBnk j? ns/ fejkj? fe u[Bkt fJ~e gqeko dk i{nk j? fi; dk gqshe{b gqGkt dbh B/sktK s/ g?Adk j?. cb;o{gL fJ; fBotkuBg~Xsh ft~u ;[Xko fbnkUD bJh ;w/A ;w/A s/ nB/eK ;[Mkn fd~s/ rJ/ jB. J/eb ;zeqwfDe ws ftXh d/ BkbnB[gkfse gqshfBfX~st gqDkbh Bz{ ngBkUD dk ;[Mkn fd~sk frnk j?. e[M b'eK B/ ;zuthA wsgqDkbh(Cumulative Vote System) ns/ ;hfws ws gqDkbh (Restririctive Vote System) Bz{ th ngBkUD dk;[Mkn fd~sk j?. gqzs{ fJj ;ko/ ;[Mkn fpqfNP ;zdoG ft~u d'Pw[es BjhA jB ns/ fJBK Bz{ ngBkUD BkbfpqN/B dh d'^dbh g~Xsh ysw j' ikt/rh, fi;dk gqshe{b n;o T[ZE'A dh okiBhfse ;fEosk s/ gt/rk.cb;o{gL fpqN/B d/ b'e toswkB fBotkuB ns/ gqshfBfX~st dh ftt;Ek Bz{ T[g:[es wzBd/ jB ns/ ;~uw[uftPt d/ nfXeKP d/PK B/ fJ;/ fpqfNP g~Xsh Bz{ ngDkfJnk j?. fJ; nkXko s/ u[D/ ikD d/ pkti{dgqshfBXhnK dk fdqPNhe'D jw/Pk okPNoh j[zdk j? ns/ Uj nkgD/ nkg Bz{ ;zg{oD d/P dk gqshfBXh wzBd/ jB.

nwohek ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek nwohek ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek nwohek ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek nwohek ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek nwohek ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek (Representation and Election System inU.S.A.): nwohek th fJ~e b'esKsfoe d/P j? fi; dk fbfys ;zftXkB nkX[fBe ihfts ;zftXkBK ft~u'A ;Gs'A g[okDk j?. fJ; bJh gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB Bz{ T[ZE/ th pj[s wj~st fd~sk frnk j?. ;ko/ wj~stg{oD;zftXkfBe fBektK dk u[Bkt nwohek ft~u j[zdk j?. okPNogsh, T[gokPNogsh, eKro; d/ d't/A ;dB(gqshfBXh ;Gk ns/ ;hB/N) ns/ okiK ft~u rtoBo iBsk d[nkok u[D/ ikd/ jB. toswkB ;w/A ft~u


B ØN


okPNogsh dk fttjko ft~u gqs~y u[Bkt uko ;kb bJh iBsk d[nkok j[zdk j?. gqshfBXh ;Gk nwohehwsdksktK d[nkok gqs~y o{g Bkb u[Dh iKdh j?. ;hB/N dk fBowkD okiK dh ;wkBsk ;zehoD f;XKs s/ j[zdkj? ns/ T[;d/ w?Zpo th fBPfus e'Nk d/ nB[;ko okiK d[nkok u[D/ ikd/ jB. 1913 s'A gfjbK ;hB/N d/ fJBKw?ApoK dk u[Bkt go'y o{g Bkb jo oki d/ ftXkfJeK d[nkok j[zdk ;h. gqzs{ ;zftXkB d/ ;skjot/A ;zP'XB d/nB[;ko j[D okiK d/ Bkrfoe gqs~y o{g Bkb fJBK Bz{ u[Dd/ jB. gqshfBXh ;Gk dk rmB okiK dh iB;zfynkd/ nkXko s/ j[zdk j? ns/ fBotkuB gqs~y ns/ pkbr wskfXeko d/ nkXko s/ j[zdk j?. ;zftXkB d/ T[ZBht/A;zP'XB d[nkok jo fJ;soh Bz{ wsdkB dk nfXeko gqdkB ehsk frnk j?. fBotkuB ns/ gqshfBfX~st dhfJ; ftt;Ek Bkb fJjh fBu'V fB~ebdk j? fe w"fbe o{g Bkb ;gqG[sk T[~E'A dh iBsk ft~u fBtk; eodhj?.fJ; dh ;gPN uouk ;zftXkB dh gq;sktBk ft~u j?. nwoheh ;zftXkB Bz{ rDszso th fejk iKdk j?feUAfe oki d/ gqXkB noEks okPNogsh dk u[Bkt f;~X/ iBsk d[nkok j[zdk j?.

cqK; ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek cqK; ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek cqK; ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek cqK; ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek cqK; ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek (Representation and Eelction System inFrance): cqK; ft~u eqKsh d/ ;w/A jh ;[szsosk, ;wkBsk ns/ Goksohtkd d/ i' Bko/ ;koh d[BhnK Bz{ fd~s/rJ/ fi; d/ roG ft~u fBotkuB ns/ gqshfBfX~st ftt;Ek fBfjs j?, u"E/ rDszso ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/fBotkuB dhnK ;kohnK ftt;EktK fpqfNP gqfswkB s/ nkXkfos ;B. gqzs{ gzuw rDszso ft~u okiBhfseftt;Ek dk ;o{g pdb ikD Bkb fJ; ft~u e[M gfotosB nkfJnk j?, gqzs{ w{b o{g Bkb iBsk Bz{ jh ;ko/nfXeko fwb/ jB. fpBK fe;/ G/dGkt d/ ;ko/ cqK;h;h BkrfoeK Bz{ wsdkB dk nfXeko j?.

cqK; ft~u okPNogsh ns/ ;z;d d' d'jK ;dBK (okPNoh ;G ns/ ;hB/N) dk fBotkuB j[zdk j?. okPNogshiBsk d[nkok u[fDnk iKdk j?. fJ; bJh cqK; fJ~e rDszso j?. okPNoh ;Gk d/ w?ApoK dk u[Bkt ftnkge,gqs~y, ;wkB ns/ r[gs wsdkB d/ nkXko s/ j[zdk j?. ;ko/ pkbr BkrfoeK Bz{ wskfXeko gqkgs j?. g{o/d/P Bz{ ;wkB fBotkuB y/soK ft~u tzv fd~sk iKdk j? ns/ jo y/so s'A fJ~e gqshfBXh u[fDnk iKdk j?. d{i/gk;/ ;hB/N d/ w?ApoK dk u[Bkt ftnkge go'y wskfXeko d/ nkXko s/ j[zdk j?. cqK; d/ gqkd/fPe ftGkrK ns/gqtk;h BkrfoeK dk gqshfBfX~st th fJ;/ ;dB ft~u j[zdk j?.

;ftNIob?Av ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek ;ftNIob?Av ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek ;ftNIob?Av ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek ;ftNIob?Av ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek ;ftNIob?Av ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek (Representation and EelctionSystem in Switzerland): ;ftNIob?Av ft~u gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB ftt;Ek dk ;o{g fpqN/B,nwohek ns/ cqK; s'A fGzB j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk n~i th ;ftNIob?Av ft~u gqs~y gqikszso d/ o{g d/yD Bz{fwbd/ jB. ;ft; ;zxh ;Gk d'̂ ;dBkswe j?. fi; ft~u gqEw ;dB Bz{ okPNoh ;Gk (National Council)fejk iKdk j? i' ;ft; iBsk dk gqshfBfX~st eodh j?. oki ;Gk (Council of States) Bz{ d{ik ;dB fejkiKdk j? i' e?ANDK dk gqshfBfX~st eodk j?. fJ; ft~u jo e?ANB d/ d' ns/ jo noXe?ANB s'A fJ~e gqshfBXhfbnk iKdk j?.

gqEw ;dB noEs okPNoh ;Gk dk rmB iBsk d[nkok fBotkfus gqshfBXhnK d[nkok j[zdk j?. jo ;ft;Bkrfoe i' 20 ;kb dk j' u[ek j? wsdkB ft~u Gkr b?Adk j?. u[Bkt r[gs wsdkB d[nkok j[zdk j?. gofpqN/B, nwohek, cqK; ns/ Gkos dh soK T[ZE/ ;kXkoD pj[ws s/ nkXkfos fJ~e w?Apoh fBotkuB gqDkbhd[nkok u[Bkt BjhA j[zdk. fJ; d/ u[Bkt d/ bJh nB[gkfse gqshfBfX~st gqDkbh y/so ft~u fbnKdh rJh.jo e?ANB fJ~e fBotkuB y/so j[zdk j? fi; ft~u gqshfBXhnK d/ u[Bkt d/ bJh ftfGzB db nkgD/ nkgD/T[whdtkoK dh ;{uh gq;s[s eod/ jB. fJ; soK T[whdtko ftneshrs o{g Bkb BjhA pbfe ;w[dkfJe o{gBkb yV/ j[zd/ jB. jo ;{uh ft~u UB/ jh Bkw j[zd/ jB fizB/ T[; e?ANB d/ ;EkB j'D. wsdksk UB/ ws d/D dk nfXekoh j[zdk j? fizB/ w?ApoK dk fBotkuB T[; e?ANB s'A j[zdk j?. gqzs{ nB[gkfse gqshfBfX~st g~Xshdk gq:'r e/tb UBK e?ANBK bJh ehsk iKdk j? fi~E/ fJ~e s'A nfXe w?ApoK dk u[Bkt j[zdk j?. fiBK e?ANBKs'A e/tb fJ~e w?Apo fBotkfus j[zdk j/, T[ZE/ ;kXkoD gqDkbh d[nkok wsdkB j[zdk j?.

fJ; ft~u e'Jh P~e BjhA fe fBotkuB ns/ gqshfBfX~st dh nB[gkfse gqDkbh ft~u th nB/e d'P jB. gqzs{nfXeKP ftdtkBK dh XkoDk j? fe cqK; ns/ fJNbh dh soK fJ; g~Xsh d/ p[o/ Bshi/ ;ftNIob?Av ft~ut/yD Bz{ BjhA fwbd/. ;~uw[u fJ; gqDkbh B/ ;ftNIob?Av d/ gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB ft~u fBnK dhgqfeqnk Bz{ T[s;kfjs ehsk j? ns/ iBws ;zrqfj d/ d'PK Bz{ ysw ehsk j?.


B ØN



ykbh ;EkB Go' ykbh ;EkB Go' ykbh ;EkB Go' ykbh ;EkB Go' ykbh ;EkB Go' (Fill in the Blanks)1H HHHHHHHHHHHHHH ;G s'A g[okDk gqiksKsfoe d/P j?.2H fBotkuB ns/ gqshfBfX~st ftt;Ek dk ftek; ;G s'A gfjbK HHHHHHHHHHHHHH ft~u j'fJnk.

3H toswkB ft~u nwoheh okPNogsh dk gqs~y u[Bkt HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH d/ bJh iBsk d[nkok j[zdk j?.4H cqK; d/ gzuw rDszso ft~u w{b o{g Bkb ;ko/ nfXeko HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Bz{ jh jB.5H n~i th HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ft~u gqs~y gqikszso d/ o{g d/yD bz{ fwbd/ jB.


• o{;'o{;'o{;'o{;'o{;' (Rousseau) dk th efjDk j? fe gqshfBfX~st dh ebgBk nkX[fBe j?, fJ;dh T[sgsh dk ekoD;oekoK dh ;t/Skukfosk ;h.fco th fejk ik ;edk j? fe gqkuhB gqiksKsfoe okiK ft~u fJ; dh E'Vhpj[s P[o{nks j' u[eh ;h.gqzs{ w~XekbhB :[~r ft~u fJj ;gPN o{g Bkb fqdqPNhr'uo j'D b~rh. id'Ae[M okfinK Bz{ XB dh Io{os j[zdh ;h, sK Uj eoko'D d/ ;zpzX ft~u ;bkj b?D bJh e[MiB^gqshfBXhnK Bz{ nkwszsfos eod/ ;B.gqshfBXhnK d/ ;w{j B/ j'bh j'bh gqshfBXh ;z;Ek dk o{grqfjD eo fbnk. fi; Bz{ fJzrb?Av ft~u ;z;d (Parliament), cqK; ft~u ;N/N; iBob (EstatesGeneral) ns/ ikgkB ft~u vkfJN (Diet) fejk iKdk ;h.

• 1213 JhH ft~u fJ; gqeko dh ;Gk p[bkJh rJh. 1256 JhH ft~u p?oBK d/ fti/ ;~sk^;kJhwB^v/w'ANc'oN (Simon de-Montford) B/ ;z;d dh p?me p[bkJh fi; ft~u ;kwzsK, gkdohnK ns/ekT{ANhnK d/ gqshfBXhnK s'A fJbktk 21 BroK (Borughs) s'A th d' d' gqshfBXh nkwzsfos j'J/.

• 1295 JhH ft~u n?vtov gqEw B/ ;z;d dh p?me p[bkJh. fJj fJfsjk; ft~u ‘nkdoP ;z;d* (ModelParilament) d/ BK Bkb ftfynks j?, feUAfe 400 ftneshnK dh fJ; ;Gk ft~u nkw s"o s/ ;ko/gqw[~y torK^p?oB, gkdoh, BkJhN, Bro nkfd Bz{ gqshfBfX~st fwfbnk. fJ; s'A fpqfNP ftt;Ekdk fJj fJ~e ;EkJh ns/ Io{oh nzr pD rJh.

• nmkothA Pskpdh ft~u ;wokN fJ~e ;zftXkfBe gqXkB wkso ofj frnk ns/ ;z;d g{oh soK ;kotG"wj' rJh. 19thA ns/ toswkB Pskpdh ft~u fJj ftek; g{oD j' frnk.

• fJzrb?Av ft~u P[o{ s'A jh ;z;d dk o{g nKfPe o{g ft~u gqshfBfXnkswe (Representative) fojk j?,feUAfe BroK ns/ ;kwzsK d/ gqshfBXh fe;/ Bk fe;/ o{g ft~u u[D/ ikd/ ;B.fJzrb?Av d/ bJhgqshfBfX~st dk f;XKs e'Jh BtK f;XKs BjhA ;h.

• fJ; bJh ;~uh gqshfBfXnkswe ;oeko dh ;EkgBk toswkB ekb ft~u j'Jh. gqzs{ fJ; dh BhAjftqfjs ;Gk ft~u ekT{ANh ns/ p"oK Bz{ gqshfBfX~st d/D Bkb jh g? u[eh ;h. fJ; d/ T[d/ dk ekoD;[szsosk ns/ ;t?Pk;B d/ gqsh gq/w BjhA, pbfe okfink dh eo gqkgs eoD dh Pesh dk fto'X ;h.

• cqK; dh wjkB eqKsh (glorious Revolution) B/ gqshfBfXnkswe gqDkbh dh ;EkgBk dh fdPk ft~ufJ~e wjkB ;zxoP ehsk. nwoheh T[gfBt/PK B/ ‘fpBK gqshfBfX~st d/ eo BjhA* (No taxationwithout repesentation) dk Bkok brkfJnk ns/ nzs ft~u b'eszsoh gqshfBfXnkswe ;oeko dh;EkgBk ft~u ;cb j'J/.

• ;[szso Gkos d/ ;zftXkB d/ fBowkD j/s{ ;zftXkB ;Gk (Constituent Assembly) dk rmB j'fJnk.fJ; d/ gqshfBXhnK dk u[Bkt ngqs~y ohsh Bkb j'fJnk ;h. fco th fJ; ;Gk ft~u ;ko/ torK,ikshnK, okiBhfse dbK ns/ fjsK Bz{ g{ok gqshfBfX~st gqkgs ;h. ;[szsosk gqkgsh s'A gfjbK s~e,gqshfBfX~st ns/ fBotkuB dh ftP/Psk ;h fe Uj ;hfws ;B ns/ gqshfBXhnK d/ u[Bkt dk nkXko


B ØN


pkbr wskfXeko BjhA ;h ns/ u[Bkt dk nkXko ;zgodkfJe ns/ torh gqshfBfX~st ;h. gqzs{ ;[szsoGkos ft~u fBotkuB Bz{ g{oD gqiksKsfoe pDk fd~sk frnk j?. fJ; dk nkXko n;hfws pkbrwskfXeko j?. gqshfBXhnK Bz{ ftP/P;EkB ns/ nfXeko gqkgs j? ns/ gqshfBfXe ;z;EktK Bz{ w[~y s"os/ ftXhfBowkD ns/ efsg: j'o y/soK ft~u th Io{oh nfXeko fd~s/ rJ/ jB.

• nkfdPN gqshfBfX~st dk noE j? fe gqshfBfX~st fBotkueK d/ nXhB j?. T[;dh fBih fJ~Sk e[MBjhA j?. Uj fBotkueK dh fJ~Sk dh nfGftnesh eodk j?. fJj fe;/ gqeko dk ;zP'XB fBotkueKdh nkfrnk Bkb fbnk ;edk j?. gqshfBXh dk fJj o{g n~i g[okDk g? frnk j/. fco th e[M nfij/gqshfBXh j[zd/ jB i' wkfbe dh fJ~Sk d/ nzsors jh e[M eo ;ed/ jB fit/A ftd/PK ft~u okid{s,nzsookPNoh ;zw/bBK ft~u ftfGzB okPNoK d/ gqshfBXh^gqshfBfX~st d/ fJ; f;XKs Bz{ nwkBthmfjokfJnk frnk j?, feUAfe gqshfBXhnK Bz{ Bk sK ftt/eg{oD nkd/P jh T[gbpX j[zd/ jB ns/ Bkjh fBotkueK dh tk;fte fJ~Sk dk gsk jh nk;kBh Bkb brkUDk ;zGt j?.

• nkd/PjhD gqshfBfX~st dk noE j? fe gqshfBXhrD fBotkueK d/ nfGeosk (Agent) BjhA jB, UjfBotkueK d/ nXhB BjhA jB ns/ e/tb UBK d/ nkd/P nB[;ko ezw BjhA eod/ jB fit/A fe T[Zgofejk frnk j?. f;XKse ns/ fttjkfoe d'jK fdqPNhe'DK Bkb fJj ;zGt BjhA j? fe e'Jh gqshfBXh;dk fBotkueK d/ fBod/PkB[;ko iK fBotkueK d/ ;kjwD/ ehshnK rJhnK gqfs~frnktK d/ nB[;ko ezweo/. fJ; bJh nkX[fBe :[r ft~u nkfdPN gqshfBfX~st dk f;XKs nwkBfte f;XKs f;~X j' frnkj? ns/ nkd/PjhD f;XKs Bz{ wkBsk fwb rJh j?.

• fi~E/ ftt;Ekfgek ;GktK d/ b'efgqn ;dBK dk gqPB j?, UBK dk ekoi ekb Gkos, fpqN/B ns/ eBkvkft~u 5 ;kb, nwohek ft~u 2 ;kb ns/ g{op ;'ftns ;zx, ;thvB ns/ ikgkB ft~u 4 ;kb j?. d'rb/;dBK d/ gqshfBXhnK dk ekoiekkb nwohek ns/ nk;No/bhnk ft~u 6 ;kb, d~yD ncohek ft~u 10;kb, cqK; ft~u 9 ;kb ns/ ;'ftns o{; ft~u 4 ;kb ns/ fpqN/B ft~u nkihtB j?.

• Gkosh ;zftXkB ;Gk (Indian Constitution Assembly) dh ;zxh ;zftXkB^;fwsh (UnionConstitution Committee) B/ b'e;Gk bJh 4 ;kb s~e dk ekoiekb fBPfus ehsk ;h, gqzs{ gqko{g;fwsh (drafting Committee) B/ fJ; Bz{ tXk e/ 5 ;kb eo fd~sk. fJ; dk ekoD fJj d~f;nk frnkfe ;z;dh gqDkbh ft~u gfjbk ;kb, fe;/ wzsoh Bz{ Pk;B ekoi dk frnkB gqkgs eoD ft~u br iKdk j?ns/ nzfsw ;kb ;kXkoD fBotkuB dh fsnkoh ft~u br iKdk j?. fJ; bJh d' ;kb dk ;wK pu/rk i';[fB:'fis gqPk;B d/ bJh pj[s x~N ntXh j?.

• gqshfBXhnK Bz{ ftfPPN ns/ T[ZsodkfJ~stg{oD ezw eoB/ g?Ad/ jB. UBK Bz{ ifNb ns/ g/uhdk ekBz{BKdk fBowkD eoBk g?Adk j?. Bkb/ jh, UBK Bz{ fJ; r~b dk fXnkB th o~yDk g?Adk j? fe gfjbK d/Pdk Pk;B ;zukbB ;t~S ns/ e[Pb sohe/ Bkb j't/ ns/ ;kXkoD fjsK dk tkXk j't/. fJ; bJh fJjIo{oh j? fe gqshfBXh :'r, ekoiê[Pb ns/ d/P^;/th j't/.

• fInkdkso ;zftXkB ft~u gqshfBXhnK dh T[wo dk T[b/y fwbdk j?. Gkosh ;zftXkB ft~u b'e;Gk d/w?ApoK bJh fBT{Bsw T[wo 25 ;kb ns/ oki ;Gk d/ w?ApoK bJh 30 ;kb fBPfus ehsh rJh j?.

• nkX[fBe ekb ft~u okiBhfse ;wsk d/ f;XKs Bz{ ngDkfJnk frnk j?. fJ; bJh nwho ns/ rohp;G Bz{ ;wkB okiBhfse nfXeko gqkgs jB.

• Gkos ft~u e'Jh th ftnesh, i' ;oekoh iK fe;/ bkG d/ gd s/ j't/, ftXkBwzvb dk w?Apo BjhA j';edk. ;z:[es oki nwohek ft~u sK ekoigkfbek dk w?Apo noEks wzsohrD eKro; d/ w?Apo BjhAj' ;ed/ jB.fJ; pzXB dk fJ~e ekoD j? fe ekoigkfbek d/ w?Apo ftt;Ekfgek d/ w?Apo j' ikD sKUj fBih ;tkoE bJh ekBz{B dk fBowkD eoDr/.

• jo d/P ft~u T[ZE'A d/ gqshfBXhnK Bz{ e[M ftP/PkfXeko gqkgs ofjzd/ jB. UBK Bz{ ;zftXkB d/ gqsh PoXkns/ fBPmk o~yD dh ns/ eos~t dk PoXkg{ote gkbD eoD dh PgE b?Dh g?Adh j?. UBK Bz{ ftXkB


B ØN


;Gk ns/ T[;d/ pkjo ftuko nfGftnesh dh g{oD ;[szsosk ofjzdh j?. GkPD d/D d/ fto[~X UBK T[Zs/e'Jh ekotkJh BjhA ehsh ik ;edh. ;dB d/ nfXt/PB d/ ;w/A ft~u nkw s"o s/ UBK Bz{ frocskoBjhA ehsk ik ;edk. gqshfBXhnK Bz{ fB:fws o{g Bkb ;kbkBk iK wkf;e t/sB ns/ j'o G~s/ fwbd/jB.


• rDszso L fBotkfus okPNo^nfXneP tkbk d/P• ftfeqs L fe;/ th t;s{ iK iht dk ftrfVnk ns/ fGnkBe o{g


1H fpqfNP, nwoheh, cqK;h;h ns/ ;ft; d/ ;zdoG ft~u gqshfBfX~st d/ f;XKsK dh ftnkfynk eo'.

2H fpqN/B, cqK; ns/ nwohek ft~u wsdkB fttjko dh ftt/uBk eo'.3H fpqN/B, nwohek, cqK; ns/ ;ftNIob?Av dh u[Bkt g~Xsh T[Zs/ fN~gDh fby'.

T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment)1. fpqN/B 2. fpqN/B 3. 4 ;kb 4. iBsk5. ;ftNIob?Av






p[e;


B ØN


fJekJh–13L okiBhfse db fJekJh–13L okiBhfse db fJekJh–13L okiBhfse db fJekJh–13L okiBhfse db fJekJh–13L okiBhfse db (Political Parties)

ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ftP/ t;s{ (Contents)T[d/P (Objectives)ikDekoh (Introduction)13H1 okiBhfse db L noE, gfoGkPk ns/ wj~st (Political Party : Meaning, Definition

and Importance)13H2 :{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ cqK; ftu okiBhfse db (Political Parties in UK, USA and

France)13H3 uhB ftu efwT[fB;N gkoNh dh G{fwek (Role of Communist Party in China)13H4 :{Hn?;HJ/H, :{He/H, ns/ cqK; ftu fjs ;w{j (Interests groups in USA, UK and France)13H5 ;ko nzP (Summary)13H6 Ppde'P (Keywords)13H7 nfGnk;–gqPB (Review Questions)13H8 ;zdoG g[;seK (Further Readings)



• okiBhfse db d/ noE, gfoGkPk ns/ wj~st Bz{ ;wMD ftul

• :{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ cqK; ftu okihBhfse dbK dh ;fEsh ns/ uhB ftu efwT[fB;N gkoNh dh G{fwekdk ftt/uB eoB ftu.

• :{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ cqK; ftu fjzd ;w{jK dh ftnkfynk eoB ftu.


okiBhfse db gqikszso dh nkXkofPbk j?. d'tK ftu nfsnzs r{V/ ;zpzX jB. dbK d/ fpBk gqikszso ihtsBjhA ofj ;edk j?. T[BQK Bz{ “gqikszso dk gqkD” fejk iKdk j?. T[j Pk;B ftnt;Ek d/ fJe ftfGzB nzrj?. T[BQK Bz{ ;oeko dk ‘u"Ek nzr’ (Fourth organ of the Government) fejk frnk j?. okiBhfse dbKd/ fpBK b'eszso ;zGt BjhA j' ;edk. fJ; bJh b'esKsfoe Pk;B Bz{ dbhJ/ Pk;B (Party Government)fejk frnk j?. gqshfBXh gqikszso d/ ftek; Bkb dbK dh io{os pj[s fInkdk tX rJh j?. gqshfBXhnKdh u'D iBsk eodh j?. go id se okiBhfse db BjhA j'J/rk sd se iBsk fJj BjhA ;wM gkJ/rh feT[j fe; Bz{ nkgDk gqshfBXh u[D/ ns/ fe; Bz{ BjhA. T[j nkgD/ db d/ T[whdtko Bz{ u'D ftu yVk eo iBskBz{ fJj w"ek fdzd/ jB fe T[j nkgDk :'r gqshfBXh u[DB. okiBhfse db BjhA oj/ sK wsdksk nkgDk wsfpBk ;'u–ftuko d/ fe;/ Bz{ th d/ d/Dr/. fJ; bJh ckJhBo B/ fejk j? fe okiBhsh db nw{os wsdksktKBz{ w{os o{g fdzd/ jB. T[;/ d/ PpdK ftu, dbK d/ fpBk wsdksk iK s/ Bg[z;e j' ikDr/ iK ftBkPekoh,i' nfijhnK n;zGt BhshnK dk nB[rwB eoDr/ fi; Bkb okiBhshe :zso ysw j' ikDr/. bkt/b d/eEBkB[;ko fe;/ wjkB okPNo ftu ;zg{oB iBsk d[nkok ;oeko dh XkoDk fB;zd/j fJe wBxVs ebgBkj?, feT[Afe fiE/ wskfXeko ft;fsqs j?, T[E/ dbK dk n;fsst fBPfus j? ns/ fBnzsoD tk;sfte o{gftu T[; db d/ jZEK ftu j'J/rk fi;dk pj[ws j'J/rk.“fJ; f;bf;b/ ftu okiBhfse dbK dk w[~y ekoi

fJekJh^13L okiBhfse dbfJekJh^13L okiBhfse dbfJekJh^13L okiBhfse dbfJekJh^13L okiBhfse dbfJekJh^13L okiBhfse db

B ØN


fBotkue wzvb B{z gqGkfts eoBk, fBotkuB ftu T[whdtko yVk eoBk, nkgD/ T[d/PK ns/ g'qrokwK dk gqukoeoBk ns/ fBotkuB ftu fiZs e/ ;oeko dk fBowkD eoBk j?.” fJ; gqeko i/eo okiBhfse db ;zrfmsBk j't/ sK gqshfBXhw{be ;oeko dk ubDK efmB j' ikJ/rk. fJ; bJh okiBhsh dbK Bz{ ‘nfdqP ;oeko’(Invisible Government) fejk frnk j?/.w?ekJhto d/ PpdK ftu, “okiBhfse dbK d/ nGkt ftu Bk sKf;XKsK dh ;zrfms nfGftnesh jh j' ;edh j? ns/ Bk BhshnK dk T[fus ftek; jh ns/ Bk fBnzfsqs o{gBkb okPNoh u'D d/ t?XkfBe T[gkfJnk iK wkB:'r ;z;EktK dk ;jkok jh fbnk ik ;edk j? fi;d/ d[nkokokiBhfsr nkgDh Pesh Bz{ pDkJ/ oyD iK gqkgs eoB dk isB eod/ jB.” fJ; gqeko gzikszso Bz{ftntjkfoe pDkT[D d/ bJh okiBhfse dbK dk n;fsst pj[s io{oh j?.

13H113H113H113H113H1 okiBhfse dbL noE, gfoGkPK ns/ wj~st okiBhfse dbL noE, gfoGkPK ns/ wj~st okiBhfse dbL noE, gfoGkPK ns/ wj~st okiBhfse dbL noE, gfoGkPK ns/ wj~st okiBhfse dbL noE, gfoGkPK ns/ wj~st (Political Party :Meaning, Definition and Importance)

;kXkoD p'bukb dh GkPk ftu ftneshnK d/ fe;/ ;wz{j Bz{ i' fJe ;wkB T[d/P dh gqkgsh d/ bJh ezw eodkj?, T[; Bz{ db efjzd/ jB. i/ T[; db dk T[d/P okiBhfse j't/ sK T[; Bz{ okiBhfse db efjzd/ jB. fJjnkgD/ ftukoK dk gquko eoe/ iBsk Bz{ nkgDk nB[:kJh pDkT[Adk j? ns/ nkgD/ jh ftukoK nB[;ko ;oekodk fBowkD eoBk ukj[zdk j?. ;wki ftu nfij/ j'o ;zrmB th j[zd/ jBl fit/A – Xkofwe ;zrmB, ftntjkfoe;zrmB, ikshJ/ ;zrmB, ;K;feqse ;zrmB nkfd. gozs{ fJBQK B{z okiBhfse db BjhA fejk ik ;edk j?lfeT[Afe fJBQK dk T[d/P okiBhfse BjhA j[zdk j?. fJj ;oeko dk fBowkD eoBk BjhA ukj[zd/ jB, pbfe f;ocftP/P tor dk fjs ukj[zd/ jB. ;' okiBhfse db dk noE BkrfoeK d/ nfij/ ;w{j Bkb j? i' ;kotifBegqPBK d/ ftP/ ftu ;wkB ftuko oydk j? ns/ okiBhfse fJekJh d/ o{g ftu ezw eod/ j'J/ nkgDh ebfgsBhsh Bz{ ft;sko d/D d/ bJh Pk;B szso Bz{ j;srs eoBk ukj[zdk j't/.

gfoGkPk–gfoGkPk–gfoGkPk–gfoGkPk–gfoGkPk–fJ;dh gfoGkPktK nB/e ftdtkBK B/ fd~shnK jB–

n?Avpoe–n?Avpoe–n?Avpoe–n?Avpoe–n?Avpoe–“okiBhfse db T[BQK wB~[yK dk fJe ;w{j j? i' e[M fBPfus f;XKsK d/ nkXko T[s/ fiBQK BkbT[j ;fjws jB, nkgD/ ;z:[es isBK Bkb okPNoh fjs Bz{ n~r/ tXkT[D d/ bJh ;zrms ofjzd/ jB.” fJ~E/poe B/ fszB io{oh s~sK T[s/ i'o fdZsk j?–(e) T[d/P okPNoh fjs dk ;kXB, (y) f;XKs ns/ (r) ;zrmBBz{ db dh j'Ad d/ bJh io{oh wzfBnK iKdk j?.

w?e; t/po–w?e; t/po–w?e; t/po–w?e; t/po–w?e; t/po–“okiBhfse db ;t/ZSk Bkb pDkfJnk j'fJnk T[j ;zrmB j? i' Pk;B Pesh Bz{ nkgD/ j~E ftub?Dk ukj[zdk j? ns/ fJ; Bz{ j;srs eoB d/ bJh T[j gquko ns/ nzd'bB dk ;jkok b?Adk j?. fJ; Pk;B PeshBz{ nkgD/ j~E ftu b?D d/ fg~S/ fJe T[d/P j' ;edk j? i' iK s/ beP dh gqkgsh j't/ iK ftneshrs ;tkoEj't/ ns/ iK d't/A.

w?ekJhto–w?ekJhto–w?ekJhto–w?ekJhto–w?ekJhto–“okiBhsh db T[j ;w[dkJ/ j? fi;dk ;zrmB fe;/ ftP/P f;XKs iK Bhsh d/ ;woEB d/ bJhj'fJnk j't/, i' ;zftXkfBe T[gkfJnk dk ;jkok b? e/ fJ; f;XKs ns/ Bhsh Bz{ ;oeko dk nkXko pDkT[Ddk isB eodk j't/.”

bheke–bheke–bheke–bheke–bheke–okiBhfse db ;zrms BkrfoeK d/ T[; ;w[dkJ/ Bz{ efjzd/ jB i' fJe~m/ fwb e/ fJe okiBhfsefJekJh d/ o{g ftu ezw eod/ jB. T[BQK d/ ftuko ;kotifBe gqPBK T[s/ fJe' fij/ j[zd/ jB ns/ T[j fJenkw T[d/P dh g{osh d/ bJh wsdkB dh Pesh dk fJ;s/wkb eoe/ ;oeko T[s/ nkgDk nkfXgs: ;EkgseoBk ukj[zdk j?.

frbeqkJhN–frbeqkJhN–frbeqkJhN–frbeqkJhN–frbeqkJhN–“okiBhfse db ftneshnK d/ T[; ;w[dkJ/ Bz{ efjzd/ jB fi;d/ w?ApoK d/ okiBhfse ftukofJe' fij/ j[zd/ jB i' fJe okiBhfse fJekJh dh soQK ezw eoe/ ;oeko Bz{ fBnzfsqs eoB dh e'fPP eod/jB.”

r/N/b–r/N/b–r/N/b–r/N/b–r/N/b–“okiBhfse db fInkdkso ;zrms BkrfoeK dk nfijk ;w{j j? i' okiBhfse fJekJh d/ o{g ftuekoi eod/ jB ns/ nkgD/ wsdkB dh Pesh dk fJ;s/wkb eoe/ ;oeko Bz{ fBnzfsqs eoBk ns/ nkgDh;wkB Bhsh dh g{osh eoBk ukj[zd/ jB.”


B ØN


okiBhfse dbK dk wj~st okiBhfse dbK dk wj~st okiBhfse dbK dk wj~st okiBhfse dbK dk wj~st okiBhfse dbK dk wj~st (Importance of Political Parites)okiBhfse db gqikszso ftu f;fynk d/ ;kXB jB. fJj iBsk Bz{ ftfGzB gqeko Bkb okiBhfse f;fynkgqdkB eod/ jB. fJj iBsk Bz{ ;kotifBe gqPBK ns/ ;wf;nktK d/ gqsh ikro{e ofjD dh f;fynk fdzd/jB. okiBhfse db iBsk d/ ;Bw[y jo ;wf;nk d/ ftfGzB ns/ fto'Xh gfjb{nK Bz{ oyd/ jB fi; BkbiBsk Bz{ okiBhfse ;wf;nktK dk frnkB gqkgs j[zdk j?, T[BQK ftu okiBhfse u/sBk nkT[Adh j?, iBszsodh ;cbsk d/ bJh fJe ;t;E ns/ u/sBPhb okiBhfse tksktoD dh io{os j?. nfijk tksktoD e/tbokiBhfse db jh ekfJw eo ;ed/ jB. okiBhfse db gqikszso d/ io{oh s~s iBws d/ fBowkD ftu th;jkfJe j[zd/ jB. fJj iBws dk fBowkD, gqekPB ftek; nkfd eod jB. wsdkB ns/ fBotkuB d/;w/A T[j oki d/ BkrfoeK Bz{ okiBhfse ;jkfJsk gqdkB eod/ jB. T[BQK ftu Pk;B d/ gqsh ikro{esk T[sgzBeod/ jB ns/ T[BQK Bz{ okiBhfse coiK dk p'X eokT[Ad/ jB.

gqikszso ftu ftfGzB fto'Xh dbK dh j'Ad fJ; bJh th io{oh j? fe ;~sko{V db dh n;cbsk d/ pkndT[j ;~sk Bz{ ;zGkbD d/ bJh n~r/ tX ikD. pj[ws db dk Pk;B ubdk j? ns/ ftoXh db T[;dh nb'uBkeo T[; Bz{ ;u/s eodk j?. okiBhfse db ftfGzB ;tkoEK, fjsK dk gqshfBXhst eod/ jB. iBsk fJBQKdbK d/ wkfXnw Bkb nkgDh efmBkJhnK Bz{ ;oeko se gj[zukT[Adh j?. fJ; gqeko iBsk ns/ ;oekod/ ftu db eVh dk ezw eod/ jB. fJj ;oeko ns/ iBsk d/ ftu skbw/b ;Ekgs eod/ jB. fJjsd'A jh j' ;edk j? id iBsk dh fJ~Sk ;oeko ikD/ ns/ T[;d/ w[skfpe ezw eoB dh e'fPP eo/ ns/;oeko dh fJ~Sk Bkb iBsk nkgD/ Bz{ ntrs oy/. okiBhfse db iBsk ns/ ;oeko d/ ftuskbw/b g{oB ;fEsh pDk e/ oyD ftu fJe eVh dk ezw eod/ jB. fJ;d/ nbktk okiBhfse dbK d/d[nkok iBsk ;oeko T[s/ fBnzsoD oydh j?. gqikszso ftu i/ ;oeko T[s/ iBsk dk fBnzsoD Bk oj/sK gqikszso ;cb BjhA j' ;edk. fBnzsoD Bz{ ftntjkfoe o{g d/D dk ;otT[Zsw wkfXnw okiBhfsedb jh jB.

gqikszso dh ;cbsk dh fJe gqw[Zy ftneshrs ;[szsosk dk o~fynk j?. T[;dh g{osh dk w[~y ;kXBokiBhfse db jB. fto'Xh db Pk;B db Bz{ fBnzfsqs eo d/P Bz{ fJe db dh fBoze[P s'A pukT[Adkj?. dbK d/ wkfXnw Bkb jh iBsk ;w[fus o{g Bkb nkgD/ fto'X dh nfGftnes eo ;edh j?. gq'Hgq'Hgq 'Hgq 'Hgq 'Hbk;eh bk;eh bk;eh bk;eh bk;eh d/ PpdK ftu, “okiBhfse db d/P ftu e?A;oPkjh s'A ;kvh oZfynk eoB d/ ;otT[Zsw ;kXBjB.” bkov pqkJh;bkov pqkJh;bkov pqkJh;bkov pqkJh;bkov pqkJh; B/ th fejk j? fe “e'Jh th ;[szso d/P fJ;d/ fpBK BjhA ofj ;edk j?.”

nzs ftu, okiBhfse db gqshfBXh w{be g~Xsh d/ bJh ;otEk io{oh j?, fe;/ th gqeko dh Pk;B ftnt;EkfeT[A Bk j't/, dbK d/ fpBK ;oeko dk uzrk ;zukbB BjhA j' ;edk j?. fJe–w[yh g~Xsh dh ;oeko j't/ iK;z;dkswe g~Xsh dhl g{zihtkdh ftnt;Ek j't/ iK ;wkitkdh, gqikszso j't/ iK nfXBkfJeszso, ;oekod/ nkXko okiBhfse db jh jB. w/fonN w/fonN w/fonN w/fonN w/fonN B/ sK dbK dh ‘g{oe ;z;Ek’ fejk j?l feT[Afe T[j nfXekohnKdh u'D, ;kotifBe Bhsh d/ fBoXkoD ns/ ;oeko d/ ;zukbB ns/ fJ;dh nkb'uBk eoB ftu ;jkfJskgqdkB eod/ jB. dbK dh fJ; wj~stg{oB ;fEsh d/ pkti{d wkoe;tkdh ftukoeK dk efjDk j? fe;kfwnktkd dh nt;Ek ftu Bk sK oki oj/rk ns/ Bk okiBhfse db jh. okiBhfse dbK dh j'Ad ftfGzBtorK ns/ ;tkoEK d/ ekoD jh jB. n~i d/ ;ot'fdnktkdh th dbftjhB ;oeko (Partyless Government)dh uouk eod/ jB. gozs{ fJj ftukoXkoktK fi; nkdoP ;wkfie nt;Ek dh rZb eodhnK jB T[j g{oBs"o s/ ekbgfBe j?. GftZy ftu i' e[M j't/, x~N s'A x~N nkX[fBe gqikszso ftu okiBhfse db gqkD–jtkd/ ;wkB jB.

okiBhfse dbK Bz{ “gqikszso dk gqkD” ns/ ;oeko dk ‘u"Ek nzr’ fejk iKdk j?.eh s[;hA ikDd/ j'


B ØN


13H2 :{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H, ns/ cqK; ftu okiBhfse db 13H2 :{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H, ns/ cqK; ftu okiBhfse db 13H2 :{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H, ns/ cqK; ftu okiBhfse db 13H2 :{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H, ns/ cqK; ftu okiBhfse db 13H2 :{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H, ns/ cqK; ftu okiBhfse db (Political Party inUK, USA and France)

fpqN/B ftu okiBhfse db fpqN/B ftu okiBhfse db fpqN/B ftu okiBhfse db fpqN/B ftu okiBhfse db fpqN/B ftu okiBhfse db (Political Parties in Britain)okiBhfse db fpqfNP Pk;B–gqDkbh dh ftP/P p[fBnkd dk w{b nkXko j?. fJj efjDk nB{fus BjhA j'J/rk fefpqfNP ;zftXkB d/ ftek; ftu okiBhfse dbK dk th ;zrmB j'fJnk ns/ wskfXeko d/ gq;ko d/ Bkb–Bkb fJj;zrmB pj[s fInkdk ifNb, ;[fdqV ns/ nB[Pk;Bp~X j[zdk frnk. fpqfNP Pk;B dh ;z;dh ftP/PsktK d/ ;cb;zukbB ftu okiBhfse dbK dk w[~y j~E j? nkw u'D, wzsohwzvb dk rmB ns/ ekoieoD, ;z;d dh ekotkjhnKdk ;zukbB, ;oekoh BhshnK dk fBoXkoD, iBsk dk Pk;B T[s/ fBnzsoD nkfd ;z;dh ftP/PsktK dhnfGftnesh dbhJ/ ftnt;Ek d/ wkfXnw Bkb jh j[zdk j?. T[E/ wjkokDh dh ;oeko (Her Majesty'sGovernment) db dh ;oeko j? ns/ fto'Xh db wjkokDh dk fto'Xh db (Her Majesty's Opposition) j?.fJzrb?Av ftu okiBhfse dbK dk Gkt/A e'Jh t?XkfBe j'Ad BjhA j?. sd th T[BQK d/ pr?o nzrq/Ih Pk;B ftnt;Ekdk ;kok ;o{g jh pdb ikJ/rk ns/ fJ;dh nB/e gozgoktK ns/ nfG;w/A BPN j' ikDrhnK.

fpqfNP okiBhfse dbK d/ ekoi (fpqfNP okiBhfse dbK d/ ekoi (fpqfNP okiBhfse dbK d/ ekoi (fpqfNP okiBhfse dbK d/ ekoi (fpqfNP okiBhfse dbK d/ ekoi (The Functions of British Political Parties)L)L)L)L)L fpqfNPokiBhfse dbK dk wj~st T[BQK B/ soQK–soQK d/ ekoiK d/ ekoB j?. fJj d/P d/ okiBhfse ihtB ftunB/e T[g:'rh ekoi eod/ jB.

wsdksktK dh d{oh Bz{ xN eoBk–wsdksktK dh d{oh Bz{ xN eoBk–wsdksktK dh d{oh Bz{ xN eoBk–wsdksktK dh d{oh Bz{ xN eoBk–wsdksktK dh d{oh Bz{ xN eoBk–okiBhfse db ;ko/ d/P d/ wsdksktK Bz{ fJe ;{so ftu i'Vd/ jB.T[j wsdksktK d/ ftu dh d{oh Bz{ tzvd/ jB. wsdksktK dh ngko ;zfynk d/ ekoB T[BQK dk fJe d{i/ Bz{ikDBk w[Pfeb j?. T[BQK d/ nbr–nbr ftuko j[zd/ jB, T[j nbr–nbr t'N fdzd/ jB. T[j n;zrms ofjzd/jB fi; ekoB okPNo d/ okiBhfse ihtB T[s/ T[BQK dk e'Jh gqGkt BjhA g?Adk j?. gozs{, okiBhfse dbKB/ wsdksktK Bz{ ;zrms ehsk j?, fBPfus f;XKs ns/ g'qrokw T[BQK d/ ;kjwD/ oy e/ T[BQK Bz{ ftfGzB ;w{jKftu ;zrms ehsk j?. okiBhfse dbK B/ T[BQK B{z J/esk gqdkB ehsh j? ns/ T[BQK d/ okiBhfse gqGkt Bz{tXkfJnk j?.

w?ApoK dh pjkbh ns/ T[dk;hBsk Bz{ d{o eoBk–w?ApoK dh pjkbh ns/ T[dk;hBsk Bz{ d{o eoBk–w?ApoK dh pjkbh ns/ T[dk;hBsk Bz{ d{o eoBk–w?ApoK dh pjkbh ns/ T[dk;hBsk Bz{ d{o eoBk–w?ApoK dh pjkbh ns/ T[dk;hBsk Bz{ d{o eoBk–jo fJe okiBhfse db d/ w?Apo j[zd/ jB. fInkdkw?ApoK dh frDsh jh db dh skes dh gSkD j?. ;ko/ db fJjh e'fPP eod/ jB fe fInkdk s'A fInkdkt'N fi~sD dk isB eod/ jB. fJBQK w?ApoK dk gqw[~y ezw j?l iBsk dh T[dk;hBsk Bz{ d{o eoBk. w?Apo iBskftu T[s;kj God/ ns/ T[BQK Bz{ okiBhsh ftu fj~;k b?D d/ bJh T[e;kT[Ad/ jB.

iBsk B{z f;fynk d/Dk – iBsk B{z f;fynk d/Dk – iBsk B{z f;fynk d/Dk – iBsk B{z f;fynk d/Dk – iBsk B{z f;fynk d/Dk – okiBhfse dbK dk fJe gqw[~y ekoi iBsk Bz{ okiBhfse f;fynk d/Dk j?. fJ;ekoi Bz{ db dh ;EkJh PkyktK eodhnK jB ns/ e/Adoh db T[BQK dk fJ; ekoi ftu ;jkfJsk gj[zukT[Adkj?. okPNoh B/sktK, ;GktK, o/vhU, N?bhftIB nkfd d/ d[nkok okiBhfse db iBsk Bz{ f;fyns eod/ jB.fJjh f;fynk gqikszso dk nkXko j?.

