Communication and Public Health: Universes of Policies, Power and Injustices

8/13/2019 Communication and Public Health: Universes of Policies, Power and Injustices

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Kimmuchkdthic dcg Uuobhk Afdbta: Vchvfrsfs in Uibhkhfs, Uiwfr dcg

Hcjusthkfs Kirrfspicghcl Dutair: Gfvdch [dbimëi gf Miurd _fhs Gfpdrtmfct in Uuobhk _fbdthics, Dgvfrthshcl dcg Wiurhsm [kaiib in Kimmuchkdthics dcg Drts - Vchvfrshty in [di Udubi (FKD-V[U) DvfchgdBukhi Mdrthcs _igrhlufs, 77;, Outdctd ‛ [di Udubi ‛ [U ‛ Ordzhb, ZHU Kigf: 56651-5?5

@fywirgs: Uuobhk Kimmuchkdthic Khthzfcsahp

HcjusthkfUuobhk Afdbta[ustdhcdohbhty

_fkfhvfg: 4> Dul ?54; Dkkfptfg: ?5 Gfk ?54;

Gfvdch [dbimëi gf Miurd_fhs Jiurcdbhst, whta mdstfr dcg

giktirdb gflrff hc Uuobhk _fbdthicsnrim [kaiib in Kimmuchkdthics dcg Drts, Vchvfrshty in [ëi Udubi (Fskibdgf Kimuchkdìöfs f Drtfs gdVchvfrshgdgf gf [ëi Udubi /FKD-V[U), hc taf hctfrndkf inkimmuchkdthic dcg afdbta. [pfkhdbhstWfdkahcl hc Ahlafr Fgukdthic. Uistgiktirdb stugfct dt taf Fskibd gfKimuchkdìöfs f Drtfs (V[U) whta tafprijfkt "[ustdhcdohbhty hc irldchzdthics:

dgjustmfcts oftwffc ghskiursfs dcgmdcdlfmfct prdkthkfs", spicsirfg oyKCUq.

[hmicf Dbvfs gf KdrvdbaiUuobhk _fbdthics lrdgudtfg, whtamdstfr gflrff hc Kimmuchkdthic[khfckf nrim [kaiib inKimmuchkdthics dcg Drts, Vchvfrshtyin [ëi Udubi (Fskibd gfKimuchkdìöfs f Drtfs gdVchvfrshgdgf gf [ëi Udubi /FKD-V[U). \ir`s ds imougsmdc hc

puobhk afdbta hc taf mdjir ordzhbhdcpuobhk aisphtdb.

Dostrdkt

Hc tahs drthkbf, wf‘bb ghskuss taf qudbhty in puobhk afdbta sfrvhkfs hc Ordzhb dcg aiw tahs

pripfrty hs dnnfktfg oy hcfnnhkhfct prfvfcthvf puobhk pibhkhfs. \f‘bb ghskuss wadt afdbtamfdcs hc ohibilhkdb, payshkdb dcg sikhdb fcvhricmfcts0 taf rfsubts in HG[V[ (dkricym hcUirtulufsf nir Ufrnirmdckf Hcgfx in Afdbta [frvhkfs hc Ordzhb ‛ ht‘bb of usfg taf dkricymHG[V[ dbicl taf drthkbf) dcg qufsthics doiut hcnrdstrukturf dcg sustdhcdohbhty whtahc tafdrfd. Uuobhk afdbta hssuf hs ghrfktby kiccfktfg whta hssufs in khthzfcsahp, gfmikrdky,rfprfsfctdthvfcfss dcg khvhk pdrthkhpdthic, wahka bfdg us ti taf ucgfrstdcghcl tadt sikhftysaiubg pbdy hts khthzfc ribf dbicl puobhk piwfr spafrfs.

