National Statistics Center Committee for Planning and Investment

Final Report

Community - Based Monitoring System In Lao PDR

The Survey in Sepon (Savanakhet) and

Toomlan Districts (Saravan)

Supported by IDRC

May 2006

National Statistics Centre, Committee for Planning and Investment Luangprabang Road, Vientiane, Lao PDR Tel +856-21-214 740, 242023: Fax +856-21-242 022, 216 659 E-mail: nscp@etllao.com

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Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 3 2. SURVEY METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................ 5

2.1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY ......................................................................................... 5 2.2. SAMPLE VILLAGES SELECTION AND FIELD OPERATION ............................................................... 5 2.3. PROCEDURE OF DATA ENTRY AND DATA PROCESSING ............................................................... 6

3. RESULTS OF SURVEY ...................................................................................................................... 7 3.1. VILLAGE CHARACTERISTICS .......................................................................................................... 7

4. POPULATION ...................................................................................................................................... 9 4.1. POPULATION SIZE AND GROWTH.................................................................................................... 9 TABLE 5: NEW BORN AND DEATH (PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL POPULATION) ............................................. 11 4.2. SEX RATIO.................................................................................................................................... 11 4.3. DEPENDENCY RATIO .................................................................................................................... 12 4.4. POPULATION AND VILLAGE DISTRIBUTION .................................................................................. 13 4.5. NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS AND HOUSEHOLD SIZE ....................................................................... 14 4.6. ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AND LABOR FORCE .................................................................................... 15 4.7. NON- AGRICULTURE OCCUPATION............................................................................................... 16

5. HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS .................................................................................................... 18 5.1. HOUSING ...................................................................................................................................... 18 5.2. SOURCE OF WATER FOR DRINKING AND COOKING....................................................................... 19 5.3. MAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR COOKING .................................................................................... 21 5.4. TYPE OF TOILET............................................................................................................................ 21

6. AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK............................................................................................... 23 6.1. RICE CULTIVATION....................................................................................................................... 23 6.2. LIVESTOCK ................................................................................................................................... 24

7. HEALTH STATUS.............................................................................................................................. 26 7.1. NUMBER OF ILL PEOPLE BY MAIN DISEASE IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS.......................................... 26

8. ILLITERACY RATE FOR PEOPLE AGED 15 YEARS AND ABOVE ....................................... 27 9. EXPENDITURE AND INCOME........................................................................................................ 29

9.1. EXPENDITURE AND CONSUMPTION ............................................................................................. 29 9.2. INCOME SOURCE ......................................................................................................................... 31

10. POVERTY MONITORING ............................................................................................................ 34 11. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................... 35

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1. Introduction With the strong commitment of government to achieve the objective of poverty eradication in order to achieve its goals of overcoming the status of Least Developed Country by the year 2020 an operational poverty eradication program is significant important. Based on this policy, the National Growth and Poverty Eradication Strategy (NGPES) was developed and adopted by National Assembly during 2001.

In the implementing and monitoring of the NGES there is demand on information of the poor especially at the community level. To measure the social and economic performance of the country as well as NGPES it is required to have a set of data and information which reflected the results of socio and economic performance in different level, particularly at the unit of implementation. The monitoring in Lao PDR has introduced the bottom-up approach system using the community based data collection or “Village Book System” and the Lao Expenditure and Consumption Survey for poverty monitoring for national level. The Village Book has been improved. The questionnaire and methodology for data collection have been redesigned by implementing the CBMS under support of IDRC. The adopting of CBMS tools is to ensure quality of data and enhance capacity of local data collector and provincial statistician. The CBMS project has been running since March 2004. The purpose of the project is to assist the provincial officers to develop and design a tool for data collection via the “Village book” and to build capacity of the selected local authorities in data collection as well as to provide practical scientifically generated data to local authorities for their effective planning, monitoring and evaluation of priority development projects. The CBMS or village book is aims to collect on socio-economic information from grass-root level, which consist of data on population, housing, agriculture, labor statistics or main activities, education, health and poverty. The village chief is responsible for filling this book and report to districts, district report to provincial office and then report to NSC.

The CBMS project has been implemented over the period of 24 months in three phases. Phase 1 of the project was undertaken during 6 months from March 16 to September 2004; the pilot phase started in October and went on to March 2005; Phase 3 started in April 2005 and concluded in March 2006.

The project has conducted a pilot survey in 4 poor villages in the poorest district in Savanakhet and Saravanh province during 2004 and has implemented the main survey in 2005. The survey covered 24 villages in the same districts as the pilot period. 13 villages in Sepone and 11 villages in Toomlan were selected for CBMS implementing. The selection of villages in Toomlan District is based on the focus area of provincial government, so called “Development Villages”. The selected villages in

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Sepone are not development villages. However, these villages will be formed as development villages in the near future.

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SARAVANE

SAVANNAKHETVietnam

Thailand

SEPONE

TOOMLARN

PAKSE

CBMS SITE LOCATION

Mekong riverRoads

District borderProvince borderCountry border

2. Survey Methodology

2.1. Purpose and scope of the survey

The National Statistics Center has recently received support from the IDRC trough the regional coordinator is CBMS International Network, Angelo King Institute for economic and business study of the De la Salle University to implement Lao-CBMS project from 2004 to 2006.

The project has assisted NSC to develop a data collection tool and provide

the technical assistant to strengthening the capacity building of local authority and to support the existing “Village Book “in Lao PDR. The project has re-identified the indicators of Village Book and developed a mechanism of data collecting and result analysis for local authorities to strengthen their monitoring capacity. The survey will also provide a set of data base for the selected districts and it can be used for the target intervention in the mentioned two development village areas.

The data collection was done in September 2005 by the village staff with collaboration of provincial and district statisticians. The survey was leaded by CBMS team at NSC. The fieldwork has carried out for 4 weeks.

2.2. Sample Villages Selection and Field Operation The Sample selection has not applied any statistical technique since we

want to focus in some districts where the local authority showing their interest to implement this CBMS. The sample villages for CBMS site were chosen based on the agreement between the provincial Committee for Planning and Investment and NSC as agreed in the pilot period. These villages are located in the poorest districts. There are 24 villages in the survey; 13 villages in Sepone district in Savannakhet and 11 villages in Toomlan district in Saravan province.

The data collection was conducted in September 2005. The enumerators or

interviewers were village head, the head youth organization and village security group. Before the field operation enumerators were trained on technique and methodology on how to collect data and how fill it in the questionnaires and validation checking. The survey was done as full enumeration in all selected villages. There are 392 households with 3435 people in Toomlan and 1193 housejolds with 7435 people in Sepone district. Those villages are compound in the same location. Out of these households there are 7 collective household which are located in Sepone district.

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Table 1: Number of sample villages in each District

Districts Villages Collective Household

Agriculture household

Total household

Total population

Donsad 0 54 55 468

Namatong 0 15 15 153

Navienghong 0 53 53 489

Nahongkang 0 30 30 239

Nahongkham 0 44 44 319

Nadou Yai 0 28 28 242

Nadou Noy 0 34 34 352

Naphosim 0 27 27 216

Napho Yai 0 47 47 423

Napho Noy 0 26 26 264

Toomlan, Saravan province

Nonsavang 0 33 33 270

Sub total 0 391 392 3,435

Kadap 0 39 39 231

Kahan 0 65 67 321

Sonemisay 0 20 90 538

Soapnum 1 32 33 196

Vongvilay 0 26 148 968

Huisan 0 110 114 725

Huakhua 0 54 58 407

Kengjang 0 28 30 214

Dansavan 2 114 240 1,426

Pholmuang 3 127 189 1,342

Pheung 0 53 57 316

Lakhonsy 0 20 53 329

Sepon, Savannakhet

province

Oudomsuk 1 2 75 522

Subtotal 7 690 1,193 7,535

Total 7 1,081 1,585 10,970

2.3. Procedure of Data Entry and Data processing NSC has developed the Data entry Programme using Microsoft Access and then installed it in the provincial office. The training was conducted for data entry on how to key the data in and how to check, correct and edit the data.

