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Comparative Comparative AnatomyAnatomy
Sensory and Endocrine Sensory and Endocrine OrgansOrgans
Note Set 14Note Set 14
Chapter 15 & 17 Chapter 15 & 17
Sense OrgansSense Organs
Monitor external & internal Monitor external & internal environmentenvironment
Somatic or visceral receptorsSomatic or visceral receptors Specific or generalSpecific or general
Special Somatic ReceptorsSpecial Somatic ReceptorsNeuromastsNeuromasts
In skin of fish and amphibiansIn skin of fish and amphibians Monitors mech, elect, and Monitors mech, elect, and
chem stimulichem stimuli Ampullae of Lorenzini in Ampullae of Lorenzini in
shark snoutshark snout
Figure 16.1: Ampullae of Lorenzini in shark.
Special Somatic Receptors Special Somatic Receptors (cont.)(cont.)
NeuromastsNeuromasts Pit organs along Pit organs along
shark gill regionshark gill region Lateral line canalLateral line canal
Linear seriesLinear series Derived from Derived from
ectodermal placodes ectodermal placodes Figure 16.2: External openings of neuromast organs in Squalus.
Figure 16.3: Neuromast organ and lateral line canal in a fish.
Special Somatic ReceptorsSpecial Somatic ReceptorsMembranous Labyrinth Membranous Labyrinth
Vertebrates have pair of Vertebrates have pair of fluid filled membranous fluid filled membranous labyrinthslabyrinths
Filled with endolymphFilled with endolymph Surrounded by Surrounded by
perilymphperilymphFigure 16.5: Membranous labyrinths of human.
Figure 16.4: Left membranous labyrinth of craniates; semicircular canals (1, 2, & 3), sacculus (s) and utriculus (u).
Special Somatic Receptors Special Somatic Receptors (cont.)(cont.)
Membranous Labyrinth Membranous Labyrinth
Semicircular canals, Semicircular canals, utriculus, and utriculus, and sacculussacculus
Inside canals:Inside canals: OtolithsOtoliths Sensory hairs- perceive Sensory hairs- perceive
motionmotion Angular motion Angular motion
detected by detected by semicircular canalssemicircular canals
Linear motion Linear motion detected by utriculus detected by utriculus and sacculusand sacculus
Figure 16.6: Vestibular apparatus.
Figure 16.7: Human anatomy of the ear.
Figure 16.8: Anlagen of amniote inner ear (otocyst). Embryonic head (a) and cross section of head (b).
Special Somatic Receptors Special Somatic Receptors (cont.)(cont.)
Membranous Labyrinth Membranous Labyrinth
LagenaLagena Out pocketing of Out pocketing of
sacculus wallsacculus wall Gives rise to Gives rise to
cochlea in cochlea in mammalsmammals Organ of CortiOrgan of Corti
Figure 16.9: Cochlea and organ of corti in mammal.
Special Somatic Special Somatic Receptors Receptors (cont.)(cont.)
Membranous Labyrinth Membranous Labyrinth
Weberian ossiclesWeberian ossicles Fish transmit sound Fish transmit sound
waveswaves Modified transverse Modified transverse
processprocess Sinus impar (some Sinus impar (some
fish)fish) Assists in transport Assists in transport
of soundof soundFigure 16.10: (a) weberian ossicles (b) weberian apparatus for transmitting swim bladder vibrations to ear.
(a)
(b)
Special Somatic Receptors Special Somatic Receptors (cont.)(cont.)
Membranous Labyrinth Membranous Labyrinth
Middle Ear of Middle Ear of TetrapodsTetrapods
Canal from evagination Canal from evagination of 1of 1stst pharyngeal pouch pharyngeal pouch
Eustachian tubeEustachian tube Communication btwn Communication btwn
pharynx and middle earpharynx and middle ear
Figure 16.11: Position of eustachian tube.
Special Somatic Special Somatic Receptors Receptors (cont.)(cont.)
Membranous Labyrinth Membranous Labyrinth Middle Ear of Middle Ear of
TetrapodsTetrapods Bones:Bones:
Malleus, incus, and Malleus, incus, and stapesstapes
Derived from 1Derived from 1stst and 2and 2ndnd visceral visceral archesarches
Stapes is columella Stapes is columella in reptiles and birdsin reptiles and birds
Figure 16.12: Middle ear bones.
Special Somatic Special Somatic Receptors Receptors (cont.)(cont.)
Membranous Labyrinth Membranous Labyrinth Middle Ear of TetrapodsMiddle Ear of Tetrapods
Figure 16.13: Development of the middle ear bones.