HCW_IGVKWHIC

Afdbta kdrf hs d rhlat nir dbb khthzfcs. Kicshgfrhcl tahs hmpirtdctstdtfmfct, wf‘bb dppridka taf puobhk afdbta hssuf hc Ordzhb, tafafdbta-ghsfdsf prikfss dcg hts rfbdthicsahp whta qudbhty hcgfx in taf [V[(dkricym hc Uirtulufsf nir Cdthicdb Afdbtakdrf [frvhkf - ht‘bb of usfg tafdkricym [V[ dbicl taf drthkbf). Waf lidb hs ti uchtf taf kickfpts in puobhkkimmuchkdthic dcg puobhk afdbta, wahka hs dc drfd riulaby kistby nir taflivfrcmfct hc hts tarff spafrfs dcg td`fc oy pibhthks kirpirdthvhsms. Wafrfdrf ghnnfrfct vhfws doiut puobhk afdbta hssuf hc Ordzhb, wafrf [V[ hs taf

prfvdhbhcl pibhthks. \f ucgfrstdcg tadt taf wfbndrf kickfrcs fcvhricmfcts ohibilhkdb, payshkdb dcg sikhdb in taf pipubdthic dcg tadt afdbta gfpfcgs ic

mdcy dspfkts, suka ds qudcthty, qudbhty dcg dbbikdthic in mfghkdb oighfs,aisphtdb hcnrdstrukturf, prfvfcthvf pibhthks, sdchtdthic dcg uchvfrsdb afdbtakdrf. Hc iur dcdbyshs, wf usf taf HG[V[, wahka hs dc fvdbudthic doiutsfrvhkfs innfrfg ti taf pipubdthic, afbg fvfry twi yfdrs hc irgfr ti pripisfhmprivfmfcts ti taf systfm, waisf hctrhcshk ghnnhkubthfs whbb of fxpisfg hctahs drthkbf. Ofkdusf in hts oub`y ghsoursfmfcts in puobhk pursf, tafrf ‘s d

oittim hmpirtdckf in fnnfkthvf kickfrc whta sustdhcdohbhty hc tahs drfd, hcwahka tfkacibilhkdb fvibuthic, cfw prigukthic prikfssfs, ds wfbb ds aumdcrfsiurkfs mdcdlfmfct, saiubg `ffp up whta puobhk hcvfstmfcts nirfsffc hc

taf ouglft. Uuobhk afdbta ghskusshic hs ghrfktby bhc`fg ti hssufs inkhthzfcsahp, gfmikrdky, rfprfsfctdthvfcfss dcg khvhk pdrthkhpdthic. Wafkimohcdthic in tafsf kickfpts bfdgs us ti taf kicstrukthic in sikhdb kdphtdb

ds dc dgghcl fbfmfct in sikhfty ds wf `ciw ht dcg ds wf whsa ht ti of.

Dbb rhlats rfsfrvfg. Ci pdrt in kictfcts in tahs pdpfr mdy of rfprigukfg ir trdcsmhttfg hc dcy nirm ir oy dcy mfdcs whtaiut taf wrhttfc pfrmhsshic in I_HKUuobhkdthics, www.irhkpuo.kim.

Icbhcf dvdhbdobf shckf ?54;/Gfk/;5 dt www.irhkpuo.kim© (?547) Kipyrhlat I_HK Uuobhkdthics

Jiurcdb in Aumdc dcg [ikhdb [khfckf _fsfdrkaîb. ?, Ci. ? (?547), ;6-7;

wfopdlf: attp://www.irhkpuo.kim/assr-jiurcdb

A umdc dcg [ ikhdb

[ khfckf _ fsfdrka

A[[_îb. ?(?), ?547

I_HK Uuobhkdthics www.irhkpuo.kim

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;> | Kimmuchkdthic dcg Uuobhk Afdbta: Vchvfrsfs in Uibhkhfs, Uiwfr dcg Hcjusthkfs

Jiurcdb in Aumdc dcg [ikhdb [khfckf _fsfdrka / îb. ?, Ci. ?

Nir tahs ti ikkur, ht·s ucgfchdobf tadt puobhk kimmuchkdthic must prisfkutfs hts pibhthks dcg sikhdb ribf.Hc taf nhcdb kicshgfrdthics, wf hcghkdtf pfrspfkthvfs nir nurtafr stughfs, pripishcl d rftahc`hcl doiut puobhkafdbta sfrvhkfs nir nuturf lfcfrdthics.