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The data entry and editing were done in two steps: First the enumerators have checked the validation manually. Second the districts and provincial officers rechecked the quality and consistency. The data entry, editing and cleaning the data base was done by provincial staff. Then the data was brought to NSC for analysis, processing and tabulation for the purpose of survey report. The provincial office is practiced the basic tabulation for their exercise using the MS Excel. Due to lack of capacity and computer facility of local statistics office all data processing and analysis is using SPSS. During this phase NSC has organized a course on data processing and tabulation for provincial statistician using MS Excel since there is lack of other software available at provincial office in order to increase their data processing capacity. This course was useful and helpful for provincial officers and they are interest in participating. This was the first courses, which introduced to the local statistician in process and tabulate of their own data. Equipment and software used: PC with software Micosoft Access and SPSS ver. 12.0 . Data base is restored as Access files.

3. Results of Survey

3.1. Village Characteristics The 24 CBMS Villages are located in the remote areas of two provinces ( Savannakhet in the central and Saravan in the south ) of Lao PDR. All villages in Toomlan are classified as rural areas and most of household are engaged in agriculture work and partly involve in non-agriculture activity such as weaving and handicraft. If we compared the two districts, Toomlan is far behind Sepone in terms of access to basic infrastructure. 91 percent of total household in the CBMS villages do not have access to electricity and no access to road. 45.5 percent of villages do not have health care center and over 55 percent of villages has no school in their village. Dansavan is located close to the border between LaoPDR and Vietnam. So this village has better transportation facility and has more opportunity in income generating from non-agriculture activity (Road No. 9 which is connected to Vietnam and Thailand). About 85 percent of villages have access to electric network and 76 percent have shool in their own villages. However the is only few villages has health care center and permanent market in the villages. Most of these people access market at the border to Vietnam (for detail see table 2 below).

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Table 2: Village characteristics

Assess to:

Districts Villages Urban/ rural

Electricity

Water

Access to road Market

Healthcare center

primary school

Donsad Rural No Yes No No Yes Yes

Namatong Rural No No No No No Yes

Navienghong Rural No Yes No No No No

Nahongkang Rural No No No No Yes Yes

Nahongkham Rural No No No No No No

Nadou nhay Rural No Yes No No No No

Nadou Noy Rural No Yes No No Yes Yes

Naphosim Rural No No No No Yes Yes

Napho nhay Rural Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes

Napho noy Rural No Yes No No No No

Toomlan

Nonsavang Rural No Yes No No No No Number of village with no

access/ rural 11 10 4 10 11 6 5Percentage of village with

no access/ rural 100 90.9 36.4 90.9 100.0 54.5 45.5

Kadap Rural Yes Yes Yes No No Yes

Kahan Rural Yes Yes Yes No No Yes

Sonemisay Urban Yes Yes Yes No No Yes

Soapnum Rural Yes Yes Yes No No Yes

Vongvilay Rural No Yes Yes No Yes Yes

Huisan Rural Yes Yes Yes No No Yes

Huakhua Rural Yes Yes Yes No No Yes

Kengjang Rural No Yes Yes No No Yes

Dansavan Rural Yes Yes Yes No No No

Pholmuang Urban Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes

Pheung Rural Yes Yes Yes Yes No No

Lakhonsy Rural Yes Yes Yes No No No

Sepone

Oudomsuk Rural Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Number of village with no

access/ rural 9 2 0 0 12 10 3Percentage of village with

no access/ rural 69.2 15.4 0.0 0.0 92.3 76.9 23.1

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4. Population

4.1. Population Size and Growth This part looks at the population size and structure of 24 villages. The

analysis is based on the population as enumerated with reference to the survey conducted by NSC with support from the IDRC through the regional coordinator CBMS international network.

In September 2005, 11 village in Toomlan and 13 villages in Sepon district had a total population of 3435 and 7535 persons, respectively. Totally, these 24 villages had a population of 10,970 persons. Out of these; 5,453 were females (49.71 percent) and 5517 were males (50.29%).

The sex-distributions of the population are shown in the table 3. The sex-

distribution is often illustrated that the proportion of males is higher than that of females, 50.29 percent and 49.71 percent, respectively. However, if we consider separately, there were more females than males in the Toomlan district, particularly in Naphosim, Nahongkang and Nadou Noy which has percentage more than 54 percent.

Table 3: Number of Population

Population

Districts Villages Total Female% of Femails Male

%of Males

No.of HH

Donsad 468 235 50.2 233 49.8 55 Namatong 153 74 48.4 79 51.6 15 Navienghong 489 244 49.9 245 50.1 53 Nahongkang 239 129 54.0 110 46.0 30 Nahongkham 319 156 48.9 163 51.1 44 Nadou nhay 242 119 49.2 123 50.8 28 Nadou Noy 352 193 54.8 159 45.2 34 Naphosim 216 118 54.6 98 45.4 27 Napho nhay 423 208 49.2 215 50.8 47 Napho noy 264 134 50.8 130 49.2 26

Toomlan

Nonsavang 270 134 49.6 136 50.4 33 Sub total 3435 1744 50.8 1691 49.2 392

Kadap 231 110 47.6 121 52.4 39 Kahan 321 159 49.5 162 50.5 67 Sonemisay 538 267 49.6 271 50.4 90 Soapnum 196 93 47.5 103 52.6 33 Vongvilay 968 477 49.3 491 50.7 148 Huisan 725 355 49.0 370 51.0 114 Huakhua 407 209 51.4 198 48.7 58 Kengjang 214 99 46.3 115 53.7 30 Dansavan 1426 712 49.9 714 50.1 240 Pholmuang 1342 669 49.9 673 50.2 189 Pheung 316 160 50.6 156 49.4 57 Lakhonsy 329 156 47.4 173 52.6 53

Sepone

Oudomsuk 522 243 46.6 279 53.5 75 Sub total 7535 3709 49.2 3826 50.8 1,193

Total 10970 5453 49.7 5517 50.3 1,585

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Among villages, the number of new born baby and the number of total death varied from each village. It ranges from 4 to 25 babies and 0 to 8 deaths in Toomlan district, respectively. In Sepone district, on the other hand, it ranges from 2 to 35 babies and 0 to 9 deaths, respectively (see table 4)

Table 4: Number of New Born and Number of Total death

New born Death

Districts Villages Total HH Total Female Male Total Female Male

Donsad 55 17 12 5 8 4 4Namatong 15 4 2 2 0 0 0Navienghong 53 25 9 16 7 7 0Nahongkang 30 17 10 7 2 0 2Nahongkham 44 12 4 8 1 0 1Nadou nhay 28 9 5 4 5 1 4Nadou Noy 34 23 12 11 3 2 1Naphosim 27 6 5 1 2 1 1Napho nhay 47 14 6 8 2 1 1Napho noy 26 11 6 5 2 0 2