Bhsh fBPfus eoBk–Bhsh fBPfus eoBk–Bhsh fBPfus eoBk–Bhsh fBPfus eoBk–Bhsh fBPfus eoBk–okiBhfse dbK dk fJe j'o ekoi Bhsh fBoXkfos eoBk j?. jo/e db dh nkgDh–nkgDh Bhsh j[zdh j? ns/ T[; Bhsh Bz{ bkr{ eoB d/ bJh gq'rokw j[zdk j?. db dh PkyktK P'X–ekoi eoe/Bhsh d/ ;zpzX ftu ;bkj fdzdh j? ns/ okPNoh nfXt/PBK d[nkok db dh Bhsh B{z nzfsw ;thfeqsh fdZshiKdh j?.

gqtesktK, B/sktK ns/ T[whdtkoK dh u'D (gqtesktK, B/sktK ns/ T[whdtkoK dh u'D (gqtesktK, B/sktK ns/ T[whdtkoK dh u'D (gqtesktK, B/sktK ns/ T[whdtkoK dh u'D (gqtesktK, B/sktK ns/ T[whdtkoK dh u'D (Selection of Spokesmen, Leaders andCandidates)–)–)–)–)–jo/e db gqtesktK, B/sktK ns/ T[whdtkoK dh u'D eodk j?. gqtesktK ns/ B/sktK d/ fpBKe'Jh db BjhA ub ;edk j?, feT[Afe B/sktK d/ ftneshst s'A gqGkfts j' e/ iBsk db dk nB[;oD eodh

i/fBzr;i/fBzr;i/fBzr;i/fBzr;i/fBzr; B/ mhe jh fejk j? fe “i/eo fpqfNP ;zftXkB dk ;jh ;ot/ ehsk ikJ/ sK fJjhefjDk gJ/rk fe T[j dbK s'A nkozG j[zdk j? ns/ dbK ftu ;wkgs j' iKdk j? ns/ nkozGs/ ;wkgsh d/ ftu th okiBhfse dbK dk jh ftt/uB j[zdk j?.”

B'N;


B ØN


j?, db d/ ;otT[Zu B/sk dk sK fJzBk fInkdk wjZst j? fe T[;d/ ftneshst T[s/ jh u'D bVh iKdh j?.fejk th iKdk j?, “iBsk fe;/ db Bz{ BjhA pbfe Gkth gqXkBwzsoh Bz{ ws fdzdh j?.”

nB[Pk;B dk gkbD eotkT[Dk – nB[Pk;B dk gkbD eotkT[Dk – nB[Pk;B dk gkbD eotkT[Dk – nB[Pk;B dk gkbD eotkT[Dk – nB[Pk;B dk gkbD eotkT[Dk – okiBhfse dbK dk fJe wj~stg{oB ezw fJj th j? fe T[j db d/w?ApoK ns/ db dh ;jkfJsk Bkb u[D/ rJ/ ;z;d w?ApoK Bz{ nB[Pkf;s oZyD ns/ T[BQK Bz{ db dh Bhsh ns/g'qrokw s'A ftufbs Bk j'D d/D. nB[Pk;B Bz{ pDk e/ o~yD bJh db d/ nkgD/ :zso j[zd/ jB fit/A–;z;dftu db ;u/se w?ApoK T[s/ fBrokBh oyd/ ns/ o;sk d;d/ jB.

okiBhfse fIzt/tkoh–okiBhfse fIzt/tkoh–okiBhfse fIzt/tkoh–okiBhfse fIzt/tkoh–okiBhfse fIzt/tkoh–okiBhfse dbK dk ;otgqw[Zy ekoi okiBhfse fIzw/tkoh Bz{ Y'Dk j?. fJ; ftP/PBhsh Bz{ ngDkT[Ad/ jB fi;dh ;thfeqsh iBsk d[nkok fwbdh j?.T[j u'D ;w/A d/ T[; Bhsh Bz{ ekoio{gd/D dh gqfs~frnk eod/ jB. ;~sk ftu nkT[D T[s/ T[j T[;d/ bJh ekBz{B pDkT[Ad/ ns/ gqPk;eh ns/t?d/fPe BhshnK dk ;zukbB eod/ jB. b'e;Gk ftu pj[ws gqkgs db d/ :zsoK ns/ ;z;d d/ ;dBKd/ B/sktK Bkb ;zpzX ;Ekgs eo e/ ;oeko s'A nkgDh Bhsh dk nB[;oD eotkT[Adk j?. i/eo ;z;d ftu;oeko d/ fto'Xh db (His Majesty's Opposition) d/ o{g ftu nkT[Adk j? sK T[;dh fIzw/tkoh pdb iKdhj? fi; Bz{ T[j ;oeko dh nb'uBk, fto'X ns/ ;[Mkn d[nkok g{ok eodk j?.

fpqN/B ftu okiBhfse dbK dk ft;sko ns/ ftek; fpqN/B ftu okiBhfse dbK dk ft;sko ns/ ftek; fpqN/B ftu okiBhfse dbK dk ft;sko ns/ ftek; fpqN/B ftu okiBhfse dbK dk ft;sko ns/ ftek; fpqN/B ftu okiBhfse dbK dk ft;sko ns/ ftek; (Growth andDevelopment of Parties in Britain)nkozG–nkozG–nkozG–nkozG–nkozG–fJzrb?Av d/ d' okiBhfse dbK dk fJfsjk; pj[s g[okDk j?. gzdoQthA Pskpdh ftu T[BQK dk phiko'gDj'fJnk. okirZdh d/ d' dkt/dko – bzek;Nkobzek;Nkobzek;Nkobzek;Nkobzek;Nko ns/ :kofe;N':kofe;N':kofe;N':kofe;N':kofe;N' d/ ftu MrVk P[o{ j'fJnk. irhodko ;kwzsth d't/A dkt/dkoK Bz{ ;jkfJsk eoB d/ ekoB d' r[NK ftu tzv rJ/ – bzek;NqhnB ns/ :kfe;N r[N. gofJj r[N okiBhfse db BjhA ;B. ;N[noN ekb ftu okik ns/ ;z;d d/ ftu ;zxoP nkozG j'fJnk. okikd/ ;woEe e?t/fbno; e?t/fbno; e?t/fbno; e?t/fbno; e?t/fbno; (Cavlliers) ns/ ;z;d d/ ;woEe okT[Avj/v;okT[Avj/v;okT[Avj/v;okT[Avj/v;okT[Avj/v; (Roundheads) ejkJ/. fcoukob; d{i/ B/ 1679 JhH ftu J/e;eb{iB fpb J/e;eb{iB fpb J/e;eb{iB fpb J/e;eb{iB fpb J/e;eb{iB fpb (Exclusion Bill) Bz{ b? e/ id ;z;d Bz{ Gzr eo fdZsk,sK fpb d/ ;woEeK B/ ;z;d Bz{ p[bkT[D dh p/Bsh ehshl T[BQK B/ g/NhPBo;g/NhPBo;g/NhPBo;g/NhPBo;g/NhPBo; (Petitioners) fejk frnkns/ fiBQK B/ fJ;dk fto'X ehsk ns/ T[BQK Bz{ n?p'oo; n?p'oo; n?p'oo; n?p'oo; n?p'oo; (Abborrers) dh ;zfrnk fd~sh rJh. go fJBQK;zrmBK B{z th r[N jh efjDk fInkdk mhe j'J/rk ns/ okiBhfse db dh ;zfrnk nB[g:[es j't/rh. nkX[fBenoE ftu okiBhfse dbK dk iBw N'ohi N'ohi N'ohi N'ohi N'ohi (Torries) ns/ tfjrtfjrtfjrtfjrtfjr (whigs) dbK d/ ftek; d/ Bkb j'fJnk.tfjrtfjrtfjrtfjrtfjr ns/ N'oh N'oh N'oh N'oh N'oh db, okT[Avj/v; okT[Avj/v; okT[Avj/v; okT[Avj/v; okT[Avj/v; ns/ e?t/fbno;e?t/fbno;e?t/fbno;e?t/fbno;e?t/fbno; d/ T[ZsonfXekoh ;B. tfjr tfjr tfjr tfjr tfjr okik dh Pesh T[s/fBnzsoD brkT[D d/ gZy ftu ;B ns/ N'oh okik dk gow nfXeko o~yD d/ gZy ftu ;B. 1688 JhH s'A brGr150 ;kb d't/A dbK tkoh tkoh Pk;B ubKT[Ad/ ;B .

nB[dko db ns/ T[dko db dk T[d/^nB[dko db ns/ T[dko db dk T[d/^nB[dko db ns/ T[dko db dk T[d/^nB[dko db ns/ T[dko db dk T[d/^nB[dko db ns/ T[dko db dk T[d/^;zB 1832 JhH d/ ;[Xko nfXfB:w s'A pknd dbK d/ BKtK ft~ugfotosB j'fJnk ns/ nB[dko (conservatives) ns/ T[dko (Liberal) BK Bkb wPj{o j'fJnk. nB[dkodb N'oh db dk T[ZsokfXekoh ;h ns/ T[dko db jftr db dk. fJj db thjthA ;dh d/ gfjb/ uoDs~e d/P dh okiBhsh s/ SkJ/ oj/. 19thA Pskpdh ft~u fJBK dbK dk ftek; fvio?bhfvio?bhfvio?bhfvio?bhfvio?bh ns/ rb?v;N'Brb?v;N'Brb?v;N'Brb?v;N'Brb?v;N'Bfij/ okiBhfseK dh nrtkJh ft~u j'fJnk. d't/A dbK ftu w"fbe ;?XKfse wsG/d ;B. nB[dko db o{Vhtkddk g'Pe ;h ns/ okik d/ gownfXekoK, bkov–;Gk dh PeshnK, ;wokitkd ns/ g{zihtkd Bz{ neP{D oyDkukj[zdk ;h. T[dko db T[dkotkd T[s/ nkXkfos ;h ns/ gqrshPhb ;[XkoK d/ gZy ftu ;h, fit/A wskfXekodk ft;sko, nkfJob?Av dk ;toki, bkov–;Gk dk ;[Xko nkfd.

wid{o db dk T[d/–wid{o db dk T[d/–wid{o db dk T[d/–wid{o db dk T[d/–wid{o db dk T[d/–thjthA ;dh ftu dbK dh ;fEsh ftu gfotosD j'fJnk. wid{o db dk T[d/ ns/T[dko db dh ftbhBsk fJ; ;dh dh gqw[Zy xNBk j?. ftnt;kfJe eqKsh d/ ekoB fJzrb?Av ftu fJe j'o;zrms tor g?dk j'fJnk. wid{o tor eb–ekoykfBnK ftu ezw eoB tkb/ fJBQK PqfweK B/ Pqfwe ;zx(Trade Unions) dh ;EkgBk ehsh. 1900 ftu fpqfNP Nq/v :{fBnB eKro; B/ fJe wid{o gqshfBXh;whsh (Labour Representative Committee) dk fBowkD ehsk fi;dk T[d/P ;h ;z;d d/ fBotkuB ftuwid{oK d/ fjsK d/ ;woEeK dk ;woEB eoBk. fJ;/ Bkb Pqfwe db dk iBw j'fJnk. gfjbk ftPt:[~Xse fJ; db dk e'Jh wjZst BjhA fojk. db d/ w?Apo T[dko db dk ;woEB eod/ ;B. go :[~X d/ pknd


B ØN


T[dko db dh Pesh xN j'D bZrh ns/ wid{o db T[;dk ;EkB b?D bZrk. gfjbh tko 1923 JhH ftufJ; db B/ ;oeko pDkJh. fco 1929 JhH ns/ 1945 JhH ftu fJj ;~sko{V j'fJnk. fJ; gqeko T[dkodb eohp–eohp ;wkgs j' frnk ns/ d' okiBhfse db nykV/ ftu ofj rJ/ – nB[dko db ns/ wid{odb.

1982 ftu wid{o db d/ e[M T[rqtkdh B/sktK B/ db s'A nbr j' e/ fJe Bt/A db ;wkfie b'esKsfoe;wkfie b'esKsfoe;wkfie b'esKsfoe;wkfie b'esKsfoe;wkfie b'esKsfoedbdbdbdbdb (Social Democratic Party) dh BhAt o~yh fi;B/ 1983 dh u'D ftu T[dko db Bkb rmpzXB eoe/ u'D ftu fjZ;k fbnk ns/ ;Zs ;EkBK T[s/ fi~s gqkgs ehsh.

i{B 1983 dk b'e;Gk u'D–fi{B 1983 dk b'e;Gk u'D–fi{B 1983 dk b'e;Gk u'D–fi{B 1983 dk b'e;Gk u'D–fi{B 1983 dk b'e;Gk u'D–fJj u'D rq/N fpqN/B ftu thjthA ;dh dh wj~stg{oB okiBhfse xNBk j?.1900 JhH ftu ;?fb;poh u'D fi~s e/ brksko d' tko gqXkBwzsoh j'fJnk. fJ;/ gqeko 1983 ftu ;qhwsh ;qhwsh ;qhwsh ;qhwsh ;qhwshE?uoE?uoE?uoE?uoE?uo u'D fi~s e/ brksko d' tko gqXkBwzsoh pDh. fJ;d/ g{ot f;oc fJe tko ;~sko{V db fto'Xh dbs'A 146 ;EkBK s/ n~r/ fojk j? fJ; tko fJj 145 ;EkBK s/ nZr/ fojk. d{i/ ftPt:[ZX d/ pknd dh fJj“;G s'A tZvh u'D fi~s” (Biggest Poll Victory) ;h.

u'D dzrb ftu fszB gqshdtzdh w[~y ;B – nB[dko db, wid{o db ns/ T[dko–;wkfie b'esKsfoe dbrmpzXB (Libral Social Democratic Party Alliance). wsdkB d/ e/Adoh ftneshst ;B –wkorq/N E?uowkorq/N E?uowkorq/N E?uowkorq/N E?uowkorq/N E?uo ns/ wkJhe/B c{N wkJhe/B c{N wkJhe/B c{N wkJhe/B c{N wkJhe/B c{N. u'D ‘E?uotkd pBkw ;wkitkd’ d/ ft~u ;h. b'efgqn w[~y Bkok ;h– ‘w?rh Bz{ t'N fdU’ (Vote for Maggie). E?uo B/ fJ; w"e/ dk fJ;s/wkb eo ;w/A s'A fJe ;kb gfjbKjh u'D eok fd~sh. T[;dk gquko ;kbK dk ekoiekb pj[s T[s;kjiBe BjhA fojk ;h. d/P dh nkofEe jkbsftu froktN nkJh ;h. p/ekoh g~Swh d/PK ftu ;G s'A fInkdk fpqN/B ftu tXh ;h. T[fd:'fre T[sgkdB10 gqshPs x~N frnk ;h. N?e; ns/ ;oekoh you ftu ewh BjhA nkJh ;h. t?;/ w[dqk;chsh (inflation)dh do 4H6 gqshPs se EZb/ ofj rJh, go iBsk dh fd~esK ekch tX rJhnK ;B. xo/b{ wkwfbnK ftuE?uo B/ Yhbh–Ykbh Bhsh ngDk o~yh ;h. ftd/Ph wkwfbnK ftu fJzrb?Av nw/foek dk fg~SbZr{nk pD frnk;h. ftuko–wsdkB (Opinion Poll) ftu f;oc 26# b'eK B/ E?uo d/ g~y ftu ws fdZsk ;h. gonoi/NkJhBk Bz{ jok e/ ckeb?Av dhg T[s/ epik eo E?uo B/ nd[Zsh ;kj; dk ezw ehsk ns/ ;ys ns/PeshPkbh ftneshst dk gfou? fdZsk. iBsk ftu T[;dh b'efgqnsk tXh. T[;B/ ;{Mp{M Bkb ezw fbnkns/ w"e/ dk ckfJdk u[~fenk. w~X ntXh u'D dh x'PDk eo e/ fto'Xh g~y Bz{ T[;B/ wks d/ fdZsh.

6 i{B 1983 dh u'D ftu 42 eo'V wsdksktK ftu'A 70 gqshPs wsdksktK B/ wsdkB ehsk. nB[dko dbdh ngqskfPs fi~s jk;b j'Jh b'e ;Gk d/ 650 ;EkBK ftu nB[dko db Bz{ 397 ;EkB, wid{o db Bz{ 209;EkB ns/ T[dko–;wkitkdh b'esKsfoe db rmpzXB Bz{ 21 ;EkB gqkgs j'J/. nB[dko db Bz{ e[b wsKd/ 43 gqshPs, wid{o db Bz{ 29 gqshPs ns/ rmpzXB Bz{ 26 gqshPs gqkgs j'J/. fJ; soQK nB[dko dbd/ gqkgs t'NK ftu froktN j'Jh feT[Afe fgSbhnK u'DK ftu T[; Bz{ eqwBkb 46 gqshPs ns/ 44 gqshPst'N gqkgs j'J/ ;B. go wid{o db ns/ rmpzXB d/ ftu t'NK dh tzv d/ ekoB T[; Bz{ pj[s fInkdk ;EkBgqkgs j'J/. wid{o db Bz{ ;G s'A t~vh ugs b~rh. d{i/ wjk:[~X d/ pknd fJzBh dhB jkbs T[;dh edh BjhAj'Jh ;h. rmpzXB d{i/ Bzpo T[s/ nkT[D dh T[whd eo fojk ;h. go T[;Bz{ th fBokPk jh j~E brh. gqKst'NK d/ nB[;ko T[;dk ;EkB shik s/ fojk jh, Bkb–Bkb T[; Bz{ ;EkB pj[s x~N gqkgs j'J/ ns/ T[;d/fInkdkso B/sk jko rJ/. fJ; ;fEsh s'A fBokP j' e/ T[BQK d/ B/sk okJ? i/fez; okJ? i/fez; okJ? i/fez; okJ? i/fez; okJ? i/fez; (Roy Jenkins) ns/v/ftv ;Nhv/ftv ;Nhv/ftv ;Nhv/ftv ;Nhv/ftv ;Nhbbbbb (David Steel) B/ fJj vo ftnes ehsk fe iBsk ftu fJ; Bkb e'qX tX/rk. T[BQK B/ fJ;/;zdoG ftu u'D ftnt;Ek ftu ;zP'XB fbnkT[D ns/ nB[gkfse gqshfBXhst (Proportionalrepresentation) Bz{ ngDkT[D dh wzr ehsh. fco th 1920 d/ pknd T[dko db Bz{ gfjbh tko fJzB/fInkdk t'N fwb/ ;B. wid{o db d/ B/sk wkJhe/b c{N (Michal Foot) B/ fJ; u'D Bz{ fJe ‘d[yKs xNBk’(Tragedy) dh ;zfrnk fdZsh.

fJj u'D okitkd (Statism) ns/ ftneshtkd (Individualism) d/ ftu ;h. wid{o db B/ b'eK Bz{oki dh nrtkJh ftu ;[Bfjok GftZy fbnkT[D dk tkfJdk ehsk fi; ftu p/ekoh ns/ wfjzrkJh ;wkgsj' ikJ/rh. fJ;d/ bJh T[;B/ fJesock nkDfte fBP;soheoD (Uniateral nuclear disarmament) dktuB fd~sk feT[Afe nfijk eo e/ jh d/P dh nkofEe jkbs ftu ;[Xko fbnkfJnk ik ;edk ;h. iB


B ØN


;/tktK dh ;[ftXktK ns/ wid{o ;zrmBK d/ fdqVheoB T[s/ i'o fd~sk. d{ih soc d~yD gzEh nB[dko dbB/ nkofEe y/so ftu ftnesh T[s/ i'o fd~sk fi;B{z ni/ se oki B/ dpkfJnk j?. T[;B/ p/ekoh, wfjzrkJhnkfd nkofEe ;wf;nktK Bz{ u'D dk w[Zdk BjhA pDkfJnk feT[Afe gfotko ns/ bx{ T[fd:'r torh S'NhnKfJekJhnK Bz{ tkXk d/ e/ fJBQK Bz{ nk;kBh Bkb d{o ehsk ik ;edk j?.

gfjbh tko xo/b{ Bhsh dh irkj ftd/Ph Bhsh B/ u'D d/ w~[d/ d/ o{g ftu fInkdk wj~stg{oB G{fwek fBGkJh.wid{o db B/ fJesock nkDfte fBP;soheoB ns/ BkN' (Nato) ns/ nkofEe :[o'fgnB ;zx (EconomicEuropean Community) s'A fBebD dh x'PDk ehsh. gozs{ E?uo B/ t?d/fPe wkwb/ d/ nzsors d/P dh;[oZfynk ns/ ckeb?Av dh fi~s Bz{ w[Zy w[Zdk pDkfJnk. ckeb?Av dh fi~s E?uo Bz{ fJe em'o Pk;B ns/ fdqV–gqfs~r B/sk d/ o{g ftu gq;s[s ehsk. T[;dh ngqfsnkfPs fi~s dk fJjh ekoB pfDnk. ngqfsnkfPsp/ekoh ns/ wzdh Bkb fto'Xh gZy Bz{ e[M th wdd BjhA fwbh.

nB[dko db dh fi~s dk w[~y ekoB T[;d/ B/sk E?uo d/ ftneshst dk fJe ‘fdqV ;zebg, em'o ns/PeshPkbh’ Pk;e d/ o{g dk fByko ;h, fJe nfijk ftneshst i' nkgD/ ;zebgK Bz{ feqs o{g’ (Changethoughts into action) d/ ;edk ;h, d/P dh ;[oZfynk dh tkrv'o Bz{ ;zGkb ;edk ;h ns/ fi;d/ e'bd/P dh ;wf;nktK Bz{ ;[bMkT[D dh ‘:'rsk’ (Competence) ;h. fto'Xh gZy dh jko dk w[~y ekoB T[BQKdh Bekoswe s;tho (Negative image) ;h, d{ih soc idfe E?uo dh ;ekokswe s;tho T[BQK d/ ;kwQD/;h. wid{o db s'A d' ;kb gfjbK e[M T[rqtkdh B/sktK B/ n;shck d/ e/ ;wkitkdh b'esKsfoe db (S.D.P.)dh ;EkgBk ehsh ;h ns/ T[BQK B/ T[dko db Bkb rmpzXB eo wid{o db dhnK t'NK Bz{ tzv fbnk. wid{odb t?;/ th nzdo{Bh wBw[NktK ns/ bVkJh–MrfVnK d/ ekoB ewI'o g? frnk ;h. fco T[;d/ B/skwkJhe/b c{N d/ ‘Bow’ (Moderate) ftneshst B/ T[;Bz{ B/skftjhB pDk fdZsk ;h. iBsk dh BIo ftu c[~NE?uo dk ftebg BjhA pD ;e/. ;' fJ; ftu e'Jh j?okBh BjhA fe nB[dko db Bz{ ngqfsnkfPs fi~s fwbh.

fpqfNP okiBhfse dbK d/ T[d/P ns/ ;zrmB fpqfNP okiBhfse dbK d/ T[d/P ns/ ;zrmB fpqfNP okiBhfse dbK d/ T[d/P ns/ ;zrmB fpqfNP okiBhfse dbK d/ T[d/P ns/ ;zrmB fpqfNP okiBhfse dbK d/ T[d/P ns/ ;zrmB (Aims and Organisation ofBritish Political Parties)fpqfNP okiBhfse dbK d/ T[d/P ns/ ;zrmB ftu fGzBsk j?. fJ;dh tor–gqfeosh Bkb fJBQK dk T[d/PfBoXkfos j[zdk j?. nB[dko db XfBe tor dk gqshfBXh j'D d/ ekoB o{Vhtkdh, wid{o db, Pqfwe torKdk oZfyne j'D d/ ekoB gqrshtkdh ns/ T[dko db w~fXnw tor dh nrtkJh eoB d/ ekoB ;[Xkotkdhj?. fJj fejk iKdk j? fe i/ ;[szsosk (Liberty), ;wkBsk (Equality) ns/ Goksqst (Fraternity)dk d/PK d/ ftu ftsoD ehsk ikt/ sK fJzrb?Av ;[szsosk dk cqK; ;wkBsk dk ns/ nw/foek Goksqst dkjedko j't/rk. d[pkok i/ fJBQK sZsK Bz{ fpqfNP okiBhfse dbK d/ ft~u tzfvnk ikt/ sK T[dko db Bz{ ;[szsosk,nB[dko db Bz{ Goksqst ns/ Pqfwe db Bz{ ;wkBsk gqkgs j't/rh.

wid{o ns/ nB[dkodb d/ ;zrmB ftu e[M f;XKse G/d jB. nB[dko db ftu B/sk ;otPeshPkbh j[zdkj?. Ugukfoe o{g ftu fe;/ d/ gqsh T[ZsodkJh BjhA j[zdk, fJe tko B/sk fBotkfus j' ikD T[s/ fJ~SkgfonzsB/sk pfDnk ofj ;edk j? wzsohwsvb dk fBowkD ;[szso o{g Bkb eodk j?, ns/ BhshnK dk fBoXkoD T[jheodk j?. fJ;d/ T[bN wid{o db ftu B/sk dh irkj db dk wj~st fInkdk j[zdk j?. dbhJ/ ;zw/bB dbdh Bhsh fBoXkfos eodk j? ns/ nXhB;E ;zrmBK Bz{ nkd/P fdzdk j?. fJ;d/ nbktk dbK d/ ;z;dh;kotifBe ;zrmBK d/ ;zpzX ftu th G/d j?. wid{o db d/ ;z;dh ;zrmB Bz{ db d/ ;kotifBe ;zrmB d/nXhB ;wfMnk iKdk j? idfe nB[dko db ftu ;kotifBe ;zrmB Bz{ ;;dh ;zrmB d/ nXhB. gozs{ d't/A dbKftu fJj G/d f;oc f;XKse jB, ftntjko ftu T[BQK ftu ftnkge ;wkBsk gkJh iKdh j?.

(e) nB[dko db d/ T[d/P ((e) nB[dko db d/ T[d/P ((e) nB[dko db d/ T[d/P ((e) nB[dko db d/ T[d/P ((e) nB[dko db d/ T[d/P (Objectives of Conservative Party)L)L)L)L)L nB[dko db o{Vhtkdh ;zrmB j?.fJj g[okDh gqEktK ns/ gozgoktK dk ;woEe j?. poN ;"oh;B B/ fejk th j? fe nB[dko db d/ Bkw Bkbg[okDh gozgoktK ns/ g{otGkthnK (Traditions and precedents) dk p'X j[zdk j?. fJj db ukj[zdk j? fefJzrb?Av ftu ;wokN dh ;~sk neP[D pDh Bk oj/. okPNoh J/esk oj/, uou dk nkfXgfsn oj/ ns/ftneshrs ;zgsh T[s/ oki dk nfXeko Bk oj/. fJ; bJh okiszso nkfd g[okDh ‘;z;EktK’ dh g[okDhnkb'uBktK dk fJj db fto'X eodk j? ns/ okik Bz{ oki dk gqshe pDk e/ oyD d/ gZy ftu j?. fJj db


B ØN


g{oB okPNohsk dk ;woEe j?. gz{ihtkd, ftneshrs ;zgsh ns/ gqkJht/N T[fd:'r–XzfdnK dk ;ozfynBfJ; db dk T[sfeqN T[d/P j?. gozs{ fJj :kd oyDk ukjhdk j? fe fJj db gozgoktkdh Gb/ jh j?,gqshfeqnktkdh fpbe[b BjhA. fJ;Bz{ gqrsh fto'Xh efjDk rbs j'J/rk. gfotosB ns/ gqrsh dk fJj fto'XBjhA pbfe ;ktXkBh Bkb ns/ j'bh–j'bh gfotosD ukj[zdk j?. bkov ;/f;bbkov ;/f;bbkov ;/f;bbkov ;/f;bbkov ;/f;b d/ PpdK ftu “nB[dko dbth ;[Xkotkdh j? go ;ktXkBh d/ Bkb.” fJj db ;ko/ torK d/ fjs ;kXB d/ bJh g{zihtkd ftu gfotosDfbnkT[Dk ukj[zdk j? T[j fJj th ukj[zdk j? fe gqikszso dh oZfynk j't/ ns/ oki ;kwkfie ;/tktK dh ftek;–tkX/ dh soc nr/ tXdk oj/. T[fd:'frd y/so ftu oki d/ dyb d/ fto[ZX T[j BjhA pbfe p/ekohBz{ d/o eo d/ T[d/P Bkb rqfj–T[fd:'rk d/ ;ozfynB Bz{ T[s;kj fdzdk j?. fJXo db d/ B"itkB w?Apo Pqfwedb Bz{ th gqrshPhb pDkT[D T[s/ i'o d/D br/ jB. ;zB 1947 JhH d/ T[fd:'frd nkfrnk gZso(Industrial Charter) Bkwe b/y ftu e/Adoh fBUiB (Central Planning) dh io{os Bz{ ;theko ehskfrnk. ;zB 1949 JhH ftu fJ; db B/ nkgDh Bhsh fBod/Pe g~fsqek “fpqN/B d/ bJh fJjh wkor” (TheRight Road for British) ftu fJj gqfs~frnk dhehs fe d/P ftu ;kfonK Bz{ o'irko fwb/rk ns/ Pk;Bb'e–efbnkDekoh ;/tktK d/ gk;/ n~r/ j'J/rk. 1955 JhH ftu u'D x'PDk–g~so ftu fJ;B/ ;[szso T[fd:'rns/ ;[szso tgko T[s/ i'o fdZsk. fJ; gqeko fJj db fJe gqshrkwh ;zrmB BjhA ofj frnk j?, pfbefJj gozgok ns/ gqrsh dk w/b eodk j?. fJ; db d/ ;woEe fInkdkso XfBe b'e jB, go wfXnw torns/ Pqfwe tor d/ b'eK s'A th fJBQK Bz{ ;woEB gqkgs j?. G{wh–;wf;nk ftu fJj db fInkdk o[Mkn oydkj?. fJ; bJh fJ; Bz{ d/jksh db (Rural Party) th fejk iKdk j?.

db dk ;zrmB–db dk ;zrmB–db dk ;zrmB–db dk ;zrmB–db dk ;zrmB–db ;zrmB Bz{ d' fj~f;nK ftu tzfvnk ik ;edk j? – (e) ;z;dh ;zrmB ns/ (y);kotifBe ;zrmB.

(e) ;z;dh ;zrmB–(e) ;z;dh ;zrmB–(e) ;z;dh ;zrmB–(e) ;z;dh ;zrmB–(e) ;z;dh ;zrmB–;z;dh ;zrmB d/ nzsors ;G s'A gfjbK d/ B/sk (Leader) dk ;EkB nkT[Adk j?.nB[dko db d/ B/sk Bz{ ngko Pesh gqkgs j?. T[j db dh Bhsh dk fBoXkoD eodk j?, ;z;dh gdkfXekohnKns/ wzsohwzvb d/ w?Apo Bz{ nkg u[Ddk j?, ;z;d d/ pkjo db d/ gdkfXekohnK Bz{ wB'Bhs eodk j? ns/ dbdk e/Adoh dcso T[;d/ nXhB ofjzdk j?. nB[dko db ftu B/sk dk fezBk wj~st j? ns/ T[;Bz{ fezBk ;BwkBfd~sk iKdk j?, fJ;dk nzdkIk 1947 ftu db d/ gqXkB d[nkok ej/ rJ/ fJBQK PpdK Bkb ubdk j?, “T[;dh(B/sk dh) ;~sk ;[szso fBotkuB s/ T[;d/ ;woEeK d/ ftPtk; T[s/ nkXkfos j?. okPNoh ;zrmB d[nkokgk; gq;skt T[;d/ e'b ;{uBk ns/ T[;d/ wkordoPB d/ bJh G/i/ iKd/ jB, gozs{ e'Jh th gq;skt ukj/ fezBkjh i'odko feT[A Bk j't/, Bhsh ;zpzXh gqPBK d/ ftP/ ftu T[; T[s/ e'Jh gqshpzX BjhA brk ;edk. fJjh ;kv/bJh nB[e{b j?. fJjh T[BQK wjkg[oPK dh Pqzybk d/ bJh nB[e{b fojk j? fiBQK dh nrtkJh d/ ubD ftu n;hAr"ot dk nB[Gt eo oj/ jK. Gkt/A db dh Bhsh d/ fBowkD dk T[;Bz{ fJekfXekoh gqkgs j?, go j'o w?ApoKdh fJ~SktK ns/ ftukoK dh T[j ntj/bBk Bk eodk. fJe tko B/sk u[D bJ/ ikD T[s/ fJ~Skgfonzs T[j fJ;gd T[s/ pfDnk ofjzdk j? id se T[;dh f;js ns/ T[;d/ fto[X dbhJ/ n;zs'y T[;Bz{ fsnkr gZso eoBs/ wip{o Bk eo d/ ns/ T[;dk d/jKs Bk j' ikJ/. id nB[dko db fto'Xh db d/ o{g ftu ekoi eodk j?ns/ B/sk SK wzsohwzvb (Shadow Cabinet) dk fJ~Sk Bkb fBowkD eodk j?. fJ; d/ nbktk T[j fJeekoi ;whsh (Executive Committee) dh fB:[esh eodk j? fi;d/ w?Apo ;z;dh db dh ftnt;kfJe;whshn d/ w[yh j[zd/ jB. jo fJe ;dB d/ db ftu ;kXkoD w?ApoK dk fJe ;zrmB j[zdk j? fi;Bz{ 1922JhH dk ;zrmB (1922 Committe) fejk iKdk j?. db d/ ;ko/ w?Apo fJ;d/ w?Apo j[zd/ jB. fJ; dhjcsktkoh p?meK ftu ftnt;kfJe ;whsshnK fog'oN gq;s[s eodhnK jB, ;u/se nrb/ jcs/ d/ gq'rokwdh x'PDk eodk j? ns/ db s/ ;oekoh BhshnK T[s/ ftuko ehsk iKdk j?. fJE/ ;zrmB jo ;kb 1 w[yh,2 T[gw[yh, 2 ;fut ns/ 1 yiKuh u[Ddk j?. fJ;dh fJe ekoiekoDh ;whsh j[zdh j? fi; ftu T[g:[esgdkfXekohnK d/ nbktk 12 j'o w?Apo j[zd/ jB. db dk fJe ;u/se (whip) j[zdk j? i' w?ApoK Bz{ Pk;Bp~Xoydk j?. bkov–;Gk ftu fJ;dh wj~stjhD ;zftXkfBe ;fEsh ns/ nB[dko db d/ pj[s fInkdk pj[wsd/ ekoD dbhJ/ ;zrmB wj~stjhB jB. fJ; ;dB ftu nB[dko w?ApoK dk fJe ;zrmB j[zdk j? i' ;[szsonB[dko bkov; (Independent Unionist Peers) ejkT[Adk j?. fJ;dh eJh ;whshnK j[zdhnK jB. ;dBftu db dk fJe ;u/se (whip) j[zdk j?.


B ØN


(y) ;kotifBe ;zrmB–(y) ;kotifBe ;zrmB–(y) ;kotifBe ;zrmB–(y) ;kotifBe ;zrmB–(y) ;kotifBe ;zrmB–nB[dko db d/ ;kotife ;zrmB d/ fPyo T[s/ okPNoh ;zx (The National Unionof Conservative and Unionist Association) j?. fJ;d/ gqw[~y ekoi fBotkuB y/soK ftu dbh ;zxK dh;EkgBk, db d/ ;ko/ ;zrmBK d/ ftu ;zgoe ;Ekfgs eoBk ns/ db d/ e/Adoh dcso Bkb r{V/ ;zpzX pDk e/oyDk j?. fJe w[yh, fJe ;Gkgsh, fszB T[g;Gkgsh ns/ d' ;fut fJ;d/ gdkfXekoh j[zd/ jB. okPNoh ;zxdk fJe ;kbkBk ;zw/bB j[zdk j? fi; ftu e/Adoh gfoPd d/ w?Apo fBotkuB y/soh ;zxK d/ gqshfBXh ns/ jo fJefBotkuB y/soh ;zx ns/ e/Adoh ;zx d/ gqwkfDe J/izN s/ ;z;Ekge fj~;k b?Ad/ jB. ;zw/bB e/Adoh gfoPdd/ gqsht/dB ns/ gq;sktK T[s/ ftuko eodk j?. okPNoh ;zx dh fJe gqpzXe ;whsh j[zdh j? fi; Bz{ e/Adoh gfoPd(Central Council) efjzd/ jB. fJj ;kbkBk ;zw/bB dk ;zfygs o{g j?. fJ; dh w?ApofPg brGr 2000 j?.fJ;dh p?me ;kb ftu fJe tko j[zdh j?, go ftP/P p?meK th p[bkJh ik ;edh j?. fJj okPNoh ;zx d/gdkfXekohnK Bz{ u[Ddh j?, ekoiekoDh ;whsh d/ gqsht/dB T[s/ ftuko eodh j? ns/ okPNoh ;zx d/ fBnwK ftu;zP'XB fbnkT[Adh j?. okPNoh ;zx ekoiekoDh ;whsh (Executive Committee) j[zdh j? fi;dh w?Apo ;zfynkbrGr 150 j[zdh j?. db d/ ;z;dh ns/ ;kotifBe ;zrmBK d/ gqw[~y gdkfXekoh i gqshfBXh fJ;d/ w?Apo j[zd/jB. fJ;d/ gqw[Zy ekoi jB – okPNoh ;zx d/ gdkfXekohnK dh u'D d/ bJh BktK dk ;[Mkt d/Dk, fe;/ fBotkuB–y/soh ;zx dh ekoiekoDh gfoPd d[nkok gq/fos fe;/ wsG/d ns/ fBoD/ eoBk, io{os g?D T[s/ okPNoh ;bkj;whshnK dh ;EkgBk eoBk, ;bkj ;whshnK d/ gqsht/dB T[s/ ftuko eoBk, ;kbkBk ;zw/bB ns/ e/Adoh gfoPdBz{ nkgDh ekotkjhnK T[s/ fog'oN d/Dk ns/ e/Adoh–gfoPd dh p?meK d/ nzsoekb ftu T[;d/ ekoiK Bz{ ;zgzBeoBk. nkw T[d/P ;whsh (General Purposes Committee) fJe S'Nk ndkok j? fi; ftu 57 w?Apo j[zd/ jB.fJj ekoiekoDh ;whsh Bz{ fds/ rJ/ nfXekoK Bz{ S~v e/ okPNoh ;zx d/ ;ot–;kXkoD ns/ n;kXkoD ekoiK Bz{;zgzB eodh j?. ekoiekoDh ;whsh Bz{ ;bkj d/D d/ bJh 8 w[Zy okPNoh ;bkj ;whshnK (National AdvisoryCommittee) dk fBowkD ehsk frnk j? i' ftfGzB ftfPnK Bkb ;zpzfXs jB, fit/A okiBhfse f;fynk, wfjbkdb d/ B"itkB w?Apo, Pqfwe ;zx, ;EkBe gqPk;B, gquko ns/ gqtesk, nB[dko nfXnkgeK d/ ;zx ns/ftPtftfdnkbk d/ dbhJ/ w?Apo d/ ;zx. ekoiekoDh ;whsh io{os g?D T[s/ fJ; gqeko dh j'o ;whshnK dh;EkgBk eo ;edh j?.

fJzrb?Av ns/ t/b; Bz{ dbhJ/ ;zrmB d/ j/s{ 12 gqKsK (Areas) ftu tzv fdZsk frnk j?. jo fJe gqKse;zrmB dk gqXkB j[zdk j?. gqXkB d/ nbktk, w[yh, e[M T[gw[yh, yiKuh ns/ 2 ;fut fJ;d/ gdkfXekoh j[zd/jB. fJ;dh e/Adoh gfoPd B{z gqKshJ/ gfoPd (Area Council) efjzd/ jB i' fBotkuB y/soK ns/ w?ApoKd/ gq;sktK T[s/ ftuko eodh j?. gqKse gfoPd dh p?meK d/ nzsoekb ftu fJ;dh ekoi ;whsh ekoi eodhj?. ;whsh e[M ;bkj ;whshnK dh ;EkgBk eodh j?.

;kotifBe ;zrmB dh nkXkoG{s fJekJh fBotkuB y/soh ;zx (Constituency Association) j?. jofJe fBotkuB y/so d/ bJh db d/ w?ApoK dk fJe ;zrmB j[zdk j?. jo fJe ;zx ftu fJe w[yh, fJe gqXkBns/ fszB T[ggqXkB j[zd/ jB. ;zx dh fJe ;kbkBk p?me j[zdh j?. fJ;dh ekoiekoDh ;whsh j[zdh j? fi;dkw[yh y/soh gqXkB ns/ ;fut y/soh J/izN j[zdk j?. fBotkuB y/soh ;zx dk T[d/P nkgD/ y/so ftu db d/;woEeK, f;XKsK ns/ w?ApoK dk ftek; eoBk j?. dbhJ/ ;zrmB d/ bJh jo fJe fBotkuB y/so Bz{ tkovKftu tzfvnk iKdk j? ns/ jo fJe tkov Bz{ pbkeK ftu i' e[M xoK dk ;w{j j[zdk j?. db ftu B"itkB ns/pZfunK d/ nbr–nbr ;zrmB jB.

db dk fJe e/Adoh dcso j[zdk j?. fJj db d/ B/sk d/ gqsh T[ZsodkJh j[zdk j?. dcso B{z ubkT[D d/ bJhfJe gqXkB ;zukbe j[zdk j?. dcso d/ 6 ftGkr jB. fJ;d/ j'o ;zrmB jB – nB[dko okiBhfse e/Adons/ nB[dko nB[;zXkB ftGkr. e/Adoh dcso dh soQK gqKs ftu th fJe gqKse dcso j[zdk j? i' e/Adohdcso d/ fJe J/izN d/ nXhB j[zdk j?.

(y) T[dko db d/ T[d/P ((y) T[dko db d/ T[d/P ((y) T[dko db d/ T[d/P ((y) T[dko db d/ T[d/P ((y) T[dko db d/ T[d/P (Objectives of Liberal Party)L)L)L)L)L T[dko db n~i fJe fwqsgqkfJ ;zrmB j?.T[ABhthA ;dh ftu okPNo d/ okiBhfse ihtB T[s/ T[;dk gqpb gqGkt ;h. fJ; db d/ ;zftXkB dh gq;sktBkftu fejk frnk j? fe “T[dko db dk T[d/P fJe nfij/ ;[szso J/eskg{oB ;wki dh ouBk eoBk j? fi;ftu jo fJe Bkrfoe Bz{ ;[szssosk, ;zgsh ns/ ;[o~fynk gqkgs j't/ ns/ e'Jh th dfodqsk, nfrnkBsk s/p/o'irkoh dk dk; BjhA j'J/rk.”