AFDBWA I_LDCHZDWHIC MIGFB

Hc Ordzhb, tafrf‘s ci kicsfcsus ic taf hgfdb migfb in afdbta kdrf irldchzdthic ir fvfc doiut wahka drf htskimpicfcts dcg tafhr rfspicshohbhthfs ivfr pipubdthic‘s afdbta. Wadt ghvfrshty in hctfrprftdthics kimfs nrimtaf ghnnhkubty in gfnhchcl afdbta ds wfbb ds taf ghsthckt pibhthkdb dcg tafirfthkdb pripishthics ic taf hgfd in

puobhk afdbta.[dorisd (4887) gfnhcfs puobhk afdbta dcg kibbfkthvf afdbta ds d nhfbg in `ciwbfglf dcg in hcsthtuthicdbby

irldchzfg prdkthkfs tadt drf irhfctfg ti primitf afdbta in pipubdthics. \htahc taf nhfbg in puobhk afdbta, , taflidbs drf mirf dcg mirf spfkhnhk, rfbdtfg ti ohibilhkdb, payshkdb dcg sikhdb ndkts, dcg aiw taisf kiubgrfprfsfct rhs`s, trdcsbdtdobf hcti tarfdts gi afdbta dcg bhnf qudbhty (NI_DWHCCH, ?555).

Dntfr taf primubldthic in taf 4811 Kicsthtuthic hc Ordzhb, ht·s rflubdtfg tadt afdbta hs d rhlat in dbbkhthzfcs dcg d guty in taf [tdtf, aiwfvfr, [V[, tadt wds krfdtfg ds taf mdhc pibhky in puobhk afdbta ti tafkiuctry dcg hts pipubdthic, out ‒ht‘s sthbb ndr nrim of d cdthicdb rfdbhty, dbtaiula mdcy dgvdckfs advf offcmdgf dcg tafrf drf simf hsbdcgs in fxkfbbfckf” (UF_HBBI, ?55>, p. ?65).

Ds d kurrfct shtudthic, [V[ hs bfdchcl ic hctfrcdthicdb rfsfdrkafs, ofkdusf in hckhphfct dkdgfmhkdgvdckfmfct wf advf hc taf drfd0 dcg taf cffg nir hcputs hmpirt, ofkdusf in taf bdk` in qudbhty in tafcdthicdb prigukt. Aiwfvfr, taf ofst sdchtdry dcg aylhfchk kicghthics, dbicl whta taf mhchmdbby hcvdshvf

prikfgurfs drf kiipfrdthcl ti hckrfdsf taf innfr in aisphtdb ofgs gfsphtf taf gfkrfdsf hc taf titdb cumofr inaisphtdbs (UFG_I[D dcg KIVWI, ?55<). _fkfct ghskusshics ic hmpirthcl nirfhlc mfghkdb giktirs dbsigfciuckf priobfms hc taf mfghkdb trdhchcl, dshgf nrim taf sikhdb dcg hcnrdstrukturdb priobfms.

WAF AFDBWA-GH[FD[F U_IKF[[

Dkkirghcl ti Luthfrrfz dcg Iofrghf` (?554), sfvfrdb dppridkafs advf offc pripisfg ti ucgfrstdcg tafafdbta-ghsfdsf prikfss ds d syctafshs in mubthpbf ndktirs: taf odbdckf migfb, taf kdusdbhthfs cftwir` migfbdcg taf fkibilhkdb migfb, dbsi `ciwc ds taf cdturdb ahstiry in ghsfdsfs. Bfdvfbb dcg Kbdr` (48<>) pripisfgtaf migfb hc Nhlurf 4, tadt kicshgfrs taf hctfrdkthic, taf rfbdthicsahp dcg taf kicghthichcl in tarff kfctrdbfbfmfcts in taf si kdbbfg ‒fkibilhkdb trhdg”: taf fcvhricmfct, taf dlfct dcg taf aist. Waf ghsfdsf wdstaiulat ti rfsubt nrim dc hmodbdckf hc taf fxhsthcl sfbn-rflubdthic hc taf systfm.

Nhlurf 4 ‛ Migfb in taf cdturdb ahstiry in ghsfdsfs

FC^H_ICMFCW

Mfdcs kicgukhvf

ti hcnfkthic: dlf,sfx, rdkf, adohts,

kustims…

NDKWI_

[frvfs ds d

sthmubus ti tafhchthdthic ir

pfrpftudthic intaf ghsfdsf

prikfss.

AI[W

Dttdk`fg oy taf

dlfct wafc ht‘ssuskfpthobf dcg

stdcgs hc taftrdcsmhsshic

kadhc.

[iurkf: dgdptfg nrim Bfdvfbb & Kbdr`, 48<>.



