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8/2/2019 Compa 2011 Lec4a - Skeletal Intro and Vert Col
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Skeletal System
Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
Lecture Notes 4a
John Donnie A. Ramos, Ph.D.Dept. of Biological SciencesCollege of ScienceUniversity of Santo Tomas
Osteoporosis
condition characterized by the loss of the normal density
of bone, resulting in fragile bone.
Result from disease, dietary or hormonal deficiency or
advanced age
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Geneticdisorderresultingtoimperfectlyformedbonescausedbyinadequateamountofbonecollagen
Avascular Necrosis
Deathofbonetissueresultingfromtemporaryorpermanentlossofbloodsupply
Fibrous Dysplasia
chronicdisorderinwhichboneexpandsduetoabnormaldevelopmentoffibroustissueresultingtounevengrowthofbonesandbonedeformity
Osteomyelitis
inflammationorswellingofbonetissueusuallytheresult
ofaninfection(bacteria)ortraumaticinjury
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Functions of Skeletons
Framework / support Form body shape
Locomotion (together with muscles)
Protection (encasement)
Mineral deposit (reservoir)
Blood cell formation
Attachment of muscles
Skull determines shape of head
Triangular Face Round Face
Oblong FaceSquare Face
Skeleton
.any mineralized/hardened portion of the body
(bone, dentin, cartilage, enamel)
Origin: mesoderm
Epimere
(vertebral column)
Hypomere
(appendicular
skeleton)
Development of Skeleton
Mesoderm
Epimere / Hypomere
Sclerotome / Limb buds
(Scleroblasts)
ChondroblastOsteoblast Odontoblast Ameloblast
Bone Cartilage Dentin Enamel
Collagen
Bone Structure
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Epiphyseal plate
Haversian System
Deposition ofHydroxyapatite Crystals
Osteon Haversian canal
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Bone Structure
Periosteum
Endosteum
Types of Bones Compact bone
Found on shaft of long bones and flat bones
Lamellae arranged in haversian system Without cavities except haversian canals
Spongy bone Found in epiphysis (areas of stress) Made up of trabeculae (irregularly arranged lamellae) and
bone marrow (connective tissue fibers, blood vessels, nerves,adipose and hematopoietic cells)
Dentin (Dermal bone) Found in the skin Odontoblasts are not enclosed by lacunae Often covered by enamel
Aspidin (Acellular bone) Bones without cells Enameloid substances
Bone Types (as to how they are formed):
Membrane Bones Directly formed without passing the cartilage
stage
Intramembranous ossification
Replacement Bones Originate first as cartilage
Endochondral ossification
Other Skeletons Cartilage
Collagenous matrix
Chondrocytes
Matrix with mucopolysaccharide
No canaliculi and blood vessels
Tendons Connects muscle with bones
Made up of collagen
Ligaments Connects bone to bones
Made up of collagen
Aponeuroses Flat tendons and ligaments
Sesamoid cartilage Mineralized tendons or ligaments
Ligament Injury
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Kinds of Cartilage Hyaline cartilage (Nose)
Translucent matrix Absence of fibers aside from collagen Precursor of replacement bones
Fibrocartilage (Intervertebral discs) Presence of thick collagen fibers
Elastic cartilage (Ear, epiglottis) Contains both collagenous and elastic fibers
Calcified cartilage (jaws of sharks) Deposition of calcium salts
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Arthrosis attachment of two bones by ligaments Diarthrosis
Freely movable joint
Surfaces with hyaline cartilage Enclosed by synovial membrane with synovial fluid
Amphiarthrosis Limitedly movable
With fibrocartilage
Absence of synovial fluid
Synarthrosis Immovable
Sutured joints
Ankylosis condition when sutures becomes obliterated
Symphysis Special joint in the midline of the body
Separation of bilateral bones
Joints
Joints
Suture(immovable)
Pubic Symphysis(slightly movable)
Hinge Joint(Moderate movement)
Ball and Socket Joint(Moderate movement)
Skeletal RemodelingAbility of bones undergo growth, repair
and maintain homeostasis
Preskeletal mesenchymal blastemas
Cartilage
Resorption
Replacement Bones
Chondrogenesis
Endochondral Ossification
Continual resorption and remodelling
Membrane Bones
IntramembranousOssification
Caring for your bones
Eat healthy
Have a regular exercise
Take bone supplements
Have a bone density check-up
Have a healthy mind and spirit- pray!