B ØN


Ugukfoe o{g Bkb db dk rmB 19thA Pshpdh ftu j'fJnk. go fit/A fe T[dkotkdhnK dk efjDk j?, fJ;db dh j'Ad rqfj :[~X ns/ ;[Bfjoh eqKsh d/ ;w/A s'A ubdk nk fojk j? ns/ fJj tfjr (Whigs) dkT[sokfXekoh j?. fJ;d/ fJfsjk; d/ pko/ ftu p/bhp/bhp/bhp/bhp/bh dk efjDk j? fe “ftrs fszB PskpdhnK ftu tfjrdb ns/ T[dkotkdh db eJh gfjb{nK s'A r[io u[fenk j?. edh fJj XfBeK dk db fojk j? s/ edh fJjdb dfbsK dk ;ozfyne fojk j?l edh fJ;B/ PKsh dk db ns/ edh em'o gqsheko eoB tkb/ db dk o{gXkoB ehsk j?, edh fJj :dGkftnw dk ;woEe pfDnk j?, s/ edh nkofEe fB:'iB dk gZyg'PD fojkj?, edh fJj ;wokitkd dk db fojk j?, sK edh fJ;B/ f;oc S'N/ fij/ fJzrb?Av dk ;woEB ehsk j?.;kXkoD s"o s/ ;fjPD[sk ;woEe fojk j?, go e[M ;wK pj[s w[Pfeb n;fjPD[sk dh th fojk j?.”

gozs{ nZi T[;dh Pesh xZN j' rJh j? ns/ wid{o db B/ T[;dk ;EkB b? fbnk j?. tk;st ftu, T[dkodb ;?fBe nc;oK dh fJe c"i j? fi; ftu gfonkgs ;?fBeK dh ewh j?. toswkB okiBhfse gqftoshs'A fJj nkPk ehsh iKdh j? fe fBeN GftZy ftu fJzrb?Av d/ okiBhfse y/so s'A fJj db g{oD s"o s/pfjPfeqs j' ikJ/rk. fJ; db w[~y T[d/P j/m fby/ jB–

(i) T[dko db jo y/so ftu ;[szsosk dk g'Pe j?. Xkofwe ns/ okiBhfse ;[szsosk dk fJ;B/ ;d?t;woEB ehsk j?. ftnkge wskfXeko ns/ b'efgqn ;zgqG[sk d/ bJh fJ;B/ ;zxoP ehsk j?.

(ii) fJj db B/ ;d?t Pk;B dh soc gqshpzX brkT[D dk fto'X ehsk j? ns/ :E/Skukfosk Bhsh (Laizzezfaire) dk ;woEB ehsk j?.

(iii) T[dkotkdh ;wkitkd dk fto'X dk fto'X eod/ jB ns/ g{zihtkd ftu gfonkgs ;[Xko fbnkT[Dk ukj[zd/jB.

(iv) Gkt/A T[j ;wkitkdh BjhA jB, fco th d' wkorK s'A T[j ;wkitkd dh ;EkgBk dk isB eod/ jB.gfjbk fiB T[fd:'rK Bz{ oki nkgD/ j~E ftu b? ;edk j?, T[BQK dk T[j ;wkiheoD ukj[zd/ jBl d{ik T[j;wkfie ;fj:'r d/ f;XKs Bz{ ngDkT[Ad/ jB.

(v) g{zihtkd ftu ;[Xko fbnkT[D d/ bJh T[j ;zgsh d/ ft;sko (Diffusion) d/ g~ygksh jB, noEks T[jukj[zd/ jB fe ;ko/ T[fd:'rK ftu PqfweK Bz{ bkG ftu fjZ;k fwb/. fJ; T[d/P dh g{osh d/ bjh T[j T[fd:'rKdk gqikszsoheoD ukj[zd/ jB.

(vi) T[dkotkdh Bk s/ g{oD s"o s/ ;[szso T[fd:'r XzX/ tkb/ oki ftu ftPtk; oyd/ jB ns/ Bk g{oB;wkihfeqs oki ftu. pbfe T[j, fJe fwbh–i[bh ftnt;Ek ;Ekfgs oyDk ukj[zd/ jB fi; ftu d't/A fBfjsj'D.

(vii) T[dkotkdh ;woki d/ fto'Xh jB ns/ Bowtkdh t?d/fPe Bhsh ftu ftPtk; eod/ jB.

;zrmB–;zrmB–;zrmB–;zrmB–;zrmB–T[dkotkdh db d/ ;zrmB d/ pko/ ftu fejk iKdk j? fe fJj ;?BkBkfJeK dk fJe nfijk db j? fi;ftu gfonkgs ;?fBeK dh ewh j?. P[o{ ftu fJ; ftu eJh torK d/ w?Apo ;B fit/A g/P/to tgkoh wfXnwtor d/ Bkrfoe, S'N/–S'N/ d[ekBdo e[M XfBe feqPe, Bro d/ Pqfwe nkfd. gozs{ nZi fJ;Bz{ Bk sKpj[;zfyne e[bhB tor dk ;woEB gqks j? ns/ Bk Pqfwe tor dk jh. feT[Afe fJ;B/ g{zihtkd ns/;wkitkd d/ ftu dk wkor ngDk ofynk j? fJ; bJh fJj XfBe ns/ Pqfwe d'tK ftu'A fe;/ Bz{ th nkgD/gZy ftu eo ;eD ftu n;woE jB. nZi b'e;Gk ftu fJ; db ;fEsh Bk d/ pokpo j' rJh j?. 1966dh u'D ftu T[;Bz{ f;oc 12 ;EkB gaqkgs j'J/ ;B. dbhJ/ ;zrmB dk fiE/ se gqPB j?l T[dkotkdh dbdk fJe okPNoh ;zrmB j? fi; B{z okPNoh T[dkotkdh ;zx (National Liberal Federation) efjd/ jB.fJ: ;zrmB dh jo ;kb fJe p?me j[zdh j?. fi; Bz{ T[dkotkdh ;kbkBk ;zw/bB (Liberal AnnualAssembly) fejk iKdk j?. fJj ;zw/bB db (Liberal RDP Alliance) d/ o{g ftu u'D bV e/ T[;/ 26gqshPs t'N gqkgs ehs/ ns/ 21 ;EkBK s/ fi~s gqkgs ehsh.

(r) wid{o db ((r) wid{o db ((r) wid{o db ((r) wid{o db ((r) wid{o db (The Labour Party)L)L)L)L)L wid{o db fJzrb?Av ftu ;otjkok tor d/ nzd'bB dkokiBhfse w{os;o{g j?. fJj T[fd:'frd eqKsh dk cb j? ns/ thjthA Pskpdh dh fi~s j?. fJ;dh ;EkgBk1900 JhH ftu j'Jh n/s 1922 JhH d/ nkw–fBotkuB d/ pknd d/P dk ;G s'A t~vk d{ik db wzfBnK ikDbrk j?. fJ; db d/ T[d/P j/m fby/ jB.


B ØN


(i) fJj fJe ;wkitkdh db j? fi;dk eEB j? fe “T[sgkdB d/ ;ko/ ;kXBK T[s/ ;ot;kXkoD dk nfXekoj'Dk ukjhdk ns/ jo fJe ;/tk dk fBnzsoD ns/ b'efgqn Pk;B n~Sh gqDkbh d[nkok j'Dk ukjhdk.”

(ii) Pqfwe db ;kwkfie ;wkBsk (Social Equality) dk gqpb ;woEe j?. T[j ;wki ftu ;wsk ns/J/esk g?dk eoBk ukj[zdk j?. fJj ;wkB f;fynk, ;wkB ;zgsh ns/ ;wkB okiBhfse, nkofEe s/ ;wkfie;[nt;o dk g~ygksh j?. fJ; T[d/P dh g{osh d/ bJh fJj g{zihtkdh YKu/ Bz{ pdbBk ukj[zdk j? ns/gqikszsqkswe T[geoDK dk ;jkok b?Adk j?.

(iii) wid{oK dh soQK fe;kBK dh ;fEsh ftu th db ;[Xko ukj[zdk j?.

(iv) Pqfwe db ;z;dh gqDkbh Bkb PKshg{oB j'bh–j'bh toswkB ;wkfie YKu/ ftu gfotosD fbnkT[Ddh ekwBk eodk j?. fJj Pk;Bo{V j'e/ okPNo dh ekoi ftnt;Ek T[s/ g{oB gqGkt gkT[Dk ukj[zdk j?. fJ;d/bJh wj~stg{oB T[fd:'rK dk okPNoheoD eoBk j'J/rk ns/ Pk;B Bz{ nkofEe y/so ftu dyb e/ fJekfXekons/ p/ekoh Bz{ d{o eoBk j't/rk.

(v) nzsookPNoh wkwfbnK ftu fJJ db ;wokitkd dk fto'Xh ns/ T[gfBt/PK Bz{ ;tPk;B d/D d/ gZyftu j? fJ; db dk nzfsw T[d/P j?, ;z;ko ftu ftPt ;wkitkdh ;oeko (Socialist Commonwealth)dh ;EkgBk eoBk. ssekb fJj db nzsookPNoh ;zrmBl fit/A ;z:[es okPNo ;zx (Union of Nations)ns/ T[;d/ ;fj:'rh nzr Bz{ ;[fdqV pDkT[Dk ukj[zdk j?. fJj nkDfte pzpK dh gohfynk (Test) dk fto'Xhj?.

wid{o db d/ ;zftXkB d/ nB[;ko T[;dk T[d/P “j~E ns/ wf;sPe d/ ekoi eoB tkb/ PqfweK Bz{ feZfsnKs'A g{ok bkG fdtkT[Dk fiE/ se ;zGt j' ;e/ T[sgkdB, ftsoD s/ ftfBw: d/ ;kXBK dh ;KM/dkoh d/ nkXkoT[s/ T[;dk fInkdk s'A fInkdk Ufusg{oB ftsoD ns/ jo fJe ftntjko dh ;/tktK ftu uzr/ s'A uzrkb'efgqn gqPk;B s/ fBnzsoD dh ftnt;Ek eoBk j?.”

db dk ;zrmB–db dk ;zrmB–db dk ;zrmB–db dk ;zrmB–db dk ;zrmB–wid{o db d/ ;zrmB Bz{ th d' fj~f;nK ftu tzfvnk ik ;edk j? – ;z;dh ;zrmB ns/;kotifBe ;zrmB.

;z;dh ;zrmB–;z;dh ;zrmB–;z;dh ;zrmB–;z;dh ;zrmB–;z;dh ;zrmB–;z;d ftu wid{o db d/ B/sk dh ;fEsh nB[dko db d/ B/sk dh ;fEsh s'A e[M fGzB j?.Gkt/A B/sk B{z jh Bhsh fBoXkoD dk nfXeko j?, gozs{ T[; Bz{ dbhJ/ ;zw/bB ns/ ekoi ;whsh d/ fBod/PDftu ekoi eoBk g?Adk j?. 1947 ftu fJNbh dh ekoi ekoDh ;whsh d/ gqXkB bk;ehbk;ehbk;ehbk;ehbk;eh B/ fbfynk ;h,“;oeko dh soc'A p'bD dk s[jkB{z e'Jh nfXeko BjhA j?.” t?;/ d/yD ftu fJj nkT[Adk j? fe id wid{odb ;~sko{V ofjzdk j? sd B/sk dh ;fEsh wip{s ofjzdh j?. fi; ;w/A db fto'X gZy ftu ofjzdk j? T[;;w/A B/sk dh ;fEsh e[M ewI'o ofjzdh j?. B/sk dh ;fEsh i' j't/ fJj ;gPN j? fe nkgD/ gd d/ bJh ;z;dftu ns/ T[;d/ pkjo nkgD/ nB[:kJhnK d/ ftPtk; ns/ ;woEB T[s/ fBoGo ofjzdk j?.

b'e–;Gk ns/ bkov–;Gk ftu wid{o db d/ w?ApoK d/ ;w{j Bz{ ;z;dh wid{o db;z;dh wid{o db;z;dh wid{o db;z;dh wid{o db;z;dh wid{o db (ParliamentaryLabour Party) efjzd/ jB. fto'X g~y ftu ofjD T[s/ ;z;dh db jo ;kb nkgDk B/sk T[gB/sk ns/ w[~y;u/se u[Ddk j?. gqshgZy ftu ofjD T[s/ fJj fJe ekoi ;whsh dk ;zrmB eodk j?. fi;d/ w?Apo ;z;dhdb dk gqXkB, T[g–gqXkB, w[~y ;u/se, T[Zu ;dB ftu db dk w[~y ;u/se ns/ gqXkB s/ b'e ;Gk d/ 12w?Apo s/ fJe Pqfwe bkov jz[zd/ jB. jo jcs/ fJ;dh p?me j[zdh j?. ;z;dh db e[b ;z;dh ftP/n ;whshnftP/n ;whshnftP/n ;whshnftP/n ;whshnftP/n ;whshnKdh th ;EkgBk eodk j?. ftP/P wjZst d/ ftX/neK Bz{ nfXn?B eoB d/ bJh ftP/P ;whshnK dh ;EkgBkehsh iKdh j?. fJ;d/ nbktk gqd/PK Bkb ;zpzfXs wkwfbnK T[s/ ftuko eoB d/ bJh gqkd/fPe ;whshnKgqkd/fPe ;whshnKgqkd/fPe ;whshnKgqkd/fPe ;whshnKgqkd/fPe ;whshnKns/ wid{o ;zxK Bkb ;zpzXs wkwfbnK T[s/ ftuko eoB d/ bJh wid{o d/ ;zxK d/ gqshfBXhnK dk ;w{jgqshfBXhnK dk ;w{jgqshfBXhnK dk ;w{jgqshfBXhnK dk ;w{jgqshfBXhnK dk ;w{j(Trade Union Group M.Ps.) j[zdk j?. fJ;d/ nbktk e[M nB"gukfoe ;w{j (Informal groups) th;z;dh db ftu j[zd/ jBl fit/A–‘Pqfwe ;zxhJ/ ;w{j’ ns/ ‘tkwgZyh ;w{j’.

;kotifBe ;zrmB–;kotifBe ;zrmB–;kotifBe ;zrmB–;kotifBe ;zrmB–;kotifBe ;zrmB–wid{o db dh w?ApofPg d/ d' nkXko jB – ftneshrs ns/ ;zxksfos (Affiliated).16 ;kb s'A fInkdk nt;Ek d/ ftnesh db d/ w?Apo pD ;ed/ jB. ;zxksfos w?ApoK ftu ;qfwe ;zx,;fjekoh ;whshnK, ;wkitkdh ;w{j, ftnt;kJh ;zrmB nkfd. db d/ fPyo T[s/ dbhJ/ ;zw/bBdbhJ/ ;zw/bBdbhJ/ ;zw/bBdbhJ/ ;zw/bBdbhJ/ ;zw/bB j[zdk j?i' db d/ ekoi dk fBod/PD ns/ fBnzsoD eodk j?. fJ;dh p?me ;kb ftu fJe tko j[zdh j?. tk;st


B ØN


ftu fJj db dk ftXkBwzvb j?. ;z;dh db fJ;d/ nXhB;E jB db dh ekoiekoDh ;whsh ns/ ;z;dhdb ;zw/bB d/ ;Bw[y nkgDh ;kbkBk fog'oN gq;s[s eod/ jB, fiBQK T[s/ ;zw/bB ftuko–tNKdok eodkj?. db dh fJe ekoiekoDh ;whsh (National Executive Committee) j[zdh j? i' dbhJ/ ;zw/bB d/fBnzsoD ns/ fBod/PD ftu db dk gqPk;B eodh j?. jopoN w'oh;B fJj ;whsh dh ;/ftek j? gozs{;zw/bB dh nrtkJh eoBh ns/ T[;Bz{ fe; fdPk ftu ubDk ukjhdk j?, T[; fdPk ftu T[;Bz{ ;bkj d/Dk;whsh dk coI j?.” ;kXkoD s"o s/ ;zw/bB d[nkok ekoiekoDh ;whsh d/ fBowkD ns/ gq;sktK dknB[w'dB j[zdk fojk j?. ;whsh d/ e[b 28 w?Apo j[zd/ jB. jo wjhB/ fJ;dh x~N s'A x~N fJe p?me j[zdhj? ;whsh nkgD/ ekoiK Bz{ gzi T[g;whshnK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb eodh j? i' nbr–nbr ftfPnK Bkb;zpzfXs j?. fit/A ;zrmB, nzsookPNoh ;zpzX, okPNowzvb, Bhsh ns/ gquko, ns/ ft~s s/ nkw T[d/P.fJ;d/ nbktk fJe j'o T[g;whsh dk fBowkD ehsk frnk j? fi; Bz{ fBotkuB ;zpzX T[g;whsh efjzd/jB.

gqKse ;zrmB d/ j/s{ fJzrb?Av Bz{ 9 y/soK ftu tzfvnk frnk j?. jo fJe y/so ns/ t/b;, ;ekNb?AN ns/t/b;, ;ekNb?AN ns/t/b;, ;ekNb?AN ns/t/b;, ;ekNb?AN ns/t/b;, ;ekNb?AN ns/T[Zsoh nkfJob?AvT[Zsoh nkfJob?AvT[Zsoh nkfJob?AvT[Zsoh nkfJob?AvT[Zsoh nkfJob?Av d/ bJh fJe–fJe y/soh gfoPd dk ;zrmB ehsk frnk j?. gqKsK d/ nzsors ;ko/y/soh ;zrmB ns/ db d/ ;zxksfos w?Apo fJ;d/ w?Apo jz[d/ jB. fJ;dh p?me ;kb ftu fJe tko j[zdh j?.fJj fJ; p?me ftu nkgDh ekoiekoDh ;whsh dk fBotkuB eodh j?. y/soh gfoPd fBotkuB–y/soK ns/(Borough) ftu db dh PkyktK dh fBrokBh eodh j? ns/ db d/ ftek; ftu ;fj:'r gqdkB eodh j?.jo fJe fBotkuB y/so ftu db dk fJe ;zrmB j[zdk j? fi;Bz{ y/soh ;zx efjzd/ jB. jo fJe fBotkuBy/so Bz{ tkovK ftu tzfvnk iKdk j? jo fJe tkov ftu fJe ;whsh j[zdh j?. fBotkuB y/so tkov ;zrmB;zxksfos ;w[dkJh dk ;zx j[zdk j? i' ;G s'A j/mb/ g~Xo T[s/ dbhJ/ ;zrmB dh fJe gqpzXe ;whsh j[zdh j?i' fe;/ th ftnesh dk db ns/ ;zrmB s'A eZY ;edh j?. gqpzXe ;whsh fJe ekoiekoDh ;whsh dh u'Deodh j?. fJ;dh p?me jo wjhB/ j[zdh j?. fJj e[M T[g;whshnK dk ;zrmB eodh j?. jo fJe fBotkuBy/so ftu :[te ;zx dh ;EkgBk ehsh iKdh j?.

wid{o db d/ e/Adoh dcso NqK;g'oN jkT[; (Transport House) fejk iKdk j?. fJj okPNoh ekoiekoDh;whsh d/ nXhB j[zdk j?. fJ; ftu 77 ftGkr j[zd/ jB. fJj fJe ;fut d/ fBod/PD ftu ekoi eodkj?.

;kfwntkdh db (;kfwntkdh db (;kfwntkdh db (;kfwntkdh db (;kfwntkdh db (Communist Party)))))–nB[dko, T[dko ns/ wid{o dbK dh irkj fJzrb?Av ftu;kfwntkdh db th jB. gozs{ j'Ad Bk pokpo j?. fJ;dh w?Apo ;zfynk f;oc 40 jIko j?. 1950 JhH dhu'D ftu 90 jIko t'N fwb/ ns/ ni/ se ;z;d ftu f;oc uko ;kfwntkdh w?Apo j'J/ jB. fJ;dh Bhshcq?Au ;kfwntkdh db Bkb fwbdh–i[bdh j?. wkoe; fJ;dk dkoPfBe j? ns/ eq/wfBb fJ;dk fBod/Pe.fJj iBszso ftu ftPtk; BjhA eodk. fJj tor–:[~X ns/ PqwihthnK d/ nfXBkfJest (Dictatorshipof the Proletariat) dk ;woEe j?. fJ;B/ Pqfwe ;zxK ftu tVB dh e'fPP ehsh j?. go wid{o db d/ekoB fJ; Bz{ n;cbsk jh j~E brh j?. cqK; ns/ fJNbh ;kfwntkdhnK d/ ;wkB fJ;Bz{ ftBPNekohsohfenK Bz{ ngDkT[D dk nt;o edh BjhA fwb ;fenk.

nwfoek ftu okiBhfse db nwfoek ftu okiBhfse db nwfoek ftu okiBhfse db nwfoek ftu okiBhfse db nwfoek ftu okiBhfse db (Political Parties in America)nwfoek ftu okiBhfse dbK dk T[dGt ns/ ftek; (nwfoek ftu okiBhfse dbK dk T[dGt ns/ ftek; (nwfoek ftu okiBhfse dbK dk T[dGt ns/ ftek; (nwfoek ftu okiBhfse dbK dk T[dGt ns/ ftek; (nwfoek ftu okiBhfse dbK dk T[dGt ns/ ftek; (Rise and Development of PoliticalParties in the U.S.A.)L)L)L)L)L r?o ;zt?XkfBe ;fEsh–gqikszso d/ nzsors Pk;B–ftnt;Ek d/ d' ;q's j[zd/ jB–;zftXkfBe (Constitutional) ns/ r?o ;zftXkfBe (Extra-Constitutional). Pk;B d/ ;cb ;zukbBftu d't/A gfjb{nK dk ;wkB wj~st j?. d't/A nfGzB jB ns/ d't/A fJe d{i/ d/ g{oe jB. i/eo ;zftXkB Pk;BBz{ YKuk gqdkB eodk j? sK r?o–;zftXkfBe nzr wk; ns/ y{B gqdkB eo T[;Bz{ rshPhb ns/ ekoiekohpDkT[Ad/ jB. okiBhfse db Pk;B d/ r?o ;zftXkfBe gfjb{ d/ nkdoP T[dkjoD jB ns/ gqikszsookiBhfse db nt~PzGkth jB, ihtBdkfJBh Pesh jB. gozs{ T[BQK Bz{ ;zftXkfBe wkBsk gqdkB BjhA ehshiKdh j?, id fe skBkPkjh okiK ftu T[BQK Bz{ ekB{zBh ;fEsh fdZsh iKdh j?. fco th ;zftXkB d/ go/ T[BQKdh g?dkfJP j' iKdh j?l wB[Zy dh gqfeosh ns/ io{os okiBhfse db d/ ftek; Bz{ io{oh pDk fdzdhnK jB.


B ØN


;z:[es oki nw/foek ftu th okiBhfse dbK dh ;zftXkB–fBowksktK B/ ng/ePk ehshl fJE'A se fe T[BQKB/ fJBQK dk y[b/ nkw fto'X ehsk. gozs{ nkPk ;cbhG{s Bk j' ;eh. “T[BQK B/ fi; fPbk Bz{ n;theko eofd~sk ;h, T[jh fPbk Pk;B g~Xsh dk gqw[Zy e'Bk pD rJh.” nZi okiBhfse db nwfoek d/ ihtB d/ nfGzBnzr pD rJ/ jBl T[j ;zftXkfBe ;z;EktK Bz{ nkeko–gqeko ns/ ;zihtsk gqdkB eod/ jB.

;zftXkB–fBowksktK dk fdqPNhe'D–;zftXkB–fBowksktK dk fdqPNhe'D–;zftXkB–fBowksktK dk fdqPNhe'D–;zftXkB–fBowksktK dk fdqPNhe'D–;zftXkB–fBowksktK dk fdqPNhe'D–nwoheh ;zftXkB d/ fBowksk db ftnt;Ek ftu ftPtk; Bjheod/ ;B. T[j dbK Bz{ Pzek dh fdqPNh Bkb d/yd/ ;B. fJzBk jh BjhA, T[j nfijh Pk;B ftnt;Ek dkfBowkD eoBk ukj[zd/ ;B i' okiBhfse dbK dh r[NpzdhnK s'A go/ j't/. T[BQK dk ftPtk; ;h fe okiBhfsedbpzdh Bkb okPNoh J/esk Bz{ nkxks gjz[usk j?, feT[aAfe okiBhfse db ebfj, c[~N, Sb–egN nkfd p[ohgqftoshnK Bz{ g'qs;kfjs eod/ jB. T[BQK Bz{ vo ;h fe dbhJ/ GktBk d/ ftek; Bkb T[BQK d/ Btiks gqikszsodh j'Ad ftg~shrq;s j' ikJ/rk. w/fvf;Bw/fvf;Bw/fvf;Bw/fvf;Bw/fvf;B B/ dbpzdh dh fBzdk eod/ j'J/ fejk ;h fe “fJe ;zrms ;zx ftudbtkd Bz{ s'VD ns/ T[;Bz{ fBnzfsqs eoB dh nkgD/ nkg fJe gqftosh j[zdh j? ns/ fJ; gqftosh dk finkdks'A finkdk ftek; j'Dk ukjhdk j?.” tkfPzrNBtkfPzrNBtkfPzrNBtkfPzrNBtkfPzrNB th okiBhfse dbK dk gqpb fto'Xh ;h. T[;B/ nkgD/ftdkJh GkPD (Farewell Address) ftu nwoheh iBsk Bz{ “db–GktBk d/ ftBPNekoh gqGkt” (Thebateful effects of the spirit of party) d/ fto[ZX u/sktBh fdZsh ns/ T[; Bz{ dpkT[D d/ bJh “fJe o{gikroD” (Uniform, Vigilance) dk Bkok fd~sk. T[;B/ fejk ;h – “dbrs ftdt/P ftu ;G d/ bJhp[okJh ns/ B[e;kB S[fgnk j'fJnk j?. ;' jo fJe p[ZXhwkB ftnesh dk fJj ;fji coi j? fe T[j nfijhGktBktK dk dwB eo/ ns/ T[BQK s'A pu/. dbrs ftdt/P s'A b'efgqn ;z;EktK ewI'o j[zdhnK jB ns/ gqPk;Bftu d[opbsk nkT[Adh j?. fJj (dbhJ/ GktBk) ;wki Bz{ nkXko ofjs ftdt/P ns/ M{mh nkeKfynk B/T[dt/fbs eodh j?, T[;d/ fJe Gkr Bz{ d{i/ Gkr d/ gqsh d[PwDh d/ bJh T[GkodhnK j? ns/ ;w/A–;w/A T[s/ftdo'j ns/ dzr/ dk ekoB pDdh j?.”

c/vjfb;N ns/ n?ANh c/vofb;N–c/vjfb;N ns/ n?ANh c/vofb;N–c/vjfb;N ns/ n?ANh c/vofb;N–c/vjfb;N ns/ n?ANh c/vofb;N–c/vjfb;N ns/ n?ANh c/vofb;N–Gkt/A fcbkv/bfcnk ;zw/bB d/ gqshfBXhrD okiBhfse dbK d/ gqpbfto'Xh ;B fco th ;zw/bB ftu dbK dk nze[o c[~N u[fenk ;h. gqshfBXhrD dbhJ/ nkXko go tzv/ ikDbr/ ;B, Gb/ jh T[BQK B/ edh nfijk nB[Gt BjhA ehsk. ;zw/bB ftu gqshfBXhrD d' r[NK ftu tzv/ j'J/;B – ;zxtkdh ns/ ;zx fto'Xh (Federalist and anti-Pederalist). ;zxtkdh ;zx–;oeko Bz{ PeshPkbhpDkT[Dk ukj[zd/ ;B ns/ okiK Bz{ nXhB;E fJekJhnK. fJ;d/ ftgohs ;zx–fto'Xh oki–;oekoK Bz{PeshPkbh pDkT[D d/ gZy ftu ;B. ;zftxkB d/ nB[;woEB d/ ;w/A th fJj r[N pD/ oj/. ;zxtkdh r[NB/ oki ;zw/bBK ftu ;zftXkB dk ;woED ehsk. idfe ;zx–fto'Xh r[N B/ fto'X. gozs{ ;zftXkBnB[;woEB d/ Bkb ;zx fto'Xh r[N ;dk d/ bJh ;wkgs j' frnk.

fogpfbez; dk nkrwB–fogpfbez; dk nkrwB–fogpfbez; dk nkrwB–fogpfbez; dk nkrwB–fogpfbez; dk nkrwB–tkfPzrNB d/ d't/A r[NK B/ wsG/d Bz{ d{o eoB dk isB ehsk. wzsohwzvb ftud't/A r[NK d/ B/sktK – i/co;B ns/ j/fwbNB i/co;B ns/ j/fwbNB i/co;B ns/ j/fwbNB i/co;B ns/ j/fwbNB i/co;B ns/ j/fwbNB Bz{ T[; B/ ;EkB fd~skl gozs{ Pk;B T[s/ ;zxtkdh dk jhfBnzsoD fojk. nkozG ftu iBsk B/ fJe ;[o Bkb ;oeko dk ;woEB ehsk, b/feB XBh tor d/ g~y ftuj/fwbNB d/ ftntjko s'A fto'XhnK dk fJe nfijk tor yVk j'fJnk i' i/co;B dh nrtkJh ftu ;zrmsj'J/ ;B. fJj fogpfbeB (Republican) ejkT[D br/. tkfPzrNB d/ pknd n?vw; (Adams) d/ okPNohekb ftu ;zxtkdh r[N ftu c[N j' rJh ns/ 1798 JhH ftu J/bhnB ns/ ;/fv;B n?eNJ/bhnB ns/ ;/fv;B n?eNJ/bhnB ns/ ;/fv;B n?eNJ/bhnB ns/ ;/fv;B n?eNJ/bhnB ns/ ;/fv;B n?eN (Alien andSedition Act) B/ T[BQK Bz{ nb'efgqn pDk fd~sk. cb;o{g 1800 JhH d/ fBotkuB ftu ;zxtkdh r[N Bz{ w[zjdh ykDh gJh ns/ i/co;B dh nrtkJh ftu fogpfbeB r[N B/ fti/ gqkgs ehsh.

fogpfbeB r[N dh ;otT[usk–fogpfbeB r[N dh ;otT[usk–fogpfbeB r[N dh ;otT[usk–fogpfbeB r[N dh ;otT[usk–fogpfbeB r[N dh ;otT[usk–fogpfbeB r[N BkrfoeK d/ gqkfeqse nfXeko T[s/ i'o fdzdk ;h idfe;zxtkdh r[N ;[szsosk dh ng/ePk ftnt;Ek T[s/. i/co;B d/ pknd w/vh;B ns/ w[Bow/vh;B ns/ w[Bow/vh;B ns/ w[Bow/vh;B ns/ w[Bow/vh;B ns/ w[Bo' okPNogshfBotkfus j'J/ i' fogpfbeB ;B. 1824 JhH se fJ;/ r[N dk Pk;B fojk. ;zxtkdh r[N j'bh–j'bh ;wkgsj'D brk, fJE'A se fe 1820 ftu T[;B/ nkgDk T[whdtko okPNogsh gd bJh yVk th BjhA ehsk. fJ;soQK fJj db ;dk d/ bJh ;wkgs j' frnk. 1800 s'A 1824 JhH se d/ ekb dk fe;/ gqeko dh r[Npzdhd/ nGkt d/ ekoB fJfsjk;ekoKfJfsjk;ekoKfJfsjk;ekoKfJfsjk;ekoKfJfsjk;ekoK B/ ‘T[Zsw GktBktK dk ;[Bfjok fdB‘ (Golden Age of good feelings)fejk j?.


B ØN


toswkB fogpfbeB ns/ v/w'e/qfNe db dk iBw–toswkB fogpfbeB ns/ v/w'e/qfNe db dk iBw–toswkB fogpfbeB ns/ v/w'e/qfNe db dk iBw–toswkB fogpfbeB ns/ v/w'e/qfNe db dk iBw–toswkB fogpfbeB ns/ v/w'e/qfNe db dk iBw–e'Jh th db Bk sK ;dk d/ bJh ;~sko{V jhofj ;edk j? ns/ Bk T[;dh J/esk jh pDh ofj ;edh j?. fogpfbeB r[N th d' fj~f;nK ftu tzfvnkfrnk.B?PBb fogpbfeBB?PBb fogpbfeBB?PBb fogpbfeBB?PBb fogpbfeBB?PBb fogpbfeB (National Republicans), fi; Bz{ tfjr (Whigs) th efjzd/ jB ns/v/w'e/ qfNe fogpfbeBv/w'e/ qfNe fogpfbeBv/w'e/ qfNe fogpfbeBv/w'e/ qfNe fogpfbeBv/w'e/ qfNe fogpfbeB (Democratic Republicans) fi;Bz{ f;oc v/w'eq /fNe (DemocraticRepublic), fi;Bz{ f;oc v/w'eq/N v/w'eq/N v/w'eq/N v/w'eq/N v/w'eq/N (Democrat) th fejk iKdk j?. jftr nB[dko ;B ns/ v/w'eq/N;T[dko. 1828 JhH v/w'eq/fNe db ;~sko{V j'fJnk. T[;dk B/sk i?e;B (Jackson) okPNogsh fBotkfusj'fJnk. 1840 se v/w'e/qfNe ;~sko{V oj/. gozs{ dk; gqEk d/ gqPB B/ d't/A dbK Bz{ iV s' fjbk fdsk.v/w'eq/fNe db dh ;fEsh ewi'o j' rJh. fco th T[;dh j'Ad pDh ojh. tfjr db dk s/ iV s'A BkPj' frnk ns/ T[;d/ GrBkt/P T[s/ toswkB fogfbeB db (Republic Party) dk iBw j'fJnk fJ;gqeko w"fbe fogpbeB db e/ ntP/P T[s/ toswkB d't/A okiBhfse dbK dk T[dGt j'fJnk –fogpbfeB db ns/ v/w'feqN; db.

1860 d/ pknd ftek;–1860 d/ pknd ftek;–1860 d/ pknd ftek;–1860 d/ pknd ftek;–1860 d/ pknd ftek;–1860 JhH ftu fogpfbeB db d/ j~E ftu Pk;B ;Zsk nkJh ns/ fbzeBokPNogsh fBotkfus j'fJnk. 1861 s'A 1885 JhH se fogpfbeB db Pk;B ftu nkfJnk. rqfj :[~X d/pknd d't/A dbK ftu w[~y nzso nk:ks–fBo:ks ns/ f;~ek ;zpzXh Bhsh d/ ;zpzX ftu ;h. fogpfbeB dbT[es nk:ks–fBo:ks N?e; ns/ ;ozfyne Bhsh d/ gZy ftu ;h ns/ v/w'eq/fNe db nk:ks–fBo:ks N?e;Bz{ xNkT[D d/ gZy ftu ;h. nkofEe Bhsh d/ nbktk d't/A dbK ftu e'Jh ftP/P nzso BjhA ;h. nzs ftuv/w'e/qfNe db B/ Ee e/ fJ; gqPB Bz{ nkgD/ gb/Nckow s'A jNk fd~sk.

1912 JhH ftu dbhJ/ ftnt;Ek ftu gfotosB nkfJnk. fogpfbeB db ftu nKsfoe ftdo'j j'fJnk.cb;o{g v/w'eq/fNe T[whdtko ftb;B okPNogsh fB:[es j'fJnk. 19thA Pskpdh dk gqPB pD frnk.ftb;B fco s'A u[fDnk frnkl :[ZX ;wkgs j' frnk ns/ okPNo ;zx (League of Nations) d/ nB[;woEBdk gqPB ;hB/N d/ ;kjwD/ nkfJnk. ;hB/N B/ fJ; ;zXh Bz{ n;theko eo fd~sk. v/w'eq/fNe db nb'efgqnj' frnk. 1920 JhH ftu T[;dh eokoh jko j'Jh ns/ fogpfbeB db dh fi~s j'Jh, gozs{ fJ; db d/ Pk;Bekb ftu nkofEe ;zeN dh ;wf;nk g?dk j'Jh fi; Bz{ ;[bMk BjhA ;fenk. v/w'eq/fNe db B/ BthA Bhsh(New Deal) dh x'PDk ehsh fi;B/ iBsk Bz{ nkeofPs ehsk. 1932 JhH ftu v/w'eq/fNe db dk T[whdkovkH o{it/bN okPNogsh fBotkfus j'fJnk. fJ; db B/ d{i/ ftPt:[~X dk ;kjwDk ehsk. fJ; db ek Pk;B20 ;kbK se fojk. 1952 JhH ftu fogpfbeB db d[pkok gqG[st ftu nkfJnk ns/ nkJh;BjktookPNgsh gd T[s/ nk;hB j'fJnk. 1960 JhH se fJ; db tk tkJhN jkT[; T[s/ nfXeko fojk. 1960d/ d;zpo d/ fBotkuB ftu fogpfbeB T[whdtko fBe;B Bz{ jok e/ v/w'eq/fNe T[whdtko e/B/vh okPNogshfBotkfus j'fJnk. ;' Pk;B d[pkok v/w'eq/fNe db d/ j~E ftu ubk nkfJnk. 1964 JhH ftu e?B/vh d[pkokokPNogsh fBotkfus j'fJnk. ekoi–ekb g{ok eoB d/ gfjb/ jh e?B/vh dh j~fsnk eo fd~sh rJh. T[g–okPNogsh ikB;B okPNogsh d/ gd T[s/ nk;hB j'J/. 1964 JhH d/ fBotkuB ftu ikB;B B/ fogpfbeBT[whdtko r'bvtkNo (Goldwater) Bz{ jokfJnk. 1968 ftu fBe;B B/ i' fogpfbeB d/ ;B okPNogshfBotkfus j'J/. d[pkok 1977 ftu w/ertoBw/ertoBw/ertoBw/ertoBw/ertoB Bz{ jok e/ fBe;B d{ih tko okPNogsh u[D/ rJ/. ekbKsoftu fBe;B d/ fsnkr–gZso d/D d/ pknd ekoNo okPNogsh j'J/. fco fogpfbeB db d/ ikoi p[~PokPNogsh j'J/. 1992 dh u'D ftu v/w'e/qfNe fpb febzNB ikoi p[P B{z jok e/ okPNogsh fBotkfus j'J/i' ni/ th nw/foek d/ okPNogsh jB. fJ; gqeko fgSb/ ;" ;kbK ftu fogpfbeB ns/ v/w'eq/fNe dbK dftu Pk;B dk T[bN c/o j[zdk fojk j?.

okiBhfse dbK dk ;zrmB (okiBhfse dbK dk ;zrmB (okiBhfse dbK dk ;zrmB (okiBhfse dbK dk ;zrmB (okiBhfse dbK dk ;zrmB (Organisation of Political Parties)L)L)L)L)L ;z:[es–oki ftu db–;zrmB d/d' ;gPN Gkr jB, gozs{ d''t/A GkrK ftu gkozgfoe ;zpzX jB – (e) ;EkJh ;zrmB (PermanentOrganisation) i' fgokfwv d/ nkeko tork j?. fJ;s/ sb s'A u'Nh se ftfGzB g~XoK T[s/ db–;whshnKjB, fit/A – ;EkBe, ekT[ANh, oki ns/ okPNo dh ;whshnK. (y) ;kwfJe iK n;EkJh ;zrmB fi; ftudb d/ gqkEfwe ;zrmB ns/ ;zw/bB T[b/yBh jB. T[j ;kb ftu fJe tko iK T[; s'A fInkdk ;w/A d/ nzsos/ fwbd/ jB ns/ db ;zrmBK Bkb ;zpzfXs wj~stg{oB gqPBK dk fBoDk eod/ jB.


B ØN


(e) ;EkJh ;zrmB (e) ;EkJh ;zrmB (e) ;EkJh ;zrmB (e) ;EkJh ;zrmB (e) ;EkJh ;zrmB (Permanent Organisation)

(((((i) ;EkBe ;zrmB–) ;EkBe ;zrmB–) ;EkBe ;zrmB–) ;EkBe ;zrmB–) ;EkBe ;zrmB–ftGkrhJ/ (Precinct) wsdkB fibk db dk ;G s'A j/mbk ;zrmB j?. 100 s'A 500wsdksk fJe y/so ftu ofjzd/ jB. nZi eohp 1,25,000 y/so ;z:[es–oki ftu jB fJj wsdkBfJekJh d/ dbhJ/ ;zrmB dk fJe w[yh j[zdk j? i' wsdksktK Bkb ;zpzX ekfJw oydk j?. ftGkrhJ/ ;zrmBd/ T[Zs/ BroK ftu tkov–;whshnK (Ward Committees) ns/ rqkw–;whshnK (Village Committees)j[zdhnK jB i' ftGkrhJ/ ;zrmBK d/ ekoiK dk skbw/b eodhnK jB. BroK ftu tkov–;whshnK d/ T[Zs/Bro ;whshnK (City Committees) j[zdhnK jB i' tkov ns/ ftGkrhJ/ ;zrmBK Bz{ fBod/fPs eodhnKjB.

(((((ii) ekT[ANh ;zrmB–) ekT[ANh ;zrmB–) ekT[ANh ;zrmB–) ekT[ANh ;zrmB–) ekT[ANh ;zrmB–T[g:[es j/mbh g~Xo d/ db ;zrmBK d/ T[Zs/ ekT[ANh–e/Adoh ;whshnK (CountyCentral Committees) j[zdhnK jB. fJj E~b/ d/ ;zrmBK ftu skbw/b ;Ekgs eodhnK jB. ekT[ANh;oeko Bkb ;zpzfXs ;wf;nktK ftu j~E tzvkT[AdhnK jB ns/ oki–e/Adoh ;whsh Bkb ;zpzX ;EkgseodhnK jB. g{o/ d/P ftu brGr 3,000 ekT[ANhnK jB ns/ jo fJe ftu dbK d/ fBih ;rzmB jB.

(((((iii) oki ;zrmB –) oki ;zrmB –) oki ;zrmB –) oki ;zrmB –) oki ;zrmB – okiK ftu jo fJe db dh oki–e/Adoh ;whsh (State Central Committee) j[zdhj?. fJj oki d/ nzsors ;ko/ dbhJ/ :zsoK dk fBohyD eodh ns/ oki d/ gdK d/ bJh u'D bVdk j?. oki–;whsh d/ w?ApoK dk fBotkuB fIbk iK Bro–;whshnK ns/ e[M okiK ftu gqkfJwoh nEtk oki ;zw/bBKd[nkok j[zdk j?. jo fJe db dh 20 oki ;whshnK jB.

okPNoh ;zrmB–okPNoh ;zrmB–okPNoh ;zrmB–okPNoh ;zrmB–okPNoh ;zrmB–jo fJe db d/ ;EkJh ;zrmB d/ u'Nh T[s/ okPNoh ;whsh (National Committee)j[zdh j?. fJ; ftu jo fJe oki s'A d' gqshfBXh nkT[Ad/ jB – fJe g[oP ns/ fJe fJ;sqh. fJBQK dkfBotkuB okPNoh ;zw/bB d/ gqshfBXhnK iK oki ;zw/bBK d[nkok j[zdk j?. fogpfbeB okPNoh ;whsh dkw?Apo ns/ oki–;whsh dk w[yh th j[zdk j?. okPNoh ;whsh w[~y s"o s/ okPNogsh gd bJh db d/ T[whdtkod[nkok BkwId ftnesh Bz{ db dk w[yh fB:[es eodh, okPNoh ;zw/bB dk nk:'iB eodh ns/ db d/gdkfXekohnK Bz{ u[Ddh j?. fJ; ;whsh dk fJe w[yh j[zdk j? fi;dh ;whsh okPNogsh gd dk T[whdtkowB'Bhs eodh j?. T[;dh fJe ekoiekoDh ;whsh (Executive Committee) th j[zdh j?. ;whsh nkgokPNogsh d/ fBotkuB ftu fj~;k b?Adh j?, gozs{ ;hB/N ns/ gqshfBXh ;Gk d/ w?ApoK d/ fBotkuB bJh d'T[g–;whshnK fB:[es eodh j?, fit/A–Senatorial Campaign Committee ns/ CongressionalCompaign Committee.