Toomlan

Nonsavang 33 15 6 9 3 1 2Sub total 392 153 77 76 35 17 18

Kadap 39 10 6 4 1 0 1Kahan 67 12 4 8 3 0 3Sonemisay 90 9 5 4 0 0 0Soapnum 33 5 1 4 1 1 0Vongvilay 148 20 9 11 2 1 1Huisan 114 14 9 5 0 0 0Huakhua 58 15 12 3 0 0 0Kengjang 30 2 1 1 0 0 0Dansavan 240 25 12 13 9 4 5Pholmuang 189 35 17 18 7 5 2Pheung 57 6 4 2 1 0 1Lakhonsy 53 6 5 1 3 0 3

Sepon

Oudomsuk 75 3 2 1 2 1 1Sub total 1,193 162 87 75 29 12 17

Total 1,585 315 164 151 64 29 35

Table 5 shows Crude birth rate and crude death rate among villages. During 12 months the Crude birth rate was about 44.5 babies per 1000 lives birth in Toomlan district, while only 21.5 in Sepon district. On the other hand, crude death rate was also higher in Toomlan district (10.2) than that in Sepone (3.8). However, there were not significant differential in birth and death between girl and boy in these two districts

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Table 5: Crude birth rate and Crude death rate,

Crude birth rate per 1000 livesbirth Crude death rate per 1000 people

District Villages Total Female Male Total Female Male

Donsad 36.3 51.1 21.5 17.1 17.0 17.2

Namatong 26.1 27.0 25.3 0.0 0.0 0.0

Navienghong 51.1 36.9 65.3 14.3 28.7 0.0

Nahongkang 71.1 77.5 63.6 8.4 0.0 18.2

Nahongkham 37.6 25.6 49.1 3.1 0.0 6.1

Nadou nhay 37.2 42.0 32.5 20.7 8.4 32.5

Nadou Noy 65.3 62.2 69.2 8.5 10.4 6.3

Naphosim 27.8 42.4 10.2 9.3 8.5 10.2

Napho nhay 33.1 28.8 37.2 4.7 4.8 4.7

Napho noy 41.7 44.8 38.5 7.6 0.0 15.4

Toomlan

Nonsavang 55.6 44.8 66.2 11.1 7.5 14.7

Sub Total 44.5 44.2 44.9 10.2 9.7 10.6

Kadap 43.3 54.5 33.1 4.3 0.0 8.3

Kahan 37.4 25.2 49.4 9.3 0.0 18.5

Sonemisay 16.7 18.7 14.8 0.0 0.0 0.0

Soapnum 25.5 10.8 38.8 5.1 10.8 0.0

Vongvilay 20.7 18.9 22.4 2.1 2.1 2.0

Huisan 19.3 25.4 13.5 0.0 0.0 0.0

Huakhua 36.9 57.4 15.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Kengjang 9.3 10.1 8.7 0.0 0.0 0.0

Dansavan 17.5 16.9 18.2 6.3 5.6 7.0

Pholmuang 26.1 25.4 26.7 5.2 7.5 3.0

Pheung 19.0 25.0 12.8 3.2 0.0 6.4

Lakhonsy 18.2 32.1 5.8 9.1 0.0 17.3

Sepon

Oudomsuk 5.7 8.2 3.6 3.8 4.1 3.6

Sub Total 21.5 23.5 19.6 3.8 3.2 4.4

Grand Total 28.7 30.1 27.4 5.8 5.3 6.3

4.2. Sex Ratio Definition: The sex ratio is the number of males per 100 females. Hence a

ratio below 100 indicates that there are more females than males. Generally, the sex ratio in two districts was 1.01.The sex ratio was 0.9 in Toomlan, lower than 1.0 in Sepon, it meant that there was more females than males in Toomlan see table 6 below.

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Table 6 : Sex Ratio

Population Sex Districts Villages Total Female Male Ratio

Donsad 468 235 233 1.0 Namatong 153 74 79 1.1 Navienghong 489 244 245 1.0 Nahongkang 239 129 110 0.9 Nahongkham 319 156 163 1.0 Nadou nhay 242 119 123 1.0 Nadou Noy 352 193 159 0.8 Naphosim 216 118 98 0.8 Napho nhay 423 208 215 1.0 Napho noy 264 134 130 1.0

Toomlan

Nonsavang 270 134 136 1.0 Sub total 3435 1744 1691 1.0

Kadap 231 110 121 1.1 Kahan 321 159 162 1.0 Sonemisay 538 267 271 1.0 Soapnum 196 93 103 1.1 Vongvilay 968 477 491 1.0 Huisan 725 355 370 1.0 Huakhua 407 209 198 1.0 Kengjang 214 99 115 1.2 Dansavan 1426 712 714 1.0 Pholmuang 1342 669 673 1.0 Pheung 316 160 156 1.0 Lakhonsy 329 156 173 1.1

Sepone

Oudomsuk 522 243 279 1.2 Sub total 7535 3709 3826 1.0

Total 10970 5453 5517 1.0 .

4.3. Dependency Ratio

The Dependency Ratio is the ratio of the population aged 0-14 and 61+ to

the population aged 15-60 years. The ratio was 1.15 in Toomlan district compared to 0.78 in Sepone district. Thus, there were more dependent persons in Toomlan

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district than that in Sepone district. Also, there were differences across villages. In Toomlan district, the highest dependency ratio was in Nadounhay village, while the lowest ratio was in Nonsavang village. In the Sepon district, on the other hand, the highest ratio was in Kadap and Kahan villages, while the lowest was in Lakhonsy village (see figure 1 and 2).

Figure 1: Dependency Ratio of Toomlan Diastrict Dependency Ratio in

Toomlan District

-

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

Donsa

d

Namato

ng

Navien

ghon

g

Nahon

gkan

g

Nahon

gkha

m

Nadou

nhay

Nadou

Noy

Napho

sim

Napho

nhay

Napho

noy

Nonsa

vang

Figure 2: Dependency Ratio of Sepone Diastrict

Dependency Ratio of Sepone District

-

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

Kada

p

Kaha

n

Sone

misa

y

Soap

num

Vong

vilay

Huisai

Huak

hua

Keng

jang

Dansa

van

Pholm

uang

Pheu

ng

Lakh

onsy

Oudom

suk

4.4. Population and Village Distribution

The results from the data collection in 2005 are distributed across 24 villages of Toomlan and Sepone districts. Toomlan district adapted 11 villages, while Sepon accepted 13 villages.

Navienhong was the most populous village in Toomlan with a population of

489, and Namatong village had less population with only 153. In Sepone district,

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Dansavan was the most populous village with a population of 1426, while Soapnum had only 196 (see figure 3 and 4). Figure 3: Population by Villages in Toomlan District

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Donsa

d

Namato

ng

Navien

ghon

g

Nahon

gkan

g

Nahon

gkha

m

Nadou

nhay

Nadou

Noy

Napho

sim

Napho

nhay

Napho

noy

Nonsa

vang

Figure 4: Population by Villages in Sepon District

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Kadap

Kahan

Sonem

isay

Soapn

um

Vongv

ilay

Huisai

Huakh

ua

Kengja

ng

Dansa

van

Pholm

uang

Pheun

g

Lakh

onsy

Oudom

suk

4.5. Number of Households and Household Size

The result shows that the average household size was 6.9 persons. The household size is generally lower in 13 villages in Sepon district (6.3 persons), as comparing to the household size in 11 villages in Toomlan district (8.8). The distribution of household size by villages is presented in the table 7. The villages Namatong, Nadou noy and Napho noy in Toomlan district had the highest average household size about 10.2 members while villages Kahan and Pheung of Sepone district had the lowest average size, about 5.2 members per household.