Gfvdch [dbimëi gf Miurd _fhs, [hmicf Dbvfs gf Kdrvdbai | ;<

© I_HK Uuobhkdthics /?547

Waf fxdmhcdthic in taf vdrhius ndktirs rfbdtfg ti taf fmfrlfckf in d ghsfdsf, taf usf in stdthsthkdb gdtd hc tafrfsfdrka mftaigs dcg gfshlc mftaigibilhfs dbbiwfg shlchnhkdct dgvdckfs hc prfvfcthic in ghsfdsf. Dcitafrdgvdctdlf in tahs tafirfthkdb migfb bdys hc taf ndkt in fcdobf odrrhfrs ti taf fvibuthic in taf ghsfdsf fvfc

ofnirf tafhr kbhchkdb mdchnfstdthic (prf-pdtailfcfshs) ds sffc hc Nhlurf ?.

Nhlurf ? - Kbhchkdb mdchnfstdthics in ghsfdsf

Urf-Udtailfcfshs Udtailfcfshs [fqufbdf

CicspfkhnhkLfcfrdb

kicghthics inhcghvhgudbs irfcvhricmfct

tadt prfghspisfti icf ir mirf

ghsfdsfs.

[pfkhnhk Waf prfsfckf ind kicstfbbdthic

in kdusdb ndktirshc d lhvfc thmfndvirs taf icsft

in ghsfdsfs.

UrfmdturfWaf prfvhius

shtudthicrfsubtfg hc d

ghsfdsf waisffdrby shlcs dcg

symptims

ofkimfdppdrfct.

Dgvdckfg

Waf ghsfdsfnibbiws hts iwc

fvibuthic,fcghcl whta

gfdta, irkimpbftf

afdbhcl irbfdvhcl

sfqufbdf.

Wafkicsfqufckfs ir

fnnfkts in tafghsfdsf kdc ofrfpdhrfg whta

lrfdtfr ir bfssfrfnnhkhfcky oy

dbbiwhclrfadohbhtdthic.


[fvfrdb krhthks, aiwfvfr, advf saiwc taf sairtkimhcls in tahs migfb hc fxpbdhchcl taf fmfrlfckf in ghsfdsfshc sikhfty. Ic icf adcg, ht hs pihctfg iut tadt taf dcdbyshs icby fstdobhsafs qudcthtdthvf rfbdthicsahps oftwffckdusdb ndktirs, md`hcl ci ghsthckthic Ahfrdrkahkdb oftwffc tafm (UDBMFH_D ft db., ?557). Ic taf itafr shgf,dbtaiula rfkilchzhcl taf fxhstfckf in sikhdb dspfkts hcvibvfg hc taf ghsfdsf prikfss, tafsf drf suoirghcdtf titaf gftrhmfct in taf ohibilhkdb dspfkts. Dkkirghcl Udbmfhrd ft db. (?557, p. ;1), taf mubthndktirhdb migfbdgvdckfg hc `ciwbfglf in ndktirs dnnfkthcl taf afdbta dcg ghsfdsf. Waf krhthkhsm hs tadt ht rfshgfs hc taf ndkt intrfdthcl dbb fbfmfcts bh`fwhsf, cdturdbhzhcl taf rfbdthicsahp oftwffc taf fcvhricmfct, taf aist dcg taf dlfct,nirlftthcl tadt aumdc ofhcl prigukfs sikhdb bhnf hc d ahstirhkdb thmf dcg, hc kfrtdhc pfrhigs, hbbcfss mdy ikkurwhta ghnnfrfct hctfcshthfs dcg mdchnfstdthics, ds hs taf kdsf in gfcluf dcg A4C4, kdushcl fphgfmhks dcgstdrtbhcl khthzfcs. Hc Nhlurf ; wf hbbustrdtf taf cdturdb ahstiry in dcy aumdc ghsfdsf dcg hts kbdsshnhkdtiry bfvfbs.

Nhlurf ; - Cdturdb ahstiry in dcy aumdc ghsfdsf

Uishthic in taf odrrhfrs tadt wf ippisf ti taf mdrka in taf ghsfdsf

4stBfvfb

Afdbta primithic

(cutrhthic,

fgukdthic,

sdchtdthic...).

?cg

Bfvfb

[pfkhnhk

pritfkthic

(vdkkhcfs,

nbuirhgdtfg

wdtfr...)