(y) n;EkJh ;zrmB ((y) n;EkJh ;zrmB ((y) n;EkJh ;zrmB ((y) n;EkJh ;zrmB ((y) n;EkJh ;zrmB (Periodical Organisation)))))L dbK d/ ;zrmB f;oc ;kwfJe j[zd/ jB. T[BQK dkfJj ;zrmB ftP/P T[d/P d/ bJh j[zdh j? ns/ T[;dh g{osh d/ pknd T[j ysw j' iKd/ jB. jo d' ;kb T[Zs/dbK dk oki–;zw/bB (State Conventions) j[zdk j? fi; ftu okPNoh ;zw/bB d/ gqshfBXhnK dk fBotkuBdb d/ oki x'PDk–g~so dh ;thfeqsh nkfd ezw j[zd/ jB. fJ;/ soQK okPNoh g~Xo s/ th uko ;kb d/ pkndjo fJe db dk okPNoh ;zw/bB j[zdk j?. fJ;d/ gqshfBXh oki ns/ y/soh ;zw/bBK ns/ db ;whshnK iKe[M okiK d/ okPNogsh d/ fBotkuB d/ bJh pDkJhnK gqkEfwe ;whshnK d[nkok u[D/ iKd/ jB. okPNoh;zw/bB dk gqw[Zy ekoi okPNogsh–gd d/ bJh T[whdtko u[DBk j?.

okiBhfse dbK d/ ezw (okiBhfse dbK d/ ezw (okiBhfse dbK d/ ezw (okiBhfse dbK d/ ezw (okiBhfse dbK d/ ezw (Functions of Political Parties)L)L)L)L)L okiBhfse dbK d/ nGkt ftu gqiksKsfoe;oeko n;zGt j?. ;[szso ;oeko d/ bJh okiB?fse db io{oh jB. nw/foek ftu th okiBhfse db Pk;Bd/ nkXko T[s/ pD rJ/ jB. T[j nB/e wj~stg{oB ezw eod/ jB.

(i) J/eheoD (J/eheoD (J/eheoD (J/eheoD (J/eheoD (Integration) dh Pesh–) dh Pesh–) dh Pesh–) dh Pesh–) dh Pesh–okiBhfse db okPNoh J/esk d/ ;kXB jB, T[j g{o/ okPNoBz{ fXnkB ftu oyd/ j'J/ iBsk d/ ;kjwD/ nkgDk gq'rokw gq;s[s eod/ jB. fJ;/ gq'rokw Bz{ g{ok eoB d/bJh T[j Pk;B d/ ftfGzB nzrK T[s/ nfXeko gqkgs eoB dh e'fPP eod/ jB. fJe jh db fJe ;w/A ftuPk;B dh ftfGzB PkyktK T[s/ fBnzsoD gqkgs eo b?Adk j?. ;zg{oB d/P Bz{ J/esk d/ ;{so ftu pzBQ fdzdkj? ns/ fJe T[d/P dh g{osh d/ bJh T[; Bz{ fBod/fPs eodk j?. fJ;d/ nbktk ;z:[es oki ftu ftfGzBikshnK, XowK, ;z;fdqshnK ns/ feZfsnK d/ b'e fBtk; eod/ jB. okiBhfse db T[BQK ftu J/esk ;EkgseoB ftu ;hw/AN tKr ezw eod/ jB.


B ØN


(ii) Pesh–tZyokgD, ;zs[bB ns/ nto'X d/ f;XKsK Bz{ ftntjkfoe o{g d/Dk (Pesh–tZyokgD, ;zs[bB ns/ nto'X d/ f;XKsK Bz{ ftntjkfoe o{g d/Dk (Pesh–tZyokgD, ;zs[bB ns/ nto'X d/ f;XKsK Bz{ ftntjkfoe o{g d/Dk (Pesh–tZyokgD, ;zs[bB ns/ nto'X d/ f;XKsK Bz{ ftntjkfoe o{g d/Dk (Pesh–tZyokgD, ;zs[bB ns/ nto'X d/ f;XKsK Bz{ ftntjkfoe o{g d/Dk (Separation ofPowers) –) –) –) –) – nw/foek ftu okiBhfse db Pesh d/ tZyokgD f;XKs (Checks and Balance) ns/ nto'Xs/ ;zs[bB f;XKs Bz{ ftntjkfoe o{g fdzd/ jB. nw/foek ftu t?fXe o{g Bkb Pk;B d/ ftfGzB nzrK Bz{ fJed{i/ s'A nbr ns/ ;[szso pDkfJnk frnk j?. Bkb jh T[j fJe d{i/ Bz{ fBnzfsqs th eod/ jB. nro fJBQKf;XKsK Bz{ ekch d{o se bkr{ ehsk ikJ/ sK Pk;B d/ N[eV/–N[eV/ j' ikDr/. gozs{ okiBhfse db Pk;B Bz{fJ; fJsokI s'A pukT[Ad/ jB. Pk;B d/ nzrK T[s/ nfXeko gqkgs eo okiBhfse db T[BQK d/ ftu ;fj:'rg?dk eod/ jB. fJ;d/ nbktk Pk;B dh ;kohnK PkyktK fJe ;w/A ftu fJe okiBhfse db d[nkok T[d/PKdh g{osh d/ bJh ekoi eodhnK jB. ;' ;zs[bB ns/ nto'X dh ;zftXkfBe ifNbsk d{o j' iKdh j? ns/Pk;B ;[rw o{g Bkb ubdk j?. okiBhfse db jh ftnt;Ekfgek ns/ ekoigkfbek Bz{ i'VD dh fJewj~stg{oB eVh dk ezw eod/ jB, fit/A – okPNogsh nkgD/ db d/ wkfXnw Bkb ftX/neK Bz{ gqGkftseodk j?.

(iii) ftfGzB ;zGktBktK ns/ T[whdtkoK dh ;zfynk Bz{ x~N eoBk –ftfGzB ;zGktBktK ns/ T[whdtkoK dh ;zfynk Bz{ x~N eoBk –ftfGzB ;zGktBktK ns/ T[whdtkoK dh ;zfynk Bz{ x~N eoBk –ftfGzB ;zGktBktK ns/ T[whdtkoK dh ;zfynk Bz{ x~N eoBk –ftfGzB ;zGktBktK ns/ T[whdtkoK dh ;zfynk Bz{ x~N eoBk – gqikszso Bz{ ihts oyD d/ bJhftfGzB ftukoK ns/ fto'XK ftu skbw/b (Co-ordination) io{oh j?. okiBhfse db iBsk d/ ftfGzBftukoK ns/ fjsK d/ ftu d{oh Bz{ x~N eod/ jB ns/ T[BQK Bz{ ft;fsqs Xkok d/ o{g ftu fJe fBPfus ;o{ggqdkB eod/jB ns/ ;zx s/ oki–;oekoK d/ ;kjwD/ ;zGktBktK dh ;zfynktK Bz{ xNk fdzd/ jB. fJ;/ gqekoT[j fBotkueK d/ ;kjwD/ T[whdtkoK dh ;zfynk Bz{ th x~N eod/ jB fi; Bkb fBotkueK Bz{ Gkth Pk;eKdh u'D ftu ;j{fbns j[zdh j?.

(iv) okiBhfse f;fynk ns/ u/sBk dk ;kXB–okiBhfse f;fynk ns/ u/sBk dk ;kXB–okiBhfse f;fynk ns/ u/sBk dk ;kXB–okiBhfse f;fynk ns/ u/sBk dk ;kXB–okiBhfse f;fynk ns/ u/sBk dk ;kXB–j'o gqikszso d/PK dh soQK nw/fowk ftu th okiBhfsedb iBsk Bz{ okiBhfse f;fynk fdzd/ jB ns/ wsdksktK ftu okiBhfse ikro{esk g?dk eod/ jB. fJ;ezw Bz{ db gquko d[nkok eod/ jB. nw/foek ftu db d/PKso–tk;hnK d/ gqfeosheoD (Naturalizationof Immigrants) dk th ezw eod/ jB.

(v) fIzw/tkohnK dk ;EkBeeoD–fIzw/tkohnK dk ;EkBeeoD–fIzw/tkohnK dk ;EkBeeoD–fIzw/tkohnK dk ;EkBeeoD–fIzw/tkohnK dk ;EkBeeoD–okiBhfse dbK dk gqw[~y ezw fIzw/tkohnK dk ;EkBeeoD(Localization of responsibility) j?. fJ;dk noE fJj j[zdk j? fe i' db Pk;B ftu ofjzdk j? T[;Bz{ Pk;B–;zpzXh fe;/ ekoi d/ bJh fIzw/tko mfjokfJnk ik ;edk j?. e'Jh gdkfXekoh nkgD/ db d/gqsh fizw/tko j[zdk j? ns/ T[j db iBsk d/ gqsh. feT[Afe fe;/ fBPfUs db Bz{ fIzw/tko mfjokfJnkik ;edk j?, fJ; bJh fJj db fBnKg{oD ftntjko eoB dk isB eodk j?. fIzw/tkoh f;oc pj[wsdb dh jh BjhA j? pbfe nbgws db dk th j?. fto'Xh db dk coI j? fe T[j Pk;B db dh ouBkswenb'uBk eo/.

(vi) fBotkue wzvb :'iBk B{z ;cb pDkT[Dk–fBotkue wzvb :'iBk B{z ;cb pDkT[Dk–fBotkue wzvb :'iBk B{z ;cb pDkT[Dk–fBotkue wzvb :'iBk B{z ;cb pDkT[Dk–fBotkue wzvb :'iBk B{z ;cb pDkT[Dk–;z:[es oki nw/foek ftu okiBhfse db fBotkuB–wzvb dh :'iBk (Electoral College Plan) Bz{ ;cb pDkT[Ad/ jB. nro db Bk ofjD iK fInkdk db ofjDsK fInkdkso fBotkuBK dk fBoDK gqshfBXh–;Gk B{z jh eoBk g?Adk j?. gozs{ f;oc d' dbK d/ ekoB fe;/Bk fe;/ db B{z ;gPN pj[ws gqkgs j' iKdk j?.

(vii) ;zs[bB dk ;kXB–;zs[bB dk ;kXB–;zs[bB dk ;kXB–;zs[bB dk ;kXB–;zs[bB dk ;kXB–okiBhfse db gqikszso ftu ;zs[bB (balance) dk ezw eod/ jB. nw/foek ftud'–dbhJ/ gqEk d/ ekoB okiBhfse dbK dk fJj ezw pj[s wj~stg{oB j' iKdk j?. i/eo f;oc fJe db oj/sK ;'thns o{; dh soQK dbhJ/ skBkPkjh dk vo j? ns/ i/ BkrfoeK d/ nB/e okiBhfse r[N j' ikD sK Pk;Bd/ BkP j' ikD dk vo j?. go nwoheh iBsk fJBQK d'tK d/ ftu dk o;sk ngDkT[Adh j?. d'–dbhJ/ gqEkd[nkok skBkPkjh ns/ nokiesk s'A S[Nekok gkfJnk iKdk j?.

(vii) ;wkfie ns/ wkBth ekoi–;wkfie ns/ wkBth ekoi–;wkfie ns/ wkBth ekoi–;wkfie ns/ wkBth ekoi–;wkfie ns/ wkBth ekoi–nzs ftu, nw/foek d/ okiBhfse db e[M ;wkfie ns/ wkBth ezweod/ jB. pkiko, fBqs, ;zrhs, fgefBe nkfd d[nkok T[j iBsk dk wB gouktk ns/ T[BQK ftu okiBhfseu/sBk God/ jB. db d/ B/sk Pk;B Bz{ wkBth ;o{g gqdkB eod/ jB. ftP/Peo ;EkBe B/sk gdkfXekohnKBz{ iBsk dh fJ~SktK ns/ io{osK dh ikDekoh eokT[Ad/ jB. fJ; gqeko db d/ iohJ/ nB/e ftneshnK dkPk;B dh ;jkfJsk fwbdh j?.


B ØN


cqK; d/ gqw[~y okiBhfse db ns/ T[BQK dk ;zrmB (cqK; d/ gqw[~y okiBhfse db ns/ T[BQK dk ;zrmB (cqK; d/ gqw[~y okiBhfse db ns/ T[BQK dk ;zrmB (cqK; d/ gqw[~y okiBhfse db ns/ T[BQK dk ;zrmB (cqK; d/ gqw[~y okiBhfse db ns/ T[BQK dk ;zrmB (Important Political Parties of France andtheir organisation)))))

fJ; ;w/A cqK; d/ okiBhfse ihtB ftu j/m fby/ gqw[~y okiBhfse db jB–

1H ;kfwntkdh db (The Communist Party)

2H ;wkitkdh db (The Socialist Party)

3H b'efgqn rDszsotkdh nzd'bB (Movement Republican Popular M.R.P.)

4H tkwgzEh rDszsotkdh ;zx (Union of Republican Leftists)

5H ;[szsosk–;woEe rDszsotkdh db (Republican Party of Liberty)

;kwtkdh db (;kwtkdh db (;kwtkdh db (;kwtkdh db (;kwtkdh db (Communist Party) ) ) ) ) – ;kwtkdh db dh ;EkgBk 1920 JhH ftu j'Jh ;h. fJj cqK;dk fJ; ;w/A ;G s'A ;[;zrfms db j?. fJ;dh ;EkgBk d/ pknd jh fJj ;zrmB tXdk frnk. 1924 JhHftu ;kwtkdh db rDszso d/ 24 gqshfBXh u?Apo nkc fvg[NhI ftu ;B. u"E/ rDszso ftu fJ; db dkekch gq;ko j'fJnk. 1946 JhH ftu B?PBb n;?Apbh ftu ;kwtkdh db d/ e[b 190 gqshfBXh ;B, gozs{T[;d/ pknd j'bh–j'bh fJ; db dh Pesh xNdh rJh. 1955 JhH ftu B?PBb n;?Apbh ftu e[b 98;kwtkdh w?Apo ofj rJ/. gzuw rDszso dh ;EkgBk d/ pknd db dh j'Ad T[yV fijh rJh. 1958 JhHdh u'D ftu okPNoh ;Gk ftu ;kwtkdh db d/ e[b 22 w?Apo fBotkfus j' ;e/. fJ; Bkb ;gPN j? fefJ; ;w/A ;kwtkdh db ekch ewI'o j' frnk j?.

j'o d/PK d/ ;kwtkdh db dh soQK cqK; d/ ;kwtkdh db dk th T[d/P g{zihtkdh ftnt;Ek dk nzs eoBk j?.;kwtkdh db tor ;zxoP ftu ftPtk; eodk j?. cqK; dk ;kwtkdh db eqKsh d[nkok T[sgkdB d/ ;kXBKdk okPNoheoD d/ gZy ftu j?. db dk ;zrmB ;[fdqV j? ns/ dbhJ/ w?Apo em'o nB[Pk;B dk gkbD eod/

;z;d d/ pkjo ;z;dh(Extra Parliamentary) (Parliamentary)

okPNoh eBt?APB fpT{o' r[N r[N(National Convention) (Bureau) (Blocks) (Blocks)

;whshnK w[yh w[yhBrogkfbek ns/ efwT[B Bkb ;zmrB (Committee)

okPNoh ekoigkfbek gfoPd w[yh w[yh w[yh(National executive council) (Chairman)

y/soh ns/ fvgkoNw/AN ;zrmB eke; eke; eke; 1H B/sk (Caucas) (Caucas) (Caucas) 2H ;whshnK

cqK;h;h db dk ;zrmBcqK;h;h db dk ;zrmBcqK;h;h db dk ;zrmBcqK;h;h db dk ;zrmBcqK;h;h db dk ;zrmB(((((Pattern of French Party Organisation)))))

B'N–B'N–B'N–B'N–B'N–jo fJe db dk ;zrmB brGr fJ;/ gqeko j?.

cqK; ftu okiBhfse db cqK; ftu okiBhfse db cqK; ftu okiBhfse db cqK; ftu okiBhfse db cqK; ftu okiBhfse db (Political Parties in France)


B ØN


jB. d/P d/ wid{o ns/ fe;kB torK d/ b'e fInkdkso fJ; db d/ w?Apo jB. gozs{ wid{o s'A fInkdkfe;kB tor d/ b'e ;kwtkdh ftu fInkdk fBPmk oyd/ ;B.

;wkitkdh db (;wkitkdh db (;wkitkdh db (;wkitkdh db (;wkitkdh db (The Socialist Party) – ) – ) – ) – ) – cqK; dk d{ik wj~stg{oB db j?. fJ; db dh ;EkgBk 1905JhH ftu j'Jh ;h. T[; ;w/A ;z:[es ;wkitkdh db d/ Bkw s'A wPj{o ;h. fJ;dk T[d/P ;wki ftu ;wkitkddh ;EkgBk eoBk ;h. fJ; db ftu d' ws d/ w?Apo ;B. e[M b'eK dk ws ;h fe ;wki ftu PKshg{oBYzr Bkb ;wkitkd dh ;EkgBk ehsh ikJ/. d{i/ ws d/ b'e wkoe;tkdh ftukoK d/ ;woEe ;B. j'bh–j'bhd't/A ftukoXkoktK d/ b'eK ftu d{oh g?Adh rJh. gfjb/ ftPt:[ZX d/ pknd db ftu ;kwtkdh ftukoXkokd/ b'e nbr j' rJ/ ns/ 1920 JhH ftu ;kwtkdh db fJ; s'A nbr j' frnk.

;kwtkdh db y/soh nkXko T[s/ ;zrms j?. d/P d/ S'N/–S'N/ ftGkrl fit/A, efwT{B s'A b? e/ okPNoh g?wkB/se fJ;dk ;zrmB j?. fJ; db dk T[d/P iBsKsfoe gqDkbh B{z ekfJw oyd/ j'J/ efbnkDekoh oki dh;EkgBk eoBk j?. fJ; db d/ ekch w?Apo oki d/ eowukoh ns/ ;e{b d/ nfXnkge jB. wid{o tor d/b'e fJ;dh :'rsk T[s/ ftPtk; BjhA eod/ jB. fJ; db dk nkdoP j? fe t~v/ T[fd:'rK dk okPNoheoDeo fbnk ikt/, ;wki ftu XB dh tzv fBnK T[fus j't/. Bkb jh, ;wkfie efbnkD ;zpzXh fBnw pDkT[Dns/ b'eK Bz{ fInkdk s'A fInkdk ;wkfie ;[oZfynk dh T[gbpXh eokT[Dk fJ;dk T[d/P j?.

b'efgqn rDszso nzd'bB (b'efgqn rDszso nzd'bB (b'efgqn rDszso nzd'bB (b'efgqn rDszso nzd'bB (b'efgqn rDszso nzd'bB (Movement Republican Popular)–)–)–)–)–f;XKs dh fdqPNh s'A cqK; d/ tkwg~yhns/ d~yDg~yh dbK d/ ftu dk ;zrmB j?. fJj db T[BhAthA Pskpdh d/ e?E'fbe Xow dh ftukoXkok s'AgqGkts j?. fJ;dk ;zrmB d{i/ ftPt:[ZX d/ pknd j'fJnk. fJj cqK; dk fJe gqw[Zy db j?, gozs{ fJjdb nkgD/ Bz{ fJe okiBhfse db BjhA wzB e/ fJe nzs'bB wzBdk j?. u"E/ rDszso ftu fJ; db dk ekchgqGkt ;h. go gzit/A rDszso ftu fJ;dk T[j ;EkB BjhA ofj frnk i' u"E/ rDszso ftu ;h. fJj dby/soh nkXko T[s/ ;zrms j? ns/ okPNoh g?wkB/ T[s/ fJ;dk ekch gqGkt th j?.

b'efgqn rDszsotkdh nzd'bB T[dko g{zihtkd ns/ ;w{je ;kwtkd d'tK dk fto'Xh j?. fJ; soQK fJj wZXtorh db j?. ftesh d/ ftneshst ftu ftPtk; oydk j?. fJj PeshPkbh nzsookPNohsk, ftnesh;[szsosk, gfotkoK dk ;ozfynD ns/ gqiksKsfoe gqDkbh neP[D pDk e/ oyD d/ gZy ftu jB.

tkwgzEh rDszsotkdh db (tkwgzEh rDszsotkdh db (tkwgzEh rDszsotkdh db (tkwgzEh rDszsotkdh db (tkwgzEh rDszsotkdh db (Union of Republican Letists) –) –) –) –) – Jh;k dh thjthA Pskpdh d/ nkozGftu ;EkgBk j'Jh ;h. shi/ rDszso d/ nzs se fJ; db dk ekch p'bpkbk ;h. yk; eo d' ftPt:[ZXKd/ nzsekb ftu fJ; db dk ftfPPN ;EkB ;h. d{i/ ftPt :[ZX ekb ftu fJ;dk ekch gsB j'fJnk j?.1951 JhH ftu okPNoh gfoPd ftu fJ; db Bz{ e[b 76 ;EkB fwb/. fJ; db d/ ;woEe S'N/–S'N/ fe;kB,tgkoh ns/ j'o w~fXnw tor d/ b'e jB. fJj db tkwgZyh ns/ d~yDgZyh dbK d/ f;XKsK ftu ;zs[bBdh e'fPP j?. fJj db ftnesh ;[szsosk dk ;woEe j?. wkoe;tkdh ftukoXkok ns/ T[dkotkd dk fJjfto'X eodk j?. t?neshe ;zgsh ns/ ;[szsosk Bz{ fJj db neP[D pDk e/ oydk ukj[zdk j?.

;[szsosk ;woEe rDszsotkdh db (;[szsosk ;woEe rDszsotkdh db (;[szsosk ;woEe rDszsotkdh db (;[szsosk ;woEe rDszsotkdh db (;[szsosk ;woEe rDszsotkdh db (Republican Party of Liberty) – ) – ) – ) – ) – cqK; dk gqw[Zy o{Vhtkdhdb j?. fJ;d/ nbktk j'o gqw[Zy o{Vhtkdh dbK ftu o?bh nkc dh cq?Au ghg[b (Railly of the FrenchPeople) ns/ ghi/AN n?Av ;'Pb n?ePB gkoNh (Peasant and Social Action Party) jB. fJj db w[~ys"o s/ dZyDgZyh db jB. fJBQK dbK ftu w[~y s"o s/ g{zihgsh, XBh ns/ e[M wfXnw tor d/ b'e jB.fJj db ;wkitkd d/ e~No fto'Xh jB.

fJBQK dbK d/ nbktk fJe j'o gqw[Zy db dk T[d/ gzit/ rDszso d/ Bkb j'fJnk j?. fJ; db dk Bkw :[fBnB:[fBnB:[fBnB:[fBnB:[fBnBnkc dh fB:[ fogpfbenkc dh fB:[ fogpfbenkc dh fB:[ fogpfbenkc dh fB:[ fogpfbenkc dh fB:[ fogpfbe (Union of the New Republic) j?. fJ; db d/ ;z;Ekge drkbdrkbdrkbdrkbdrkb jB. fJjdrkb d[nkok 1947 JhH ftu ;Ekgs o?bh nkc dh cq?Au ghg[b (Railly of the French People) dk BtKo{g j?. T[Zu wfXnw tor d/ b'e fJ;d/ ;woEe jB. 1958 JhH ftu fJj d/P pj[ws db dk ftPtk;gkso pD frnk. fJ; db d/ ;woEB T[s/ okPNogsh gKfgfJT[gKfgfJT[gKfgfJT[gKfgfJT[gKfgfJT[ u[D/ rJ/ ;B. fJ; db B/ cqK; dh db–g~Xsh Bz{ BthA fdPk fdZsh j?. drkbdrkbdrkbdrkbdrkb dh ftukoXkok fJ; db dk doPB j?. cqK; ftu drkb nzd'bB dkfJj ;zrmBkswe ;o{g j?. fJj d~yDgzEh ns/ okPNotkdh db j?. fJ;/ T[Zu e'Nh, XfBe ns/ g/P/to b'eKdk ;woEB ftP/P o{g s'A gqkgs j?.


B ØN


13H313H313H313H313H3 uhB ftu efwT[fB;N gkoNh dh G{fwek uhB ftu efwT[fB;N gkoNh dh G{fwek uhB ftu efwT[fB;N gkoNh dh G{fwek uhB ftu efwT[fB;N gkoNh dh G{fwek uhB ftu efwT[fB;N gkoNh dh G{fwek (Role of Communist Partyin China)

uhBh rDoki ftu ;kfwntkdh db dk ekoi ns/ wj~stuhBh rDoki ftu ;kfwntkdh db dk ekoi ns/ wj~stuhBh rDoki ftu ;kfwntkdh db dk ekoi ns/ wj~stuhBh rDoki ftu ;kfwntkdh db dk ekoi ns/ wj~stuhBh rDoki ftu ;kfwntkdh db dk ekoi ns/ wj~st (((((Functions and Importance of theCommunist Party in the Chinese Republic)L)L)L)L)L nkX[fBe :[r ftu Pk;B–;~sk d/ fg~S/ tk;sftePesh okiBhfse db jB. T[j Pk;B o{gh r~vh Bz{ ubkT[D d/ bJh s/b dk ezw eod/ jB. T[j ;wki d/nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse gfjb{nK T[s/ fJ; gqeko Sk rJ/ jB fe T[BQK Bz{ nfdqP ;oeko (InvisibleGovernment) fejk ik fojk j?. fJj ;fEsh jo gqeko dh Pk;B ftnt;Ek ftu gkJh iKdh j? ukj/ T[jnfXBkfJeszso j't/ iK gqikszso. gqikszso d/ bJh sK T[j nt~PzGkth j? jh, Bkb–Bkb nfXBkfJeszso d/bJh th fJBQK dh j'Ad io{oh j?. f;oc nzso fJj j? fe ;oeko d/ ;to{g d/ nB[;ko T[BQK d/ ;zrmB ns/ezwK dh gqftosh d/ nB[;ko gfotosD j' iKdk j?. Gkos ns/ fpqN/B tor/ gqiksKsfoe d/PK s'A uhBh rDszsoftu db dk pj[s fInkdk wj~st j?. T[j d/P dk tk;fte Pk;B j?. ;kfwntkdh uhB ftu fe;/ th d/Ps'A fInkdk ;kfwntkdh db B{z ;zt?XkfBe wkBsk gqdkB ehsh rJh j?. Pk;B T[s/ T[;d/ gqG[st (Domination)ns/ nrtkJh (Vanguardship) Bz{ ekBz{Bh wkBsk fdsh rJh j?. ;zftXkB ftu ;gPN PpdK ftu fJ;Bz{ eqKsh dk nkr{, d/P dk Pk;e ns/ ;K;feqse eqKsh dk jfEnko eoko fdsk frnk j?. j[D db dk w[yhjh ;G e[M j' frnk j?l oki d/ w[yh dk gd ysw j' frnk j?. db dk w[yh d/P dk tk;sfte Pk;e j[zdkj?. g{ot ;'thns ;kfwntkdh db dh GKsh jh uhBh ;kwtkdh db th ;wki ns/ Pk;B dk gE–gqdoPBns/ fBod/PB eodk j?. ;zftXkB;zftXkB;zftXkB;zftXkB;zftXkB ftu fejk frjk j? fe “uhB dk ;kwtkdh db d/P dh nrtkJh dk e/Ado j?.” fJj iBsk dk wkordoPe ns/ ;ko/ ;kotifBe ;zrmBK ns/ ;z;EktK dk w{b e/Ado j?. db nkgD/;kXkoD g'qrokw d/ ftP/ ftu x'PDk eodk j? fe “db Bz{ ;ko/ iksh ;zrmB d/ ;otT[Zu ;o{g Bz{ XkoD eoBd/ Bks/ d/P–ihtB d/ B/sk ns/ fjod/ d/ o{g ftu mhe fdPk dh soc ekoi eoB d/ bJh io{o e'fPP eoBhukjhdh j?.” noE fJj j? fe uhB d/ ;kwtkdh db B{z d/P ns/ ;wki d/ B/sk ns/ fjod/ d/ o{g ftu ;thekoehsk frnk j?.

j[D n;hA db d/ ekoiK B{z ;zfygs fttoD gq;s[s eoKr/. g{ot ;'thns ;kwtkdh db dh GKsh uhBh;kwtkdh db dh th eqKsh fBnzsoe ns/ o~fyne, gq/oe nkdoP ns/ f;fyne, nrqDh ;zrmB, ;otjkokfe;kB tor dk wkor doPe, wkUtkd dk gqukoe ns/ d/P dk tk;sfte Pk;e wzfBnk iKdk j?.

(i) eqKsh dk fBnzsk ns/ oZfyne – eqKsh dk fBnzsk ns/ oZfyne – eqKsh dk fBnzsk ns/ oZfyne – eqKsh dk fBnzsk ns/ oZfyne – eqKsh dk fBnzsk ns/ oZfyne – uhB d/ ;kwtkdh db d/ ekoiK B{z n;hA d' fJfsjk;e GkrK ftutzv ;ed/ jK – 1949 JhH dh eqKsh s'A g{ot ns/ (y) eqKsh d/ pknd. 1949 JhH d/ g{ot ;kwtkdh dbdk T[d/P ;h, eqKsh fbnkT[dk. uhB GqPN ns/ g{zihtkd e[UAshnKrh Pk;B d/ g?oK E~b/ spkj ns/popkd j' fojk ;h. ;kwtkdh db eqKsh fbnkT[D ftu brGr shj ;kb d/ fBozso ;zrmB ns/ :[ZX d/pknd ;cb j'fJnk. eqKsh d/ pknd ;kwtkdh db dk gqw[y ezw j' frnk, eqKsh dh o~fynk eoBk.d/P d/ nzdo g{zihgsh ns/ d/P d/ pkjo g{zihtkdh d/P ;kwtkdh eqKsh Bz{ e[ub d/Dk ukj[zd/ ;B.;kwtkdh db B/ T[BQK d/ fto[~X ;ktXkB gfjo/dko d/ o{g ftu ezw ehsk. Gkt/A eqKsh dh ;[o~fynk dkysok Nb frnk j?, fco th ;kwtkdh db dk fJj gqw[y ezw j? fe ;kwtkdh uhB dh nKsfoe ns/pkjoh d[PwDK s'A oZfynk eoD.

(ii) g/qoe, nkdoP ns/ f;fyne– g/qoe, nkdoP ns/ f;fyne– g/qoe, nkdoP ns/ f;fyne– g/qoe, nkdoP ns/ f;fyne– g/qoe, nkdoP ns/ f;fyne–uhB dk ;kwtkdh db fJe g/qoe j?, nkdoP j? ns/ f;fyne j?.eqKsh d/ g{ot uhB nkofEe, ;wkfie ns/ j'o y/soK ftu fgSfVnk j'fJnk ;h. T[;Bz{ so~eh tkb/d/PK dh Pq/Dh ftu fbnkT[D bJh efmB fwjBs ns/ wjkB fsnkr eoBk ;h. fJj fwjBs ns/fsnkr ;kwtkdh db Bz{ jh eoBk ;h. db Bz{ iBsk ftu fsnkr, T[s;kj ns/ fizw/tkoh dh GktBkT[gikT[Dh ;h. fJj sdh ;zGt ;h idfe db nkg nkdoP T[g;fEs eoD ns/ iBsk Bz{ f;fynseo/ ns/ T[;d/ bJh f;fynk d/D. gqko{g–;zftXkB d/ gqfst/dB ftu db d/ w?ApoK dh fizw/tkoh dhuouk eod/ j'J/ fejk frnk j? fe db dh ftfPPN ;fEsh d/ eko db d/ w?ApoK Bz{ oki d/ nzsorse'Jh ftP/P nfXeko gqkgs BjhA j'J/rkl BjhA s/ T[BQK Bz{ r[so fizw/tkoh dk jh tfjD eoBk gJ/rk.db d/ w?ApoK Bz{ ;zftXkB ns/ ekBz{B dk nB[;oD eod/ j'/ iBsk d/ ;kjwD/ fJe nkdoP gq;s[s eoBk


B ØN


j't/rk. fJ;d/ nbktk db dk fJe gqw[Zy ezw j?, iBsk Bz{ wkoe;tkd, b/fBBtkd ns/ wkUtkd dhf;fynk d/Dk. fJBQK okiBhfse f;XKsK d/ nkd/PK dk gquko db dk w[Zy ekoi j?. ;K;feqse eqKsh(Cultural Revolution) d/ wkfXnw Bkb db B/ iB ;w[dkJ/ T[s/ gfonkgs wkfB;e gqGkt gkfJnkj?.

(iii) nrqDh ;zrmB – nrqDh ;zrmB – nrqDh ;zrmB – nrqDh ;zrmB – nrqDh ;zrmB – uhB dk ;kfwntkdh db d/P ftu gkJ/ ikD tkb/ j'o ;zrmBK ns/ okiBhfse dbKBz{ nrtkJh gqdkB eodk j?. Bt^gqikszso :[te ;zx uhBh ;kfwntkdh db dk gqw[Zy nzr j?. uhBftu j'o dbK Bz{ th okiBhfse wkBsk gqdkB ehsh rJh j?. g{ot ;'thns o{; dh GKsh uhB dk;kfwntkdh db fJe wkso okiBhfse db BjhA j?. ;' j'o okiBhfse dbK dh j'Ad ;kfwntkdh dbs'A nbr wzfBnK iKdk j? idfe g{ot ;'thns o{; ftu ;ko/ ;zrmBK Bz{ ;kwtkd db d/ nzr d/ o{gftu ezw eoBk g?Adk ;h. gozs{ fJ;dk noE fJj BjhA fe uhB ftu ;kwtkdh db d/ nbktk j'o;zrmBK ns/ dbK dk tk;sfte nbr j'Ad j?. ;z:[es w'ouk d/ Bkw T[s/ j'o ;zrmBK ns/ dbK Bz{;kwtkdh db dh nrtkJh ns/ fBod/PB ftu ekoi eoBk g?Adk j?. j'o dbK dh j'Ad Bkw wkso j?.

(iv) ;z:[es w'ou/ dh nrtkJh ( ;z:[es w'ou/ dh nrtkJh ( ;z:[es w'ou/ dh nrtkJh ( ;z:[es w'ou/ dh nrtkJh ( ;z:[es w'ou/ dh nrtkJh (Leadership of the United Front) –) –) –) –) – uhB d/ ;zftXkB ftu iBskd/ gqiksKsfoe ;z:[es w'ou/ (People's Democratic United Front) dh ;zftXkfBe ftnt;Ek dhuouk ehsh rJh j?. ;zftXkB dh gq;sktB ftu fJj fejk frnk j? fe fJj ;z:[es w'ouk oki d/T[d/PK dh gqkgsh ns/ d[PwDK s'A T[BQK dh ;[o~fynk d/ bJh fJe ;zxoP dk ;zukbB eo/rk ns/ ;kohiBsk Bz{ T[;d/ bJh ;zrms ns/ T[s;kfjs eo/rk. ;z:[es w'ou/ ftu Pqfwe tor d/ nbktk j'ogqiksKsfoe tor, db ns/ ib ;zrmB ofjDr/. T[;dh nrtkJh ;otjkok tor d/ jZE ftu j'J/rh.fJj PqfweK, fe;kBK ns/ j'o torK d/ ftu ;fj:'r T[s/ nkXkfos j'J/rk. fJ; ;z:[es w'ou/ dhnrtkJh ;kwtkdh db d/ j~E ftu j'J/rh ns/ T[jh fJ;dk wkordoPB eo/rk.

(v) gqukoe– gqukoe– gqukoe– gqukoe– gqukoe–;kwtkdh f;XKs d/ nB[;ko fJj io{oh j? fe iBsk d/ fdwkr ftu Pk;B dh wkBsktK ns/nkdoPK Bz{ Gfonk ikt/ ns/ T[BQK Bz{ d/P d/ e/Afdqs nrtkJh dk gZek nB[:kJh pDk fdsk ikt/. uhBftu wkoe;tkd, b/fBBtkd ns/ wkUtkd d/ f;XKsK Bz{ jw/Pk iBsk d/ fdb ftu e[~N–e[~N e/ Go/ ikDdh e'fPP ehsh iKdh ojh j?. fJ; ezw dh fizw/tkoh ;kwtkdh db Bz{ ;'Agh rJh j?. db iBsk Bz{f;fynk fdzdk j? ns/ fJ;d/ bJh ;ko/ em'o ns/ nfXBkfJetkdh ;kXBK dk gq:'r eodk j?. T[j uhBhokPNohsk dh fdqV GktBk, g{zihtkd d/ fto[X Bcos ns/ ;kwtkd d/ gqsh Grsh dk gquko eodk j?.

(vi) g/qPe eVh–g/qPe eVh–g/qPe eVh–g/qPe eVh–g/qPe eVh–db iBsk ns/ j'o ;w{jK ns/ ;zrmBK dk ;zpzX d/P dh nrtkJh Bkb ;Ekfgs eodk j?.gqko{g–;zftXkB d/ gqsht/dB ftu fejk frnk j? fe ;kwtkdh db d/ w?Apo iB–;w{j Bkb r{V/ ;zzpzX ;EkfgseoDr/ ns/ ;ko/ gqiksKsfoe dbK, ;w{jK ns/ ;zg{oB iBsk d/ Bkb fwb–i[b e/ ezw eoDr/. T[j ;oekodh BhshnK, T[d/PK ns/ ekoiK d/ ftP/ ftu iBsk Bz{ ;{uBk d/Dr/ s/ T[BQK dh ;gPN ftnkfynk iBskd/ ;Bw[y gq;s[s eoDr/. fJ; gqeko db ;zuko–;kXB d/ o{g ftu ezw eo/rk.

(vii) nzsookPNoh ekoi–nzsookPNoh ekoi–nzsookPNoh ekoi–nzsookPNoh ekoi–nzsookPNoh ekoi–uhBh ;kwtkdh db dk nzsookPNoh wj~~st th j?. fJj ftPt eqKsh ns/ftPt ;kwtkdh ;wki ftu ftPtk; eodk j?. T[;dk fJe gqw[~y T[d/P j'o d/PK Bkb th g{zihtkd dkBk; eo ;kwtkd dh ;EkgBk eoBk j? fJ;d/ bJh j'o d/PK ftu eqKshekoh ekoieosktK dk ;zrmB;Ekfgs eodk j? ns/ ftXtz;ekoh gqftosh Bz{ T[s;kfjs eodk j?. S[g/ o{g ftu T[j j'o d/PK d/;wkB ftuko tkb/ ftneshnK Bz{ jfEnko fdzdk j? ns/ T[BQK Bz{ s'V–c'V d/ ekoiK dk nfGnk;eokT[Adk j?. Gkos, powk, fJzv'B/Phnk nkfd d/P uhBh ;kwtkdh db d/ fJ; Bhsh d/ fPeko j'J/jB. nzsookPNoh g?wkB/ T[s/ ;wkB ftuko tkb/ j'o d/PK d/ ;kwtkdh dbK Bkb ;zgoe ;Ekfgs eoe/nbr ;kwtkdh nzsookPNoh ;zmrBK d/ fBowkD dh ;dk e'fPP eodk fojk j?. r[gs o{g ftu T[jeJh d/PK d/ ;kwtkdh dbK ns/ ;zrmBK dk gE–gqdoPB eodk j?.

(viii) tk;sfte Pk;e–tk;sfte Pk;e–tk;sfte Pk;e–tk;sfte Pk;e–tk;sfte Pk;e–uhBh ;kwtkdh db d/ wj~st dk fBoDkfJe ekoB fJj j? fe T[j d/P dk tk;sftePk;e j?. g~Swh d/PK d/ dbK dh GKsh T[j ;oeko dk fBowkDeosk, gkbBeosk, ns/ ;zukbe s/ j? jh,fJ;d/ nbktk T[j Pk;B Bkb fJzBk x[b fwb frnk j? fe db ns/ ;oeko Bz{ fJe d{i/ s'A nbr eoBk


B ØN


w[Pfeb j?.db Pk;B T[s/ fJ; soQK Sk frnk j? fe T[j d/P dk tk;sfte Pk;e pD frnk j?. g{ot;'thns ;zx dh GKsh uhB ftu th Pk;e ns/ ;kfwntkdh db ftu pj[s fInkdk ;zBheNsk (Inter-looking relationship between Party and Government) j?. db d/ B/sk jh Pk;B d/ ftP/P gdKT[s/ ofjzd/ jB. Pk;B dk jo fJe ftGkr ;kwtkdh db d/ B/sk ns/ w?ApoK s'A gfog{oD j?. db dhBhsh jh Pk;B dh Bhsh j?. ;kwtkdh db dk g'fbs fpT{o' Pk;B dh Bhsh Bz{ fBoXkos eodk j?,;oekoh ftGkrK ns/ nfXekohnK Bz{ fBod/P fdzdk j? ns/ T[BQK T[s/ ekp{ oydk j?. f;XKse s"o s/;oeko ekBz{B pDkT[Adh j?, nfrnkgshnK eZYdh j?, t?d/fPe ;zpzX dk fBod/PB eodh j?, Pk;B Bz{fBnzfsqs eodh j? ns/ ;?fBe pb Bz{ ;zrms eodh j? ns/ T[; Bz{ nkd/P fdzdh j?, gozs{ ftntjkfoe s"os/ db jh fJBQK ;kfonK ezwK Bz{ eodk j?. ;oeko d/ nzr f;oc opV ;N?Ag dk ezw eod/ jB. fe;/ thftP/ d/ ;zzpzX ftu nzfsw c?;bk db jh b?Adk j? ns/ T[;/ d/ nB[;ko ;ko/ gdkfXekoh nkgDk ezw eod/jB.

uhB d/ ;kwtkdh db d/ nfXBkfJest dh ftnkfynk j/m fby/ o{gK ftu ehsh ik ;edh j?–

gfjbk,gfjbk,gfjbk,gfjbk,gfjbk, db fszB sohfenK Bkb Pk;B Bz{ fBnzfsqs eodk j?. gfjbk sohek fJj j? fe ;oeko d/ ftXkfJeh,gqPk;eh ns/ fBnKfJe ;zrmBK d/ fInkdkso w?Apo db d/ w?Apo j[zd/ jB. fJBQK w?ApoK T[s/ db d/ w?ApoKdk fBnzsoD j[zdk j? ns/ T[j T[;/ d/ fBod/P nB[;ko ezw eod/ jB. d{ik sohek fJj j? fe nkw s"o T[s/db d/ d[nkok ftXkfJeh ns/ gqPk;eh nkd/PK ns/ Bhshnk dh x'PDk j[zdh ofjzdh j? fi;dk gkbB gqPk;Bd/ nzrK ns/ gdkfXekohnK Bz{ eoBk g?Adk j?. shik sohek fJj j? fe db nkgD/ ftfGzB ;zrmBK ns/ nzrKd[nkok i' d/P d/ e'B/–e'B/ ns/ jo y/so ftu ftnkgs jB, Pk;B d/ ;ko/ nzrK Bz{ fBnzfsqs eodk j?. fJ;;zpzX ftu Nkr B/ fejk j? fe “e/Ado d/ YKu/ T[s/ jh db dk Pk;B ;zpzX j/mb/ gZXoK ftu d[jokfJnk frnkj?. fJ;/ gqeko nkg;h ;zpzX, gqaKse, Bro, rqkw, PfjoK ns/ g/Av{ fIfbnK d/ g~Xo T[s/ fdqPNhr'uo j[zd/jB. fiE/ db dh nrtkJh eoB tkb/ ;oekoh gdK T[s/ wj~stg{oB ezw eod/ jB.” noE fJj j? gqPk;Bd/ ;otT[Zu g~Xo s'A b? e/ j/mK se db dk ;wkBKso ;zrmB gkfJnk iKdk j? ns/ db dk ;kok ;zrmB gqPk;Bd/ ;Bw[y ndko/ T[s/ fBnzsoD oydk j? ns/ T[;Bz{ fBod/Ps eodk j?. db d/ w?Apo jh ;Bw[y g~Xo d/gqPk;eh ndko/ d/ gdkfXekoh pD iKd/ jB. T[dkjoD ;o{g, ;otT[Zu g~Xo T[s/ wkUs;/ s[zr ;kwtkdh dbdh e/Adoh ;whsh ns/ g'fbs fpT{o' dk w[yh ;h ns/ db d/ ;futkfbnk dk gqw[Zy th ;h ns/ fJ; gqekodb s/ Pk;B d/ ;otT[Zu fPyo T[s/ fJe jh ftnesh ;h. db d/ g'fbs fpT{o' d/ j'o w?Apo th Pk;B d/ftfGzB nzrK d/ gqw[Zy jB. j/mb/ g~Xo T[s/ th fJ;/ gqeko db d/ gqw[Zy w?Apo ;ko/ gqPk;eh ndko/ d/ thgdkfXekoh j[zd/ jB.

d{ik,d{ik,d{ik,d{ik,d{ik, uhB rDoki d/ Pk;B d/ ftfGzB nzrK ftu edh wsG/d BjhA d/fynk iKdk j?. Gkt/A Pk;B d/jo fJe g~Xo s/ ;[szso ns/ fBotkfus ekoigkfbek, ftXkB gkfbek ns/ fBnK gkfbek dk ;zrmB ehskiKdk j?, fco th ;ko/ g~Xo s/ gqPk;eh ndkfonK iK ftfGzB g~XoK d/ gqPk;eh ndkfonK ftu fe;/ rZbd/ bJh wsG/d d/yD Bz{ BjhA fwbdk j?. fJ; gqeko ;op ;zwsh uhBh Pk;B/–ftnt;Ek dh T[b/yBhJ/ftP/Psk j?. fJ; ‘;op ;zwsh’ Bz{ fJe wkso ekoB fJj j? fe Pk;B d/ ;ko/ nzrK T[s/ ;kwtkdh dbdk fBnzsoD j?. db jh fJj fBPfus eodk j? fe eh eoBk j?, ed'A eoBk j?, fet/A eoBk j? ns/ fe;d/d[nkok eoBk j?.

shik, shik, shik, shik, shik, i/eo ;oeko ftu fe;/ dh gqGktekoh ;fEsh j? sK T[;dk ekoB fJj BjhA j? fe T[j oki ;oekoftu fe;/ T[Zu gd T[s/ p?mk j?, ;r'A fJ; dk ekoB db ftu T[;dh gqGktPkbh ;fEsh j?. uhBh rDokidk tk;sfte Pk;e db dk w[yh j?. T[;d/ pko/ ftu fejk ik ;edk j? fe “fes/ th fJzBh S'Nh uhI dhfJzBh t~vh SK BjhA d/yh iKdh j?.” uhBh rDoki d/ ;kpek w[yh wkUs;/ sz[r dh ;fEsh ;opftfds j?.T[j d/P d/ ;opPeshPkbh ftnesh ;B. fJ;dk fJe wkso ekoB ;h fe T[j db d/ w[yh ;B. 1975 d/;zftXkB ftu rDoki d/ w[yh dk gd ysw eo fdZsk frnk. db dk w[yh jh ;ot/ ;otk ofj frnk. 1983s'A db ns/ rDoki d/ w[yh nbr–nbr ftnesh jB.

u"Ek,u"Ek,u"Ek,u"Ek,u"Ek, Gkt/A j'o dbK dh j'Ad Bz{ th uhB ftu wkBsk fdZsh rJh j? sd th tk;sftesk fJj j? fe Pk;BT[s/ ;kwtkdh db dk fJekfXeko j?. fJedbhJ/ d/ ekoB ;kwtkdh db Bz{ fto'X ns/ nb'uBk dk ;kjwDkBjhA eoBk g?Adk j?.