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Table 7: Household Size by Villages

Districts Villages Agriculture household

Total households

Household Size

Donsad 54 55 8.5

Namatong 15 15 10.2

Navienghong 53 53 9.2

Nahongkang 30 30 8.0

Nahongkham 44 44 7.3

Nadou nhay 28 28 8.6

Nadou Noy 34 34 10.4

Naphosim 27 27 8.0

Napho nhay 47 47 9.0

Napho noy 26 26 10.2

Toomlan

Nonsavang 33 33 8.2

Sub total 391 392 8.8

Kadap 39 39 5.9

Kahan 65 67 4.8

Sonemisay 20 90 6.0

Soapnum 32 33 5.9

Vongvilay 26 148 6.5

Huisan 110 114 6.4

Huakhua 54 58 7.0

Kengjang 28 30 7.1

Dansavan 114 240 5.9

Pholmuang 127 189 7.1

Pheung 53 57 5.5

Lakhonsy 20 53 6.2

Sepon

Oudomsuk 2 75 7.0

Sub total 690 1,193 6.3

Total 1,081 1,585 6.9 4.6. Economic Activity and Labor Force

Almost households in Toomlan district were occupied with agricultural

activity (92.41 percent), while about half of the households in Sepone district were engaged in this activity.

The figure shows that there was about 1.68 percent, who worked for the government, and only 0.05 percent worked for private sector. It is interesting to

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note that there was very low rate of unemployment in this district (only 0.43 percent). In the Sepone district, on the other hand, there were more people worked for the government and private sectors, 10.88 and 2.14 percent, respectively.

The rate of villagers who worked for other activities were quite high (38.06

percent). However, the rate of unemployment was much higher (3.54 percent) compared to the Toomlan district (see figure 5 and 6) Figure 5: Distribution of the population by main activities in Toomlan district ( Population aged 10 years and above)

Toomlan0.43%

0.05%

1.68%

5.42%

92.41%

Farmers Government officersPrivate officersUnimployed Others

Figure 6: Distribution of the population by main activities in Sepone district ( Population aged 10 years and above)

Sepone

10.88%

2.14%

3.54%

38.06%45.38%

Farmers Government officersPrivate officersUnimployed Others

4.7. Non- Agriculture Occupation

Table 8 presents the results from a question about the main occupation in the last 12 months of non-farm activities. As has been stated earlier, farming is the dominant sector of the economy in all villages of these two districts. In parallel with farming and gardening, the additional activities like weaving, handicraft,

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furniture and others were also engaged by villagers, especially weaving which covers only 0.86 and 0.94 percent in Toomlan and Sepone districts, respectively. About 1.10 percent of villagers in Toomlan were occupied in handicraft and 0.16 percent in Sepone. In these two districts, the highest percentage of households occupied weaving activity was Nonsavang village (7.06 percent), 9.09 percent of households in Nahongkang village were engaged n handicraft, and other 9.09 percent were engaged in other non-agricultural activities. In Sepone, few households were occupied in non-agricultural activity. The highest percentage of households engaged in weaving activity was Pholmuang village (4.11 percent). Table 8: Villages with Non-Farm Activities, percent

Districts Villages Weaving Handicraft Furniture Others

Donsad - - - 0.3

Navienghong - 0.35 - 0.4

Nahongkang - 9.09 - 9.1

Nahongkham - 3.55 - 3.6

Nadou Noy 2.87 0.48 - 3.4

Napho noy - 0.60 - -

Toomlan

Nonsavang 7.06 - - -

Sub total 0.86 1.10 - 1.4

Kahan - 0.96 - 1.4

Soapnum - 1.34 - -

Huisan - - - 0.2

Huakhua - 0.33 - -

Dansavan - - - 1.2

Pholmuang 4.11 0.10 0.50 2.0

Pheung 0.44 - - -

Lakhonsy 0.74 - - -

Oudomsuk 2.04 0.68 - 0.7

Sub total 0.94 0.16 0.09 0.7

Total 0.92 0.42 0.06 0.9

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5. HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS

5.1. Housing

There are a number of factors forming the living conditions for the households. In order to give a picture of all these, special surveys are necessary to be carried out. Housing is one of the indicators for measuring the living condition in Toomlan and Sepon districts.

Tenure status refers to the arrangements under which the household occupied its living quarters and the nature of its right to be there. Almost 100 percent of the households owned their houses/dwelling units. Type of dwelling unit refers to the type of housing structure occupied by the household. The most common type of dwelling in Toomlan and Sepone distrcs is the wooden house, occupied by 58.6 percent of households (see Table 9). The second largest type of dwelling is bamboo house (31 percent). Concrete dwelling units are occupied by 6.5 percent of households in Sepon district. Oudomsak village had the highest percentage of concrete housing (14.7 percent), while none households of Toomlan district were occupied concrete dwelling. Table 9: Household Characteristics by Village

Housing by Type of Construction Material

Districts Villages Concrete

House

Mixed Concrete/

Wood Wooden House

Bamboo House Others

Donsad - - 52.7 43.6 3.6

Namatong - 6.7 93.3 0.0 -

Navienghong - - 43.4 56.6 -

Nahongkang - - 53.3 46.7 -

Nahongkham - - 43.2 56.8 -

Nadou nhay - - 100.0 - -

Nadou Noy - - 82.4 14.7 2.9

Naphosim - - 18.5 81.5 -

Napho nhay - - 34.0 66.0 -

Napho noy - - 88.5 11.5 -

Toomlan

Nonsavang - - 45.5 54.5 -

Sub total - 0.3 55.1 43.9 0.8

18

Table 9: Household Characteristics by Village (con’t)

Housing by Type of Construction Material

Districts Villages Concrete

House

Mixed Concrete/

Wood Wooden House

Bamboo House Others

Kadap - - 100.0 - -

Kahan - - 28.4 71.6 -

Sonemisay 13.3 5.6 67.8 13.3 -

Soapnum - 0.0 57.6 42.4 -

Vongvilay 7.4 7.4 75.7 9.5 -

Huisan 0.9 4.4 70.2 24.6 -

Huakhua 1.7 6.9 60.3 31.0 -

Kengjang - - 70.0 30.0 -

Dansavan 12.1 5.8 33.8 42.5 5.8

Pholmuang 5.3 5.8 56.1 31.2 1.6

Pheung - 3.5 89.5 7.0 -

Lakhonsy 3.8 15.1 77.4 3.8 -

Sepon

Oudomsuk 14.7 5.3 64.0 13.3 2.7

Sub total 6.5 5.4 59.8 26.8 1.6

Total 4.9 4.1 58.6 31.0 1.4

5.2. Source of Water for Drinking and Cooking More than 80 percent of households gathering their water from well/borehole or Nam lin and another 10.5 percent of household fetch their water from rivers or streams, and from other source 5.3 percent. Comparing among villages, there are more households in Toomlan are accessed to water from unsafe source of water especially Naphosim, Naphoyai and Napho noy while there are only few household in Sepon have access to water from River/Stream or Lake.