Outer Ear of TetrapodsOuter Ear of Tetrapods PinnaePinnae Ear drum set back into skullEar drum set back into skull
Crocs, birds, and mammalsCrocs, birds, and mammals Tympanic membrane on outsideTympanic membrane on outside
Frogs Frogs External auditory meatusExternal auditory meatus
Canal leading to tympanic membraneCanal leading to tympanic membrane
Special Somatic Receptors Special Somatic Receptors (cont.)(cont.)
Membranous Labyrinth Membranous Labyrinth
Pits that open to surfacePits that open to surface Btwn epidermal scalesBtwn epidermal scales
Loreal pitsLoreal pits Pit vipersPit vipers Btwn nostril and eyeBtwn nostril and eye thermosensitivethermosensitive
Labial pitsLabial pits PythonsPythons Other thermosensitive pitsOther thermosensitive pits Appear similar to neuromastsAppear similar to neuromasts
Special Somatic ReceptorsSpecial Somatic ReceptorsInfrared ReceptorsInfrared Receptors
Special Somatic ReceptorsSpecial Somatic ReceptorsLight ReceptorsLight Receptors
PhotoreceptorsPhotoreceptors Lateral eyesLateral eyes Median eye (3Median eye (3rdrd or pineal or pineal
eye)eye) On top of headOn top of head Has lens and corneaHas lens and cornea Do not form retinal Do not form retinal
imagesimages Ex: lamprey, ganoid fish, Ex: lamprey, ganoid fish,
larval anurans, lizardslarval anurans, lizards Figure 16.15: Parapineal organ of iguana.
Figure 16.14: Parietal eye.
Special Somatic Receptors Special Somatic Receptors (cont.) (cont.) Light ReceptorsLight Receptors
Median eye (3Median eye (3rdrd or or pineal eye) (cont.)pineal eye) (cont.) Part of epiphyseal Part of epiphyseal
complexcomplex Anterior parapineal is Anterior parapineal is
often photosensitive often photosensitive Lamprey- both pineal Lamprey- both pineal
and parapineal are and parapineal are photosensitivephotosensitive
Lizard- parapineal Lizard- parapineal becomes 3becomes 3rdrd eye eye
Frontal organsFrontal organs 33rdrd eye in larval frogs eye in larval frogs PhotosensitivePhotosensitive
Figure 16.16: Epiphyseal complex of lamprey and embryonic and adult lizard.
Special ChemoreceptorsSpecial ChemoreceptorsOlfactory OrgansOlfactory Organs
Ectodermal placodesEctodermal placodes Sink into headSink into head Internal naris- Internal naris-
opening insideopening inside Lungfish and tetrapodsLungfish and tetrapods
External naris- External naris- opening outsideopening outside Fish Fish
Higher vertebrates Higher vertebrates possess both typespossess both types
Figure 16.17: Internal and external naris shown and vomeronasal organ.
Special ChemoreceptorsSpecial Chemoreceptors (con’t)(con’t)
Olfactory OrgansOlfactory Organs
Vomeronasal organ Vomeronasal organ (Jacobson’s Organ)(Jacobson’s Organ) Olfactory mechanisms Olfactory mechanisms
isolated form nasalisolated form nasal Snakes and lizardsSnakes and lizards Insert forked tongue Insert forked tongue
into organinto organ
(a)
(b)
Figure 16.18: Snake collecting scent molecules (a) that are then delivered to the vomeronasal organ by the tongue (b).
Special ChemoreceptorsSpecial ChemoreceptorsOrgans of TasteOrgans of Taste
Taste budsTaste buds Similar to Similar to
neuromastsneuromasts In oral cavity In oral cavity
and pharynxand pharynx
Figure 16.19: Anatomy of the taste bud.
Endocrine OrgansEndocrine Organs
Ductless organsDuctless organs Secrete hormonesSecrete hormones Derived from the 3 Derived from the 3
germ layersgerm layers
Figure 16.20: Embryonic germ layers.
Pituitary GlandPituitary Gland
Figure 16.21: Phylogeny of the vertebrate pituitary.
Pituitary Gland Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)(Hypophysis)
Derived from Derived from ectodermectoderm
Two divisionsTwo divisions Neurohypophysis Neurohypophysis
(post. pit.)(post. pit.) Adenohypophysis (ant. Adenohypophysis (ant.
pit.)pit.)
Figure 16.22: Anterior and posterior pituitary.
Pituitary Gland Pituitary Gland (cont.)(cont.)
NeurohypophysisNeurohypophysis Infundibulum of Infundibulum of
diencephalondiencephalon Stores hormonesStores hormones
Adenohypophysis Adenohypophysis Cells evaginate Cells evaginate
away from away from stomadeum stomadeum
Secretes hormonesSecretes hormones Rathke’s pouchRathke’s pouch
Figure 16.23: Embryogenesis of the amniote pituitary.