B ØN


;kwtkdh db dh ftP/PsktK (;kwtkdh db dh ftP/PsktK (;kwtkdh db dh ftP/PsktK (;kwtkdh db dh ftP/PsktK (;kwtkdh db dh ftP/PsktK (Characteristics of the Communist Party)L)L)L)L)L uhB ftu gfjbh tko1 i[bkJh 1921 JhH Bz{ ;kwtkdh db dh ;EkgBk j'Jh. gqkozG ftu ;hfws o{g s'A fJ; Bz{ PqfweK dk ;woEBgqkgs j'fJnk. 1921 ftu jh ‘;fB:ks ;/B;fB:ks ;/B;fB:ks ;/B;fB:ks ;/B;fB:ks ;/B’ Bz{ d~yD uhB dk gqXkB Pk;e x'fPs ehsk frnk. T[; B/;kwtkdh f;XKsK d/ nkXko s/ jh e[UfwzsKre[UfwzsKre[UfwzsKre[UfwzsKre[UfwzsKr db dk ;zrmB ehsk. ;fB:ks ;/B;fB:ks ;/B;fB:ks ;/B;fB:ks ;/B;fB:ks ;/B d/ pknd funKr–ekJh–P/e d/ pknd e[UfwzsKr dh nrtkJh nk rJh. T[j ;kwtkdhnK dh T[rq ftukoXkok dk eZNo fto'Xh ;h.T[;B/ d~yD tkggzEh db dk ;zrmB ehsk. e[UfwzsKr dh ekoigkfbek B/ 1957 JhH ftu ;kwtkdhnK Bz{nkgD/ db s'A nbr eo fdZsk ns/ e[UfwzsKr fto'xh nB/e ;kwtkdh B/sktK Bz{ wotk fdZsk. j'bh–j'bh;kwtkdh db dk ;[szso o{g Bkb ftek; j'D brk ns/ T[;B/ e[UfwzsKr Pk;B d/ fto[~X nktkI T[mkT[DhP[o{ eo fdZsh. e[M B/sktK B/ fwbi[b e/ fJe bkb ;?Bk (Red Army) dk fBowkD ehsk. ;kwtkdh dbdhnK BhshnK Bz{ ;gPN o{g Bkb gfoGkPs ehsk frnk . 1927 JhH se uhB ftu ;kfwntkdh ekchPeshPkbh j' rJ/ ns/ db dk ;zrmB fdqV j' frnk. wkUs;/ s[zr dh nrtkJh B/ db Bz{ fJe BthA Peshfd~sh. 1967 ftu uhB–ikgkB :[~X d/ ;w/A ;kwtkdhnK ns/ e[UfwzsKrK B/ ;z:[es w'ouk pDk e/ ikgkB dkw[ekpbk ehskl gozs{ fJj fInkdk fdBK se ekfJw BjhA ofj ;fenk. feT[AFe funKr/–ekJh–P/e ;kwtkdhnKT[s/ pj[s fdBK se ftPtk; BjhA oy ;fenk. gz{ihtkdh d/PK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb T[j ikgkB Bkb :[~X eodkfojk. wjk:[~X dh ;wkgsh d/ pknd uhB d[pkok funKr–ekJh–P/e d/ j~E ftu nk frnk. ikgkB d[nkokuhB Bz{ SZvd/ jh fuT[s/j dh nrtkJh ftu ;kwtkdhnK B/ T[;d/ e[M fjZ;/ T[s/ nkgDk gqGkt iwkT[Dk nkozGeo fdZsk, e[M ;w/A d/ bJh funKr–ekJh–P/e ns/ ;kwtkdhnK dk T[soh uhB T[s/ nfXeko j' frnk. 1949ftu x'o :[~X d/ pknd ;kwtkdhnK B/ d/P dh Pk;B ;~sk T[s/ nkgDk nfXeko iwk fbnk ns/ funKr–ekJh–P/e d/P S~v e/ ckow';k GZi frnk. 1 nes{po, 1949 JhH Bz{ wkUs;/ s[zr dh nrtkJh ftu uhB Bz{ fJerDoki x'fPs eo fdZsk frnk. fJ; gqeko uhB T[s/ ;kwtkdh db dk Pk;B ;Ekfgs j' frnk. uhB rDokidh dbhJ/ ftnt;Ek dh ftP/PsktK dk noE fJ;/ db dh ftP/PsktK Bkb j?.

(1) fJedbhJ/ ftnt;Ek–fJedbhJ/ ftnt;Ek–fJedbhJ/ ftnt;Ek–fJedbhJ/ ftnt;Ek–fJedbhJ/ ftnt;Ek–t?;/ uhB ftu pj[dbhJ/ g~Xsh Bz{ okiBhfse wkBsk gqdkB ehsh rJh j? ns/ d/P ftu nB/e db jB, fco th d/P ftu fJedbhJ/ ftnt;Ek jh j?. j'o db f;oc Bkw wkso d/ jb.;kfwntkdh db jh fJe wkso gqGktekoh ;fEsh ftu j?. feT[Afe ;kfwntkdh ;otjkok tor dh j'Adns/ fjs Bz{ ;theko eod/ jB, fJ; bJh T[j fJe db ftu jh ftPtk; eod/ jB i' ;otjkok tor Bz{nrtkJh gqdkB eo/ ns/ T[;d/ fjsK dh oZfynk eo/.

(2) T[d/P–T[d/P–T[d/P–T[d/P–T[d/P–uhBh ;kfwntkdh db fBPfus f;XKsk T[s/ nkXkos j? ns/ fJ;d/ fBPfus T[d/P jB. fJjdb wkoe;tkd–b/fBBtkd, fi;dh ftnkfynk wkUs;/ s[zr d[nkok ehsh rJh j?, d/ f;XKsK dk nB[;oDeodk j?. “;wokitkd ns/ ;otjkok tor dh eqKsh d/ :[r ftu b/fBBtkd jh wkoe;tkd j?.” wkUs;/sz[r B/ wkoe; ns/ b/fBB d/ f;XKsK dh ftnkfynk Bt/A o{g Bkb ehsh j?. wkU B/ nkgDh g[;se ‘BtKgqikszso’ (On the New Democracy) ftu fejk j? fe “uhBh eqKsh d/ fJfsjk;e gqfeqnk Bz{ d'fj~f;nK ftu tzvDk gt/rk. gfjb/ s'A gqiksKsfoe eqksh ns/ d{i/ ftu ;kfwntkdh eqKsh. j[D gqkuhBohsh dh eqKsh ;zGt BjhA fi; Bz{ g{zihgsh tor iK g{zihgsh nfXBkfJePkjh d/ nzsors gz{ihgsh ;wkidh ;EkgBk eo/. fJjh BthA ohsh dh eqKsh j?. fi;dh nrtkJh ;otjkok tor eo/rk. fJ;d/ gfjb/;N/i dk noE j'J/rk fe BthB gqikszsqkswe ;wkiBthB gqikszsqkswe ;wkiBthB gqikszsqkswe ;wkiBthB gqikszsqkswe ;wkiBthB gqikszsqkswe ;wki (A New Democractic Society) ns/ “;ko/eqKshekoh torK dh ;z:[es nfXBkfJePkjh d/ nXhB oki dh ;EkgBk” (A State under the jointDectatorship of all Revolutionary classes). fJ; ;zzpzX ftu bkJhB pkoiobkJhB pkoiobkJhB pkoiobkJhB pkoiobkJhB pkoio dk th eEB T[b/yBhJ/ j? – wkU dk ftuko j? fe ;ko/ gqrshPhb torK, ;wokitkdh ;kwzsPkjh ns/ B"eoPkjh s~sKBz{ S~v e/, eqKshekohnK d/ ;fj:'r d[nkok fwb i[b e/ d' ;fEsh tkbh eqKsh fbnkJh ik ;edh j?. nfijk;zw/bB f;oc gqke ;wkitkdh ;fEsh ftu jh ;zGt j?. fJ; ;fEsh d/ pknd j'bh–j'bh ;wkitkdhnfXBkfJetkd dh ;EkgBk j'J/rh. fJ; gqeko wkUs;/ sz[rwkUs;/ sz[rwkUs;/ sz[rwkUs;/ sz[rwkUs;/ sz[r pVh ;ktXkBh Bkb gqkuhB ;wkfieftnt;Ek Bkb fjz;kswe ftS/d dh nBktPesk Bz{ f;~X eodk j? ns/ fJ;d/ fto'X dh ;zGktBk Bz{ x~Neo fdzdk j?.”

T[g:[es PeshnK Bkb fJj ;gPN j[zdk j? fe wkUs;/ s[zr poi{nk torK d/ nbktk j'o torK Bz{ fwbki[bk e/ fJe ;zfwb (coalition) iK ;z:[es w'ouk (United Front) dh ;EkgBk eodk j?. fJ; w'ou/


B ØN


d/ w[~y ;fjekoh j'Dr/ ;otjkok ns/ fe;kB tor. b/fBB nrtkJh dh nzfsw tkrv'o ;otjkok tord/ j~E ftu oj/rh. fJ; w'ou/ d/ nfXBkfJetkd Bz{ wkUs;/ s[zr B/ iBtkdh–gqiksKsfoe nfXBkfJe(People's Democratic Dictatorship) efj e/ ;zp'fXs ehsk. ;zeqwD ekb ftu fJ; w'ou/ dhnrtkJh ftu ;wkitkd B/ ;wokitkdh–;kwzsPkjh–B"eoPkjh (Imperialist-Feudalist-Bureaucratic)Bz{ ;wkgs ehsk ns/ ;wkitkd dh ;EkgBk dh e'fPP ehsh. wkU B/ ;otjkok tor d/ nbktk fe;kBtor Bz{ th ;w[fus wj~st fd~sk j?. T[j fjz;kswe sohe/ Bkb ftPt ftu eqKsh fbnkT[D d/ gZy ftuj? ns/ ;zg{oB ftPt ftu ;kwtkd dh ;EkgBk eoBk ukj[zdk j?.

uhb dk ;kwtkdh db wkUs;/ s[zr d/ T[g:[es f;XKsK dk nB[;oD eodk j?. T[;dk T[d/P ;wokitkd;kwzstkd–B"eoPkjh ftnt;Ek Bz{ ;wkgs eoBk ;otjkok tor d/ nfXBkfJest Bz{ ;[fdqV pDkT[Dk,;kwtkdh ftnt;Ek dh fdqV ;EkgBk ns/ T[; Bz{ ftek; ;Bw[y pDkT[Dk ns/ d/P ftu s/ ftPt ftu;kwtkd Bz{ fiskT[Dk j?.

(3) dbhJ/ ;otT[Zusk–dbhJ/ ;otT[Zusk–dbhJ/ ;otT[Zusk–dbhJ/ ;otT[Zusk–dbhJ/ ;otT[Zusk–g{ot ;'thns o{; dh GKsh uhBh Pk;B–ftnt;Ek dbhJ/ ;otT[Zusk d/ f;XKsT[s/ nkXkos j?. ;kfwntkdh db d/P ns/ ;wki dk nrqDh ns/ gE–gqdoPe j?. j'o ;kohnK ;z;EktKfJ;h dh nrtkJh ftu ;zrms j[zdhnK s/ ezw eodhnK jB. d/P dk tk;sfte Pk;e ;kwtkdh db jhj?. gqPk;B d/ ;ko/ nzrK T[s/ fJ; dk g{oB fBnzsoD ofjzdk j? ns/ T[j g{oD fBnzsoD ftu ekoieod/ jB.

(4) w'B'fbfEe db (w'B'fbfEe db (w'B'fbfEe db (w'B'fbfEe db (w'B'fbfEe db (Monolithic Party)–)–)–)–)–“w'B'fbfEe db dh J/esk Bz{ ftnes eoB dh T[esh j? fi;dkgq:'r nfXBkfJetkdh dbK d/ bJh ehsk iKdk j?. ‘w'B'fbfEe’ dk noE j[zdk j? fJe jh m'; g~Eo dkpfDnk j'Jnk yzGk. ;'thns ;kfwntkdh db dh GKsh uhBh ;kfwntkdh db Bz{ w'B'fbfEe db fejkiKdk j?. fJj g{oB s"o s/ e/Afdqs ns/ fJeo{g ;zrms j?. fJ;d/ w?Apo ;ys nB[Pk;B ftu pzBQ/ j'J/jB. fJj m'; j?. fJ; ftu r[Npzdh ns/ ;[szsosk dk e'Jh ;EkB BjhA j?. fJ;dk m';gB fJ~Sk ns/ezw dh J/esk ftu fBfjs j?. noE fJj j? fe uhBh ;kwtkdh db pj[s ;zrms nB[Pk;BpX ;qfdqVns/ ;thfeqs jB.

(5) w?ApofPg–w?ApofPg–w?ApofPg–w?ApofPg–w?ApofPg–gqiksKsfoe d/PK ftu db d/ w?Apo dh fInkdk frDsh db dh b'efgqnsk dk ;{ue j?. ;'fInkdk s'A fInkdk ftneshnK Bz{ db dk w?Apo pDkfJnk iKdk j?. gozs{ uhBh ;kwtkdh db fJe pzd:k srkfdb ;Gk (Close Soceity) j?. fJ;dh w?ApofPg Bz{ pj[s ;hws ofynk iKdk j? fi; Bkb dbftu J/esk ns/ nB[Pk;B pfDnk oj/. fJ;dh w?ApofPg ;kXkoD rZb BjhA j?. f;oc Pqfwe tor d/g[~so jh, efmBkJhnK ns/ nktPesktK d/ bkvb/ jh neEBh ePN ;fjB eoB tkfbnK d/ p~u/ jh ns/ngko fwjBsh tor nfij/ db d/ w?Apo j'D dh :'rsk oyd/ jB. db dh w?ApofPg gqkgs eoB dhgqfeqnk pj[s efmB j? fJ;d/ pko/ ftu bkJhB pkoio dk efjdk j? fe “uhBh ;kfwntkdh db fi;dhw?Apo ;zfynk toswkB ekb ftu 50 s'A 60 b~y d/ eohp j? ns/ i' ftPt d/ fe;/ th fJe ;wo{giB;zfynk dh ;G s'A tZvh ;zfynk Bz{ fBnzfsqs eodh j?, g{ot ;'thns o{; Bz{ S~v e/ ;G s'A fInkdkftPkb okiBhfse db j?.”

1921 ftu uhBh ;kwtkdh db dh ;EkgBk j'Jh. fJ;d/ T[goKs T[;dh w?ApoK ;zfynk fBozso tXdh ik ojhj?. 1927 se fJ;dh e[b w?Apo ;zfynk 59 jIko j' rJh. uhB–ikgkB :[~X d/ ;w/A fJ;dh b'efgqnskfInkdk tX rJh ns/ 1941 ftu fJ;d/ w?ApoK dh ;zfynk 8 bZy j' rJh. 1945 ftu d{i/ ftPt:[~X dh;wkgsh d/ ;w/A db d/ w?ApoK dh ;zfynk tX e/ 12 b~y j' rJh. e[Ufwzskr Bkb fJ; d/ ;zxoP Bkb T[rqskd/ Bkb Bkb fJ;dh b'efgqnsk ftu s/ih Bkb tkXk j'D brk. fJj ;zfynk 1947 ftu 27 bZy, 1950 ftu58 bZy ns/ 1954 ftu 60 bZy j' rJh. 1956 ftu okPNoh eKro; d/ nfXt/PB d/ ;w/A fJ;dh w?ApoKdh ;zfynk 107 bZy d/ brGr fdykJh rJh ;h. 1959 ftu fJj ;zfynk 131 bZy ns/ 1961 ftu 170b~y j' rJh. fJ; gqeko uhBh ;kfwntkdh db fInkdk ftnkge ns/ b'efgqn j[zdk frnk j?. g{ot ;'thns;kfwntkdh db Bz{ S~v e/ fJj ftPt dk ;G s'A t~vk ns/ gqGktPkbh okiBhfse ;zrmB j?. dbhJ/ w?ApoKdk w[~y ;gkoe gb~r :zr efwT[fB;N bhr (Young Communist League) j?. db d/ w?Apo w[~y s"o s/B"itkB jB.


B ØN


uhBh ;kwtkdh db dh w?ApofPg gqkgs eoBk pj[s efmB j?. Gbh–GKsh iKu eo e/ ns/ Nq/fBzr d/ e/ jhfe;/ Bz{ w?Apo pDkfJnk ik ;edk j?. e/tb eowm ns/ ftPt;Bh ftneshnK Bz{ jh w?ApofPg gqdkB ehshiKdh j?. w?Apo pDkT[Ad/ ;w/A ekch ;ktXkBh oyh iKdh j?. e/tb T[j jh ftnesh w?Apo j' ;ed/ jB i';kwtkd d/ f;XKsK ftu fdqV ftPtk; oyd/ j'D. 1941 ftu wkUs;/ s[zrwkUs;/ s[zrwkUs;/ s[zrwkUs;/ s[zrwkUs;/ s[zr B/ x'PDk ehsh ;h fe “db d/;ko/ f;XKs ns/ ftntjko dh J/esk T[s/ fBoGo wkoe;tkd–b/fBbtkd dh ftukoXkok dk io{oh o{g BkbnB[PhbB eoKr/.”

dbhJ/ ;zftXkB dh Xkok 1 ftu db dh w?ApofPg dh uko PosK fdykJh rJhnK jB–

(i) ;ko/ w?Apo db d/ g'qrokwK ns/ ;zftXkB Bz{ ;fteko eod/ jB.(ii) w?ApofPg d/ bJh fBoXkfos uzdk G[rskB eoBk gJ/rk.(iii) db d[nkok fds/ rJ/ fBofDnK Bz{ T[BQK Bz{ ;theko eoBk gJ/rk.

(iv) w?Apo Bz{ db d/ fe;/ ;zrmB Bkb ;zpzXs j'Dk io{oh j? ns/ T[;d/ d[nkok d~;/ j'J/ ezwK Bz{ ;zgzB eoBkg?Adk j?.

1969 d/ dbhJ/ ;zftXkB d/ nB[;ko “e'Jh th uhB wid{o rohp fe;kB j/mb/ wfXnw torh fe;kB, eqKshekoh;?fBe iK e'Jh eqKshekoh s~s i' 18 ;kb dh T[wo gqkgs eo u[fenk j't/ db dk w?Apo pD ;edk j?.

;kwtkdh db d/ T[whdtoK Bz{ nkgD/ ofi;Nq/PB dh eJh PosK Bz{ ;theko eoBk g?Adk j? i' fJ; gqeko j?–

(i) dbhJ/ T[d/P ;kwtkd d/ d/PK ftu ;EkfJst Bz{ ;wMDk ukjhdk j?.

(ii) nkihtB ;kwtkd d/ bJh ezw eoB dk fdqV ;zebg eoBk ukjhdk j?.

(iii) ;kwtkdh db d/ ;o{g s/ db–fBowkD d/ bJh b/fBB ns/ ;NkfbB d/ f;XKsk Bz{ wzBDk ukjhdkj?.

(iv) nkgD/ ;tkoE Bz{ b'efjs d/ bJh B"Skto eoB dh GktBk oyDh ukjhdh j?.

(v) nkgd/ db d/ B/sktK dh nkfrnk dk gkbB eoBk s/ dbhJ/ nB[Pk;B Bz{ ;theko eoBk ukjhdk j?.

(vi) iB–;kwkfBn Bz{ db dh Bhsh ;wMkT[Dk ukjhdk j? iBsk dh ;Zuh ;/tk eoBh ns/ wsK d/ w[ZbBz{ ;wMDk ukjhdk j?.

(vii) ;trs so[~NhnK Bz{{ nkb'uBk d[nkok fBokeoD eoB eh e'fPP eoBh ukjhdh j?.

(viii) wkoe; s/ b/fBB ns/ wkU d/ f;XKs dk Gbh–GKsh nfXn?B eoBk ukjhdk j?.

(6) gqiksKsfoe e/Adotkd –gqiksKsfoe e/Adotkd –gqiksKsfoe e/Adotkd –gqiksKsfoe e/Adotkd –gqiksKsfoe e/Adotkd – uhBh ;kfwntkdh db dk ;zrmB gqiksKsfoe e/Adotkb d/ f;XKs T[s/nkXkfos j?. ;zftxkB d/ nB[S/d 5 ftu fJj fbfynk j'fJnk j? fe “okPNoh iB eKro; ;EkBe iB–eKro; ns/ oki d/ j'o ;ko/ nzr gqikszsoh e/Adotkd dk gq:'r eod/ ;B.” wkUs;/ s[zr B/ nkgDhg[;se ;zfwfbs ;oeko;zfwfbs ;oeko;zfwfbs ;oeko;zfwfbs ;oeko;zfwfbs ;oeko (On Calition Government) ftu fbfynk j? fe “uhB ftu okiBhfsegqDkbh fJe jh ;kE gqiksKsfoe ns/ e/Afdqs j? noEks gqikszso d/ nkXko T[s/ e/Afdqs gE–gqdoPB d/nXhB j'D d/ ekoB gqikszsoh j?.” fJ;dk noE fJj j? fe jo fJe j/mb/ g~Xo dh db–;z;Ek nkgD/T[Zu gZXo dh db–;z;Ek dk fBotkuB eodh j?, gozs{ jo fJe j/mbk ;zrmB nkgD/ T[Zu ;zrmB d/nXhB j[zdk j? ns/ fJ;d/ nkd/P nB[;ko jh e'Jh ekoi eodk ;edk j? db d/ ;ko/ nzr fBotkfus j[zd/jB, db dh jo fJe j/mb/ g~Xoh Pkyk nkgDh T[Zu Pkyk d/ gqsh fizw/tko j[zdh j? ns/ T[;d/ nkd/PnB[;ko ezw eodh j?.

(7) ;z:[es w'ouk (;z:[es w'ouk (;z:[es w'ouk (;z:[es w'ouk (;z:[es w'ouk (Joint Front) –) –) –) –) – uhBh ;kwtkdh eqKsh dh nrtkJh e/tb Pqfwe tor d/ j~E ftu BjhA;"Agd/ jB pbfe PqfweK ns/ j'o ;wkB torK Bz{ fwbk e/ fJe ;z:[es w'ou/ dk fBowkD eod/ jB ns/T[/;/ d/ w'Y/ s/ eqKsh dh oZfynk ns/ ;wkitkd dh ;EkgBk dk Gko ;"Agd/ jB. ;z:[es w'ou/ ftug{zihgsh, ;kwzstkdh ns/ B"eoPkjh torK d/ b'eK B{z ;EkB BjhA fdZsk frnk j?. ;z:[es w'ou/ dk nzsw;kwtkdh db eodk j?. w'ou/ d/ ftfGzB torK ns/ fjsK Bz{ gqshfBXhst gqdkB eoB d/ bJh ftfGzBokiBhfse dbK ns/ ;zrmBK dh j'Ad Bz{ ;theko ehsk frnk j?, gozs{ fJBQK S'N/ dbK iK ;zrmBK Bz{;kwtkdh db dh nrtkJh ftu ezw eoBk g?Adk j?.


B ØN


13H4 :{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ cqK; ftu fjs ;w{j s/ dpkn ;w{j 13H4 :{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ cqK; ftu fjs ;w{j s/ dpkn ;w{j 13H4 :{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ cqK; ftu fjs ;w{j s/ dpkn ;w{j 13H4 :{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ cqK; ftu fjs ;w{j s/ dpkn ;w{j 13H4 :{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ cqK; ftu fjs ;w{j s/ dpkn ;w{j (InterestGroup of Pressure Group in UK, USA, and France)

fpqN/B ftu dpkn ;w{jfpqN/B ftu dpkn ;w{jfpqN/B ftu dpkn ;w{jfpqN/B ftu dpkn ;w{jfpqN/B ftu dpkn ;w{j (Pressure Groups in U.K.)L j'o d/PK dh GKsh fJzrb?Av ftu th dpkn ;w{jgkJ/ iKd/ jB, gozs{ fJBQK dh ;zfynk ns/ fJBQK dk dpkn nw/foeh dpkn ;w{jK s'A xZN j?. fJzrb?Av d/dpkn ;w{j db d/ nzdo jh ;feqJ/ gqGkt gkT[Ad/ jB. nB[dko db ns/ wid{o db d'tK ftu'A jo fJe dkfe;/ Bk fe;/ r[N Bkb ;zpX ofjzdk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh Pqfwe ;zx ;kXkoD s"o s/ wid{o db s'A ns/ fe;kBdb ;kXkoD s"o s/ nB[dko db Bkb ;zpzX oyd/ jB. fpqN/N ftu dpkn ;w{j d/ ftef;s BjhA j'D dk fJeekoB fJj th j? fe T[E/ fBih ftX/neK dh nkw s"o s// T[g/ePk ehsh iKdh ns/ T[BQK d/ gk; j'D dh ;zGktBkx~N j[zdh j?. ;' dpkn ;w{j dbK d/ nzdo jh nkgDk gqGkt gqdofPs eod/ jB ns/ nfdqP o{g Bkb nkgD/ekoi eotk fbnk eod/ jB. fJj fJe wkfXne d/ o{g ftu ezw eod/ jB, fi;d/ iohJ/ iBsk d/ ftP/P fjsKd/ pko/ ftu ;oeko Bz{ ;{uBk gqkgs j[zdh j?.

fpqN/B d/ dpkn ;w{jK Bz{ d' fj~f;nK ftu tzfvnK ik ;edk j? – fjs (Interest Groups) ns/ t?ukfoe ;w{j(Ideas Groups) fjs ;w{jK Bz{ d' fj~f;nK ftu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?–T[sgkde ;w{j (Producer Groups)ns/ T[gG'rsk ;w{j (Consumer Groups). T[sgkde ;w{j ftu d' jIko s'A T[Zgo fB:'ie ;zx(Employer Asociation) gkJ/ iKd/ jB. fInkdkso fB:'ie ;zx fe;/ t~v/ ;zx d/ o{g ftu ;zrms j[zd/jB. 1965 ftu fpqfNP T[fd:'r gfo;zx (Confederation of British INdustries) dh ;EkgBk j'Jh i'T[fd:'rK Bkb ;zpzfXs t~v/–t~v/ okPNoh ;zxK B{z fwbk e/ pfDnk j?. fpqfNP T[d:'r ;zx (Confederationof British Industries), fpqfNP fB:'ie gfo;zx (British Employer Confederation) ns/ fpqfNPokPNoh ;zx (National Association of British Manufacturers) w[Zy dpkn ;w{j jB i' fpqfNPT[fd:'r gfo;zx dk fBowkD eod/ jB. gfo;zx fJe pj[s tZvk ;zrmB j?, i' nkgDk w?ApoK B{z ftnt;kJh,f;fynk, fBo:ks nkfd s'A ;zpfXs ;bkj fdzdk j?.

T[sgkde ;w{jK ftu nfij/ th ;w{j nkT[Ad/ jB i' ftfGzB g/fPnK d/ d[nkok pDkJ/ iKd/ jB fit/A fpqfNPw?vheb n?;';hJ/PB, fpqfNP v/ANb n?;';hJ/PB nkfd T[sgkdeK d/ ;zx dh GKsh wid{oK d/ ;zx th gkJ/ iKd/jB. wid{o ;zx S'N/ nkeko s'A b? e/ pj[s t~v/ nkeko se d/ j[zd/ jB. wid{o ;zxK ftu ;G s'A t~vk ;zxNoK;g'oN ns/ iBob :[fBnB (Transport & General Work's Union) jB. fInkdkso wid{o ;zxokPNoh wid{o ;zx Bkb ;zpfXs jB, fi; Nq/v :[fBnB eKro; (Trade Union Congress) efjzd/ jB.fe;kBK d/ th ;zx jB fiBQK Bz{ (National Union of Agricultural Workers) efjzd/ jB.

T[sgkdeK dh s[bBk ftu T[gG'rsk ;w{j BjhA d/ pokpo ;zrms j?. fco th T[BQK d/ e[M PeshPkbh ;w{jw"i{d jB, fit/A nkN'w'pkJhb n?;';hJ/PB (Automobile Association) ns/ okfJb n?;';hJ/PB eb~p(Royal Association Club). fInkdkso T[gG'rsk ;zx ni/ P[o{nks dh ;fEsh ftu jB. ;EkBe g~XoT[s/ f;fynk, ;tk;E, pkb–efbnkD nkfd d/ ;zpzX ftu nfij/ ;w{j gkJ/ iKd/ jB.

t?ukfoe ;w{j (Ideas Groups) fjs ;w{j s'A fGzB j[zd/ jB. T[j G"fse ckfJd/ d/ bJh BjhA, pbfe e[MftukoK Bz{ tkXk d/D bJh t;kJ/ iKd/ jB. T[BQK d/ ;kjwD/ e[M nkdoP ofjzd/ jB, fiBQK dh gqkgsh d/ bJhT[j ;zrms j[zd/ jB ns/ e'fPP eod/ jBL fit/A B?PBb ezg/B cko dk J/p'fbPB nkc e?fgNb gfBPw/AN(National Compaign for the Abolition of Capital Punishment) fJe nkdoP s'A gq/fos ;h. T[;hgqqeko ncqheB fpT{o' ns/ ncqheB ekT[Af;b d/ w?Apo ftu ikfs–ftG/d d/ fto'X d/ bJh ekfJw ehs/ rJ/jB. fJBQK d/ e'b ;Nkc BjhA d/ pokpo ofjzdk j? ns/ fJBQK dh nkwdBh dk iohnk th Bk pokpo j?.

fpqN/B d/ dpkn ;w{j ftXkB wzvb d/ iohJ/ nkgDk gqGkt BjhA iwk gkT[Ad/ jB. T[j gqPk;ehJ/ ftGkrKns/ ;whshnK d/ wkfXnw Bkb ezw eod/ jB. fInkdkso nfijk d/fynk iKdk j? fe ftntjko ftu fpqfNPwzsohgfoPd ekBz{B Bz{ nzfsw o{g d/D s'A gfjbK jh ;ko/ ;zrfms gqGkte r[NK s'A ;bkj eo b?Adk j?. T[dkjoDd/ bJh wid{o db dh ;oeko B/ id e'fJb/ dh ydkBK, jtkJh wkor ns/ o/b wkor dk okPNoheoD ehsksK T[;B/ fJBQK T[fd:'rK d/ Pqfwe ;w{jK ns/ gqpzXeK s'A gfjbk ;bkj–wPtok eo fbnk. i/eo ekBz{B gk;th j' iKdk j? ns/ dpkn ;w{j T[;Bz{ nkgD/ fjsK ftu w'V d/D ftu n;cb j[zd/ jB sK T[BQK dk nrbk edw


B ØN


T[BQK ;bkj ;whshnK T[s/ gqGkt gkT[Dk j[zdk j? i' jo fJe ;oekoh ftGkr d/ Bkb ;zpX j[zdh j?. gqPk;ehftGkrK ns/ ;whshnK ftu fJBQK d/ ;[MktK T[s/ rzGho o{g Bkb ftuko ehsk iKdk j?. gqPk;eh ftGkr Bkb;zpzfXs r[NK Bz{ ;kotifBe o{g Bkb ;theko th eo b?Ad/ jB Pqw wzsokfbnk ;w/A–;w/A s/ wkfbeK d/ ;zxK,PqfweK ;zxK ns/ fjsK Bkb ;zzpzXs j'o ;zxK dh fBod/Pek gqekPs eodk j?, fi; Bkb T[BQK dk nfXfeqs gqukoj[zdk j?. fJBQK r[NK s'A ;oeko ns/ fBih ;z;EkB d't/A jh ;bkj eod/ jB. ;bkj ;whshnK iK T[BQK d/ w?ApoKd/ wkfXnw Bkb th ;bkj j[zdh j?. ;w/A–;w/A T[s/ ;woD–g~soK dk ;jkok fbnk iKdk j?. fJ; gqekoUgukfoe ;bkj ns/ nB'gukfoe B?fse ;zgoe d/ d[nkok gko;gfoe ftuko–tNKdok fBnfws o{g Bkbubdk j?. e/H;hH jh:o B/ fJ; ftP/ T[s/ fN~gDh fdzd/ j'J/ fejk j? fe PkfJd jh nfijk e'Jh ezw j[zdk j'J/rk fi;T[s/ e'Jh ;whsh fJ; d/P ftu fpBK fe;/ ;zx fjs–;w{j ns/ gqGkte r[N d/ gqshfBXhnK Bkb ftuko eodhj't/rh.1

E'V/ ftu nw/foek d/ T[bN fJzrb?Av ftu r[N ;z;d dh irkj gqPk;B T[s/ ;kXkoD s"o s/ fInkdk dpkngkT[Ad/ jB.

;EkBe ns/ Pk;B d/ g~Xo T[s/ fJj d/fynk iKdk j? fe T[;dh fJekJhnK fJe r[N pDk e/ dbK ns/ ;oekod/ g'qrokwK Bz{ gqGkfts eodh j?. ekT[ANh gfoPdK dk ;zx ns/ ;ekNb?Av dh ekT[ANh gfoPdK fJ;d/ T[dkjoDjB. fJ; soQK d/ dpkt ;w{j pj[s x~N d/PK ftu gkJ/ iKd/ jB. e[M ftdtkBK, fit/A – ;?w[nb phno dkefjDk j? fe nZieb fpqN/B ftu dpkn ;w{j nw/foek s'A fInkdk skesto jB feT[Afe fpqN/B ftufJekswe ;oeko j? ns/ d{i/ wjk:[ZX d/ pknd s'A b'e–efbnkDekoh oki fBnzfsqs noE ftnt;EkfbnkT[E d/ bJh tuBp~X jB, fJ; bJh fJ; d/P ftu dpkn ;w{j ;oeko s'A fInkdk s'A fInkdk fonk;sKb?D dh ;fEsh ftu j?. eowK ns/ BhshnK d/ fBoXkoD ftu fInkdk gqGkt gkfJnk iKdk j?. fJ; ftuPe BjhA fe T[j fJzB/ wip{s BjhA jB fe ;oekoh ftGkrK Bz{ fBnzfsqs eo ;eD go ftGkrK dh BhshnKT[s/ T[j jw/Pk gqGkt gkT[Ad/ jB.

fpqfNP dpkn ;w{jK dk n;o edh–edh fJzBk fInkdk gkfJnk iKdk j? fe T[; Bkb iBfjs Bz{ ysok fdyDbrdk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh 1958 se B?PBb ckowoI :[fBnB dk fe;kBh wzsokfbnk T[s/ pj[s fInkdkgqGkt ;h, fi;d/ ubd/ ;oeko nfijh j'o–w[Zb Bhsh Bz{ ngDk ojh, i' nkw b'eK d/ fjsK d/ fybkc ;h.w[~b–Bhsh ftu fe;/ gqeko d/ gfotosD d/ bJh ;zx fsnko BjhA ;h. fJ; gqeko j'o eJh T[sgkde r[NKs'A ;oeko T[s/ gqGkt g? fojk j? fi;d/ ubd/ ;oekoh Bhsh nkw iBsk d/ fjsK d/ fto[~X ojh j?. fJ; BkbPe BjhA fe ;w/A–;w/A T[s/ ;oeko PeshPkbh r[N ;w{jK d/ gqGkt Bz{ o'eD dh e'fPP eodh ojh j?. fcoth r[N ;w{jK dh wzr d/ nZr/ ;oeko Bz{ M[eDk jh g?Adk j?.

nwfoek ftu dpkn–;w{j nwfoek ftu dpkn–;w{j nwfoek ftu dpkn–;w{j nwfoek ftu dpkn–;w{j nwfoek ftu dpkn–;w{j (Pressure Groups in U.S.A.);z:[es–oki nwfoek ftu dpkn–;w{jK B/ d/P dh ;feqJ/ okiBhsh ftu :'rdkB fdZsk j?, T[j ftPt ftunfBnsq fes/ BjhA fwbdk j?. fJ~E/ ;uw[u ftu T[BQK B/ nfdqP–;kwoki (Anonymous Empire) dk o{gb? fbnk j?. fJ; d/P ftu fjs–;w{j eKro; d/ w?ApoK Bz{ ftneshrs o{g Bkb pj[s fInkdk gqGkfts eod/jB. fJZE/ jh ;G s'A gfjbK ‘b'fpzrb'fpzrb'fpzrb'fpzrb'fpzr’ (Lobbying) dh gqEk nkozG j'Jh. fJ;/ gqfeqnk d/ d"okB jo fJeftX/ne d/ gZy ns/ ftgZy ftu wsdkB eoB d/ bJh w?ApoK T[s/ dpkn gkfJnk iKdk j?. fJzrb?Av, GkoseBkvk, tor/ d/PK dh s[bBk ftu nw/foeh fjs–;w{j pj[s fInkdk PeshPkbh ns/ skesto jB. fJBQKd/PK d/ T[bN T[BQK dk ;zpzX Pk;B ns/ ftXkBwzvb d'tK Bkb gqsZy o{g ftu ofjzdk j?. T[BQK Bz{ nkgD/ gqGktd/ bJh okiBhfse dbK dk ;jkok BjhA b?Dk g?Adk j? T[bN/ dbK d/ B/sk jh T[BQK dk ;fj:'r gkT[D dh e'fPPeod/ jB.

frqchE frqchE frqchE frqchE frqchE B/ nw/foeh dpkn–;w{jK Bz{ uko torK ftu tzfvnk j? – tgkoe, feqPh–;zpzXh, Pqw–;zpzXh ns/p[~Xhihth. fJj torheoD j[D g[okDk g? frnk j?. nZi eb soQK–soQK d/ Bt/A r[N–;w{j g?dk j' rJ/ jBT[BQK dh ;zfynk pj[s s/Ih Bkb tX ojh j?. j[D Bk e/tb fjsK Bkb ;zpzfXs dpkn–;w{j jh ofj rJ/ pbfesoQK–soQK d/ fjsK dh o~fynk d/ bJh Bt/A–gqeko d/ r[N g?dk j' rJ/. T[dkjoD d/ bJh pI[orK dk nkgDkr[N j? ;oekoh eowukohnK s'A nbr j?, Bhrq' nB[dko ftuko tkb/ T[gG'rsKtK nzsookPNoh ;fj:'rtkdhnK


B ØN


ns/ d/PGrsK B/ nkgD/ r[N pDkJ/ jB. ftnt;kfJe nkXko T[s/ soQK–soQK d/ r[NK dk fBowkD j'fJnk j?,tehbK, vkeNoK ns/ f;fyneK d/ nkgD/–nkgD/ fjs–;w{j jB. fJ;h gqeko tgkohnK ns/ fe;kBK ftuth soQK–soQK d/ r[N g?dk j' rJ/ jB. wid{o r[NK ftu sK nB/e fto'Xh r[NK B/ iBw fbnk j?. Pfjoh ns/d/jksh fjsK dh o~fynk d/ bJh th r[NK dk fBowkD ehsk frnk j?. fJ; gqeko nZi nw/foek ftu nDfrDsdpkn–;w{j gkJ/ iKd/ jB. fJBQK dh ;zfynk fJzBh fInkdk j? fe T[BQK dh g{oh ;{uh fsnko eo gkT[Dkw[Pfeb j?.

fco th tZv/ r[N–;w{j w[~y s"o s/ nkofEe fjsK Bkb ;zpzfXs jB, T[j j'o th yk; eo tgko Bkb. fJBQKdk ;zpzX ftfBowkD gfotjB, fpibh ns/ r?; dh ;/tktK, ydkBK ns/ e[M jd se eq:–fteq: ;/tk T[fd:'rKns/ feqPh Bkb ;zpzXs jB. E'V/ ftu, ftnt;kfJe tor wid{o ns/ y/sh Bkb ;zpzXs jB, gozs{ nkgD/–nkgD/ nkofEe fjsK dh oZfynk d/ bJh tZv/ g?wkB/ T[s/ dpkn–;w{jK dh ;EkgBk ehs/ j'J/ jB. T[dkjoDd/ bJh, feqPe dpkn–;w{jK ftu B?PBb r/i, nw/foeB c'ow fpT{o' c?vo/PB, ckowo;, n?i[e/PB n?Ave'nkgo/fNt :[fBnB, NhB/AN; n?Av P/no ekgo; :[fBnB nkfd r[NK d/ Bkw fb~s/ ik ;ed/ jB. fJ;/ soQKPqfweK d/ th nB/e ;zx iK r[N jB fiBQK ftu gqw[~y nw/foeB c?vo/PB nkc b/po, eKro; nkc dfJzv;fNqnb nkor/BkJhi/PB ns/ ftfGzB o/b wid{o ;zrmB jB.

dpkn ;w{jK dk fJe d{ik tZvk tor d/PGrs ns/ ;wki;/th ;zrmBK dk j?L fit/A vkNo; nkc nw/foeBfot'fbT{PB (Daughters of American Revolution), nw/foeB fbiz; (American Legions) t/NoB;nkc ckoB tko; (Vetarns of Foreign Wars), ns/ B/th bhr (Navy League) nkfd. shik tor;[Xkoe r[NK dk j?, fit/A thw/A; feqPfunB N/Ag/o/; :[fBnB (Women's Christian TemperatureUnion), B?PBb f;ftbI ;oft;I (National Civil Services), fockow bhr (Reform League), bhrnkc thw/A; t'No; (League of Women's Voters) nkfd.

fit/A fe T[go fejk ik u[ek j?, nw/foek ftu tZv/ ns/ S'N/ dpkn–;w{jK ns/ fjs–;w{jK dh ;zfynknDfrDs jB. T[BQK d/ ;[Gkn ns/ T[d/P fGzB–fGzB jB. T[j B?fse wkBt–efbnkD d/ T[d/P Bz{ b? e/okiBhfse ns/ nkofEe fjsK dh gqkgsh d/ bJh ekfJw ehs/ rJ/ jB.

seBhe–seBhe–seBhe–seBhe–seBhe–nkws"o T[Zs/ ;ko/ d/PK ftu dpkn–;w{jK d[nkok ngDkJ/ rJ/ seBhe fJe ;wkB j[zd/ jB. fcod/P, ekb ns/ gfo;fEshnK d/ nB[;ko T[j ftP/P gqeko dh seBhe th ngDkT[Ad/ jB. nw/foek ftu dpkn;w{jK d[nkok ngDkJ/ rJ/ seBhe eJh gqeko d/ jB.