19

Table 10: Main Sources of Water in Percent

District Villages River/pond Other water

Donsad - 96.4 3.6 -

100.0 - -

Navienghong - 94.3 5.7 -

- 100.0 - -

Nahongkham - 100.0 - -

Nadou nhay - 100.0 - -

Nadou Noy - 100.0 -

Naphosim - - 100.0 -

Napho nhay - -

Napho noy - - 100.0 -

Toomlan

Water supply Bore hole/ well/ numlin

Namatong -

Nahongkang

-

100.0 -

Nonsavang - 100.0 - -

Sub Total - 73.2 26.8 -

Kadap - 100.0 - -

Kahan - 100.0 - -

Sonemisay - 78.9 15.6 5.6

Soapnum - 100.0 - -

Vongvilay - 100.0 -

Huisan - 100.0 - -

Huakhua - 86.2 6.9 6.9

Kengjang - 100.0 - -

Dansavan - 64.2 10.0 25.8

Pholmuang - 82.5 10.6 6.9

Pheung - 100.0 - -

Lakhonsy - 100.0 - -

Sepon

Oudomsuk - 100.0 - -

Sub Total - 87.8 5.2 7.0

Grand Total - 84.2 10.5 5.3

-

20

5.3. Main Sources of Energy for Cooking

All villages of Sepon district used firewood/charcoal as a main source of energy for cooking. In Toomlan, on the other hand, almost all households (99.7 percent) used fired wood and charcoal as the main source of energy for cooking and 0.26 percent used other source of energy. None of households in 24 villages of two Districts Toomlan and Sepon have used neither Electricity nor Fuel/Coal/gas.

Table 11: Main Sources of Energy for Cooking

District Villages ElectricityFuel & coal/gas

Firewood & charcoal

Other energy

Donsad - - 98.2 1.8Namatong - - 100.0 -Navienghong - - 100.0 -Nahongkang - - 100.0 -Nahongkham - - 100.0 -Nadou nhay - - 100.0 -Nadou Noy - - 100.0 -Naphosim - - 100.0 -Napho nhay - - 100.0 -Napho noy - - 100.0 -

Toomlan

Nonsavang - - 100.0 -Sub Total - - 99.7 0.3

Kadap - - 100.0 -Kahan - - 100.0 -Sonemisay - - 100.0 -Soapnum - - 100.0 -Vongvilay - - 100.0 -Huisan - - 100.0 -Huakhua - - 100.0 -Kengjang - - 100.0 -Dansavan - - 100.0 -Pholmuang - - 100.0 -Pheung - - 100.0 -Lakhonsy - - 100.0 -

Sepon

Oudomsuk - - 100.0 -Sub Total - - 100.0 0.0Grand Total - - 99.9 0.1

5.4. Type of Toilet

As result shown in Table 11, 61.58 percent of the households did not make use of toilets. As could be expected the table also shows that the sanitation is most severe in the Toomlan district, where the proportion of households without using toilet facilities is much higher (92.09 percent) compared to the Sepone district (51.55 percent).

21

As for the different types of toilet used, 9 villages of Sepon district (25.06 percent of households) used modern/Filter toilet, compared to only one village of Toomlan district (7.14 percent of the households) used this type of toilet.

Table 12: Type of Toilet

Districts Villages Modern/Filter

Toilet Normal /Dry Toilet No Toilet

Donsad 50.91 3.64 45.5

Namatong - 6.67 93.3

Navienghong - - 100.0

Nahongkang - - 100.0

Nahongkham - - 100.0

Nadou nhay - - 100.0

Nadou Noy - - 100.0

Naphosim - - 100.0

Napho nhay - - 100.0

Napho noy - - 100.0

Toomlan

Nonsavang - - 100.0

Sub total 7.14 0.77 92.1

Kadap - - 100.0

Kahan - 2.99 97.0

Sonemisay 44.44 16.67 38.9

Soapnum - 3.03 97.0

Vongvilay 56.76 23.65 19.6

Huisan 0.88 31.58 67.5

Huakhua 22.41 41.38 36.2

Kengjang - 3.33 96.7

Dansavan 5.42 34.17 60.4

Pholmuang 19.58 21.16 59.3

Pheung 59.65 33.33 7.0

Lakhonsy 54.72 24.53 20.8

Sepon

Oudomsuk 64.00 14.67 21.3

Sub total 25.06 23.39 51.6

Total 20.63 17.79 61.6

22

6. Agriculture and Livestock

6.1. Rice Cultivation Rice production is the main stable crop in Lao PDR and it is significant in

these 24 villages. Almost all households were growing rice and they were self- subsistence farmers. The households in 11 villages of Toomlan district are engaged in low land rice, while nearly half (40 percent) of households in 13 village of Sepon district are occupied with upland rice.

In 24 villages, there is 1 010.6 hectares of planted area for Lowland rice,

while irrigation area is quite small in these villages only 8.1 hectares, the production of lowland rice for last season was 1 215.7 tons and irrigation rice was 10.06 tons.

The yield for both lowland and irrigation rice for these CBMS villages is

truly low if comparing to other source of data, the reason is because of the data collection for this purpose can not represent as sample for one district but to reflect on only the specific selected area.

Table 13: Low land rice and Irrigation Lowland Irrigation

District Villages Planted Area Production Ton/Hectar

Planted Area Production Ton/Hectar

Donsad 104.7 49.5 0.5 - - -Namatong 22.4 26.6 1.2 - - -Navienghong 66.7 84.7 1.3 - - -Nahongkang 39.5 44.5 1.1 - - -Nahongkham 35.7 32.4 0.9 - - -Nadou nhay 42.8 49.2 1.2 - - -Nadou Noy 76.8 40.9 0.5 - - -Naphosim 41.2 34.0 0.8 - - -Napho nhay 90.1 69.1 0.8 - - -Napho noy 77.6 99.6 1.3 - - -

Toomlan

Nonsavang 61.6 71.6 1.2 - - -Sub Total 659.1 601.6 0.9 - - -

Kadap 3.0 4.0 1.3 - - -Kahan 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.90 0.54 0.60Sonemisay 29.2 32.8 1.1 - - -Soapnum 14.8 39.7 2.7 - - -Vongvilay 32.6 72.1 2.2 - - -Huisan 63.0 111.6 1.8 7.23 9.52 1.32Huakhua 35.5 79.6 2.24 - - -Kengjang 5.5 8.5 1.55 - - -Dansavan 3.6 3.9 1.10 - - -Pholmuang 101.7 174.5 1.72 - - -Pheung 21.9 26.9 1.23 - - -Lakhonsy 24.9 39.1 1.57 - - -

Sepon

Oudomsuk 14.6 20.4 1.40 - - -Sub total 351.5 614.1 1.75 8.13 10.06 1.24Grand Total 1010.6 1215.7 1.20 8.13 10.06 1.24

23

Table 14 showing the upland rice and other crops, according to the result of data collection from these villages, there are only 13 villages of Sepon grow this kind of rice. The planted area for upland rice is 237.7 hectares while other crops is criticized to be less, only 5.2 hectares; the production of upland rice was 238.1 tons and other crop was 5.8 tons.