;rg Bfvfb

Fdrby ghdlcishs

dcg hmmfghdtf

trfdtmfct.

7ta

Bfvfb

Gdmdlfbhmhtdthic.

6taBfvfb

_fadohbhtdthic

Wfrthdry

prfvfcthic

Urhmdry Urf [fkicgdry Urfvfcthic

Wfrthdry Urfvfcthic




;1 | Kimmuchkdthic dcg Uuobhk Afdbta: Vchvfrsfs in Uibhkhfs, Uiwfr dcg Hcjusthkfs


HG[V[ - UF_NI_MDCKF HCGFQ IN AFDBWA [F_^HKF[ HC O_DZHB

Waf kickfrc in muchkhpdb, stdtf dcg nfgfrdb livfrcmfcts whta micfy spfct ic aisphtdbhzdthics guf ti bdkìn prfvfcthic, dbtaiula tafrf hs bhttbf dkthic hc tahs rfldrg, bfg ti gfvfbip tiibs ti mfdsurf, dt bfdst pdrthdbby, tafUfrnirmdckf Hcgfx in Afdbta [frvhkfs hc Ordzhb (HG[V[).

HG[V[ hs dc hcstrumfct tadt fvdbudtfs dkkfss dcg qudbhty in afdbta sfrvhkfs hc Ordzhb, dcg shckf ?551

kafk`fg ghnnfrfct bfvfbs in kdrf (odshk, aisphtdb spfkhdbhzfg, aisphtdb iutpdthfct, fmfrlfcky dcg urlfcky) dcgvfrhnhfg aiw wfbb afdbta hcnrdstrukturf hs mffthcl pfipbf dcg hn taf innfrfg sfrvhkfs drf dobf ti lhvf taf ofstdcswfrs ti taf pipubdthic‘s afdbta priobfms. HG[V[ hs puobhsafg fvfry twi yfdrs.

Hc dgghthic ti privhgf lrfdtfr trdcspdrfcky ti taf ivfrdbb phkturf in taf shtudthic in suppby dcg afdbtasfrvhkfs, HG[V[ sfrvfg ds d tiib nir michtirhcl dcg fvdbudthic nir taf bfdgfrs in taf tarff livfrcmfct bfvfbs- nfgfrdb, stdtf dcg bikdb - ti md`f gfkhshics hc ndvir in hmprivfmfct in puobhk afdbta dkthvhthfs hc taf kiuctry.

Waf hcgfx fvdbudtfg whta skirf 5-45 muchkhpdbhthfs, rflhics, stdtfs dcg kiuctry odsfg hc hcnirmdthicdkkfss, wahka saiwc ds taf privhshic in afdbta sfrvhkfs dcg dkthics, dcg fnnfkthvfcfss, wahka mfdsurf tafsystfm pfrnirmdckf, h.f. taf gflrff ti wahka afdbta sfrvhkfs dcg dkthics wfrf rfdkahcl taf fxpfktfg iutkimfs.

HG[V[ kicshsts in shx fqudb lriups dcg td`fs hcti dkkiuct taf kickimhtdct dcdbyshs in tarff hcgfx: 4)[ikhifkicimhk Gfvfbipmfct, ?) Afdbta Kicghthics dcg ;) [trukturf in taf Afdbta [ystfm in taf Muchkhpdbhty.Odshkdbby, lriups icf dcg twi wfrf nirmfg oy muchkhpdbhthfs tadt advf ofttfr hcnrdstrukturf dcg kicghthics insfrvhkf ti taf pipubdthic0 lriups tarff dcg niur advf nfw strukturfs in mfghum dcg ahla kimpbfxhty0 wahbflriups nhvf dcg shx advf ci strukturf nir spfkhdbhzfg kdrf. Waf pripisdb hs ti uchny lriups hc khthfs whta shmhbdrkadrdktfrhsthks.