dpkn–––––;w{jK dk gfjbk seBheh fBotkuBK ftu fj~;k b? e/ d/P dh okiBhsh Bz{ gqGkfts eoBk j?, T[jgqshfBXhnK dh u'D ftu ekoiPhb j' e/ Gkr b?Ad/ jB. nkgDh fJ~Sk d/ nB[;ko T[whdtkoK dh u'D eokT[Dkns/ T[BQK Bz{ fiskT[Dk T[BQK dk fJe w[~y ezw j?. nwfoek ftu fJj ekoi fJzBk ftnkge ns/ fJzBh ssgoskBkb ehsk iKdk j? fe fjs–;w{j fJj fuzsk BjhA eod/ fe T[BQK dk T[whdtko fogpfbeB j? iK v/w'eq/N.T[whdtko fe;h th db dk j't/, fi; Bkb T[;dk fjs j't/, T[; Bz{ fjs–;w{j u'D ftu wdd eod/ jB.T[whdtkoK B{z u'D ftu fiskT[Dk dpkn–;w{j dh w?Apo ;zfynk d/ ekoB fe;h th w?Apo B{z fiskT[D dh :'rskoydk j?, fi;dh jwdodh wid{oK d/ gqsh j't/. fBotkfus w?Apo nkws"o T[s/ ftP/P dpkn–;w{j d/ gqGktftu ezw eod/ jB. nrbh u'D B{z th fXnkB ftu oy e/ T[; Bz{ nfijk eoBk g?Adk j?.

nwfoeh dpkn–;w{jK dk fJ; s'A th t~vk seBheh bkph (Lobby) fsnko eoBk j? bkph dh g~Xsh nwfoehPk;B–ftnt;Ek dh ftP/P d/D j?. gfjb/ b"ph Ppd s'A fGqPNkuko, d[okrqfj, p/JhwkBh tor/ ntr[DK BkbGo/ j'J/ rzdrh d/ S'N/–S'N/ ;w{j iKd/ ;B, gozs{ j[D bkph nwfoeh Pk;B–g~Xsh dh fJe wkB ns/ ;BwkfBsftnt;Ek pD rJh j?. fJ; Bz{ j[D p[o/ fdqPNhe'D Bkb BjhA d/fynk iKdk j?. fJ; ftnt;Ek d/ nzsorsdpkn–;w{j nkgD/ J?izN; B{z XB d/ e/ okiXkBh ftu fJ; bJh S~v fdzd/ jB fe T[j T[BQK d/ fjsK d/;ozfynD d/ bJh nKeV/ fsnko eoD ns/ gqshfBXhnK Bz{ eKro; ftu p'bD d/ bJh fsnko eoD, ns/gqshfBXhnK d/ p'bD d/ bJh ;kwrqh fsnko eoD. J/i/Av; Bz{ ‘bkfp;N’J/i/Av; Bz{ ‘bkfp;N’J/i/Av; Bz{ ‘bkfp;N’J/i/Av; Bz{ ‘bkfp;N’J/i/Av; Bz{ ‘bkfp;N’ (Lobbyst) fejk iKdk j?.feT[Afe fInkdkso ftXkfJe p'bD d/ bJh nkg ;kwrqh i[NkT[D dk ePN BjhA T[mkT[Dk ukj[zd/ jB fJ; bJhT[BQK d/ d[nkok bkfp;N dh ;jkfJsk bJh iKdh j?. Bt/A gqshfBXhnK Bz{ bkfp;N fybk–fgbk e/ ns/ j'o;[ftXktK d/ e/ nkgD/ gZy ftu eoB dh fBozso e'fPP eod/ ofjzd/ jB. ;ko/ wjsZtg{oB r[N nkgDhnK


B ØN


b'phnK tkfPzrNB ftu ubkT[Ad/ jB. :[BkfJN/v ;N/N; u?Apo nkc ekwo; dh b'ph sK T[;d/ okPNoh dcsodk fJe ftGkr j?, i' tZv/ g?wkB/ T[s/ ubkJh iKdh j?. e[M bkphnK ;EkJh j[zdhnK jB e[M n;EkJh. f;ocwjZstg{oB dpkn–;w{j jh okPNoh g~Xo o{g s'A ;zrms bkphnK oyd/ jB. S'N/–S'N/ fjs ;w{j e/tb ;w/A–;w/A s/ io{os d/ nB[;ko bkph ubkT[Ad/ jB. jo fJe bkph ftu ;kXkoD s"o s/ x~N s'A x~N fJe ftXkJhekoi ;zpzXh J/izN ns/ nB[;zXkB ekoi eoD tkb/ e[M :'r eowukoh j[zd/ jB. fJBQK bkph gqukoeK T[s/ d{o–d{o d/P ftu c?b/ j'J/ r[NK Bz{ fBoGo ofjDk g?Adk j?. bkph gqukoe okiBhsh ftu pj[s jh wj~stg{oB ;EkBoyd/ jB. T[j ftX/neK dh tZvh ;zfynk dh iKu–goy eod/ jB, T[j eKro; d/ w?ApoK Bz{ ;wMkT[Ad/ jBfe fe; ftX/ne Bz{ gk; eoB ftu fe;h ftP/P fBPkB/ dh gqkgsh j' ;edh j?L ns/ T[BQK Bkb ;zpzfXsftX/neK Bz{ gk; eoB Bkb fe; soQK nkw iBsk dk efbnkD j' ;edk j?. bkph gqukoe dk fJj fJe w[Zyezw j? fe T[j eKro; B{z nfijk nB[Gt eokJ/ fe fiBQK ftX/neK dk T[;dk ;zrmB gk; eokT[Dk ukj[zdk j?,T[;d/ fg~S/ ;zg{oB ‘iBsk’ j?. e/tb foPts, w[cs gk; ns/ u'D ftu you Bkb jh eKro; d/ w?ApoK Bz{gqGkts BjhA ehsk ik ;edk j?. T[BQK Bz{ ;'uD s/ wip{o ehsk iKdk j? fe bkph gqukoe i' ukj[zdk j?, iBskth T[jh ukj[zdh j?. fJ; gqeko bkph gqukoe dk w[~y ezw nkgD/ r[N d/ fjs ftu iBfjs Bz{ jh pdbDk j?.

eKro; Bz{ gqGkfts eoB d/ bJh bkph gqukoe gqsZy ns/ go'eP ;kXBK dk gq:'r eod/ jB. T[j nkg sKeKro; d/ w?ApoK Bz{ gqGkfts eod/ jh jB, Bkb jh T[BQK T[s/ go'eP o{g Bkb gqGkt gkT[D dh th e'fPPeod/ jB. T[dkjoD d/ bJh T[j eKro; d/ w?ApoK s'A fJ; Yzr Bkb nghb eod/ jB fe T[j fe;/ ftX/ned/ fto[ZX t'N d/D feT[Afe T[j ;kwtkdh ns/ ;wkitkdh j? ns/ fJ; bJh r?o nwfoeh j?. T[j fJj isBeod/ jB fe b'ews Bz{ nkgD/ gZy ftu fsnko eoD fi; Bkb wsdksktK dk dpkn w?Apo T[s/ gt/.

bkph dh g~Xsh d/ ftek; d/ ekoB jh fjs ;w{jK Bz{ wsdksktK dk ;zrms ;w{j fejk ikD brk j?. okiBhfsedbK d/ gqGkt ftu jok; j'D d/ ekoB wsdksktK T[s/ dpkn–;w{jK dk gqGkt fgnk j?. j[D u'D d/ ;w/A ns/T[;d/ pknd th d'tK d/ ftntjko Bz{ pj[s e[M fJBQK r[NK d/ wkfXnw s'A ;wfMnk ik ;edk j?. u'D nfGnkBftu dbhJ/ gqfs:kPh ftfGzB r[NK dk ;woEB gkT[D dh e'fPP eodk j?. fJj mhe jh fejk frnk j? fe“okiBhfse db j[D fi; nktkI Bz{ ;[Dd/ jB, T[j iBsk dh soc'A p'bD dk dktk eoB tkb/ okiBhfseB/sktK dh nktkI dh irkj ;w{jK ns/ gqGkte r[NK dh nktkI j?. fJj nktkI tkfPzrNB se th gjz[udhj?. ekoD fJj fe eKro; d/ w?Apo dbK d[nkok u[D/ iKd/ jB. gozs{ wsdkB ftu T[j ;kXkoD s"o s/ dbdh irkj r[NK dh nktkI T[s/ fInkdk fXnkB fdzd/ jB. fJjh ekoB j? fe bkphnK ns/ T[BQK d/ r[N ftXkJhezwK ns/ gdK T[s/ fBnzsoD eoD brd/ jB. bk;eh B/ mhe jh fJBQK r[NK ns/ bkphnK dk “eKro; d/fg~S/ fJe gqeko dh eKro;” fejk j?.1 fJj efjDk rbs BjhA j? fe gqGkte r[N ns/ bkphnK ftXkBwzvbd/ shi/ ;EkB d/ o{g ftu ezw eoB br/ jB.

gqGkte r[NK dh shih ekoiftXh ;whshnK d/ wkfXnw Bkb eKro; d/ w?ApoK B{z gqGkfts eoBk j?. T[jeKro; w?Apo Bz{ fJj ftPtk; fdtkT[D dk pj[s isB eod/ jB fe T[BQK Bz{ T[;d/ fBotkuB y/so dk g{ok;woEB gqkgs j? ns/ nw[e ftXh gk; j'D ns/ o[eD Bkb T[;d/ fBotkueK Bz{ ;wkB bkG j'J/rk, ns/ T[j;G fJjh ukj[zd/ jB, fi;dh tekbs r[N eo fojk j?. fJBQK efmB ekoiK Bz{ T[j pj[s us[okJh Bkb efjzd/;B. T[j fBotkuB y/so d/ tfoPN ns/ gqGktPkbh fdtkT[Ad/ jB fe ;ko/ fBotkue T[; ftX/ne d/ g~yftu j?. edh–edh sK dpkn–;w{j nkgD/ tKfSs ftX/ne dk gqko{g th nkg fsnko eod/ jB ns/ ;zpX;whsh ftu T[; Bz{ gq;s[s eoe/ T[;/ Bz{ ;dB ftu nfrqw ekotkjh d/ bJh G/id/ jB. feT[Afe gqGkte r[NnfXekohnK Bkb fwZm/ ;zpX pDke/ oyd/ jB fJ; bJh ftX/ne d/ yake/ Bz{ fsnko eoB dk ezw th T[j T[BQKs'A b?Ad/ jB. ;whshnK dh p?meK d/ ;w/A T[j ekch ssgo ofjzd/ jB ns/ w?ApoK Bz{ y[nk–fgnk e/ ns/ j'osohfenK s''A nkgD/ gZy ftu eoB dh e'fPP eod/ ofjzd/ jB.

dpkn–;w{j dh nzfsw wj~stg{oB seBhe b'ews dk fBowkD eoBk j?. T[j fit/A ukj[zd/ jB, T[;/ d/ nB[;kob'ews Bz{ w'VB dh e'fPP eod/ jB. fJj ekoi GkPDK, g[;seK, b/yK, o/fvU, N?bhftIB nkfd d/ wkfXnws'A fBozso ns/ ;xBsk Bkb ehs/ iKd/ jB. gqGkte r[N gquko d/ ;kXBK T[s/ ekch you eod/ jB fJjefjDk rbs j? fe dpkn–;w{j e/tb fGqPNkuko, foPts ns/ j'o rzd/ wkfXnwK dk jh ;jkok b?Ad/ jb.;u g[~fSnk ikt/ sK j[D T[j fInkdk s'A fInkdk go'y sohfenK dk ;jkok b?D br/ jB.


B ØN


dpkj ;w{j d/ ezw –dpkj ;w{j d/ ezw –dpkj ;w{j d/ ezw –dpkj ;w{j d/ ezw –dpkj ;w{j d/ ezw – n~ieb nwfoek ftu dpkn–;w{j dk wj~st gfjb/ s'A pj[s jh fInkdk tX frnkj? P[o{ ftu fJ; d/P ftu nfij/ r[NK Bz{ P~e dh fdqPNh Bkb d/fynk iKdk ;h. b'e fJBQK Bz{ b'eszso d/bJh ysoBke ;wMd/ ;B. ekob i/H cq/vfoeekob i/H cq/vfoeekob i/H cq/vfoeekob i/H cq/vfoeekob i/H cq/vfoe B/ fbfynk j? fe “rs ghVh ftu fJBQK r[NK Bz{ B?fse r[~;/ns/ vo dh fdqPNh Bkb d/fynk iKdk ;h. rzd/ okiBhfse ns/ okiBhfse Pk;so d/ gqp[ZX ftfdnkoEh d't/A jhfJBQK Bz{ p[ok ;wMd/ ;B. fJBQK Bz{ nfij/ d[PN ns/ gkgh Pesh ;wfMnk iKdk ;h i' nkX[fBe b'eszso ns/;oeko dh iV T[ykVD Bz{ T[sktb/ ;B. gozs{ n~i rZb e[M j'o jh j?. fJBQK Bz{ b'eszso dk nkXko wzfBnkikD brk j?. fJe j'o Pqfwe tor ;zrms r[NK d/ wkfXnw Bkb P'PD fto[X nktkI u[eD br/ jB, ns/;oeko s'A nkgD/ nfXekoK dh wzr eoB br/ jB, d{ih soc g{zihgsh ns/ T[fd:'rgsh nkg; ftu r[NpDk e/ nkgD/ fjsK dh o~fynk eoB br/ jB. j[d nfij/ r[NK Bz{ ihtB ns/ ;wki dh j'Ad pDk e/ oyDd/ bJh io{oh wzfBnK ikD brk j?.

fJj ;gPN j? fe dpkn–;w{j nZi Bk e/tb Io{oh j?, pbfe T[BQK dk wsbp th fBnK;zrs j?. fJj ;oekodhnK BhshnK d/ fBowkD ftu ;jkfJsk gqdkB eod/ jB. fJj ftfGzB fjsK, wid{oK, f;fyneK, tgkohnKnkfd dh nktki ;zrms o{g Bkb ;oeko se gj[zukT[D ftu ;cb oj/ jB. nZi fJj soe g[okDk g? frnkj? fe bkfpzr fJe fGqPN ns/ p/JhwkB sohek j?. i/eo e'Jh dpkn–;w{j fBnzfsqs sohe/ Bkb ezw BjhAeodk j? iK nro fGqPNkuko dk okj ngDkT[Adk j? sK fJj ;oeko dh ewi'oh j?. fJjh ekoB j? fe nwfoekftu dpkn–;w{j Bz{ fJe ;jh ns/ d[o[;s okiBhfse n;so d/ o{g ftu ngDk fbnk frnk j?.

fJzBk jh BjhA, dpkn–;w{j ftnesh dh rfowk dh o~fynk eoB ns/ T[BQK d/ ftt/e Bz{ tXkT[D ftu th;jkfJsk gj[zuKd/ jB. jo d/P ns/ ;oeko ftu nfij/ ftneshnK nGkt BjhA j? i' ;oeko dhnK BhshnKdh nb'uBk eod/ jB, fBozsoD eod/ jB ns/ g{oh Pesh Bkb eod/ jB, gozs{ ;oeko d/ ezBK ftu i{z seBjhA o/Ardh. T[; ftnesh d/ ftukoK iK GkPDK dk ;oeko T[s/ gqGkt BjhA g?Adk, gozs{ id nfij/ ftnesh;wki ns/ ;oeko T[s/ nkgDk gqGkt gkT[D ftu ;cb j' iKd/ jB. yk;eo nwfoek tor/ t~v/–t~v/ ns/ftek;Phb d/P ftu fJ; fdqPNhe'D Bk dpkn–;w{jK dh fBsKs io{os j?. fJ;d/ nGkt ftu ftnesh d/ftukoK, T[;dh rfowk ns/ T[;d/ ftt/e dk e'Jh wjZst BjhA ofj ikJ/rk. fJjh ekoB j? fe BjhA ukj[Dd/ pkti{d dpkn–;w{j dk ftek; pj[s s/Ih Bkb j'fJnk j?.

nwfoek ftu fJj d/fynk iKdk j? fe d' u'DK d/ ftu okiBhfse fPfEbsk nk iKdh j?. dbK dk Bkw'fBPkB,yk; eoe/ ;EkBe g~Xo T[s/ fwN jh iKdk j?. dpkn–;w{j fJ; nzsokb ftu pj[s jh wjs~tg{oB G{fwekfBGkTa[d/ jB. T[j ;oekoK d/ nzsokb ftu ns/ fBotkuBK d/ ;w/A ftu ftuko P'fEb/ Bz{ o'ed/ jB ns/ iB–ihtB ftu okiBhsh d/ gqsh T[s;kj ns/ o{uh T[sgzB eod/ jB. u'DK d/ pknd T[j nkgD/ nB[Gt, ftP/Psk ns/ ;Kfyneh nkfd dh ;jkfJsk Bkb ftXkBwzvb ns/ ;whshnK Bz{ gqGkfts eod/ jB ns/ nkgD/ fjsd/ nB[;ko ekB{zB pDtkT[D dh e'fPP eod/ jB. nkofEe wkwfbnK ftu T[BQK dk dpkn pj[s fInkdk ofjzdkj?. T[j wid{oh dh do ftu ewh–g/Ph eotk ;ed/ jB. ezw eoB d/ xzfNnK ftu ewh eotk ;ed/ jB.ftnt;kJh dh ;/tk–PosK ftu spdhbh fbnk ;ed/ jK. nfij/ jh ekoiK dh f;ZXh d/ bJh T[j ;oekoB{z gqGkfts eoB ftu br/ ofjzd/ jB. bkph dh gqEk d/ ftek; dk fJjh oki j?. ftfGzB r[NK dh bkphnK;kbK Go tkfPzrNB ns/ oki dh okiXkBhnK ftu ezw eodhnK ofjzdhnK jB, ns/ ekBz{B ns/ gqPk;B Bz{gqGkfts eodhnK ofjzdhnK jB.

nwfoek ftu dpkn–;w{j b'ews ns/ ;oekoh BhshnK d/ ftu fJe pzBQ d/ ;wkB ezw eod/ jB. T[j ftfGzBftnt;kfJe ns/ nkofEe fjsK dk gqshfBXhst eod/ jB ns/ ;oeko s'A T[BQK fjsK dh oZfynk d/ bJh;zgoe ;Ekfgs eod/ jB. fJ; ;zpzX ftu ghH j/fozr ghH j/fozr ghH j/fozr ghH j/fozr ghH j/fozr B/ fbfybnk j? fe “gqGkte r[N ftnt;kfJe ns/nkofEe fjsK ftu tzv/ ;w[dkJ/ dk gqshfBXhst eod/ j'J/ PeshnK d/ gqsh fXnkB nkeoPs eod/ jB, fiBKd/ wsG/dK d/ ftu ;wkBsk j'Dh ukjhdh j? ns/ fiBQK ftu skbw/b ;Ekfgs j'Dk ukjhdk j?.”1

gqikszso dh fJe ftukoDhJ/ ;w~f;nk j? fe ;ko/ b'eK Bz{ fe;h gqeko ;w[fus gqshfBXhst fdsk ikt/.gqshfBXhnK dh u'D G"r'fbe ns/ y/soh nkXko T[s/ u[D/ rJ/ gqshfBXh ;ko/ fjsK dk ;wkB o{g BkbgqshfBXhst BjhA eo gkT[Ad/ jB. ;' ftP/P fjsK d/ gqshfBXhst dh ;wZf;nk pDh ofj iKdh j?. dpkn–;w{j fJ; ewh B{z g{ok eod/ jB. yk;eo nwfoek n?;/ d/P ftu, fi~E/ fjsK ns/ ftnt;ktK dh Gowko


B ØN


j?, gqshfBXhst d/ fdqPNhe'D Bkb dpkn–;w{j dk wjs~t tX iKdk j?. fJj efjDk rbs BjhA j'J/rk fefInkdkso ftneshnK d/ bJh dpkn–;w{j jh ;Zuk gqshfBXh dk ezw eod/ jB.

fJj ;gPN j? fe nwfoek ftu dpkn–;w{jK dk gqGkt fe;h d/P s'A finkdk j? T[BQK Bz{ ‘nfdqP ;woki’efjDk rbs Bjh j'J/rk. nZi T[BQk gqGkt fJzBk tX frnk j fe T[BQK B/ t?XkfBe skB/–pkB/ ftu ;hfwsns/ fBnzfsqs eoB dh :'iBK th pDkJh ik ojh j?.

cqK; ftu dpkn ;w{j cqK; ftu dpkn ;w{j cqK; ftu dpkn ;w{j cqK; ftu dpkn ;w{j cqK; ftu dpkn ;w{j (Pressure grups in France)dpkt–;w{j dk fizBk gqGkt nw/foek, fpqN/B iK Gkos ftu j? T[ABk cqK; ftu BjhA j?. feT[Afe Pk;B–Peshftnt;Ekfgek d/ nKub s'A fBeb e/ ekoigkfbnek d/ j~E ftu ubh rJh j? fJ;bJh dpkn–;w{j dk gqGktcaqK; ftu xZN j' frnk j?. fco th nfijh rb BjhA j? fe cqK; ftu dpkn–;w{j ysw j' frnk j?. T[;dhwjZstg{oB j'Ad cqK; ftu j[D th j?.

cqK; ftu nZi th pj[s ;ko/ ;zrmB dk gqG[st ekfJw j?. T[dkjoD bJh cqK; ftu tZvh tgkoe ;z;EktK(Large Business Concerns), Confederation Nationable du Patronat Francais (C.N.P.F.)ftu w[Zy o{g s'A ;zrms jB fi; T[s/ pj[s t~vh N?e;NkJhb, ;Nhb n/s e?wheb cowK dk gqG[st ekfJwj?. ;z:[es oki nw/foek d/ B?PBb n?;';hJ/PB nkc w?B[c?euo; (National Association ofManufacturers) s'A fe;/ th wkwfbnK ftu cqK; d/ fJj ;zrmB ewI'o BjhA j?. fJBQK d/ gqGkt dh s[bBkfJ; nwfoeh ;zrmB Bkb py{ph ehsh ik ;edh j?. C.N.P.F. dh Pkyk d/ o{g ftu S'N/ ftnt;kfJe;z;EkB, ftnt;kfJe d[ekBdko nkfd ('Confederation General deg Petitest Mayenne Enterprises'(P.M.E.) ftu ;zrfms jB. t?;/ fJj PkyktK g{oh soK ;tkfJsPk;h jB ns/ C.N.P.F. fJBQK ;z;EkBK T[s/ftPt;s BjhA jB.

cqK; d/ fe;kB th fjs–;w{jK d/ o{g ftu ;zrms jB. T[BQK d/ ;~s soQK d/ fjs–;w{j jB. fJBQK ;~s soKd/ fjs–;w{j dh u'Nh T[s/ c?vo/PB B?PBb v/; f;zvhe/N v[ n?e;gbkfJN?AN; n?rqhe'b; (FederationNational Des Syndicate du Exploitants Agricoles) (F.N.S.E.A.) j?. F.N.S.E.A. dh w?Apo;zfynk bZyK ftu j?. fJBQK d/ fBPB/ j'o d/PK d/ fe;kB dpkn–;w{j dh soQK jh jB.

t?;/ d/fynk iKdk j? fe cqK; ftu Pqfwe–;zX (Labour Union) nzsoebfj s'A rqf;s jB, fco th T[BQKdh rshftXhnK gozgokrs bkph Bz{ ;zukfbs eod/ jB ns/ T[BQK dh u'Nh T[s/ (Confederation Generaldu Travail) (C.C.T.) nt;fEs j?. fJ;d/ nbktk pj[s ;ko/ wjZstg{oB ;zx jB fi; ftu (TheCotolic Confederatino Francias des Travaileurs Chretiens) (C.F.T.C.) ns/ ;wkitkdhnK d[nkok;zukfbs brGr 4 bZy w?ApoK tkbk (Confederation General du Travail Force Overare (C.G.T.F.O.)j?. jo fJe ;zx ;wkfie ;[ofynk d/ wkwb/ ftu nkgD/ ;zx d/ w?ApoK ns/ ;oekoh ftGkrK d/ ftuwfXn;Esk dk ezw eodk j?. T[dkjoD d/ s"o s/ PqfweK dk dpkn–;w{j, fvfNo:' ns/ gqPk;eK T[s/ fJe'fijk gkfJnk iKdk j?. fco th cqK;h;h Pqfwek ;zxK Bz{ bkph dh rshftXhnK ftu fpqfNP ns/ nw/foeh;zxK dh s[bBk ftu x~N ;cbsk fwbdh j?. cqK;h;h fjs–;w{j ftu gfotkoh ;zx ;wki efbnkDekohftfdnkb/ ekoi d/ bJh :sBPhb ofjzd/ jB. fbfgb–;w{j th cqK; dk fJe dpkn–;w{j jh j? fi;dkT[d/P g/Av{ ns/ fBih ftfdnkfbnK d/ bJh okiehJ/ ;jkfJsk gqkgs eoBk j?.

;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD ;t–w[bKeD (Self Assessment)ykbh ;EkB Go' (ykbh ;EkB Go' (ykbh ;EkB Go' (ykbh ;EkB Go' (ykbh ;EkB Go' (Fill in the blanks)–)–)–)–)–

1H fpqN/B d/ dpkn ;w{jK Bz{ d' torK ftu tzfvnk ik ;edk j? HHHHHHHHHHHHH ns/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHH.2H HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH Bz{ d[pkok d' GkrK ftu tzfvnk ik ;edk j? – T[sgkdB ;w{j (Producer Group) ns/

T[gG'rsk ;w{j (Consumer Group).3H ;G s'A gfjbK bkfpzr dh gqEk HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ftu nkozG j'Jh.4H nw/foek ftu fjs ;w{j HHHHHHHHHHHHH dk o{g b? u[ek j?.5H cqK; d/ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH th fjs ;w{j d/ o{g ftu ;zrms jB.


B ØN



• okiBhfse db gqikszso dh nkXkofPbk j?. d'tK ftu nfsnzs r{V/ ;zpzX jB. dbK d/ fpBk gqikszsoihts BjhA ofj ;edk j?. T[BQK Bz{ “gqikszso dk gqkD” fejk iKdk j?. T[j Pk;B ftnt;Ek d/ fJe ftfGzBnzr j?. T[BQK Bz{ ;oeko dk ‘u"Ek nzr’ (Fourth organ of the Government) fejk frnk j?.

• okiBhfse db dk noE BkrfoeK d/ nfij/ ;w{j Bkb j? i' ;kotifBe gqPBK d/ ftP/ ftu ;wkBftuko oydk j? ns/ okiBhfse fJekJh d/ o{g ftu ezw eod/ j'J/ nkgDh ebfgs Bhsh Bz{ ft;skod/D d/ bJh Pk;B szso Bz{ j;srs eoBk ukj[zdk j't/.

• okiBhfse db gqikszso ftu f;fynk d/ ;kXB jB. fJj iBsk Bz{ ftfGzB gqeko Bkb okiBhfse f;fynkgqdkB eod/ jB. fJj iBsk Bz{ ;kotifBe gqPBK ns/ ;wf;nktK d/ gqsh ikro{e ofjD dh f;fynk fdzd/jB. okiBhfse db iBsk d/ ;Bw[y jo ;wf;nk d/ ftfGzB ns/ fto'Xh gfjb{nK Bz{ oyd/ jB fi; BkbiBsk Bz{ okiBhfse ;wf;nktK dk frnkB gqkgs j[zdk j?, T[BQK ftu okiBhfse u/sBk nkT[Adh j?, iBszsodh ;cbsk d/ bJh fJe ;t;E ns/ u/sBPhb okiBhfse tksktoD dh io{os j?.

• okiBhfse db Pk;B d/ ftfGzB nzrK ft~u eVh dk ezw eod/ jB.;oeko nb~r^nb~r ftGkrK ft~utzvh ofjzdh j?. go ;zg{oD ;oeko fJ~e ;kt:t d/ ;wkB j?.fJ; bJh i/eo ftfGzB ftGkrK ft~u;zs[bB ;Ekfgs Bk ehsk ikt/, sK Pk;B^:zso dk g[oIk g[oIk nb~r j' ikt/rk ns/ ;oeko ftcbj' ikt/rh. okiBhfse db ftfGzB nzrK ft~u ;zs[bB ;Ekfgs eoD dk ;ot^T[Zsw ;kXB jB. ;z;dhgqDkbh ft~u ftt;Ekfgek ns/ ekoigkfbek ft~u nfGzB ;zpzX ofjzdk j?, feUAfe d'jK d/ w?Apo fJ~ejh db d/ nB[Pk;B ns/ ekoieqwK Bkb pzB/ j[zd/ jB. nfXnePkswe gqDkbh ft~u th dbK dk wj~stfJ; noE ft~u ekch tX ikdk j?s, feUAfe ftfGzB Pk;B^nzrK dh g{oD fgqEesk Bz{ db ftt;EkBkb jh d{o ehsk ik ;edk j?.

• okiBhfse db fpqfNP Pk;B–gqDkbh dh ftP/P p[fBnkd dk w{b nkXko j?. fJj efjDk rbs BjhAj'J/rk fe fpqfNP ;zftXkB d/ ftek; ftu okiBhfse dbK dk th ;zrmB j'fJnk ns/ wskfXeko d/ gq;kod/ Bkb–Bkb fJj ;zrmB pj[s fInkdk ifNb, ;[fdqV ns/ nB[Pk;Bp~X j[zdk frnk. fpqfNP Pk;B dh;z;dh ftP/PsktK d/ ;cb ;zukbB ftu okiBhfse dbK dk w[~y j~E j? nkw u'D, wzsohwzvb dk rmB ns/ekoieoD, ;z;d dh ekotkjhnK dk ;zukbB, ;oekoh BhshnK dk fBoXkoD, iBsk dk Pk;B T[s/ fBnzsoDnkfd ;z;dh ftP/PsktK dh nfGftnesh dbhJ/ ftnt;Ek d/ wkfXnw Bkb jh j[zdk j?. T[E/ wjkokDh dh;oeko (Her Majesty's Government) db dh ;oeko j? ns/ fto'Xh db wjkokDh dk fto'Xh db (HerMajesty's Opposition) j?. fJzrb?Av ftu okiBhfse dbK dk Gkt/A e'Jh t?XkfBe j'Ad BjhA j?. sd thT[BQK d/ pr?o nzrq/Ih Pk;B ftnt;Ek dk ;kok ;o{g jh pdb ikJ/rk ns/ fJ;dh nB/e gozgoktK ns/nfG;w/A BPN j' ikDrhnK.

• fpqfNP db gqEk dh ;G s'A gqw[~y ftP/Psk d' dbh ftt;Ek (Two party system) j?. fpqN/B ft~u;dk d' db oj/ jB. id'A ed/ th shi/ db dk iBw j'fJnk j?, wsdksktK B/ u[Bkt ft~u fJ~e dbBz{ ysw eo fd~sk j?. nkozG ft~u ‘fd_r{* ns/ ‘N'oh* fco nB[dko db ns/ T[dko db ns/ n~i ebnB[dko db ns/ wId{o db jB.

• nwohek ft~u th d' dbh gqEk j?l go cqK; ft~u pj[^dbh ftt;Ek j?. fJ; dk fJj ekoD fJj j? fenzro/Ih ;gPN pj[ws tkbh ;oeko ns/ ftqfjs okiBhfse ns/ nkofEe nkXkoK T[Zs/ nt;fEsokiBhfse dbK d/ g~y ft~u j?. iK sK ;kwtkdh db ns/ T[dko db fij/ S'N/ S'N/ db jB, gqzs{ UjBKwkso jh jB.

• fpqfNP db ftt;Ek dh d{ih ftP/Psk e/AdoheoD (Centeralization) j?. ;kok db T[Zgo s'A Bhu/s~e fJ~e ;{so ft~u pzfBnk ofjzdk j?. db d/ B/sktK ns/ db d/ e/Ado T[Zs/ g{o/ db dk fB:zsoDofjzdk j?. fJ; d/ ftgohs nwohek ft~u fte/AdoheoD dbK dh ftP/Psk j?.


B ØN


• e/AdoheoD dk ;[Gkfte Bshik j?^nB[Pk;B. fpqN/B ft~u okiBhfse db nwoheh dbK d/ w[ekpb/pj[s fInkdk nB[Pkf;s jB. nwohek ft~u eKro; d/ nzdo iK T[;d/ pkjo nB[Pk;B dh J/Bh ewhj?, fe fogpfbe iK vw'eq/fNe db d/ nB[:kJh nkgD/ B/sktK dh nkfrnk dk gkbD BjhA eod/, ns/wBwkD/ o{g ft~u fe;/ ftX/ne T[Zs/ wsdkB eod/ jB. fJzrb?Av dh ;z;d ft~u w?ApoK B/ fe;;w/A p'bDk j?, eh p'bDk j?, ns/ fe; ftX/Je d/ g~y iK fto'X ft~u ws d/Dk j?, fJj ;G db;u/se fBPfus eod/ jB.

• db dk e/Adoh ;zrmB g{o/ okPNo ft~u ;zrfms db Bz{ fB:zsfos eodk j?. db dhnK ;EkfBefJekJhnK Bz{ ;zrmB d/ e/Adoh fBod/PB d/ nzdo ezw eoBk g?Adk j?. db dk e'Jh w?Apo okPNohB/sktK s'A pkjo BjhA ik ;edk.

• uhBh ;kwtkdh db dk ;zrmB ;'ftns ;kwtkdh db Bkb fwbdkî[bdk j?. fJ;dk ;zrmB fgokfwv(Pyramid) d/ nkeko dk j?. fJ~e nzr d/ T[Zs/ d{ik nzr j[zdk j?. Bhu/ s'A b? e/ T[Zgo s~e ;ko/ nzrbVhp~X (Hierarchical) ns/ ftt;fEs jB. fJ; fgokfwv dk nkXko ;EkfBe db ;zrmB iK ;?b(cell) j?.ns/ fPyo s/ db dh e/Adoh ;fwsh dk g'fbs fpT{o' (Polit Bureau) j?. fJBK ftfGzB;soh ;zrmBK d/ ;zpzX dk nkXko gqiksKsfoe e/Adotkd (Democratic Cetralism) j?.

• ;G s'A fBwB ;so ;EkfBe db ;zrmB iK ;?b (Cell) j[zd/ jB. UBK d/ T[Zgo g/Av{ ns/ PfjoheKro; j[zdh j?. fJj fco eKT{Nh iK fwT{fBf;gb eKro; d/ w?ApoK Bz{ u[B"sh j?. eKT{Nh iKfwT{fBf;gb eKro; d/ T[Zgo gqkd/fPe eKro;K ns/ UBK d/ T[Zgo e/Adoh okPNoh eKro; j[zdhj?.dbh ;zrmB dh fJ~e gqw[~y ftP/Psk fJj j? fe fBwB ;so dk ;zrmB nkgD/ s'A T[Zgoh ;zrmBdk u[Bkt eodk j/.

• g'fbsfpT{o' (g'fbsfpT{o' (g'fbsfpT{o' (g'fbsfpT{o' (g'fbsfpT{o' (Polit Bureau)L)L)L)L)L e/Adoh ;fwsh d[nkok fBotkfus fJ~e S'Nk ekoiekoh fBekn j?.T[;dh w?Apo ;zfynk 50 j?. fJj db dk gqw[~y okiBhfse nzr j?. fJj ;zg{oD db d/ ;zrmB Bz{;zukfbs eodk j?. fJj db dh e/Adoh ;fwsh d/ nfXt/PB Bz{ nkwzsfos eodk j/.

• g'fbsfpT{o' s'A th nfXe gqGktekoh ns/ feqnkPhb fBekn T[;dh ;EkJh ;fwsh (Standing Commitee)j?. fJj ;zg{oD db dk fdwkr j?. fJ; ft~u db d/ okPNoh ;so d/ T[Zue'fN d/ frD/ u[D/ B/sk ;EkBgkUAd/ jB. fit/A ukT{ n?B bkJh, wkU^s;/̂ s[zr fbU PkU uh, ukT{ s/j, u/B :[B, fbB fgnkU fij/ u'Nhd/ B/sk. fJBK ;fwshnK dh ;fEsh okPNoh Bhsh fBowkD ft~u ;ot^T[Zu j?.

• fJzrb?Av d/ dpkn ;w{j db d/ nzdo jh ;feqJ/ gqGkt gkT[Ad/ jB. nB[dko db ns/ wid{o db d'tKftu'A jo fJe dk fe;/ Bk fe;/ r[N Bkb ;zpX ofjzdk j?. T[dkjoD d/ bJh Pqfwe ;zx ;kXkoD s"os/ wid{o db s'A ns/ fe;kB db ;kXkoD s"o s/ nB[dko db Bkb ;zpzX oyd/ jB. fpqN/N ftu dpkn;w{j d/ ftef;s BjhA j'D dk fJe ekoB fJj th j? fe T[E/ fBih ftX/neK dh nkw s"o s// T[g/ePkehsh iKdh ns/ T[BQK d/ gk; j'D dh ;zGktBk x~N j[zdh j?. ;' dpkn ;w{j dbK d/ nzdo jh nkgDkgqGkt gqdofPs eod/ jB ns/ nfdqP o{g Bkb nkgD/ ezw eotk fbnk eod/ jB.

• fpqN/B d/ dpkn ;w{jK Bz{ d' fj~f;nK ftu tzfvnK ik ;edk j? – fjs (Interest Groups) ns/ t?ukfoe;w{j (Ideas Groups) fjs ;w{jK Bz{ d' fj~f;nK ftu tzfvnk ik ;edk j?–T[sgkde ;w{j (ProducerGroups) ns/ T[gG'rsk ;w{j (Consumer Groups).

• 1965 ftu fpqfNP T[fd:'r gfo;zx (Confederation of British INdustries) dh ;EkgBk j'Jh i'T[fd:'rK Bkb ;zpzfXs t~v/–t~v/ okPNoh ;zxK B{z fwbk e/ pfDnk j?. fpqfNP T[d:'r ;zx (Confederationof British Industries), fpqfNP fB:'ie gfo;zx (British Employer Confederation) ns/fpqfNP okPNoh ;zx (National Association of British Manufacturers) w[Zy dpkn ;w{j jBi' fpqfNP T[fd:'r gfo;zx dk fBowkD eod/ jB. gfo;zx fJe pj[s tZvk ;zrmB j?, i' nkgDk w?ApoKB{z ftnt;kJh, f;fynk, fBo:ks nkfd s'A ;zpfXs ;bkj fdzdk j?.


B ØN


• t?ukfoe ;w{j (Ideas Groups) fjs ;w{j s'A fGzB j[zd/ jB. T[j G"fse ckfJd/ d/ bJh BjhA, pbfee[M ftukoK Bz{ tkXk d/D bJh t;kJ/ iKd/ jB. T[BQK d/ ;kjwD/ e[M nkdoP ofjzd/ jB, fiBQK dh gqkgshd/ bJh T[j ;zrms j[zd/ jB ns/ e'fPP eod/ jBL fit/A B?PBb ezg/B cko dk J/p'fbPB nkc e?fgNbgfBPw/AN (National Compaign for the Abolition of Capital Punishment) fJe nkdoP s'Agq/fos ;h.

• ;z:[es–oki nwfoek ftu dpkn–;w{jK B/ d/P dh ;feqJ/ okiBhsh ftu :'rdkB fdZsk j?, T[j ftPtftu nfBnsq fes/ BjhA fwbdk j?. fJ~E/ ;uw[u ftu T[BQK B/ nfdqP–;kwoki (AnonymousEmpire) dk o{g b? fbnk j?. fJ; d/P ftu fjs–;w{j eKro; d/ w?ApoK Bz{ ftneshrs o{g Bkbpj[s fInkdk gqGkfts eod/ jB. fJZE/ jh ;G s'A gfjbK ‘b'fpzrb'fpzrb'fpzrb'fpzrb'fpzr’ (Lobbying) dh gqEk nkozG j'Jh.

• n~ieb nwfoek ftu dpkn–;w{j dk wj~st gfjb/ s'A pj[s jh fInkdk tX frnk j? P[o{ ftu fJ;d/P ftu nfij/ r[NK Bz{ P~e dh fdqPNh Bkb d/fynk iKdk ;h. b'e fJBQK Bz{ b'eszso d/ bJh ysoBke;wMd/ ;B. ekob i/H cq/vfoeekob i/H cq/vfoeekob i/H cq/vfoeekob i/H cq/vfoeekob i/H cq/vfoe B/ fbfynk j? fe “rs ghVh ftu fJBQK r[NK Bz{ B?fse r[~;/ ns/vo dh fdqPNh Bkb d/fynk iKdk ;h. rzd/ okiBhfse ns/ okiBhfse Pk;so d/ gqp[ZX ftfdnkoEhd't/A jh fJBQK Bz{ p[ok ;wMd/ ;B. fJBQK Bz{ nfij/ d[PN ns/ gkgh Pesh ;wfMnk iKdk ;h i' nkX[fBeb'eszso ns/ ;oeko dh iV T[ykVD Bz{ T[sktb/ ;B. gozs{ n~i rZb e[M j'o jh j?. fJBQK Bz{ b'eszsodk nkXko wzfBnk ikD brk j?. fJe j'o Pqfwe tor ;zrms r[NK d/ wkfXnw Bkb P'PD fto[X nktkIu[eD br/ jB, ns/ ;oeko s'A nkgD/ nfXekoK dh wzr eoB br/ jB, d{ih soc g{zihgsh ns/T[fd:'rgsh nkg; ftu r[N pDk e/ nkgD/ fjsK dh o~fynk eoB br/ jB. j[d nfij/ r[NK Bz{ ihtBns/ ;wki dh j'Ad pDk e/ oyD d/ bJh io{oh wzfBnK ikD brk j?.

• dpkt–;w{j dk fizBk gqGkt nw/foek, fpqN/B iK Gkos ftu j? T[ABk cqK; ftu BjhA j?. feT[Afe Pk;B–Pesh ftnt;Ekfgek d/ nKub s'A fBeb e/ ekoigkfbnek d/ j~E ftu ubh rJh j? fJ;bJh dpkn–;w{j dk gqGkt caqK; ftu xZN j' frnk j?. fco th nfijh rb BjhA j? fe cqK; ftu dpkn–;w{jysw j' frnk j?. T[;dh wjZstg{oB j'Ad cqK; ftu j[D th j?.

• cqK; ftu nZi th pj[s ;ko/ ;zrmB dk gqG[st ekfJw j?. T[dkjoD bJh cqK; ftu tZvh tgkoe;z;EktK (Large Business Concerns), Confederation Nationable du Patronat Francais(C.N.P.F.) ftu w[Zy o{g s'A ;zrms jB fi; T[s/ pj[s t~vh N?e;NkJhb, ;Nhb n/s e?wheb cowKdk gqG[st ekfJw j?. ;z:[es oki nw/foek d/ B?PBb n?;';hJ/PB nkc w?B[c?euo; (NationalAssociation of Manufacturers) s'A fe;/ th wkwfbnK ftu cqK; d/ fJj ;zrmB ewI'o BjhA j?.fJBQK d/ gqGkt dh s[bBk fJ; nwfoeh ;zrmB Bkb py{ph ehsh ik ;edh j?.

• cqK; d/ fe;kB th fjs–;w{jK d/ o{g ftu ;zrms jB. T[BQK d/ ;~s soQK d/ fjs–;w{j jB. fJBQK ;~s soKd/ fjs–;w{j dh u'Nh T[s/ c?vo/PB B?PBb v/; f;zvhe/N v[ n?e;gbkfJN?AN; n?rqhe'b; (FederationNational Des Syndicate du Exploitants Agricoles) (F.N.S.E.A.) j?. F.N.S.E.A. dh w?Apo;zfynk bZyK ftu j?. fJBQK d/ fBPB/ j'o d/PK d/ fe;kB dpkn–;w{j dh soQK jh jB.


• n'fus L T[g:[essk• ftukoe ;w{j L fJj ;w{j G'fse ckfJd/ d/ bJh BjhA, e[M ftukoe ckfJd/ B{z Pfj d/D d/ bJh ikD/ iKd/ jB.


1H okiBhsh db dk wsbp ns/ gfoGkPk dh ftnkfynk eo'.2H :{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ cqK; ftu okihBhfse dbK dh ;fEsh ns/ ;zrmBh YKu/ dh ftt/uBk eo'.