Vertebrate Skeleton
Axial Skeleton Notochord and vertebral column
Ribs and sternum
Skull and visceral skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral and pelvic girdles
Skeleton of paired fins and limbs
Skeleton of median fins of fishes
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Heterotopic Bones
Developed on areas of stress
Endochondral or intramembranous ossification Found in internal organs
Examples: Os cordis (interventricular septum of deer and
bovine heart)
Baculum or os penis (dog and primate penis)
Os clitoridis (mammalian clitoris)
Patella (human kneecap)
Heterotopic bones in dove gizzard, bat tongue,camel diaphragm, bird syrinx etc.
Vertebral Column
Attachment of skull, limbs and ribs
Encloses and protects the spinal cord
Part of the cage that protect internal organs
Attachment of muscles
Formed as a cartilage around and within thenotochord Perichordal cartilage (around the notochord)
Chordal cartilage (invade the notochord)
Pulpy nucleus remnants of the notochord atthe centrum
Typical Vertebrae Structure
Vertebrae Types based on shape of centra
Amphicelous (fish) Concave on both ends
Procelous (frog) Concave anterior, convex posterior
Opisthocelous (turtle) Convex anterior, concave posterior
Heterocelous (birds) Saddle shape of both ends
Amphiplatyan (man) Flat on both ends
Apophyses (transverse processes)
Zygapophysis Articulation between vertebrae
Prezygapophysis (cephalic) Postzygopophysis (caudal)
Basapophysis Attachment of unicipital rib
Diapophysis Attachment of tuberculum (upper head of bicipital rib)
Parapophysis Attachment of capitulum (lower head of bicipital rib)
Pleuropophysis Transverse process for muscle attachment
Hypapophysis Midventral processes for muscle and tendon attachment
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Apophyses Fish Vertebrae
Diplospondyly - presence of 2 centra
- increased flexibility for
locomotion
Dorsals Caudals
Shark Vertebrae Tetrapod VertebraeRegional Specialization
Cervical - scan environment Atlas (attachment with skull)
Axis (2nd vertebra)
Thoracic attachment of ribs
Lumbar area without ribs
Sacral attachment of pelvic girdle Sacrum (ankylosed sacral vertebrae in mammals)
Synsacrum (ankylosed last thoracic, all lumbar allsacral and first few caudal vertebrae of birds)
Caudal locomation, balancing Urostryle
Pygostyle Coccyx
Necturus Vertebrae
Trunk vertebraeCaudal vertebrae
Frog Vertebrae
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Alligator Vertebrae
Caudal Thoracic Cervical
Turtle Vertebrae
BirdVertebrae
Pigeon Vertebral Column
Cat Vertebrae Cat Vertebrae
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Sacrum and Synsacrum Hen Synsacrum and Pelvic Girdle
Lateral View
Ventral View
Pelvis of Archeopteryx
Lateral View
Ventral ViewDorsal View
Lateral View
Caudal Vertebrae
Lateral View
Urostyle
PygostyleCoccyx
Ribs main case of visceral organs
Fishes (unicipital ribs) Dorsal ribs (separates epaxial from hypaxial muscles
Ventral ribs
Tetrapods Bicipital ribs
Tuberculum (dorsal head)
Capitulum (ventral head)
Parts of Amniote Thoracic Ribs Costal ribs
Sternal ribs
Bicipital Ribs
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Tetrapod Sternum
o amniote skeletono endochondral origin
o found on the ventral side of the body
o base of pectoral girdles and braces the ribs
o modified into carina in birds
o made up of sternebrae in mammals
Tetrapod Sterna
Development of Sternum
Origin: Mesenchymal bars
o Sternal bars sternebrae
o Sternal ribs ventral ribs
o Presternal blastema manubrium
o Suprasternal blastema suprasternalossicles (heterotopic bones)