Dkkirghcl ti taf hcgfx, Ordzhb ads HG[V[ fquhvdbfct ti 6.7<. Waf [iuta _flhic adg skirf >.4?, nibbiwfg oy taf [iutafdst (6.6>), Cirtafdst (6.?1), taf Mhgwfst (6.?>) dcg Cirta (7,><). Dmicl taf stdtfs, taf ahlafstrdtfs drf hc taf [iuta - [dctd Kdtdrhcd (>.?8), Udrdcä (>.?;) dcg _hi Lrdcgf gi [ub (6,85). Nibbiwhcl, kimfMhcds Lfrdhs (6.1<) dcg Fspírhti [dcti (6,<8). Waf biwfst skirfs drf dt Udrä (7.4<), _icg÷chd (7.78) dcg _hi

gf Jdcfhri (7,61). Wafsf lrdgfs kdc of kicshgfrfg odg, shckf taf ahlafst skirf hs up ti 45. Citf tadt taf pipubdthic in taf [iuta wds hc ?545 (dkkirghcl ti taf HOLF ‛ Ordzhbhdc Hcsthtutf in Lfilrdpay dcg [tdthsthks)in ?<,;1>,184 pfipbf dcg hc taf [iutafdst, 15,;>7,745 hcadohtdcts, in wahka icby [ëi Udubi adg 74,?>?,488hcadohtdcts. Wafrfnirf, taf lrdgf tadt [iuta iotdhcfg hs 5.6> doivf taf [iuta Fdst hs nubby rfdsicdobf guf tiaulf ghnnfrfckf in cumofrs in hcadohtdcts.

Dkkirghcl ti HG[V[, taf ahlafst skirfs nir aimilfcfius lriup wfrf: <.51 nir ^hktiry (Fspírhti [dcti) hclriup icf, dcg 1.?? ti Odrufrh ([ëi Udubi) hc lriup twi. Nibbiwhcl hc lriups tarff dcg niur, drf _isdcd 1.41([ëi Udubi) dcg <.;4 nir Wurmdbhcd (Mhcds Lfrdhs). Lriups nhvf dcg shx ahlabhlatfg Drki-Írhs ([ëi Udubi) dcgNfrcdcgfs Uhcafhri (Udrdcä), whta HG[V[ 1.;1 dcg <.<>, rfspfkthvfby.

HG[V[ hs taf rfsubt in ?7 hcghkdtirs hctfrsfkthic, 47 in wahka fvdbudtf dkkfss dcg dcitafr 45 mfdsurf tafsfrvhkfs fnnfkthvfcfss. Ic taf dkkfss hssuf, afdbta systfm kdpdkhty ti fcsurf cfkfssdry kdrf ti pipubdthic whtadgfqudtf rfsiurkfs dcg thmfby whtahc wds mfdsurfg. Wafsf hcghkdtirs wfrf: fsthmdtfg kivfrdlf in afdbtatfdms0 pripirthic in bhvf ohrtas ti mitafrs whta sfvfc ir mirf prfcdtdb vhshts0 dcg orfdst kdckfrs prfvfcthvffxdmhcdthics hc wimfc oftwffc 65 dcg >8 yfdrs, dcg in taf kfrvhx, hc taf rdclf ?6-68 yfdrs.

Nir taf fvdbudthic in fnnfkthvfcfss, h.f., waftafr taf sfrvhkf wds rfcgfrfg pripfrby, tafrf wfrf htfms sukads kurhcl cfw kdsfs in tuofrkubishs dcg bfprisy0 cirmdb gfbhvfrhfs pripirthic0 cumofr in gfdtas hc kahbgrfcucgfr 46 yfdrs wai wfrf dgmhttfg ti Hctfcshvf Kdrf Vchts (HKV)0 dcg taf cumofr in gfdtas gurhclaisphtdbhzdthic nir myikdrghdb hcndrkthic.

Ic taf krhtfrhd usfg hc HG[V[, wf qufsthic wadt ht mfdcs ti "of sfrvfg hc d thmfby" dcg wadt tahs thmf

wiubg, hn dkkfptdobf nrim taf pihct in vhfw in taf pdthfct ir taf mfghkdb stdnn0 dcg, hc dgghthic, wadt rfsiurkfsdrf kicshgfrfg dppriprhdtf dcg wadt typf in kdrf (prhmdry, sfkicgdry, tfrthdry ir qudtfrcdry) taf rfsubts drfhcnfrrfg.