B ØN


3H uhBh rDoki ftu ;kwtkdh db dh G{fwek dk ftt/uBk eo'.4H fjs ;w{j (Interest group) iK dpkn ;w{j (Pressure group) dh :{He/H, :{Hn?;HJ/H ns/ cqK; ftu eh

G{fwek j?? fjs ;w{j iK dpkn ;w{j d/ wjst dk toDB eo'.

T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD T[Zso L ;t^w[~bKeD (Answers: Self Assessment)1H fjs ns/ ftukfoe ;w{j 2H fjs ;w{j 3H nwohek4H ndfoP ;woki 5H fe;kB






p[e;


B ØN


fJekJh 14L G{^wzvbheoD fJekJh 14L G{^wzvbheoD fJekJh 14L G{^wzvbheoD fJekJh 14L G{^wzvbheoD fJekJh 14L G{^wzvbheoD (Globalization)



14H1 s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ G{̂ wzvbheoD (Comparative Politics and Globalization)

14H2 ftef;s ns/ ftek;Phb ;wkiK dh gqshfefonk (Response from Developed andDeveloping societies)







• s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ G{^wzvbheoD d/ nkg;h ;pzXK s/ ftuko eoB d/, ftef;s ns/

• ftek;Phb ;wkiK ns/ d/Ptk;h gqshfefonk ƒ ;wMD d/ :'r j'Dr/.


s[bBkswe okiBhsh nkX[fBe okiBhse ftfrnkB dh fJ~e T[~xh d/D j?. w?eohfvno; ns/ tkov d/ PpdK ft~u,s[bBkswe okiBhsh fJ~e nfijk wkor doPe, i' xo p?m/ fpmkJ/ ;kƒ d/P ftd/P dh ;?o eok fdzdk j?. Pk;Bns/ okiBhsh s/ s[bBkswe nfXn?B d[nkok n;hA fJj ikD ;ed/ jK fe t~y t~y d/PK d// tk;hnK d/ okiBhsenkuoD ns/ T[jBK d/ okiBhse nkdoPK ft~u eh fGzBsKtK jB ns/ T[j fJ~e ;wkB ;w~f;nKtk dk fBgNkok fe~BksohfenK Bkb eod/ jB. jkbKfe fJj nfXn?B fJfsjk;e ekb s'̂ ubdk nk fojk j? fco th, fJ;dk wj~stnkX[fBe ;w/̂ d"okB jh tfXnk j?. fJ;dk ekoB fJj j? fe jo/e ftP/ d/ ftfrnkBe nfXn?B bJh s[bBkswenfXn?B io{oh j? ns/ fpBK s[bBkswe nfXn?B d/ fe;/ th ftP/ ftfrnkfBe ftnkfynk ;zGt Bjh j?. fJjhr~b okiBhsh ftfrnkB s/ th bkr{ j[~dh j?. i/ ;h i'joh B/ s[bBkswe ftPb/PD wj~st s/ o'PBh gkT[Ad/ j'J/fJj mhe fbfynk j? fe, “I'o niwkfJP ft~u fbgs t~y t~y okiBhse ns/ ;wkfie ;z;EKtk d/ siop/ekohgVskb d/ y/so ft~u fJj fJ~e f;oiBkswe ns/ ftPkb Xko w[~jJhnk eodk j?”.

1414141414.11111 s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ G{^wzvbheoD s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ G{^wzvbheoD s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ G{^wzvbheoD s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ G{^wzvbheoD s[bBkswe okiBhsh ns/ G{^wzvbheoD (Comparative Politics andGlobalization)

Pk;B s/ okiBhsh d/ s[bBkswe nfXn?B dh T[g:'rsk ns/ wj~st dk nfXn?B j/m fby/ f;ob/yK d/ nXhBehsk ik ;edk j?.

11111. okiBhse fttjko ƒ ;wMDk okiBhse fttjko ƒ ;wMDk okiBhse fttjko ƒ ;wMDk okiBhse fttjko ƒ ;wMDk okiBhse fttjko ƒ ;wMDk (To understand Political Behaviour)LLLLL Pk;B s/ okiBhsh d/s[bBkswe nfXn?B dh T[g:'rsk fJj j? fe fJ; Bkb okiBhse fttjko ƒ ;wMD ft~u wdd fwbdh j?.

fJekJh^14L G{^wzvbheoDfJekJh^14L G{^wzvbheoDfJekJh^14L G{^wzvbheoDfJekJh^14L G{^wzvbheoDfJekJh^14L G{^wzvbheoD

B ØN


s[bBkswe nfXn?B d[nkok n;hA okPNoh, d{i/ okPNoh ns/ nzsookPNoh okiBhshe ns/ okiBhse fttjkoB{z uzrh soK ;wM ;ed/ jK. s[bBkswe nfXn?B d/ d[nkok jh ;kB{z fJj gsk u~bdk j? fe fGzB fGzB ;wkiKd/ b'eK dk okiBhse fttjko go;go fGzB feT[A j[zdk j?. fJj ;~Gt j? fe d' d/PK dhnK gfo;fEshnK fJ~e'fijhnK j'D d/ pkti{d th okiBhse fefonk nb~r nb~r j't/. gqkuhB ekb ft~u nkw iBsk okiBhsh ft~ue'Jh o{uh BjhA o~ydh ;h. go nkX[fBe :[~r ft~u iBsk fJ; ft~u o{uh b?AD b~r gJh j?. j[D okiBhsh e[Mb'eK ns/ ftP/P torK s~e jh ;hfws BjhA ofj rJh pbfe fJ; ft~u b~yK eo'VK b'e Gkr b?Ad/ jB. n~iokiBhse rshftXhnK jo/e ftnesh B{z gqGkfts eod/ jB ns/ T[; B{z fJ~e ftP/P soK dk fttjko eoBtk;s/ gq/fos eodh j?. fJ; bJh jo/e soK dh okiBhsh ftt;Ek ft~u nkw ftnesh ;XkoD s"o s/ o{uhb?AD b~r fgnk j?.

jo/e ;wki ft~u nfGiBK (Elite) ns/ p[~XhihthnK dk ftP/P ;EkB j? BthA okiBhsh ftukoK dk gqubD,gohePD ns/ w[~bKeD eoe/ okiBhse ihtB B{z BtK o{g fd~d/ jB ns/ okiBhse ;wki ft~u BthB ftukoKBz{ pVh fdqVsk Bkb ;Ekfgs eod/ jB T[j d{i/ d/PK dh okiBhsh dk pVh rfjokJh Bkb nfXn?B eod/ jBns/ T[jBK dh s[bBK nkgD/ d/P dh Pk;B ftt;Ek eoe/ fJj' fij/ ;[Mkn fd~d/ jB i' Pk;eK ns/ Pkf;sKd/ fj~s ft~u j't/. fJ;/ soK p[~Xhihth okiBhsh fttjko ns/ d/P d/ wkor doPe s/ ;[u/se pD iKd/ jB.go p[~Xhihth fJj ;G e[M s[bBkswe okiBhsh d/ nfXn?B d[nkok jh gqkgs eo ;ed/ jB. okiBhsh dks[bBkswe nfXn?B ftd/PK ft~u ;?o^;gkN/ d/ pokpo j?.

22222. okiBhse ftt;EktK ns/ ;wkBsKtk ns/ fGzBsktK B{z ;wMDk okiBhse ftt;EktK ns/ ;wkBsKtk ns/ fGzBsktK B{z ;wMDk okiBhse ftt;EktK ns/ ;wkBsKtk ns/ fGzBsktK B{z ;wMDk okiBhse ftt;EktK ns/ ;wkBsKtk ns/ fGzBsktK B{z ;wMDk okiBhse ftt;EktK ns/ ;wkBsKtk ns/ fGzBsktK B{z ;wMDk (To understand the similar-ities and differences between political system)LLLLL fttjko ft~u okiBhse ;z;EKtk d/ Bkw fJ~e' fij/ j'Dd/ pkti{d th xo fJ~e fij/ BjhA j[zd/ T[dkjoD d/ s"o s/ nwohek, coK; ns/ Gkos ft~u ekoi gqDkbh d/ w?ApoB{z okPNogsh (President) efjzd/ jB go fJjBK fszBk d/PK ft~u BK sK ekoi gqDkbh fJ~e' fijh j? ns/ BK jhfJjBK d/PK dh Pk;B gqDkbhnK fJ~e' fijhnK jB go okiBhse ;z;EktK d/ fJ; fttjkfoe o{g ;wMD bJh Pk;Bns/ okiBhsh dk s[bBkswe nfXn?B eoBk pj[s io{oh j?. feT{pk ns/ uhB fJ~e' fijk db gkfJnk iKdk j?ns/ T[j th ;kwtkdh db. fwPo ns/ sBikBhnK d/ ft~u th fJ~e dbhnk g~dsh gkJh iKdh j? ns/ okiBhseftt;EKtk dh ;wkBsKtk ns/ n;wkBsKtk B{z ;wMD bJh s[bBkswe nfXn?B pj[s io{oh j?.

33333. fe;/ th okiBhse ftt;EKtK d/ ;zdoG dk frnkB fe;/ th okiBhse ftt;EKtK d/ ;zdoG dk frnkB fe;/ th okiBhse ftt;EKtK d/ ;zdoG dk frnkB fe;/ th okiBhse ftt;EKtK d/ ;zdoG dk frnkB fe;/ th okiBhse ftt;EKtK d/ ;zdoG dk frnkB (knowledge regarding contextualelevants of any system)LLLLL Pk;B ns/ okiBhse s[bBkswe nfXn?B fe;h th okiBhse ftt;Ek Bz{;wMD ft~u ;jkfJe f;~X j[zdh j?. T[dkjoD d/ s"o s/ gqPB g?dk j[zdk j? fe feT[A ;z;dh Pk;B gqDkbh fJzrb?Avdh ;oeko ft~u :EkfJst fbnk ;eh go coK; ft~u ;oekoK dh n;fEosk dk ekoB pDh< fpqN/B, nwohek,nk;No/bhnk nkfd d/PK ft~u d' dbhJ/ gqDkbh feT[A j[zdh j? id'A fe Gkos ns/ cqK; nkfd d/PK ft~u pj[dbhJ/gqDkbh j?. s[bBkswe nfXn?B d/ nXko s/ n;hA efj ;ed/ jK fe cqK; dh s[bBk fJzrb?Av ft~u ;z;dh Pk;BgqDkbh ;cb ojh. feT[Afe fJzrb?Av ft~u ;z;dh gqDkbh dk ftek; T[d:'rheoB s/ gfjbK j' u[~fenk ;h.id'A fe cqK; ft~u ;z;dh Pk;B gqDkbh dk ftek; T[d:'rheoB d/ pknd j'fJnk.

44444. okiBhsh gqDkbhnK d/ r[DK ns/ d'PK dk gsk u~bDk okiBhsh gqDkbhnK d/ r[DK ns/ d'PK dk gsk u~bDk okiBhsh gqDkbhnK d/ r[DK ns/ d'PK dk gsk u~bDk okiBhsh gqDkbhnK d/ r[DK ns/ d'PK dk gsk u~bDk okiBhsh gqDkbhnK d/ r[DK ns/ d'PK dk gsk u~bDk (Merits and Demerits of PoliticalsSystem are Revealed)LLLLL Pk;B ns/ okiBhsh d/ s[bBkswe nfXn?B s/ ;kB{z t~y t~y okiBhse gqDkbhnKd/ r[DK ns/ d'PK dk gsk u~bdk j?. s[bBkswe nfXn?B d/ d[nkok jh gsk u~bdk j? fe nw[~e d/P ft~u nw[~ePk;B gdsh feT[A ;cb j? ns/ T[jBK d/ r[D fej' fij/ jB. T[dkjoD t~i'A fJzrb?Av ft~u ;z;dh Pk;B gqDkbh;cb j? id'A fe Gkos ft~u T[ABh ;cb BjhA j?. s[bBkswe nfXn?B d/ d[nkok gsk brkfJnk ik ;edkj? fe fJzrb?Av ft~u ;z;dh Pk;B gqDkbh d/ ;cb j'D d/ eh ekoB jB ns/ Gkos ft~u n;cb j'D d/ eh

s[bBkswe okiBhse nfXn?B nkw iBsk B{z fGzB^fGzB ;soK s/ j'D tkb/okiBhshe xNBk u~eoK dk frnkB eotkT[Adk j? .

eh s[;hA ikDd/ j'


B ØN


ekoB jB. s[bBkswe nfXn?B s'A jh fJj frnkB gqkgs ehsk ik ;edk j? fe ;z;dh ns/ nfXnksweg~dshnK B{z ;cb pDkT[D bJh fezBk PosK (conditions) dk j'Dk Io{oh j?.

55555. okiBhsh B{z ftfrnkBhe nfXn?B pDkT[Dk okiBhsh B{z ftfrnkBhe nfXn?B pDkT[Dk okiBhsh B{z ftfrnkBhe nfXn?B pDkT[Dk okiBhsh B{z ftfrnkBhe nfXn?B pDkT[Dk okiBhsh B{z ftfrnkBhe nfXn?B pDkT[Dk (making politics a scientific study)L^ s[bBksweokiBhsh d/ nfXn?B Bz{ fJ~e ftfrnkfBe nfXn?B pDkT[dk j?. P[o{nks d/ ft~u okiBhsh Pk;so d/ ftdtkBns/ ftukoe pDkT[D d/ bJh e'fP; ft~u oj/. okiBhsh Pk;so B{z ftfrnkB pDkT[D d/ bJh ftfrnkfBeg~dshnK dk j'Dk th Io{oh j? ns/ ftfrnkfBe g~dshnK s[bBkswe g~dsh dk pj[s wj~st j?. no;s{ B/158 ;zftXkBK dk nfXn?B eoB s'A pknd eqKsh B{z o'eD d/ ekoDK dk th ftt/uD ehsk. s[bBkswe okiBhsh,okiBhse feqnKtk dk gq:'r eoB Bz{ fBoXkfos eodh j?. ;zws 1945 d/ pknd, id'A s'A fttjko dk iBwj'fJnk j?, T[d'A s'A n~i s~e okiBhse Pk;so ftfrnkBeK dh y'i nkX[fBe nfGftnesh n;hA s[bBksweokiBhse nfXn?B ft~u jh gkT[d/A jK. fttjkotkd B/ s[bBkswe okiBhsh B{z ftfrnkB dk o{g d/D ft~u;jkfJsk ehsh j?. ghNo n?u woeb (Petar H. Markal) d/ nB[;ko “s[bBkswe nfXn?B d/ nXko s/ jhokiBhse Pk;se ftfrnkB P/Dh ft~u nk ;fenk j? ns/ fJ; bJh no;s{ d/ pknd s'A n~i s~e gqfsfmsns/ Pq/Pm ftukoe okiBhsh d/ s[bBkswe ft~u o{uh b?Ad/ oj/ jB.” okiBhsh dk s[bBkswe nfXn?B eoBs'A gfjbK nwohek, cqK;, fpqN/B nkfd :{o'g d/ d/PK d/ Pk;B, okiBhse dk s[bBkswe nfXn?B ehsk iKdkfojk j?, gozs{ j[D J/Phnk ncohek d/ ftekP;hb d/PK ft~u Pk;B ns/ okiBhsh dk s[bBkswe nfXn?B ehskiKdk j?. fJ;/ soK gfjbK e/tb ngukfoe ;z;EKtk ftXkBwzvb, ekoi gkfbek ns/ fBnK gkfbek dknfXn?B ehsk iKdk ;h, gozs{ n~i nBUgukfoe ;z;EKtk dpktk ;w{jK, w~sdkB iBws nkfd dk nfXn?Bth ehsk iKdk j? ns/ s[bBkswe g~dsh gfjbK d/ w[ekpb/ finkdk ftnkge ns/ T[g:'rh pD rJh j? fi;ekoD T[j finkdk ftfrnkBe pD rJh j?.

66666. gqufb~s okiBhsh dh d'pkok gqwkfDesk gqufb~s okiBhsh dh d'pkok gqwkfDesk gqufb~s okiBhsh dh d'pkok gqwkfDesk gqufb~s okiBhsh dh d'pkok gqwkfDesk gqufb~s okiBhsh dh d'pkok gqwkfDesk (Re-valifification of existing political theroties)LLLLLs[bBkswe okiBhsh dh wj~st g{oB T[g:'rsk fJj j? fe fJ;dh ;jkfJsk s/ gqu~bs okiBhse f;XKsK dk,GKt/ T[j nkdo;tkdh f;XKs j'D iK nB[Gkfte f;XKs, d'pkok gqehPD ehsk iKdk j? T[jBK dh gqwkfDeskiKuh iKdh j?. n;hA s[bBkswe okiBhsh nfXn?B s'A fJj f;~Nk e~Y ;ed/ jK fe g[okD/ ;Ekfgs okiBhsef;XKs n~iê~b dh gqtofss jkbksK ft~u th wkB: j? iK BjhA ns/ i/ :'r j? sK fezB/ T[fus ns/ fezB/nB[fus jB. s[bBkswe okiBhsh ;Ekfgs okiBhsh f;XKsK dh d'pkok iKu eoB d/ bJh Bt/A T[geoD ns/BthBsk :[es fGzB fGzB s~s T[gbGX eotkT[dhA j?. sK fe T[jBK dh gqwkfDesk dk d'pkok gqekPD ;zGtj't/. fJ~e ;wK ;h id'A b'eszso d/ okiBhsh g~y s/ I'o fd~sk iKdk ;h gozs{ j[D okiBhse g~y d/ Bkb BkbnkofEe g~y s/ th i'o fd~sk iKdk j?.

77777. okPNoK d/ rfjo/ ;pzXK d/ ekoB s[bBk io{oh okPNoK d/ rfjo/ ;pzXK d/ ekoB s[bBk io{oh okPNoK d/ rfjo/ ;pzXK d/ ekoB s[bBk io{oh okPNoK d/ rfjo/ ;pzXK d/ ekoB s[bBk io{oh okPNoK d/ rfjo/ ;pzXK d/ ekoB s[bBk io{oh (Close relation between countries led tocomparison)LLLLL n~i ;z;ko d/ ;ko/ d/P fJ~e d{i/ d/ B/V/ nk rJ/ jB. ftfrnkB dh T[ZBsh, ;zuko, :ksk:ksd/ ;kXBK d/ ftek; B/ d/PK dh d{oh B{z pj[s x~N eo fd~sk j?. d{oh x~N j'D eoe/ okPNoK d/ ;pzXK ft~urfjokJh tXh j? ns/ rfjokJh tXD d/ ekoB fJ~e d{i/ dh Pk;B g~dsh, ofjD ;fjD, ;pzXK, :'iBKtk dh;cbsk ns/ seBheh d/ ndkB gqdkB ft~u th o{uh t~X rJh j? ns/ s[bBkswe nfXn?B Io{oh j' iKdk j?.g'qc?;o j?fozr (Prof. Herring) d/ PpdK ft~u, “fiBK d/PK Bkb ;kv/ ;pzX jB, T[jBK dh ;z;feqsh,ftukoXkok, fJfsjk; ns/ T[jBK d/ ;ko/ s~stK fijV/ ;ko/ s~s okiBhsh s/ gqGkt gkT[d/A ;B, s[bBkswenfXn?B pj[s Io{oh j?.fJ;s'A Bk e/tb T[jBK d/PK dh okiBhsh ftt;Ek B{z uzrh soK Bkb ;wMD dk w"ekfwfbnk j? pbfe n;hA nkgDh th ftt;Ek dk ;jh w[~bKeD s[bBkswe nfXn?B d[nkok eo ;ed/ jK.”(Careful studies that deal comparatively with the cultural and the ideologies would lednot only to a better understanding of the countries of the world with which we must dealshould like wise unable us to understand overselves better).

88888. okiBhse tk;sftesk d/ nfXn?B d/ bJh okiBhse tk;sftesk d/ nfXn?B d/ bJh okiBhse tk;sftesk d/ nfXn?B d/ bJh okiBhse tk;sftesk d/ nfXn?B d/ bJh okiBhse tk;sftesk d/ nfXn?B d/ bJh (For the study of political reality)LLLLL okiBhsetk;sftesk B{z ikDB d/ bJh s[bBkswe okiBhse dk pj[s wj~st j?. s[bBkswe nfXn?B dk ;pzX fJ;soK d/ BthA seBheK d/ T[gkrwK d/ d[nkok okiBhse tk;sftesk d/ nfXn?B d/ Bt/A o{g Bkb j?, fi;d/ekoB okiBhsh dk g{ok y/so fJ;d/ nzsors nk ikt/.


B ØN


99999. okiBhsh ft~u f;XKs fBowkD okiBhsh ft~u f;XKs fBowkD okiBhsh ft~u f;XKs fBowkD okiBhsh ft~u f;XKs fBowkD okiBhsh ft~u f;XKs fBowkD (Theory-building in Politics)L L L L L s[bBkswe okiBhsh dk wj~stokiBhsh ft~u “f;XKs fBowkD (Theory-building in politics) dh BIohJ/ s'A th j?. s[bBkswe nfXn?Bs'A jh fe;/ Pk;so d/ f;XKsK d/ fBowkD ns/ fB:wK dk fBo{gD ;zGt j[zdk j?. gqkuhB ;w/A s'A jh okiBhshPk;so ft~u nfij/ f;XKsK ns/ ;XkoD fB:wK dh y'i ehsh iKdh ojh j? i' g{o/ ftPt d/ okiBhse fttjkoB{z w'N/ o{g ft~u ;wMD ft~u wdd eoB. okiBhse f;XKsK B{z w'N/ s"o s/ d' fj~f;nK ft~u tzfvnk iKdk j?LnkdoPe f;XKs (Normative Theory) ns/ nB[Gfte f;XKs (Empirical Theory). nkdoPe f;XKsft~u okiBhse ftt;EKtK d/ pko/ ft~u e'Jh ebgBk eo bJh iKdh j? ns/ pknd ft~u T[; ebgBK B{zouBksw o{g fd~sk iKdk j?. T[dkjoD d/ s"o s/ gb/N' B/ dkoPfBe okik (Philosopher King) dh ebgBkehsh ns/ T[;d/ nXko s/ jh fJ~e nkdoP oki (Ideal State) dk ftuko g/P ehsk. fJ; soK d/ nkdoPkswf;XKs dk m'; s~EK Bkb e'Jh ;pzX BjhA j[zdk ns/ Bk jh s[bBkswe okiBhsh fJ; soK d/ f;XKsK d/ fBowkDft~u e'Jh wdd eodh j? go nkX[fBe f;XKsK d/ fBowkD ft~u e'Jh wdd eodh j? go nkX[fBe f;XKsKft~u okiBhse fttjko d/ tk;sfte s~EK B{z ;wM e/ f;XKsK d/ fBowkD dk :sB ehsk iKdk j?. s[bBksweokiBhsh d/ nfXn?B dk wj~st nB{Gfte f;XKsK d/ fBowkD ft~u jh j?.

G{^wzvbheoD G{^wzvbheoD G{^wzvbheoD G{^wzvbheoD G{^wzvbheoD (Globalization)LLLLL 20thA ;dh d/ gfjb/ n~X ft~u G{^wzvbheoD ns/ j'o T[GodhnKgqftoshnK dk toBD j/m fby/ nB[;ko j?L

(e) ftt;EktK dk nfXn?BL(e) ftt;EktK dk nfXn?BL(e) ftt;EktK dk nfXn?BL(e) ftt;EktK dk nfXn?BL(e) ftt;EktK dk nfXn?BL 1960 s'A b? e/ 1980 d/ dPe ft~u s[bBkswe okiB?fse ftPb/PD ft~uekch ftek; j'fJnk. fJ;dk y/so tfXnk ns/ fJ; ft~u t~vh ;zfynk ft~u d/P Pkfwb ehs/ rJ/. Bhshftuko Xkok, Pk;eh nB[Gt ns/ fJ;/ soK d/ eJh j'o wkgdzvK dk T[g:'r ehsk frnk. jKbkfe 1980 d/djke/ ft~u ;XkoD f;XKs s'A t~y j' e/ ;zdoG dh gq;zfresk T[~s/ i'o fd~sk ikD b~rk. e[M j~d s~e fJj;wkfie ftfrnkBK ft~u fJfsjk;e iKu gVskb d/ fco s'A t~X oj/ gqGkt B{z do;kT[dK j?. fJj T[;“fJfsjk;e ;wki Pk;so” d/ ikrfos j'D B{z th do;kT[Adk j?. i' fe gfoxNBKtk B{z ft;fsqs ns/ pj[w[yh;zdoG ft~u d/yD dh e'fP; eodk j?. ;z;feqs s/ nXkfos nfXn?BK dk I'o tfXnk ns/ okPNohsk s/nXkfos d/P ns/ fJ~E'A s~e fe ;z;Ekrs ftfPPN okPNo s/ yk; i'o fd~sk ikD b~rk. “t~vhnK ftt;EKtk”T[~s/ i'o fd~sk ikD b~rk ns/ wkvb fBowkD dk gsB j'fJnk. ftfPPN ;zdoG ns/ ;z;feqshnK T[~s/ i'o fd~s/ikD d/ ekoB s[bBk dk wkgdzv ftnkge ehsk frnk. “S'NhnK ftt;EKtk” iK y/soK d/ ;so s/ s[bBk dhgqftsh ubdh ojh, fit/A fJ;bkw Xow B{z wzBD tkb/ b?fNB nwohek d/ d/P, T[g ;jkok ncohek, d~yDhJ/Phnk nkfd.

(y) Bkrfoe ;wki ns/ iBszsfoe fdq;Nhe'DL(y) Bkrfoe ;wki ns/ iBszsfoe fdq;Nhe'DL(y) Bkrfoe ;wki ns/ iBszsfoe fdq;Nhe'DL(y) Bkrfoe ;wki ns/ iBszsfoe fdq;Nhe'DL(y) Bkrfoe ;wki ns/ iBszsfoe fdq;Nhe'DL ;'thns ;zx d/ N[~ND s'A pknd ‘fJfsjk; dk nzs’ dhntXkoDk ;kjwD/ nkJh cqK;h;h c[e:[ :kwk B/ ‘fd J/Av n'c fj;Noh’ Bkwe b/y fbfynk pknd ft~u T[;B/ fJ;/ftP/ s/ ‘fd J/Av n'c fj;Noh n?Av fd bk;N w?B’ Bkwe g[;se fbyh. T[jBK B/ nkgD/ fJ; b/y ns/ feskpft~u fejk fe ‘wkBt ;oeko d/ nkyoh ;o{g’ ft~u T[dkotkdh goikszso dh ;EkgBk ns/ fi~s Bkb ftukok dkfJfsjk; ysw j' frnk. fJj 1950 d/ dPe s'A ubh nk ojh ‘ftukoXkok dk nzs’ ftP/ s/ j' ojh pj; dk thgfouk:e j?, fi;dk iBw Phs :[~X dh uow nt;Ek d/ d"okB s/ uow ;hwk dh jkbs ft~u ns/ g~Sw ft~u;kwtkd d/ gsB d/ ;zdoG ft~u j'fJnk ;h . g~Swh T[dkotkdh ftdtkBK B/ fJj r~b ;kjwD/ o~yh fe g~Sw d/T[d:'fre ;wki ft~u j'J/ nkofEe ftek; Bkb okiBhse ;w~f;nktK j~b j' rJhnK fit/A nIkdh ns/ oki Peshd/ wkwb/, wid{oK d/ nfXeko nkfd, i' T[d:'rheoD d/ Bkb Bkb n~r/ tX/. nwohek d/ ;wki Pk;soh v?Bhnbp/b B/ nkgDh feskp ft~u d~f;nk fe fJ; ezw d/ ;pzX ft~u d~f;nk fe fJ; ftek; d/ ;zdoG ft~u fJ~eftukokswe ;'u ;h. iK okiBhse fttjko d/ w[~d/ s/ ftukoe w~sG/dK B{z ;Ekfgs eo fd~sk frnk ;h. fJ~E/ fJjfXnkB o~yDk ukjhdk j? fe fJ; G{ wzvbhfeqs d[BhnK ft~u ni/ th ;kohnK xNBKtk g~Swh g{zihtkd d/ B/V/̂ s/V/ e/Adfos jB. g{zihtkd dh sEkefEs fi~s d/ ;zdoG ft~u Bkrfoe ;wki ns/ iBszsoheoD d/ nfXn?B ;pzXhftukoXkoKtk ft~u Bkrfoe ;wki dk wj~st tfXnk ns/ nkX[fBe g{zihtkdh d[BhnK ft~u ftneshrs nfXekohdh o~fynk dh r~b ehsh ikD b~rh.

fJ; s'A fJbktk ftukoXkok ft~u fJ~e j'o wj~stg{oB pdbkt nkfJnk, fi; ft~u Bkrfoe ;wki ns/iBszsoheoD d/ gqPB B{z w[~y o~fynk frnk. fJ; soK fJ~e gk;/ fi~E/ pkIko nXkfos iBszso d/ ftek;


B ØN


bJh g~Swh g{zihtkd d/ ;wekbhB fj~s Bkb ;pzfXs nfXn?B j'J/, T[~E/ d{;o/ gk;/ ;[szsok gqkgs eoB tkb/iBikshnK d/ nzd'bB, dfbs nzd'bB, S'NhnK ikshnK d/ nzd'bB, wfjbktK d/ nzd'bB, tksktoB d/ nzd'bBtor/ b'e nzd'bBK B{z w[~y o~y e/ nfXn?B ehs/ rJ/. fJj nzd'bB g{zih d/ fj~s ns/ b'e j~eK d/ ft~u j'Dtkbh N~eo dk Bshik ;B. fJj noE ftt;Ek G{ wzvbh g{zih d/ :[~r ft~u nkT[D tkb/ T[dkotkd ns/ pdbktdk th gqshfpzp jB. fJ; soK s[bBkswe okiB?fse ftPb/;D ft~u nIkdh, tksktoD ikshgqEk fbzr, B;bnkfd d/ Bt/A nfXnkfJ i[V/.

(r) ;{uBk, ;zfrms eoBk ns/ gq;koL (r) ;{uBk, ;zfrms eoBk ns/ gq;koL (r) ;{uBk, ;zfrms eoBk ns/ gq;koL (r) ;{uBk, ;zfrms eoBk ns/ gq;koL (r) ;{uBk, ;zfrms eoBk ns/ gq;koL ;{uBk ns/ ;zuko gqd:'freh ft~u fJzNoB?N ns/ tobv tkJhvt?p tor/ ni'e/ ftek; G{̂ wzvbh eoD d/ wj~stg{oB g~y ns/ fBoDkfJe s~s jB. fJ;d/ ekoB T[sgkdB,;zqrjD ns/ nKefVnk dk ftPb/PD nk;kB j' frnk j? ns/ fJ;B{z g{oh d[BhnK ft~u s/ih Bkb c?bkfJnk ik;edk j?. fJ; Bkb Bk e/tb nKefVnK dh T[gbpGsk nk;kB j' rJh j?, ;r' e[M nfij/ w[~d/ ns/ ftP/ th;kjwD/ nkJ/ jB i' okPNo oki dhnK ;hwKtK dk T[zbzxD eod/ jB. fJjBK ftfPnK d/ ekoD ;w ekfbeG{̂ wzvbh d[BhnK d/ okiBhse ;zdoG ft~u th wj~stg{oB gfotosB nkfJnk j?, ;wkfie nzd'bB d/ ;zrmBkns/ ekoi eosktK dk g{oh d[BhnK ft~u c?fbnk ;zgoe dk skDk fJ;/ dk Bshik j? fJ; soK d/ ;zgoe ;{sod/ ekoB iBszsfoe ftuko th s/ih Bkb c?b/. ;hnk gk; d/ d~yDh w?e;heD oki d/ ikgk; fN;{nk nzd'bBft~u fJzNoB?N dk T[g:'r ehsk frnk ;h ns/ nkgD/ nfXekoK, ;wkfie fBnK ns/ gqik szso bJh ehs/ik oj/ ;zxo; ft~u ;G B{z ikDekoh d/D bJh G{̂ wzvbh iB ;zuko dk T[g:'r ehsk frnk. ;wekbh ftfPnkd/ wkBt nfXekoK d/ tkX/ ns/ ;[o~fynk tor/ w[~d/ ;kjwD/ nkJ/ i' ;{uBk d/ ;zrqjD ns/ gq;ko T[~s/ nXkfos;B.

1414141414.22222 ftef;s ns/ ftek;Phb ;wkiK dh gqshfefonk ftef;s ns/ ftek;Phb ;wkiK dh gqshfefonk ftef;s ns/ ftek;Phb ;wkiK dh gqshfefonk ftef;s ns/ ftek;Phb ;wkiK dh gqshfefonk ftef;s ns/ ftek;Phb ;wkiK dh gqshfefonk (Response fromDeveloped and Developing societies)

ftek;Phb d/PK ft~u okiB?fse gqfefonk d/ Yzr B{z ;wMD bJh fJBK d/ okiB?fse YKu/ftek;Phb d/PK ft~u okiB?fse gqfefonk d/ Yzr B{z ;wMD bJh fJBK d/ okiB?fse YKu/ftek;Phb d/PK ft~u okiB?fse gqfefonk d/ Yzr B{z ;wMD bJh fJBK d/ okiB?fse YKu/ftek;Phb d/PK ft~u okiB?fse gqfefonk d/ Yzr B{z ;wMD bJh fJBK d/ okiB?fse YKu/ftek;Phb d/PK ft~u okiB?fse gqfefonk d/ Yzr B{z ;wMD bJh fJBK d/ okiB?fse YKu/(Political Enviorment)L L L L L okiBhse ouBKtk (Political Structures) ns/ okiBhse fttjko (PoliticalBehaviour) dh ikDekoh io{oh j?. fJjBK s~stK d/ ft;Eko g{ote nfXn?B bJh fJjBK dh okiBhse;z;feqsh, fj~s ;w{jK, okiB?fse dbK b'e ;zgoe d/ ;kXBK, nfXekoh szso, u'D gqfefonk ns/ okiB?fsefj~;/dkoh T[~s/ fXnkB e/Adfos eoBk ukjhdk j?.

okiBhse ;z;feqsh okiBhse ;z;feqsh okiBhse ;z;feqsh okiBhse ;z;feqsh okiBhse ;z;feqsh (Political Culture)L L L L L okiBhse ;z;feqsh dk noE j? fe;/ ;wki dh ;z;feqsh d/ T[jg~y i' T[;dh okiBhsh B{z gqGkfts eod/ jB. t?;/ ;z;feqsh dh ebgBk pj[s ftPkb j? fi;d/ nXhB fe;/;w[dkJ/ ft~u gqufb~s f;XKs ns/ wkBsKtK s'A fJbktk t~y t~y ebKtk (Art Forms), gqshe fuzB, T[s;tg{op, g{ik gkm ns/ ofjD ;fjD dk Yzr th nk iKdk j? go okiBhse ;z;feqsh dk nfXn?B eod/ ;wA/ n;hAfJBK f;XKsK ns/ wkBsktK dk n;o wzB e/ T[jBK s/ jh nkgDk fXnkB e/Adfos eod/ jK. okiBhse ;z;feqshft~u w[~y s"o s/ nfij/ f;XKs (Values), wkBsKtK (Beliefs),

ns/ wkB dzv (Norms) nk iKd/ jB i' Pk;e tor, Pk;B gqDkbh ns/ Pk;B dh gqfefonk B{z ekB{zBh Peb(Legitimacy) gqdkB eod/ jB ns/ T[jBK d/ ;zdoG ft~u fe;/ ftnesh dh ;fEsh B{z fBoXkfos eod/ jB.

ftek;Phb d/PK dh okiBhse ;z;feqsh d/ pko/ e'Jh nkw XkoBK BjhA pDkJh ik ;edh. n;hA e/tb nfijhnK

;B 1980 d/ djke/ ft~u ‘fJfsjk; d/ nzs* d/ ftuko d/ Bkb Bkb G{^wzvbheoD dh BthAgfoxNBk ;kjwD/ nkJh. G{wzvbheoD nfijhnK gfo;fEshnK, ftfrnkfBe gq:'fXeh,nkofEe ns/ okiBhfse gfo;fEshnK dk Bkw j?, i' g{oh d[BhnK B{z fJ; soK Bkb fJ~e;{so ft~u go'"Adk j? fe d[BhnK d/ fJ~e e'B/ ft~u j' ojh xNBk dk n;o d[BhnK d/ d{i/e'B/ ft~u j[zdk j?.

B'N;


B ØN


w[~y XkoBKtk dh uouk eo ;ed/ jK fiBQK ft~u fJjBK dh okiBhse ;z;feqsh dh nkw ikDekoh fwb ;edhj?. sh;oh d[BhnK d/ d/P nkw s"o s/ ftPkb neko d/ jB ns/ T[jBK ft~u t~y t~y ;z;feqshnK, GkPktK,XowK, ikshnK nkfd Bkb i[V/ b'e ofjzd/ jB. fJjBK d/PK ft~u oki dh ;fEsh pj[s wIp{s BjhA j?. fJ;bJh fJj ;wki pj[s rfjok gqGkt gkT[D dh ;fEsh ft~u BjhA. oki dh ;fEsh B{z wip{s eoB bJh fJjBKd/PK ft~u okPNo fBowkD (Nation Building) dk ;jkok fbnk iKdk j?. okPNo fBowkD d/ d[nkok g{o/okPNo d/ b'eK bJh fBPmk (Loyalty) dk fJ~e jh e/Ado ftef;s eoB dk :sB ehsk iKdk j? sK fe T[jnkgDh fBPmk B{z nkgDh ;"V/ ;w{jK s~e jh ;hfws Bk o~yD pbfe g{o/ okPNo B{z nkgDh fBPmk dk e/AdopDk b?AD. fco okPNo fBowkD d/ d[nkok Pesh dk fJj' fijk e/Ado ftef;s eoB dk :sB ehsk iKdkj? i' ;w[~u/ oki ft~u PKsh ns/ ftt;Ek ekfJw eo ;e/ ns/ oki dh ;[o~fynk ns/ efbnkDekoh ;/tKtK B{zd/P d/ e'B/̂ e'B/ s~e gj[zuk ;e/. okPNo fto'Xh PeshnK, G{r'fbe d{ohnK, nktkikJh ns/ ;zuko d/ Bk ekch;kXBK d/ ekoB sh;oh d[BhnK d/ d/PK ft~u nkw s"o s/ fJj ezw pj[s w[Pfeb j[zdk j?.

fJjBK d/PK ft~u gqkEfwe f;~fynk (Primary Education) d/ gq'rokw fJ; Yzr Bkb pDkJ/ iKd/ jB fe b'e nkgD/ikshtkdh ;w{jK (Ethnic Group) s'A n~r/ t~X e/ g{o/ okPNo d/ gqsh fBPmk bJh gq/fos j'D. b'e ;zgoe (MassMedia) d/ ;kXBK (Mass Media) dh ;jkfJsk Bkb b'eK B{z ;[szsosk ;zrokw dhnK tho rkEktK dh :kd fdtkJhiKdh j?, sK fe T[jBK d/ fdb ft~u J/esk dh GktBk pDh oj/. go T[~so T[gfBt/;e okiK (Post Colonial State)ft~u b'eK dhnK BthnK wzrk (Demands) ns/ T[whdK (Expectations) d/ ekoD Bt/A MrV/ (Conflicts) g?dkj' rJ/ jB, T[jBK B{z PKs eoB bJh g[okDhnK :Kdk dk ;jkok ekch f;~X BjhA j[zdk.

T[~so T[gfBt/Pe okiK T[~so T[gfBt/Pe okiK T[~so T[gfBt/Pe okiK T[~so T[gfBt/Pe okiK T[~so T[gfBt/Pe okiK (Post Colonial State)LLLLL fJj' fijk oki i' T[gfBt/Ptkd (Colonialsim) d/fPezi/ s'A BtK^BtK w[es j'fJnk j't/. nkw s"o s/ sh;oh d{BhnK (Third World) d/ d/PK iK ftekP;hbd/PK (Developing Nations) B{z fJ; Pqa/Dh ft~u o~fynk iKdk j?.

eJh f;XKseko fJj wzBd/ jB fe T[~so T[gfBt/Pe oki ft~u ftd/Ph fj~sK (Foreign Interests) dk n;oysw j' iKdk j? fJ; bJh T[;B{z nkw iBsk dhnK nkPtK ns/ T[whdk dh g{osh dk ;kXB pDkfJnk ik ;edkj? go n;b si[op/ Bkb fJ; r~b dh g[;Nh Bjh j[zdh. fJj' fij/ oki dk ;?fBe ;zrmB (MilitaryOrganization) ns/ nfXekoh szso (Bureau Cracy) T[gfBt/Ptkdh gozgok d/ ;Ku/ ft~u Yb/ j[zd/ jB i'fe nkw iBsk B{z e[ubD d/ nkfd j[zd/ jB. T[jBK d/ wB ft~u nkw iBsk d/ gqsh ;/tk ns/ jwdodh dhGktBk oks' oks g?dk BjhA ehsh ik ;edh. t?;/ fJj d'B' r[~N okiBhse nrtkJh (Political Leadership)d/ ;/te d/ o{g ft~u ezw eod/ go T[~so T[gfBt/Pe oki ft~u nkw s"o s/ okiBhse nrtkJh dk ufo~soth pj[sk T[~uk BjhA ofj iKdk. i' okiBhse ;[szsosk nzd'bB d/ d"okB w'Y/ Bkb w'Yk fwbk d/ ftd/Ph Peshd/ fto[~X bV/ ;B, j[D T[j ns/ T[jBK d/ T[~sok nfXekoh ;~sk dh d"V ft~u BtA/ g{zihgsh tor dh ;jkfJskT[~s/ fBoGo j' iKd/ jB. fJ~E' s~e fe e[M okiBhse ngokX b'e (Under World) dh ;jkfJsk b?AD s'Ath r[o/i BjhA eod/. BtK g{zihgsh tor nkgD/ nkg ft~u g{oB PeshPkbh BjhA j[zdk. go ;?fBe ns/nfXekoh szso tkb/ r[~NK (Oligrachies) d/ Bkb rmi'V eoe/ T[j nkgDh skes tXk b?Adk j? nfijh jkbsft~u pj[s ;ko/ okiBhse B/sk b'eK B{z M{m/ fdbk;/ d/ e/ T[BK tk;s/ S'NhnK S'NhnK fonk;sK gqkgs eoe/iK T[BK dhnK Xkofwe ikshtkdh (Ethnic) iK ;zgodkfJe GktBKt B{z T[s/fis eoe/ T[jBK d/ t'N jkf;beoB dh e'fP; eod/ jB fJ; s'A fJbktk ftd/Ph skesK th nfij/ dP ft~u nkgD/ Bt/A T[gfBt/Ptkd (Neo-Colonialism) dk ikb c?bk e/ T[;dk P'PB eodhnK jB. e[~b fwbk e/ T[Zso T[gfBt/Pe oki ft~u nkwb'eK dh ;[zssosk bJh Bt/A yso/ ns/ ;w~f;nktK g?dk j' iKdhnK jB fJjBK B{z j~b ehs/ fpBK T[BK dh;[zssosk B{z ;koEe BjhA ehsk ik ;edk. fJjBK d/PK ft~u iksh (Caste), iBiksh (Tribe) ns/ Xow(Religion) nkfd d/ nXko s/ gozgokrs nrtkJh B{z wkBsk fd~sh iKdh j? ns/ T[;B{z d/yd/ j'J/ okPNohg~Xo ;EkBe nrtkJh Bkb ;wM'sk io{oh j' iKdk j? pj[ ;z;feqshe ;wki (Multicultural society) ft~ufJ; soK dk ;wM"sk edh edh okPNoh ;so s/ ;oeko ubkT[D ft~u ;jkfJe f;~X j[zdk j? Gkos ft~u okPNoh;so s/ i' fwbhnk i[bhnK ;oekoK (Coalition Governmnets) ubkJhnK rJhnK jB, T[j fJ; gqpzX dktXhnk Bw{Bk g/P eodhnK jB, bkfJihohnK ft~u th okPNoh B/sktK B/ ;EkBe nwhoK ns/ ;EkBe XkofwePk;eK d/ Bkb ;wM"sk eoe/ pj[s ;kohnK ;wf;nktK B{z d{o eo fbnk j?.