Table 14: Upland and other crop Upland Others

District Villages Planted Area Production Ton/Hectar

Planted Area Production

Donsad - - - - -Namatong - - - - -Navienghong - - - - -Nahongkang - - - - -Nahongkham - - - - -Nadou nhay - - - - -Nadou Noy - - - - -Naphosim - - - - -Napho nhay - - - - -Napho noy - - - - -

Toomlan

Nonsavang - - - - -SubTotal - - - - -

Kadap 50.5 62.0 1.2 0.0 0.0Kahan 35.4 31.7 0.8 4.7 5.0Sonemisay 3.0 1.9 0.6 0.0 0.0Soapnum 7.1 8.9 1.3 0.0 0.0Vongvilay 0.5 0.7 1.4 0.0 0.0Huisan 19.0 15.6 0.8 0.0 0.0Huakhua 1.3 1.3 1.0 0.0 0.0Kengjang 29.1 39.5 1.4 0.0 0.0Dansavan 46.1 28.5 0.6 0.0 0.0Pholmuang 22.5 27.5 1.2 0.5 0.8Pheung 21.6 18.9 0.9 0.0 0.0Lakhonsy 0.6 1.5 2.3 0.0 0.0

Sepon

Oudomsuk 1.0 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0SubTotal 237.7 238.4 1.0 5.2 5.8Grand Total 237.7 238.4 1.0 5.2 5.8

6.2. Livestock

Similar to rice growing, livestock husbandry is another activity of household in the villages among 24 villages. People raise livestock like cows and buffalos for use in transportation and plow rice field. The livestock is also used as a way of household saving. They will sell when money is needed.

There are totally 1764 cows, 2596 buffaloes, 1661 pigs, 787 sheep &

goats, 14 516 poultries and 130 748 for other livestock(including fish released).

24

Table 15: Livestock by Households

District Villages Cows Buffalos Pigs Sheep & goats Poultry Other

Donsad 56 237 177 20 543 373Namatong 12 60 59 - 286 617Navienghong 130 214 111 - 232 663Nahongkang 57 131 66 - 617 1,050Nahongkham 34 99 69 - 298 1,227Nadou nhay 49 154 92 - 194 102Nadou Noy 45 126 71 - 314 953Naphosim 13 42 52 - 317 23Napho nhay 47 144 73 2 526 215Napho noy 27 54 64 - 305 197

Toomlan

Nonsavang 71 130 139 - 892 6,903Sub Total 541 1,391 973 22 4,524 12,323

Kadap 69 12 20 56 352 0Kahan 38 10 34 39 56 200Sonemisay 121 53 9 73 1,094 2,186Soapnum 43 75 23 8 510 200Vongvilay 201 96 25 82 1,712 43,893Huisan 70 207 85 151 912 9,100Huakhua 57 139 22 25 429 355Kengjang 36 39 43 4 463 1,700Dansavan 145 41 133 72 505 1,500Pholmuang 270 339 224 174 2,138 32,335Pheung 65 94 56 24 353 4,046Lakhonsy 29 49 7 25 545 19,910

Sepon

Oudomsuk 79 51 7 32 923 3,000Sub Total 1,223 1,205 688 765 9,992 118,425Grand Total 1,764 2,596 1,661 787 14,516 130,748

In both districts, the common animals raised by the households are buffalos and pigs. Particularly in Sepon district, goats were raised commonly by the households in all villages , while only very few households in Donsad and Naphonhay of Toomlan were raising goats. Also, households in Sepon raised more (double) cows, chickens and ducks compared to Toomlan (See tale 14). However, the animal decease is one of the village restrictions in Lao PDR. In 24 CBMS villages, villagers have faced this problem, particularly, Navienghong and Nornsavang villages of Toomlan districts as well as Vongvilay and Pholmuang villages of Sepon district.

25

Table 16: Number of Livestock Death in the past 12 months

District Villages Cows Buffalos Pigs Poultry Others Donsad 7 13 70 420 -Namatong - 20 66 266 -Navienghong 11 5 109 1,046 -Nahongkang 7 17 77 907 -Nahongkham 5 3 13 32 -Nadou nhay 7 22 68 680 14Nadou Noy 2 12 110 628 -Naphosim 4 10 40 262 -Napho nhay 3 17 83 435 -Napho noy 3 9 51 469 -

Toomlan

Nonsavang - 7 70 501 -Sub Total 49 135 757 5,646 14

Kadap - - - 161 -Kahan 5 - 3 63 -Sonemisay - - - 2 -Soapnum 2 - 8 197 -Vongvilay 18 12 3 1,688 -Huisan - 5 - 10 -Huakhua 4 - 1 60 -Kengjang - - 7 70 5Dansavan 5 - 15 184 2Pholmuang 9 15 12 1,142 -Pheung 1 - 2 - -Lakhonsy 3 6 - 369 -

Sepon

Oudomsuk 8 2 - 896 -Sub Total 55 40 51 4,842 7Grand Total 104 175 808 10,488 21

7. Health Status

7.1. Number of ill people by main disease in the past 12 months

Malaria and diarrhea are the mainstream problems in the southern people. Number people affected in CBMS site varies from each village. In 11 villages of Toomlan, The result shows there are 141 sick people caused by Malaria, particularly in Donsad, Napho noy, Nadou Noy, Nonsavang and Nadou nhay, and for Diarrhea there are 65 people while other disease also hold a big number of 88 people. In 13 viillages of Sepone maralia is also considered to be spreading, the result shows there are 149 of sick people caused by Malaria, among these village, Oudomsuk is the most severe area which has Malaria sickness of 41 people while Dansavan has 22, Polmuang 19 and Kanhan 17 respectively. For Diarrhea there are 45 people, Dengue there are 27 people and other has 478 people.

26

Table 17: Number of sick people by main disease in the past 12 month

District Villages Dengue Malaria Diarrhea Others Donsad 3 79 29 14 Namatong - 1 - - Navienghong - 5 1 5 Nahongkang - 4 3 5 Nahongkham - 0 1 3 Nadou nhay 3 12 10 14 Nadou Noy 2 13 8 9 Naphosim - - - 11 Napho nhay 1 - 7 15 Napho noy 3 14 1 4

Toomlan

Nonsavang - 13 5 8 Sub Total 12 141 65 88

Kadap 4 0 - 79 Kahan - 17 - 18 Sonemisay 3 11 3 39 Soapnum - 6 5 13 Vongvilay 5 11 1 47 Huisan - - - 7 Huakhua - 4 1 12 Kengjang - 4 2 6 Dansavan 5 22 8 26 Pholmuang 5 19 5 111 Pheung - 12 2 5 Lakhonsy 1 2 - 62

Sepon

Oudomsuk 4 41 18 53 Sub Total 27 149 45 478 Grand Total 39 290 110 566

8. Illiteracy rate for people aged 15 years and above Illiteracy rate for people age 15 and above is very important for household economic development, on the other hand this age group is also important for the Labor Market for income generation. According to the data collection from 24 villages, the illiteracy rate is 35.9 %, Female is 44.9% and Male is 26.3%. Out of 11 villages in Toomlan, Donsad village has got very severely Illiteracy rate of 95.3 %, while Nadou Noy has the lowest rate. Anyway the illiteracy rate in these villages is still high as resulted the average rate is 70.3%. In 13 villages of Sepon, the average rate is 23.0%, this rate is lower when compare to the situation in 11 villages in Toomlan, the most severe situation is in Kahan and Kadap with 88.7 percent and 62.5 percent, respectively.