Gfvdch [dbimëi gf Miurd _fhs, [hmicf Dbvfs gf Kdrvdbai | ;8


Nhlurf 7 ‛ Lfipibhthkdb mdp in Ordzhb

[iurkf:attp://?.op.obilspit.kim/-bD1;Qhu4gì/Wm5<-4n55>H/DDDDDDDDMqs/-dwxdUDh4DH/s755/mdpd-gi-ordshb-fstdgis-rflh

ifs-pibhthki.lhn

[W_VKWV_DB U_IOBFM[

Dkkirghcl ti Ufrhbbi (?55>), afdbta priobfms hc Ordzhb drf strukturdb dcg taf hctrhcshk gfnhkhfckhfs ti tafsystfm saiubg of hcvfsthldtfg dcg kirrfktfg, dcg hmprivfmfcts hc mdcdlfmfct saiubg of hmpbdctfg tihckrfdsf prigukthvhty dcg qudbhty in kdrf, dcg tadt tafsf sibuthics kdc dvihg dgghcl uccfkfssdry hcvfstmfct in

puobhk rfsiurkfs._fhs (?544) pihcts iut tadt taf hckrfdsfg bhnf fxpfktdcky dcg gfkrfdsfg nfrthbhty rdtf whbb orhcl cfw

gfmdcgs nir afdbta kdrf, tadt drf cit yft ofhcl ghskussfg hc taf rfspicshobf dlfckhfs.Waf afdbta sfktir hs luhgfg tigdy oy tarff pdrdghlms (MD_WHC, ?55>): d) ofchlc-aumdchtdrhdc, tadt

prhirhthzfs aumdc ghlchty dcg wfbb-ofhcl, o) tfkaci skhfcthnhk, whta prfgimhcdctby skhfcthnhk `ciwbfglf dcgtfkachkdb fnnhkhfcky, dcg k) oushcfss-kimmfrkhdb, wahka turcs mfghkhcf hcti d oushcfss tadt saiubg orhcl prinhtti iwcfrs. [pfkhnhkdbby hc taf puobhk sfktir:

ht dbsi kdc of citfg taf kfctrdbhzdthic in piwfr, ahla ourfdukrdky, ucsdthsndktiry kdrf dcguchctfrfstfg stdnn, wahka kimprimhsfs taf privhshic in puobhk sfrvhkf whta qudbhty dcgsdthsndkthic. Wafrfnirf, ht hs fssfcthdb d mdcdlfmfct tadt put taf aumdc ofhcl dcg htsgfvfbipmfct ds d oflhcchcl, mhggbf dcg fcg in lidbs dcg irldchzdthicdb prdkthkfs, hc ndvir inmirf aumdcf, ghlchnhfg dcg ftahkdb wir`hcl rfbdthicsahps. Ht hs tariula tahs tadt taf puobhkirldchzdthic mdcdlfmfct kdc nistfr d kubturf in dpprfkhdthic, hc sfdrka in d mirf qudbhnhfg

puobhk sfrvhkf dcg rfturcfg nubby ti taf sikhdb wfbndrf. ([HB^D, ?545, p. ?44-?).

Aiwfvfr, waftafr taf muchkhpdb, stdtf ir nfgfrdb livfrcmfcts, ti md`f taf mdcdlfmfct in nhcdckhdb,tfkacibilhkdb, prikfssfs dcg aumdc rfsiurkf, ads offc saiwc hcfnnhkhfct, ofkdusf hc mdcy kdsfs, tafyucgfrstdtf taf cffgs in taf pipubdthic dcg wir` whta iutgdtfg gdtd. Mfdcwahbf taf pipubdthic kicthcufs tindbb hbb dcg sfcsf taf pfrvfrsf fnnfkts in suka mdcdlfmfct.

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75 | Kimmuchkdthic dcg Uuobhk Afdbta: Vchvfrsfs in Uibhkhfs, Uiwfr dcg Hcjusthkfs


\f saiubg dbsi pihct iut tadt taf aumdc kdphtdb in puobhk afdbta irldchzdthics hc Ordzhb hs dbsi d strukturdb odrrhfr. Ofyicg gfnhkht prinfsshicdbs, fspfkhdbby hc bikdthics dwdy nrim bdrlf urodc kfctfrs, Kdrvdbai (?54?)cithkfs tadt tafrf hs d symoibhk vhibfckf hc taf aisphtdb sftthcl, fhtafr oy kiwir`frs, nfdturhcl adrdssmfct hc htsvdrhius nirms, fhtafr oy taf pdthfct, wai rfdkafs dssdubthcl, vfrodbby dcg payshkdbby, taf innhkfr wai dttfmptsti sfrvf ahm/ afr, out kdccit gi ht pripfrby nir taf bdk` in hcnrdstrukturf dcg itafr afdbta prinfsshicdbs, wahkamd`fs ht fvfc mirf in dc dbrfdgy priobfmdthk shtudthic.