B ØN


sh;oh d[Bhnk ft~u GkJhuko/ (Kinship) d/ nXko s/ b'eK d/ wB ft~u i' GktBktK xo eo u[~ehnK jB,T[j edhêdh ni'ehnK ;z;EktK Bz{ mhe Yzr Bkb ezw BjhA eo fdzdhnK. fJ~E/ okiBhse gqPk;fBe nfXekohfB:wK d/ fBog~y gq:'r ft~u T[~fus ssgosk BjhA fdykT[aAd/ pbfe nkgDh skes dk T[g:'r eod/ ;wA/nkgD/ foPs/dkoK nkgD/ fgzv ns/ ephb/ d/ b'eK, fw~soK ;woEeK B{z ckfJdk gj[zukT[D bJh fsnko ofjzd/jB. e[M b'e GkJh^Gshiktkd (Nepotism) ns/ fGqPNkuko (Corruption) B{z ;wkfie eos~t d/ fBotkjBdh ;zfrnk fdzd/ jB.

eJh tko gozgokrs GktBKtk nkofEe ftek; ft~u ;jkfJe th f;~X j[zdhnK jB. T[dkjoD t~i'A gqkuhBftukoe eBfcT[P; B/ fJj f;~fynk fd~sh ;h fe t~fvnk B{z nkgDh fizw/dkoh ;zGkbDh ukjhdh j? ns/ S'fNnKB{z f;oc nkfrnk dk gkbD eoBk ukjhdk j?. fJBK f;~fynktK dh gq/oBK Bkb uhB, skfJtkB, f;zrkg[o ns/d~yDh ncohek ft~u nkofEe ftek; Bkb i[VhnK rshftXhnK ft~u s/Ih nk rJh. eJhA tko ftneshtkdhftukoXkok dh s[bBk ft~u gozgoktkdh ftukoXkok okiBhse rshPhbB (Political Mobilization) ns/nkofEe ;fj:'r (Economic Coopration) bJh tX/o/ T[g:'rh f;~X j[zdk j?. ftek;Phb d/P fJ; y/soft~u nkgDh okiBhshe ;;zfeqsh Bkb :Ek:'r bkG u[~e ;ed/ jB.

fj~s ;w{j fj~s ;w{j fj~s ;w{j fj~s ;w{j fj~s ;w{j (Interest Groups)LLLLL ftekP;hb d/P w[~y s"o s/ gozgokrs ;wki oj/ jB. fi~E/ fj~s;g~PNheoB (Interest Articulation) ns/ fj~s ;w{jB (Interest Aggregation) d/ ftek; dh r[ikfJzPpj[s x~N ;h. b'e nkgDh nkgDh iksh, iBiksh, Xow, GkPk, ;z;feqsh nkfd d/ gqsh fJzBh finkdk PoXko~yd/ ;B fe fJ~E/ fB~ih fj~sk d/ nXko s/ Bt/A ;w{jK d/ fBowkD dhnK ;zGktBktK Bk d/ pokpo ;B.

nfij/ ;w{j i' nkgD/ w?ApoK d/ fe;/ ;wkB fj~s (Common Interest) Bz{ fXnkB ft~u o~y e/ ;zrfms ehs/iKd/ jB ns/ T[; fj~s dh gqkgsh bJh T[j brksko ns/ ;w/A ;wA/ s/ nkw iBsk dh Bhsh B{z gqGkfts eoBdk :sB eod/ jB. nkX[fBe ;wki ft~u ekfwnK (Workers) tgkohnK (Traders), T[gG'rsk (Consum-ers) nkfd d/ pj[s ;ko/ fj~s ;w{j gkJ/ iKd/ jB.

id'A t~y t~y ftnesh nkgD/ ;KM/ fj~s B{z gfjukB e/ fj~s ;w{j d/ o{g ft~u fJ~em/ j[zd/ jB sK fJ; gqfefonkB{z fj~s ;zrmB (Interest Aggregation) fejk iKdk j?. id'A e'Jh fj~s ;w{j nkgD/ w?ApoK dhnK GktBktKB{z fXnkB ft~u o~y e/ T[jBK B{z fBPfus wzrK (Demands) d/ o{g ft~u g/P eodk j? sK T[; gqfefonk B{zfj~s ;g~PNheoB (Interest Articulation) fejk iKdk j?.

;[szsosk s'A pknd fJjBK d/PK ft~u i' nkX[fBeheoB (Modernnization) dh gqfefonk P[o{ j'Jh T[;B/gozgok rs ihtB P?bh dh irQk d/ T[d:'rheoB (Industriaization), PfjoheoB (Urbanization),w[dok ndkB gqdkB (Monitary Exchange), T[gukfoe f;~fynk (Formal Education) ns/ iB;zgoe d/ ;kXBK (Mass Media) d/ ftPkb T[g:'r d/ ft~u tkXk ehsk. id'A b'eK dhnK b'VK ns/ fj~sKft~u n;wkBsk gfjbK j[zdh j? sK ;wki d/ t~y t~y ;zrmB fit/A fe fe;kB ;zx, (Peasant Unions)wId{o ;zx (Trade Union), tDi wzvb (Chamber of commerece) ns/ g/P/to ;z;EKtk (Profes-sional Associations) T[~Go e/ ;kjwD/ nkT[dhnK jB. id'A go;go fto'Xh ;zrmBK ft~u Pesh;kbhtorK B{z fit/A fe fiwhdkoK ns/ tgkohnK B{z nkgD/ fj~sK s/ nKu nkT[dh fd;dh j? sK T[j fe;kBK ns/ekfwnk d/ nzd'bBK (Movements) B{z ;wki fto'Xh rfsftfXnK (Anti Social Activities) dh;zfrnk d/ e/ g[fb; dh wdd Bkb T[jBK B{z dpkT[D dh e'fP; eod/ jB. Gkos ft~u yk; s"o fpjkooki ft~u nfijhnK xNBKtk d/ eJh T[dkjoD fwbd/ jB eJh ftek;Phb d/PK ft~u ewI'o torK(Weeker Sections) B{z nkgD/ fj~s ;w{j pDkT[D s'A nBT[s;kfjs ehsk iKdk j? fInkdkso b/fNBnwoheh d/PK ft~u fJj gqpzX ehsk frnk j? fe T[gukfoe ;w{jK bJh ekB{zBh wkBsk (LegalRecognition) gqkgs eoBk Io{oh j't/rk. e[M d/PK ft~u sK T[gukfoe ;w{jK B{z ;oeko d/ epI/ ft~uth o~fynk iKdk j?. w?e;he' dk ;~sk db (Institutional Revolutionary party) nkgD/ nkg B{zfe;kBK, wid{oK ns/ nkw iBsk dk ;zrmB wzBdk j?. fJ; bJh T[j fJjBK ;G y/soK d/ T[gukfoe;w{jK T[~s/ nkgD/ gqGkt dk dktk eodk j?.

edhêdh fj~s ;w{j fJzB/ Pesh;kbh j' iKd/ jB fe ;oeko th T[jBK B{z BokI eoB dk ysok w'b BjhAb? ;edh, BjhA sK ;oeko nkg nf;Eo j' iKdh j?. JhokB d/ Pkj dk gbkfJB (1979), d~yDh e'ohnk ft~u


B ØN


okPNogsh gkoe dk esb (1979) ns/ fw;o s/ okPNogsh ;kdks dk esb (1991) nfijhnK ;fEshnKd/ T[dkjoD g/P eod/ jB.

okiBhse db okiBhse db okiBhse db okiBhse db okiBhse db (Political parties)L L L L L 1980 ns/ 1990 d/ djkfenK s'A gfjbK shih d[BhnK d/ d/PK ft~udbh gqDkbhnK (Party systems) nkw s"o s/ pj[s ewI'o ojhnK jB. i/ d/fynk ikt/ sK ;kT[dh nop,eso, ikovB, pjohB, e[t?s ns/ G{NkB tor/ okiszsoh d/PK ft~u e'Jh dbh gqDkbh ojh jh BjhA ns/ T[E'Adh okiBhsh d/ Pk;e gfotkoK (Ruling families) dk gqGkt fojk j?. fi~E/ fi~E/ ;?fBe Pk;B (MilitaryRule) ;Ekfgs j[azdk j?, T[~E/ gqufbs okiBhse dbK T[~s/ ekB{zBh gkpzdh brk fd~sh iKdh j? fi; soQK fegkfe;skB ft~u eJhA tko j'fJnk. go fi~E/ n;?fBe Pk;B (Civilian Rules) dh wzr i'o cVB b~rdh j?,c/o okiBhse db fco s'A T[Go e/ ;kjwD/ nkT[d/ jB.

e[M d/PK ft~u fJ~e dbh gqDkbh B{z fJ; bJh gq's;kjB fd~sk iKdk j? sK fe T[j okPNoh B/sk tk;s/ Io{oh ;woEBi[Nk ;e/ ns/ T[;d/ uj/fsnK ft~u nj[d/ ns/ fJBkw dh tzv dk ;kXB pD ;e/ bkfJp/ohnk ft~u okPNogsh d'JhB/ nkgDh ;fEsh wip{s eoB bJh ‘B?PBb v?w'eo/fNe gkoNh’ dk rmB ehsk, jKbkfe fJ; Bkb T[j nkgDkT[d/P g{ok BjhA eo gkfJnk. pzrbk d/P ft~u iBoB fJoPkb B/ iksh: gkoNh (People's Party) dk rmB ehsksK fe fJ;dh wdd Bkb T[j ;?fBe Pk;e (Military Ruler) dk u'bk T[sko e/ n;?fBe Pk;e (Civilian Ruler)dk u'bk gfjD ;e/. IkfJo ft~u okPNogsh w"p[s[ nkgDk fBofttkd oki ;Ekfgs eoB d/ wB;{p/ Bkb jo/eBkrfoe B{z nkgDh gkoNh ‘o/tb[PB gkg[b/PB w{tw?AN’ dk w?Apo pDk fbnk.

nB/e ftek;Phb d/PK ft~u ;[zssosk s'A gfjbK okPNotkdh nzd'bBK B/ nfij/ gqGktPkbh dbK B{z iBw fd~ski' fe ;[szsosk s'A pkd th ekfJw oj/ go d/o^;t/o nfij/ db ewI'o g? rJ/, feT[Afe T[j b'eK dhnKBthnK^BthnK nkPktK T[whdK dh g{osh BjhA eo ;e/. xkBk ft~u etkw/ Beo[wk d/ gsB d/ Bkb T[;dh“eBt?AB;B ghgb gkoNh” th nb'g j' rJh.

eJh d/PK ft~u okPNotkdh nzd'bB d/ d"okB i' gqGktPkbh db T[Go e/ ;kjwD/ nkJ/ ;B, T[j ;[zssosk s'Apknd fJ; bJh ewi'o g? rJ/ feT[Afe g[okDhnK Py;hnsK d/ w[ekpb/ dhnK BthnK Py;hnsK BjhA b~G;e/. Gkos ft~u e[M j~d s~e “fJzvhnB B?PBb eKro/;” dk fJjh jkb j'fJnk j?.

e[M d/PK ft~u fJj ;'funk iKdk j? fe d/P d/ nkX[fBeheoB bJh fJ~e jh db dh j"Ad ;G s'A bkj/tzd j't/rh. sBIkBhnk d/ okPNogsh Bo/o/ B/ fJ;/ soK fJ~e' gkoNh dk ;woEB ehsk i' seBheh wkjoK d/ Gzvkoj't/rk go j[D T[E/ nB/e db j"Ad ft~u nk u[~e/ jB.

eJh d/PK ft~u fJ~e db gqXkB gqDkbh (One party dominant system) ft~u w/b j'D s'A pknd pj[ gkoNhgqDkbh (Multi Party System) dh P[o{nks j'Jh j?, fi; soK fe Gkos ft~u d/fynk ik ;edk j?. fJBK d/PKdhnK ;oekoK nfij/ ;[ftXkiBe rmpzXB (Convenient coalition) f;~X j'fJnK jB, fiBK dk wB'oE ;~sk B{zjkf;b eoBk ;h, fe;/ soK dh ftukoswe J/esk (Ideological Solidarity) dk gfou? d/Dk BjhA ;h.

21thA ;dh d/ nkozG ft~u nB/e b/fNB nwoheh d/PK ft~u okiBhse dbK dh j"AV ftP/; ;~sk Xkoh torK(Ruling Elites) d/ ft~u T[dkotkdh ns/ nBT[dkotkdh r[~NK (Liberal & Conservate Factions) dhnkg;h w[ekpb/ dk ;ze/s fdzdh ;h, nkw iBsk (Masses) B{z fJ; w[ekpb/ s'A pkjo o~fynk frnk ;h. t?Bi[J/bk fJ~e wkso nfijk d/P j? fi~E/ 1950 d/ djke/ s'A pknd ;jh noEK ft~u dbK ft~u jh ftub/ w[ekpb/dk tksktoB fojk feT[Afe T[~E/ dh Pk;B ns/ noE ftt;Ek s/b dh nkwdB d/ ;jko/ s/ fNeh ojh j?.

w?e;he' ft~u ;~sk o{V db (Institutional Revolutionary party) b'e w~s B{z nkgD/ t~; ft~u o~yD d/ bJh;wkuko g~soK ns/ b'e ;zgoe d/ j'oBK ;kXBK s/ gkpzdh brkT[dK fojk j?. id'A fJ;dk ezw BjhA u~bdk sKT[j f;~X/ s"o s/ jh t'NK ft~u rVpVh (Ballot Rigging) s/ T[sko{ j' iKdk j?.

fj~s ;w{jB s'A s[;hA eh ;wMd/ j'<Nk;e


B ØN


b'e ;zgoe d/ ;kXBK dh G{fwek b'e ;zgoe d/ ;kXBK dh G{fwek b'e ;zgoe d/ ;kXBK dh G{fwek b'e ;zgoe d/ ;kXBK dh G{fwek b'e ;zgoe d/ ;kXBK dh G{fwek (Role of Mass Media): b'e ;zgoe d/ ;kXB ;wkuko g~so,g~sfoektK, o/fvT[, N?bhftiB nkfd nkX[fBeheoB d/ wj~stg{oB ;kXB jB. sh;oh d[BhnK d/ d/PK ft~ufJj ;kXB th pj[s/ ftef;s BjhA jB. ;wkuko g~so nkw s"o s/ ftP/P torK d/ fJ;s/wkb dh jh t;s{j? ns/ fJjBK dh tzv finkdkso PfjoK s~e jh ;hwhs j?. jkbKfe fJBK d/ ;zgkdeK B{z nkw s"o s/ em'ogkpzdhnK (Strict Censorship) dk ;kjwDk s/ BjhA eoBk g?Adk, go fco th T[j g{oh soK fBvo BjhA ofjgKT[d/. i/eo gqGktPkbh tor T[BK s'A BkokI j' ikJ/ sK T[jBK B{z nkgD/ nj[d/ s'A jNkfJnk ik ;edk j?.1970 d/ djke/ ft~u noiBNhBK ns/ fu~bh d/ nB/e g~soekoK B{z ;Ik fd~sh rJh T[BK B{z e?d ft~u gkfJnkfrnk iK T[jBK dh ihtB bhbk jh ;wkgs eok fd~sh rJh.

ftek;Phb d/PK d/ ;wkuko g~soK ftu w[~y s"o s/ PfjoK dhnK jh ypoK SkghnK iKdhnK jB, fgzvK d/ jkbst~b ftP/P fXnkB BjhA fd~sk iKdk. sBIkBhnK ft~u 1980 d/ djke/ d"okB fgzv fgzv ft~u wb/ohnk c?bfrnk ;h go T[~E' dhnK nypkoK B/ fJ; xNBk B{z ;wkuko dk ftP/ pDkT[D :'r jh BjhA ;wfMnk. e[Mth j't/ Gkos d/ fgzvK dh fJzBk BIonzdkI BjhA ehsk iKdk. fJ~E/ fgzvK ft~u j'D tkbhnK xNBKtk, yk;s"o s/ d[oxNBKtk ns/ e[dosh nkcsK d/ ;wkukoK B{z b'e ;zgoe d/ ;kXBK ft~u e[M EK fd~sh iKdh j? ns/;wkfie dhnK xNBktK B{z y'iphB eoe/ ns/ b~G b~G e/ gqekP ft~u fbnKdk iKdk j?.

ncohek wjKdhg ft~u 1600 GkPktK ns/ p'bhnK gqu~fbs jB. fJBK ft~u fInkdkso p'bhnK jh jB i'p'bhnK iKdhnK jB, fby e/ BjhA G/ihnK iKdhnK. d{o doki d/ y/soK ft~u T[~E/ o/fvT[ Bkb ;wkuko gj[zukDk;"yk ofjzdk j?. nkw s"o s/ ;koh ;{uBk t~v/ t~v/ PfjoK s'A fgzvk t~b iKdh j?, fgzvK s'A PfjoK t~b e'Jh ;{uBkBjhA iKdh. j[D ftek;Phb d/PK ft~u N?bhftiB dk fotki th t~XD b~rk j?. fJ; Bkb fgzv d/ b'eK B{z PfjohihtB dh sVe GVe tkb/ fdqP d/yD B{z fwbd/ jB fi; Bkb T[BK d/ wB ft~u th T[~u/ ofjD ;fjD d/ fwnkodh T[whd ikr iKdh j? ns/ T[j ;oeko d/ e'b eJh soK dhnK wzrK G/iD b~r g?Ad/ jB fi;d/ Bkb ;oekodk ezw finkdk w[Pfeb j' iKdk j?.

b/fNB nwohek ns/ j'o ftek;Phb d/PK ft~u P[o{ P[o{ ft~u N?bhftiB d/ nfij/ b'eK d/ g;zdhdk gq'rokwfdykJ/ ikD b~r/ i' nwohek ft~u fsnko ehs/ iKd/ ;B. j[D e/pb Nh th d/ ft;sko d/ ekoB nwohek ns/:{o'g d/ T[~Bs d/PK d/ gq'rokw ns/ ;wkuko f;~X/ jh shih d[BhnK d/ d/PK d/ N?bhftiB s/ d/y/ iKd/ jB fJ;Bkb ;{uBK d/ G{^wzvbheoD (Globalization of information) dk ft;sko j'fJnk j?. fJ;d/ Bkb jhftfrnkgB (Advertising) dk g/Pk th T[~Bs j' frnk j?. T[gG'rsk t;s{nK dh wzr tXh j?. wB'oziB d/nfij/ Yzr ns/ nfijh ihtB P?bh dk ft;sko j'fJnk j?. fJ; ubB d/ Bkb e[M j~d s~e g~Sw d/ ;z;feqshe;kwokitkd (Cultural imperialism) B{z ft~u th ft;sko j'fJnk j?.

;z;feqshe ;kwokitkd ;z;feqshe ;kwokitkd ;z;feqshe ;kwokitkd ;z;feqshe ;kwokitkd ;z;feqshe ;kwokitkd (Cultural imperialism)LLLLL nfijh ;fEsh, fi; ft~u e'Jh PeshPkbh d/P;z;feqfse T[geoDK (fit/A fe ftukoK, ihtB ;?bh, ;kfjs, ebk feqshnK ns/ d{o doPB d/ gq'rokwK) dh;jkfJsk Bkb d{i/ d/PK d/ b'eK d/ wB s/ nkgD/ ;z;feqfse gqGkt S~vdk j?. fJj d{i/ d/PK s/ nkgDk gqGkt(Domination) ;Ekfgs eoB dk nfijk tXhnk sohek j? fi; ft~u ;?fBe, nkofEe ns/ okiBhse Peshdk T[g:'r BjhA ehsk iKdk.

;{uBK d/ gq;ko d/ Bkb Bkb fJjBK ;kXBK d/ d[nkok ;wkfie ihtB dhnK ifNb ;w~f;nKtk B{z nkw iBskd/ fXnkB ft~u fbnKdk ik fojk j?, fi; d/ Bkb eJh soK dh ;irsk (Awareness) nk rJh j? ns/ fJ;soK T[j okiBhsh ft~u tX/o/ fefonkPhb j' rJ/ jB ns/ ;oeko s/ finkdk dpkt gkT[D b~r gJ/ jB. T[jBKdhnK BthnK BthnK wzrK g{ohnK eoB bJh ;oeko B{z nkgD/ ;hfws ;kXBK d/ ekoB pj[s w[Pfeb dk;kjwDk eoBK g?Adk j?. fJ; bJh fJj io{oh j' iKdk j? fe ftek; d/ gq'rokwk ft~u b'ek dh fj~;/dkoh(participation) tXkJh ikt/. nfijh jkbs ft~u ;oeko iB f;~fynk B{z tXktk d/D bJh iB ;zgoe d/;kXBK dk ftPkb T[g:'r eodh j?. fJ; soK gfotko fB:'iB, ;t~Ssk, ;kyosk, o'rK dh o'eEkw ns/;wkfie e[ohshnK d/ yksw/ Bkb i[V/ ;zd/P b'eK s~e gj[zukJ/ iKd/ jB. Gkos dk gb; g'bhU nfGnkBnfijhnK rfsftXhnK dh fizdk fw;kb j?.

nfXekoh szso dk toskU nfXekoh szso dk toskU nfXekoh szso dk toskU nfXekoh szso dk toskU nfXekoh szso dk toskU (Attitude of bureaucracy)LLLLL ;zo~fyne nfXekoh szso (GurdianBureaucracy) nfijk nfXekoh szso (Bureaucracy) j? i' nkgD/ nkg B{z oki dh ;fEosk (Stability)


B ØN


ns/ nyzvsk (Integrity) d/ w[~y ;zo~fyne d/ o{g ft~u t/ydk j?. u'D dh okiBhsh (Electrocal Politics)d/ ekoB id'A pko pko ;oekoK pdbdhnK jB, fJE' s~e fe eJh tko ;fEo ;oeko pBD ft~u nVuD nkiKdh j?, T[; t/b/ ;zo~fyne nfXekoh szso ;k;B dk ;kok Gko nkgD/ w'fYnK s/ b? b?Adk j? ns/ ;ko/ ezwfJ; soK eoB b~rdk j? fit/A fe u[Dh jh ;oeko B{z eoB/ ukjhd/ jB okiBhse T[Eb g[Eb d/ ;w/A id'Afes/ ;oeko fv~r iKdh j?, T[~E/ ;zo~fyne nfXekoh szso nokiesk (Anarchy) BjhA c?bD fdzdk pbfe BthA;oeko dh ;EkgBk j'D s~e ;oeko d/ ;ko/ ezw eki ubkT[dK j?. nfijh ;fEsh nkw s"o s/ sh;oh d[BhnK(Third World) d/ d/PK ft~u gkJh iKdh j?. shih d[BhnK d/ d/P t?;/ s/ gozgokrs ;wki jB, go T[gfBt/Ptkdh d"V ft~u nfij/ pj[s ;ko/ d/PK d/ Pk;eK B/ T[E/ ni'ehnK nfXekoh szsoh ;zouBKtk (ModernBureaucratic structure) ;Ekfgs eo fd~shnK ;B. fJ; soK fJBK d/PK B{z ;[szsosk d/ ;w/A i' gqPk;fBeftt;Ek ftok;s ft~u fwbh, T[j fJBK tk;s/ pj[s T[g:'rh f;~X j'Jh. fJ~E' s~e fe okiBhse nf;Eosk(Political instability) d/ d"o ft~u fJj nfXekoh szso Pk;B dk ;kok ezw ;zGkb b?Ad/ jB. nfij/nfXekoh szso B{z ;zo~fyne nfXekoh szso (Gurdian Bureaucracy) fejk iKdk j?. T[dkjoD d/ s"o s/gkfe;skB d/ ft~u eJh tkoh okiBhse T[Eb g[Eb d/ d"o ft~u T[~E/ dk nfXekoh szso ;oeko dk ;kok ezw;zGkbdk fojk j?.

Gkosh gqPk;fBe ;/tk (Indian Administrative Service) dk YKuk th T[gfBt/Ptkdh d"o dh d/D fojkj?. fJj ;/tk fJzvhnB f;tb ;oft; (Indian Civil Service: ICS) dh T[~sokfXekoh j?, fi;B{z fpqfNPoki t/b/ ;Ekfgs ehsk frnk ;h. T[; t/b/ c'bkdh YKuk (Steel Frame) fejk iKdk ;h. fJ; soK ‘GkoshgqPkfBe ;/tk’ n~i th g{oh soK ekfJw j? ns/ fJ;B/ eJhA tko ;zo~fyne nfXekoh szso dh G{fwek fBGkJhj?. fJ~E/ nfXekoh szso nkw s"o s/ okiBhse fdq;Nh Bkb fBog~y fojk j?. fJ; soK pko^pko d/ okiBhsegfotosBK d/ pkti{d fJ;B/ nkgDh gSkD ekfJw o~yh j? ns/ BthnK ;wkfie BhshnK B{z bkr{ eoB ft~upokpoh dh ekoi e[Pbsk dk gfou? fd~sk j?.

e'ohnk ft~u 1910 s'A 1945 s~e T[~EA' d/ igkBh Pk;eK B/ okiBhse ns/ gqPk;fBe gqDkbh Bz{ g{oh soK nkgD/j~E ft~u o~fynk ;h ns/ T[; ft~u e'ohnk d/ w{b fBtk;hnK dh G{fwek B{z Bk d/ pokpo pDk fd~sk. d{;o/ftPt :[~X (1939^1945) ft~u id'A igkBhnK dh jko j'Jh ns/ T[j e'ohnk s'A ub/ rJ/ sK T[EA' d/ okiBhsens/ gqPk;fBe ihtB ft~u ybkn g?dk j' frnk.

fJ~Xo e[M wkwfbnk ft~u shih d[BhnK dk nfXekoh szso nkX[fBe wkDeK (Modern Norms) d/ nB[;koBjhA Yb ;fenk. fJBK d/PK B/ gozgokrs ;wki GkJh Gshiktkd (Kinship) d/ pzXBK ft~u cz;/ j'J/ ;B.fJj pzXB nfXekoh szso s/ jkth oj/. ncohek ft~u okiBhse Py;hsK, gq;k;fBe nfXekohnK ns/ ;?fBenfXekohnK s'A fJj T[whd ehsh iKdh j? fe T[j nkgDh ;~sk (Authority) dk T[g:'r eod/ ;w/A nkgD/gfotkoK B{z ckfJdk gj[zukDr/. fJ;dk Bshik fJj j'fJnk j? fe T[~E' d/ ;wki ft~u GkJh Gshiktkd ns/gqPk;fBe fGq;Nkuko dk p'bpkbk j?. Bkihohnk ft~u jo/e oki eqKsh (Coup) d/ pknd pj[s t~v/ g?wkB/s/ g[okD/ nfXekohnK B{z jNkfJnk frnk j?. uhB d/ gqPk;B szso ft~u th fJ;/ soK dk ftnkge fGq;Nkukoc?fbnk j'fJnk j?.

fJzBk jh BjhA shih d[BhnK d/ gqPk;fBe nfXekohnK B{z nkgD/ nkgD/ y/so (Region), iksh (Caste) ns/iBiksh (Tribe) dk ;[Gkfte gqshfBXh wzfBnk iKdk j?. fJ; soK T[j fJj nB[Gt eod/ jB fe nkgD/ nkgD/;w{j B{z ;jkfJsk ns/ ckfJdk gj[zukDk T[BK dk coI j?. fJ; ;'u B/ “gqshfBXh nfXekoh szso” (Represen-tative Bureaucracy) d/ ftuko B{z wIp{s ehsk j?.

gqshfBXh nfXekoh szsogqshfBXh nfXekoh szsogqshfBXh nfXekoh szsogqshfBXh nfXekoh szsogqshfBXh nfXekoh szso (Representative)LLLLL fJj ftuko fe shih d[BhnK (Third World) d/ d/PKft~u nfXekoh szso (Bureaucracy) d/ w?Apo fJ;d/ nXhB nkgD/ nkgD/ y/so (Region), iksh (Caste),iBiksh (Tribe), GkPk (Language) iK Xow (Religion) d/ b'eK dh gqshfBXsk eod/ jB. fJ; soK fJBK;w{jk d/ b'e nkgD/ fJBk sEkefEs gqshfBXk s'A fJj T[whd eod/ jB fe T[j T[BK dhnK ;w~f;nKtk t~byk; fXnkB d/Dr/ ns/ T[jBK dh wdd eoDr/. fJBK T[whdk B{z g{ok eoBk fJ~e soK Bkb nfXekoh szsoKd/ w?poK dk coi pD iKdk j?.


B ØN


i/ d/fynk ikt/ sK gqshfBXh nfXekoh szso dk ftuko T[gukfoe fdqPNh Bkb fe;/ soK d/ nfXeko iK coidk f;oiD BjhA eodk go shih d[BhnK d/ d/PK ft~u fi~E/ dh ftPkb iB ;zfynk soK soK d/ ;w{jK ft~utzvh j? ns/ nfXekoh szso d/ w?Apo th GktBkswe sb s/ nkgD/ w{b ;w{j Bkb i[V/ ofjzd/ jB. fi~E/ ;z;kXBK(Resources) ns/ w"fenK (Opportunities) dh ngko ewh j?. T[~E/ fJj ftuko nkw iBsk B{z e[M nkPkfdzdk j?. nfXekoh szso d/ pko/ fJj ftuko fJ;d/ gqf;~X f;XKseko w?e; t/po (1864^1920) dh ebgBKBkb w/b Bjh yKdk.

fJ;s'A fJbktk shih d[BhnK d/ d/PK dh ftPakb iB;zfynK ns/ ftnkge rohph d/ ekoB T[~E/ ;oekoh y/so ft~u o'irko d/ w"e/ tXkT[D dh wzr brksko T[mkJh iKdh j? T[;B{z g{ok eoB bJh j/mb/ g~XoK s/ b'Vs'A t~X eowukoh o~y bJ/ iKd/ jB ns/ T[jBK dh :'rsk s/ th ftP/; fXnkB BjhA fd~sk iKdk. fJ; ezwB{z tXkT[D bzpk fy~uD dh ;'u B{z finkdk pb fwbdk j? ns/ gqPk;B ft~u bkb chsk Pkjh (Red Tapism)dk p'bpkbk j' iKdk j?. shih d[Bhnk d/ gqPk;fBe fttjko dhnK ftP/;sKtk ns/ nfXekoh szso d/ ekB{zBhsoe ;zrs gqsho{g (Legal rational modal) s'A pj[s d{o ubhnK iKdhnK jB. fiBK dh ebgBk w?e;t/po (1864^1920) B/ g/P ehsh ;h.

fco ftek;Phb d/PK d/ gqP;kfBe nfXekoh brksko fB:wK ns/ gqfefonKtk (Rules and procedures)dk gq:'r nkgDhnK fizw/dkohnK s'A puD bJh eod/ jB , b'e gqPk;D d/ T[d/PK dh g{osh bJh BjhA. fJj;'u ;wkfie ns/ nkofEe ftek; dhnK io{osK d/ T[bN f;~X j[zdh j?. fJBK ;G ewhnK B{z d{o eoB bJhfJBK d/PK ft~u ftXkB wzvb (Legisnature) ns/ fBnKgkfbek (Judiciary) Bkb i[V/ j'J/ ;[u/s ftfP;NtorK B{z tX/o/ feqnkswe G{fwek fBGkDh j't/rh ns/ g~soekoK (Press) ns/ ;wkfie nzd'bBK (SocialMovements) d/ ekoi eosKtK B{z fBozso ;[u/s ofjDk gt/rk.

u'D gqfefonk u'D gqfefonk u'D gqfefonk u'D gqfefonk u'D gqfefonk (Election Process)LLLLL shih d[BhnK d/ d/PK ft~u b'e szso B{z pj[s ;okjhnk iKdk j?. goT[E/ T[dko b'eszso (Liberal Democracy) dhnK ;z;EKtk ft;fsqs o{g ft~u ftef;s BjhA j' gkJhnK jB.e/tb Gkos ft~u ;[zssosk s'A pknd brksko fB:fws o{g ft~u u'Dk j[zdhnK ojhnK jB. d{i/ d/PK ft~u fJj;z;Ektk E'V/Ê'V/ ;w/A s~e jh gqu~fbs ofj gkJhnK jB. T[dkjoD t~i' gkfe;skB ft~u 1984 dhnK u'DkioBb finkT{b j~e d/ nXhB szso dh g[;Nh bJh eokJ/ rJ/ ns/ 2002 ft~u okPNogsh gd d/ ioBbgot/i w[Poc dh wkBsk ;Ekfgs eoB bJh u"DK eotkJhnK rJhnK. fwnkwko (Burma) ft~u sK ;?fBePk;B B/ u"Dk B{z wike pDk fd~sk. T[~E/ bzp/ ;?fBe Pk;B s'A pknd ;zB 1990 ft~u nkw u'Dk eotkJhnKrJhnK ns/ “B?PBb bhr cko v?w'eo/;h” B{z Gkoh pj[ws Bkb fi~s fwbh. go ;?fBe Pk;B B/ T[;B{z ;~sk;"gD s'A fJBeko eo fd~sk.

w?ef;e' ft~u nkw s"o s/ fJ~e' db d/ Pk;B B{z ekfJw o~yD bJh u'Dk eotkJhnK iKdhnK jB ns/ fJ; ft~ufoPts (Bribery) ns/ pb gq:'r (Coercion) dk ;jkok fbnk iKdk j?. ehBhnk ft~u fJ~e dbh Pk;BB{z wip{s eoB bJh u"DK d/ ;w/A fJ~e' jh db d/ T[whdtkoK ft~u w[ekpb/ (Competition) B{z wzi{oh fd~shrJh j?. f;oc 1980 s/ 1990 d/ djkfenK ft~u b/fNB nwohek ns/ ncohek d/ e[M fj~f;nK ft~u n;bft~u w[ekpb/ tkbhnK u'DK eotkJhnK rJhnK jB.

fco fi~E/ fi~E/ w[ekpb/ tkbhnK u'DK eotkJhnK rJhnK T[~E/ th w[ekpb/ dk T[d/P e/tb e[M yk; ftneshnK,ikshtkdh ;w{jK (Ethnic Groups) ns/ fcofenK (Communities) B{z bkG gj[zukDk fojk j?, fe;/ftukoXkok (Ideology) B{z tXktk d/Dk BjhA.

e[M d/PK ft~u g?;/ d/ e/ Y/o ;ko/ t'N pN'o bJ/ rJ/ jB fit/A fe 1985 ft~u fcbhghB; ft~u okPNogsh wkoe';d/ Pk;B ekb ft~u j'fJnk. 1986 ft~u T[jBK B{z fGq;Nkuko d/ d'PK nXhB nkgD/ nj[d/ s'A jNk fd~sk frnk.

fJjBK ;G ewhnK d/ pkti{d shih d[Bhnk ft~u u"DK e/Adoh ;oeko ns/ ;EkBe Pk;B d/ ftueko ;zgoedh eVh dh G{fwek fBGkdhnK jB ns/ iB ;XkoB ft~u okiBhse ;irsk (politicial awareness) B{zT[s;kfjs eodhnK jB. fJ; soK fJj u'DK ftP/; tor d/ Pk;e B{z g~Swh irs ns/ nzso okPNoh J/iz;hnK (International Agencies) dh BIo ft~u ikfJI mfjokT[D dk ezw eod/ jB, i' fe ftek;Phbd/PK d/ ftek; ft~u nkofEe ;jkfJsk gqdkB eodhnK jB.


B ØN



ykbh ;EkB Go'ykbh ;EkB Go'ykbh ;EkB Go'ykbh ;EkB Go'ykbh ;EkB Go' (Fill in the Blanks)1H ftek;Phb d/PK ft~u oki dh ;fEsh Bz{ ;[fdqV eoD bJh fJBK d/PK ft~u HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH dk ;jkok

fbnk ikdk j?.

2H shih d[BhnK ft~u HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH d/ nkXko s/ b'eK d/ wBK ft~u e[M ftfPPN XkoDktK xo eou[ehnK j[zdhnK jB i' nkX[fBe ;z;EktK d/ ezw ft~u o[ektN gkUAdhnK jB.

3H ftek;Phb d/PK ft~u eJh tko HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH nkofEe ftek; ft~u ;jkfJe th f;~X j[zdh j?.

4H shih d[BhnK ft~u HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH e/Adoh ;oeko ns/ ;EkfBe Pk;B ftueko eVh dh G{fwekfBGkUAd/ jB.

5H shih d[BhnK d/ e[M ;kwtkdh d/PK B/ iBrshPhbB d/ wkfXnw Bkb HHHHHHHHHHHHHHH gqkgs eoD dhe'fPP ehsh.


• ;{uBk ns/ ;zuko gqd:'freh ft~u fJzNoB?N ns/ tobv tkJhv t?p tor/ ni'e/ ftek; G{̂ wzvbh eoD d/wj~stg{oB g~y ns/ fBoDkfJe s~s jB. fJ;d/ ekoB T[sgkdB, ;zqrjD ns/ nKefVnk dk ftPb/PD nk;kBj' frnk j? ns/ fJ;B{z g{oh d[BhnK ft~u s/ih Bkb c?bkfJnk ik ;edk j?.

• ;[szsosk s'A pknd fJjBK d/PK ft~u i' nkX[fBeheoB (Modernnization) dh gqfefonk P[o{ j'JhT[;B/ gozgok rs ihtB P?bh dh irQk d/ T[d:'rheoB (Industriaization), PfjoheoB (Urban-ization), w[dok ndkB gqdkB (Monitary Exchange), T[gukfoe f;~fynk (Formal Educa-tion) ns/ iB ;zgoe d/ ;kXBK (Mass Media) d/ ftPkb T[g:'r d/ ft~u tkXk ehsk. id'A b'eKdhnK b'VK ns/ fj~sK ft~u n;wkBsk gfjbK j[zdh j? sK ;wki d/ t~y t~y ;zrmB fit/A fe fe;kB;zx, (Peasant Unions) wId{o ;zx (Trade Union), tDi wzvb (Chamber of commerece)ns/ g/P/to ;z;EKtk (Professional Associations) T[~Go e/ ;kjwD/ nkT[dhnK jB.

• edhêdh fj~s ;w{j fJzB/ Pesh;kbh j' iKd/ jB fe ;oeko th T[jBK B{z BokI eoB dk ysok w'b BjhAb? ;edh, BjhA sK ;oeko nkg nf;Eo j' iKdh j?. JhokB d/ Pkj dk gbkfJB (1979), d~yDh e'ohnkft~u okPNogsh gkoe dk esb (1979) ns/ fw;o s/ okPNogsh ;kdks dk esb (1991) nfijhnK;fEshnK d/ T[dkjoD g/P eod/ jB.

• 1980 ns/ 1990 d/ djkfenK s'A gfjbK shih d[BhnK d/ d/PK ft~u dbh gqDkbhnK (Party systems)nkw s"o s/ pj[s ewI'o ojhnK jB. i/ d/fynk ikt/ sK ;kT[dh nop, eso, ikovB, pjohB, e[t?sns/ G{NkB tor/ okiszsoh d/PK ft~u e'Jh dbh gqDkbh ojh jh BjhA ns/ T[E'A dh okiBhsh d/ Pk;egfotkoK (Ruling families) dk gqGkt fojk j?. fi~E/ fi~E/ ;?fBe Pk;B (Military Rule) ;Ekfgs j[azdkj?, T[~E/ gqufbs okiBhse dbK T[~s/ ekB{zBh gkpzdh brk fd~sh iKdh j? fi; soQK fe gkfe;skB ft~ueJhA tko j'fJnk. go fi~E/ n;?fBe Pk;B (Civilian Rules) dh wzr i'o cVB b~rdh j?, c/ookiBhse db fco s'A T[Go e/ ;kjwD/ nkT[d/ jB.

• nB/e ftek;Phb d/PK ft~u ;[zssosk s'A gfjbK okPNotkdh nzd'bBK B/ nfij/ gqGktPkbh dbK B{z iBwfd~sk i' fe ;[szsosk s'A pkd th ekfJw oj/ go d/o^;t/o nfij/ db ewI'o g? rJ/, feT[Afe T[j b'eKdhnK BthnK^BthnK nkPktK T[whdK dh g{osh BjhA eo ;e/. xkBk ft~u etkw/ Beo[wk d/ gsB d/ BkbT[;dh “eBt?AB;B ghgb gkoNh” th nb'g j' rJh.

• b'e ;zgoe d/ ;kXB ;wkuko g~so, g~sfoektK, o/fvT[, N?bhftiB nkfd nkX[fBeheoB d/ wj~stg{oB ;kXBjB. sh;oh d[BhnK d/ d/PK ft~u fJj ;kXB th pj[s/ ftef;s BjhA jB. ;wkuko g~so nkw s"os/ ftP/P torK d/ fJ;s/wkb dh jh t;s{ j? ns/ fJjBK dh tzv finkdkso PfjoK s~e jh ;hwhs j?.


B ØN


• Gkosh gqPk;fBe ;/tk (Indian Administrative Service) dk YKuk th T[gfBt/Ptkdh d"o dh d/D fojk j?.fJj;/tk fJzvhnB f;tb ;oft; (Indian Civil Service: ICS) dh T[~sokfXekoh j?, fi;B{z fpqfNP oki t/b/ ;Ekfgsehsk frnk ;h. T[; t/b/ c'bkdh YKuk (Steel Frame) fejk iKdk ;h. fJ; soK ‘Gkosh gqPkfBe ;/tk’ n~i thg{oh soK ekfJw j? ns/ fJ;B/ eJhA tko ;zo~fyne nfXekoh szso dh G{fwek fBGkJh j?.

• fJj ftuko fe shih d[BhnK (Third World) d/ d/PK ft~u nfXekoh szso (Bureaucracy) d/ w?Apo fJ;d/ nXhBnkgD/ nkgD/ y/so (Region), iksh (Caste), iBiksh (Tribe), GkPk (Language) iK Xow (Religion) d/ b'eKdh gqshfBXsk eod/ jB. fJ; soK fJBK ;w{jk d/ b'e nkgD/ fJBk sEkefEs gqshfBXk s'A fJj T[whd eod/ jBfe T[j T[BK dhnK ;w~f;nKtk t~b yk; fXnkB d/Dr/ ns/ T[jBK dh wdd eoDr/.

• shih d[BhnK d/ d/PK ft~u b'e szso B{z pj[s ;okjhnk iKdk j?. go T[E/ T[dko b'eszso (LiberalDemocracy) dhnK ;z;EKtk ft;fsqs o{g ft~u ftef;s BjhA j' gkJhnK jB. e/tb Gkos ft~u;[zssosk s'A pknd brksko fB:fws o{g ft~u u'Dk j[zdhnK ojhnK jB. d{i/ d/PK ft~u fJj ;z;EktkE'V/̂ E'V/ ;w/A s~e jh gqu~fbs ofj gkJhnK jB. T[dkjoD t~i' gkfe;skB ft~u 1984 dhnK u'Dk ioBbfinkT{b j~e d/ nXhB szso dh g[;Nh bJh eokJ/ rJ/ ns/ 2002 ft~u okPNogsh gd d/ ioBbgot/i w[Poc dh wkBsk ;Ekfgs eoB bJh u"DK eotkJhnK rJhnK.

• w?ef;e' ft~u nkw s"o s/ fJ~e' db d/ Pk;B B{z ekfJw o~yD bJh u'Dk eotkJhnK iKdhnK jB ns/ fJ;ft~u foPts (Bribery) ns/ pb gq:'r (Coercion) dk ;jkok fbnk iKdk j?.

• fJjBK ;G ewhnK d/ pkti{d shih d[Bhnk ft~u u"DK e/Adoh ;oeko ns/ ;EkBe Pk;B d/ ftueko;zgoe dh eVh dh G{fwek fBGkdhnK jB.

14H4 Ppde'P 14H4 Ppde'P 14H4 Ppde'P 14H4 Ppde'P 14H4 Ppde'P (Key Words)

bkbchskPkjh L bkb chs/ Bkb pzBhnK ckJhbK Bz{ jΩbh^j Ωbh n~r/ ;oekUD dh gqftosh.sN;E L r[NpkIh s'A nb~r ofjDk.


1H G{^wzvbheoD ns/ s[bBkswe okiBsh d/ nzso ;zpzXK T[Zs/ gqekP gkU.

2H ftef;s ns/ ftek;Phb ;wkiK ft~u G{^wzvbheoD dh nB[feqnk dk ftPb/PD eo'.3H ftef;s ns/ ftek;Phb d/PK ft~u okiBhfse ;kotG"fweoD T[Zs/ fN~gDh fby'.


(1) okPNo fBowkD ns/ oki fBowkD (2) pzX[st (3) gozgokrs GktBktK

(4) u[Bkt (5) nkofEe ;zftq~Xh






p[e;

Jalandhar-Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1)Phagwara, Punjab (India)-144411For Enquiry: +91-1824-300360Fax.: +91-1824-506111Email: [email protected]

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

Documents

Comparative Politics and Governmentebooks.lpude.in/arts/ba/year_2/DPOL202_COMPARATIVE... · 3H ftfdnkoEhnK Bz{ ;z;ko dhnK ftfGzB okiBhfse gqDkbhnK dh Gkosh okiBhfse gqDkbh Bkb s[bBk