27

Table 18: Illiteracy rate for people age 15 years and above

Illiterate people

age 15+ Total population

age 15+ Illiteracy rate of people

age 15+

District Villages Female Male Total Female Male Total ò̈¤ §¾¨ 츴

Donsad 121 103 224 124 111 235 97.6 92.8 95.3

Namatong 39 21 60 40 31 71 97.5 67.7 84.5

Navienghong 98 17 115 125 114 239 78.4 14.9 48.1

Nahongkang 63 24 87 68 49 117 92.7 49.0 74.4

Nahongkham 70 39 109 82 74 156 85.4 52.7 69.9

Nadou nhay 58 25 83 64 54 118 90.6 46.3 70.4

Nadou Noy 11 57 68 98 70 168 11.2 81.4 40.5

Naphosim 55 32 87 56 45 101 98.2 71.1 86.1

Napho nhay 98 64 162 110 100 210 89.1 64.0 77.1

Napho noy 74 23 97 77 61 138 96.1 37.7 70.3

Toomlan

Nonsavang 69 30 99 74 68 142 93.2 44.1 69.7

Sub Total 756 435 1,191 918 777 1,695 82.4 56.0 70.3

Kadap 46 39 85 67 69 136 68.7 56.5 62.5

Kahan 84 74 158 89 89 178 94.4 83.2 88.8

Sonemisay 26 9 35 166 160 326 15.7 5.6 10.7

Soapnum 18 13 31 52 60 112 34.6 21.7 27.7

Vongvilay 38 7 45 310 277 587 12.3 2.5 7.7

Huisan 72 31 103 215 212 427 33.5 14.6 24.1

Huakhua 29 11 40 127 133 260 22.8 8.3 15.4

Kengjang 17 8 25 62 69 131 27.4 11.6 19.1

Dansavan 184 91 275 424 401 825 43.4 22.7 33.3

Pholmuang 96 52 149 414 426 840 23.2 12.2 17.7

Pheung 41 22 63 94 84 178 43.6 26.2 35.4

Lakhonsy 17 3 20 110 116 226 15.5 2.6 8.9

Sepon

Oudomsuk 11 2 13 146 160 306 7.5 1.3 4.3

Sub Total 679 362 1,042 2,276 2,256 4,532 29.8 16.1 23.0 Grand Total 1,435 797 2,233 3,194 3,033 6,227 44.9 26.3 35.9

28

9. Expenditure and Income

9.1. Expenditure and Consumption

On average, a household in Lao PDR consumes goods and services for a value of 1.1 million Kip or 180 000 Kip per month per person. The average expenditure in the CBMS villages is about 120 000 Kip per month per person. The definition of food expenditure only includes the cash expenditure. The own produced food are not yet included. Food products make up more than half of the consumption.

In figure 13 presented the food and non food expenditure of two districts.

This indicates that the Toomlan villagers have less access to market compare to Sepone villagers. Therefore Sepon has higher Non-food expenditure than in Toomlan villagers where food expenditure is higher than 60 percent. Figure 13: Share of Food and non-food expenditure in Toomlan and Sepon

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

Toomlan Sepon

Food Noon-food

The food and non food consumption varies between villages. Surprisingly, Donsad village has the lowest share of food consumption. The highest share of food consumption was Napho noy, Nahongkham, Nahongkang, Nadou noy, Napho sim, Nonsavang (approximately 80 percent and above).

29

Figure 14: Food and non-food consumption by village in Toomlan

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

Donsa

d

Namato

ng

Navien

ghon

g

Nahon

gkan

g

Nahon

gkha

m

Nadou

nhay

Nadou

Noy

Napho

sim

Napho

nhay

Napho

noy

Nonsa

vang

Food Non-food

The Consumption pattern in Sepone villages is very different from each other. In Kadap and Huisan people consume more food than non food ( 80 percent ) compare to other villages see (figure 15) Figure 15: Food and non-food consumption by village in Sepone

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

Kadap

Kahan

Sonem

isay

Soapn

um

Vongv

ilay

Huisan

Huakh

ua

Kengja

ng

Dansa

van

Pholm

uang

Pheun

g

Lakh

onsy

Oudom

suk

Food Non-food

30

Table 18 show the pattern of consumption by type of food and non food group item, the result identifies that rice consumption covers high percentage compare to other item as well as to non food items in 11 village of Toomlan 56.5 and 22.1 percent while in 13 villages of Sepon rice and other non food group is slightly different, 27.9 and 26.2 percent respectively. Table 19: Share of consumption by village

District Village Ric

e

Mea

t

Fis

h

Oth

er fo

od

Toba

cco

&

alco

hal

Clo

thes

foot

wea

r

Hou

sing

Hoa

psam

poo

Oth

er n

on fo

od

Tota

l

Donsad 30.6 0.5 2.0 1.7 1.6 0.3 0.0 0.4 62.9 100.0Namatong 44.1 1.3 8.9 1.6 25.7 2.9 0.0 0.0 15.4 100.0Navienghong 64.3 1.4 1.7 1.1 4.6 5.2 0.0 0.3 21.4 100.0Nahongkang 70.7 4.5 6.2 4.7 4.0 3.1 0.0 0.7 6.1 100.0Nahongkham 86.7 0.4 0.3 0.3 3.3 2.9 0.0 0.9 5.2 100.0Nadou nhay 43.8 4.1 18.6 6.5 8.0 6.4 0.0 0.9 11.7 100.0Nadou Noy 57.2 7.8 5.4 9.7 3.6 2.3 0.0 1.5 12.4 100.0Naphosim 79.8 0.4 1.3 1.6 3.5 6.5 0.0 0.7 6.1 100.0Napho nhay 77.0 0.0 1.8 0.7 7.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 13.0 100.0Napho noy 61.7 23.3 2.4 1.8 3.7 1.4 0.0 0.7 5.0 100.0

Toomlan

Nonsavang 59.2 4.9 14.6 1.6 6.6 4.9 0.0 3.1 5.0 100.0Sub Total 56.5 5.1 5.1 3.1 4.4 2.9 0.0 0.8 22.1 100.0

Kadap 44.7 8.6 6.7 8.2 3.6 7.2 0.0 1.9 19.2 100.0Kahan 73.9 6.6 4.1 0.7 3.6 4.4 0.0 1.8 4.9 100.0Sonemisay 22.5 10.9 6.5 16.6 3.8 1.9 1.7 2.1 34.1 100.0Soapnum 46.8 4.1 2.4 10.8 9.5 6.1 0.6 1.2 18.5 100.0Vongvilay 23.8 13.0 8.7 16.7 3.7 1.2 4.2 2.4 26.3 100.0Huisan 72.1 6.4 2.3 1.6 3.2 0.6 0.0 4.6 9.2 100.0Huakhua 23.8 11.3 7.4 16.5 2.8 1.7 11.7 2.3 22.5 100.0Kengjang 68.2 1.6 1.1 3.7 1.8 7.1 0.9 2.0 13.7 100.0Dansavan 30.9 11.8 4.6 17.9 6.5 1.4 3.9 2.5 20.6 100.0Pholmuang 19.4 8.0 3.3 13.0 6.2 12.4 4.6 2.5 30.6 100.0Pheung 26.9 9.3 4.2 11.1 6.3 10.4 0.9 3.0 28.0 100.0Lakhonsy 23.4 5.5 3.6 42.0 4.1 4.5 3.1 1.6 12.1 100.0

Sepon

Oudomsuk 20.4 8.4 5.6 11.4 2.0 6.7 5.3 2.5 37.7 100.0Sub Total 27.9 9.6 5.1 14.7 4.9 5.7 3.7 2.4 26.2 100.0Grand Total 34.1 8.6 5.1 12.2 4.7 5.1 2.9 2.1 25.3 100.0

9.2. Income Source Most of the households in Toomlan are engaed in agriculture. Therefore

their income from grain agriculture stands for more than 70% of total income, 14% from paid employee. About 2 % from hunting and forestry and 2.5 % is from other sources.

31

Figure 16: Income Sources in Toomlan District

Toomlan

79.9

14.4

1.9

1.4

2.5

Agrculture

Paid employee

Hunting and forestproductsHousehold business

Others

There are more income sources in Sepone than in Toomlan. As illustrate in

the figure 16 and 17. Different price levels may explain why income differs between those villages in Sepone may explain by geographic area, they located near the Vietnnam border. According to household reported, income from agriculture covered only 10 % while main income is gained from activity of paid employee and 22 %from other activities.