Caudal Neurohemal Caudal Neurohemal OrganOrgan
Endocrine gland unique to some fish Endocrine gland unique to some fish UrophysisUrophysis Neurosensory organNeurosensory organ Occurs at tip of tail off of spinal cordOccurs at tip of tail off of spinal cord
PinealPineal
Derived from Derived from ectodermectoderm
Produces melatoninProduces melatonin Gonadal regulatorGonadal regulator PhotoperiodismPhotoperiodism
Figure 16.24: Location of the pineal gland in the human brain.
Adrenal GlandAdrenal Gland
Adrenal MedullaAdrenal Medulla Derived form Derived form
ectodermectoderm From neurocrest From neurocrest
cells cells Adrenal CortexAdrenal Cortex
Derived from Derived from mesodermmesoderm
Figure 16.25: Cross section of Rt adrenal gland (top) and anatomical position of the adrenal glands.
GonadsGonads
Derived from mesodermDerived from mesoderm Within kidney tissue in some rayfin Within kidney tissue in some rayfin
fishfish Corpuscles of StanniusCorpuscles of Stannius
Endodermal OriginEndodermal Origin
Pancreatic Islets of Pancreatic Islets of LangerhansLangerhans
Thyroid glandThyroid gland Foramen Cecum- Foramen Cecum-
reminant of thyroid reminant of thyroid evaginationevagination
Bursa of FabriciusBursa of Fabricius Outpocket of cloacaOutpocket of cloaca Thymus in natureThymus in nature
Figure 16.27: Mammalian thyroid development.
Pharyngeal PouchesPharyngeal Pouches
Derived from endodermDerived from endoderm FishFish
Pouches 2, 3, 4, 5 (dorsal)- Pouches 2, 3, 4, 5 (dorsal)- thymusthymus
Pouch 5 (ventral)- Pouch 5 (ventral)- ultimobranchial bodiesultimobranchial bodies
AmphibiansAmphibians Pouches 3, 4, 5 (dorsal)- Pouches 3, 4, 5 (dorsal)-
thymusthymus Pouch 5 (ventral)- Pouch 5 (ventral)-
ultimobranchial bodiesultimobranchial bodies
Figure 16.28: Contributions of the embryonic pharyngeal pouches to development of endocrine glands.
Pharyngeal Pouches Pharyngeal Pouches (cont.)(cont.)
MammalsMammals Pouches 3 & 4 (dorsal)- Pouches 3 & 4 (dorsal)-
thymusthymus Pouches 3 & 4 (ventral)- Pouches 3 & 4 (ventral)-
parathyroidsparathyroids No ultimobranchial No ultimobranchial
bodiesbodies
Figure 16.29: Contributions of the embryonic pharyngeal pouches to development of endocrine glands.
Literature CitedLiterature CitedFigure 16.1- http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/342notes11.htmlFigure 16.2, 16.4, 16.8, 16.10 (b), 16.15, 16.16 & 16.17- Kent, George C.
and Robert K. Carr. Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.
Figure 16.3- http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/neuro/senses.htm#illusions
Figure 16.5- http://anatomy.iupui.edu/courses/histo_D502/D502f04/lecture.f04/Earf04/Ear.f04.html
Figure 16.6- http://faculty.etsu.edu/currie/study/hearing.htmFigure 16.7-
http://anatomy.iupui.edu/courses/histo_D502/D502f04/lecture.f04/Earf04/Ear.f04.html
Figure 16.9- http://faculty.etsu.edu/currie/study/hearing.htmFigure 16.10 (a) http://www.voiceproblem.org/anatomy/learning.asp
Figure 16.11- http://www.familydoctor.co.uk/htdocs/deafness/deafness_specimen.html
Figure 16.12- http://137.222.110.150/calnet/Aud/page2.htmFigure 16.13-
http://anatomy.iupui.edu/courses/histo_D502/D502f04/lecture.f04/Earf04/Ear.f04.html
Figure 16.14- http://www.anapsid.org/parietal.html
Figure 16.18- http://www.massasauga.ca/stewardship_guide/section_2/pg16.htm
Figure 16.19- http://www.csus.edu/indiv/l/loom/oct19%20f05.htmFigure 16.20-
http://www.bme.gatech.edu/vcl/Tissue_Engineering/Background/2_cell_types.htm
Figure 16.21, 16.23, 16.27, 16.28 & 16.29- Kardong, K. Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. McGraw Hill, 2002.
Figure 16.22- http://www.abcbodybuilding.com/magazine03/endocrineinsanity1.htm
Figure 16.24- http://webs.uvigo.es/endocrinologia/marco_izquierda.html
Figure 16.25- http://www.bartleby.com/61/imagepages/A4adregl.html
Literature CitedLiterature Cited