Figure 17: Income Sources in Sepone District

Sepone

10.4

56.1

3.0

8.5

22.0Agrculture

Paid employee

Hunting and forestproductsHousehold business

Others

32

Table 20: The Percentage Share of Income Sources by Villages in Toomlan and Sepone

Income sources:

District Village Agr

icul

ture

Priv

ate

empl

oyee

Gov

ernm

ent

empl

oyee

Hun

ting

and

fore

st

prod

ucts

Hou

seho

ld

busi

ness

Oth

ers

Tota

l

Donsad 67.3 0.0 30.4 0.0 2.3 0.0 100.0

Namatong 52.7 0.0 9.0 38.3 0.0 0.0 100.0

Navienghong 69.1 0.7 22.9 0.1 2.6 4.7 100.0

Nahongkang 78.5 12.2 2.5 6.5 0.3 0.0 100.0

Nahongkham 80.4 0.0 11.7 3.3 1.9 2.7 100.0

Nadou nhay 85.5 3.0 9.6 1.0 0.8 0.0 100.0

Nadou Noy 79.7 1.5 12.5 0.8 0.5 5.0 100.0

Naphosim 95.7 1.0 0.7 2.6 0.0 0.0 100.0

Napho nhay 98.7 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Napho noy 88.0 0.0 6.4 5.6 0.0 0.0 100.0

Toomlan

Nonsavang 74.2 0.9 12.0 2.1 3.7 7.2 100.0

Sub total 79.9 2.0 12.4 1.9 1.4 2.5 100.0

Kadap 0.0 0.0 1.0 89.1 0.0 9.9 100.0

Kahan 34.7 20.1 0.1 43.6 0.0 1.4 100.0

Sonemisay 3.2 2.5 84.1 0.0 0.0 10.2 100.0

Soapnum 0.0 17.6 14.7 0.0 0.0 67.6 100.0

Vongvilay 0.4 13.7 64.6 0.0 20.3 1.1 100.0

Huisan 78.9 3.8 6.1 9.9 0.0 1.3 100.0

Huakhua 5.5 23.8 44.8 5.9 6.9 13.0 100.0

Kengjang 36.3 5.6 51.4 0.0 0.0 6.8 100.0

Dansavan 10.4 19.3 12.1 1.6 17.6 39.0 100.0

Pholmuang 7.9 23.2 16.8 0.0 4.8 47.2 100.0

Pheung 23.5 54.4 14.8 5.7 0.1 1.5 100.0

Lakhonsy 2.5 7.0 63.8 0.5 20.2 6.0 100.0

Sepone

Oudomsuk 0.2 16.0 79.8 0.0 3.9 0.0 100.0

Sub total 10.4 17.4 38.7 3.0 8.5 22.0 100.0

Total 25.0 14.2 33.2 2.7 7.0 17.9 100.0

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10. Poverty Monitoring

The government of the Lao PDR has a strong commitment to the objective of poverty eradication in order to achieve its goals of overcoming the status of Least Developed Country by the year 2020. To this aim, in June 2001, the government issued Instruction number 010/PM, identifying poverty criteria for household, village and district level.

In reality there are different method and criteria for poverty measurement has been used in different districts. However, the definition of poverty used in the data collection in the village book, according to instruction number 010/PM is defined as if a household could acquire less than 16 kg of rice for consumption per month per person or has not adequate clothing, or not having permanent housing, or not capable of meeting expenses for health care, or not capable of meeting educational expenses for one’s self and other family members. If the household is missing one of these criteria, it considered as poor household. However this criterion does not measure the access side but capacity to pay for those services of the household. In general village with low literacy rate and located in remote area have high rate of poverty. In table 19 shows that there are more than 35 percent of total household still poor in both districts. About 40% of household is classified as poor household. Dansavan has the lower percentage of poor household.

Table 21: Number of Poor and Non poor households in Toomlan

Number of Household Percentage of poor

household

Districts Villages Poor Non-poor Total Poor Non-poor

Donsad 29 26 55 52.7 47.3

Namatong 2 13 15 13.3 86.7

Navienghong 7 46 53 13.2 86.8

Nahongkang 11 19 30 36.7 63.3

Nahongkham 17 27 44 38.6 61.4

Nadou nhay 6 22 28 21.4 78.6

Nadou Noy 10 24 34 29.4 70.6

Naphosim 16 11 27 59.3 40.7

Napho nhay 36 11 47 76.6 23.4

Napho noy 7 19 26 26.9 73.1

Toomlan

Nonsavang 15 18 33 45.5 54.6

Sub total 156 236 392 39.8 60.2

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Table 21: Number of Poor and Non poor households in Sepone (con’t)

Number of Household % of poor household

Districts Villages Poor Non-poor Total Poor Non- poor

Kadap 6 33 39 15.4 84.6

Kahan 44 23 67 65.7 34.3

Sonemisay 9 81 90 10.0 90.0

Soapnum 20 13 33 60.6 39.4

Vongvilay 52 96 148 35.1 64.9

Huisan 25 89 114 21.9 78.1

Huakhua 16 42 58 27.6 72.4

Kengjang 9 21 30 30.0 70.0

Dansavan 119 121 240 49.6 50.4

Pholmuang 39 150 189 20.6 79.4

Pheung 17 40 57 29.8 70.2

Lakhonsy 7 46 53 13.2 86.8

Sepon

Oudomsuk 23 52 75 30.7 69.3

Sub total 386 807 1193 32.4 67.6

Total 542 1043 1585 34.2 65.8 11. Conclusion and Recommendations

As mentioned in the lesson learned during the pilot test period, the village book is the only tool that is used for the lowest local administration level in Laos. The needs from policy makers are relatively high compared to the local capacity in terms of data providing with a certain quality standard.

As we learned from the pilot test, the capacity at the local level is a crucial issue: It needs to have a permanent data collection based in the village. This process required longer time to train the data collector in the village to get familiar with the questionnaires and technique that is used.

Most villages have used the village chief, village youth organization chief and village security man to be the person who collected data but this may affected when there is a new restructuring of village organization after 2-3 years. Therefore it required to have a continuously training program from time to time. During the project exist we will tried to provide TA from central organization to train the local officers. In the next future government should find a best solution for poverty monitoring. Wages and salary should

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be provided to the person who should work as permanent village’s data collection or village officer.

The use of CBMS data: The demand on poverty monitoring, particularly the report on number of poor households is high demanding from both local and central government. So far the village data are not widely used at the national level except the poverty data due to lack of capacity and facility at the local office, they could not deliver on time and coverage. But for the local authorities has more beneficial and direct access to the results of CBMS. Now it has been use for their decision making and planning process, especially in the for project intervention and poverty reduction program. It use also for implementing the socio and welfare measures for example, the poor will get free of charge when they go to hospital or will get priority for access to the Village Fund . At the national level, the government will use that information as a base for fund and resources allocation in aiming to reduce poverty and also for seeking assistance from the outside supporters. During our project implementing there was numbers of consultation on the CBMS or village book within the government and with the donors. The process of advocacy has been integrated in the User_Producer Meeting of NSC. In the Meeting all the users and policy makers from government, private sector and donors are invited. However this is only in the national level. It is important that in the next phase of project should increased the advocacy of CBMS widely spread over the country by using the model of the CBMS in Toomlan and Sepone districts.

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