AFDBWA DCG [V[WDHCDOHBHWX

Waf hcfnnhkhfct mdcdlfmfct hs kbisfby bhc`fg ti d bdk` in sustdhcdohbhty. Waf gfmdcgs in fkicimy ic d pbdcft whta bhmhtfg rfsiurkfs bh`f Fdrta gfpfcg ic taf kadclf in prigukthic dcg kicsumpthic pdttfrcs hcvdrhius drfds. Wahs ucgfrstdcghcl ads hcnbufckfg fki-mdrxhst vhshics, hc wahka taf kfctrdbhty in taf kurrfctkicnbhkts drf ci biclfr sffc fxkbushvfby nrim taf sikhdb kbdssfs, out dkkirghcl ti Dbtvdtfr, driucg taf sikhdbrfbdthicsahp oftwffc mdc dcg cdturf, taf ouhbt fcvhricmfct, taf lfcfrdb kicghthics in prigukthic, taf hssuf inqudbhty dcg qudcthty in puobhk liigs privhshic. Hc tahs vhfw, CLIs dcg cfw sikhdb mivfmfcts, ds wfbb ds cfwskhfcthnhk dcg hcsthtuthicdb prdkthkfs ciw advf d `fy ribf hc krfdthcl cfw ghrfkthics nir gfvfbipmfct dcggfmikrdky nrim taf fxhsthcl kicnbhkts dcg krhshs.

Waf livfrcmfct ribf, fspfkhdbby hc sdchtdthic, afdbta, fcvhricmfct, aiushcl, urodc pbdcchcl, khvhb gfnfcsfdcg puobhk sdnfty… \f icby mfcthic d nfw typfs in kicnbhkt dssikhdtfg whta urodc adohtdthic dcghcnrdstrukturf in khthfs: taf bdk` in suppby aiushcl nir biw-hckimf pfipbf, dcg taisf fxhsthcl icfs whsa tibfdvf taf fxhsthcl, gwfbbhcls wfrf ouhbt ic kictdmhcdtfg drfds dcg cfdr gumpstfrs. \f kdccit hlcirffxpdcshic in sbum drfds whtaiut urodc hcnrdstrukturf - grhc`hcl wdtfr, sfwdlf dcg wdstf, ds wfbb ds ghsdstfrssuka ds nbiigs dcg bdcgsbhgfs hc taf sbums, wahka advf ofkimf riuthcf.

\adt taf mfghd pirtrdys hs taf rfsubt in piir dcg ucsustdhcdobf mdcdlfmfct hc dspfkts suka ds odshksdchtdthic, gwfbbhcl dcg fgukdthic. Waf afdrt in taf mdttfr in puobhk afdbta hs tadt puobhk dutairhthfs gi cit

wir` tilftafr ti dkahfvf lidbs. [ikhdb hssufs drf cit sffc ds d prhirhty, ofkdusf hn si, tafrf wiubg advf offc prfvfcthvf mfdsurfs, cit pdbbhdthvf icfs. Waf "kimmic" khthzfc gifs cit pdrthkhpdtf hc taf gfkhshics tadt af/saf whbb sunnfr taf dkthic, wahka kdccit of kicshgfrfg d gfmikrdthk pafcimfcic.

GFMIK_DKX, UD_WHKHUDWHIC DCG _FU_F[FCWDWHIC

Oioohi (dpug KADVÍ, 4814, p.4;6) sdys gfmikrdky saiubg of ucgfrstiig ds "d sft in rubfs (prhmdry irkfctrdb) tadt fstdobhsafs wai hs dutairhzfg ti td`f kibbfkthvf gfkhshics dcg wadt prikfgurfs (...) tafnucgdmfctdb rubf in gfmikrdky hs taf mdjirhty rubf, wahka td`fs hcti dkkiuct kibbfkthvf gfkhshics."

Waf kickfpt in gfmikrdky dssumfs tadt khthzfcs drf prfpdrfg ti usf taf rubfs in gfmikrdthk pdrthkhpdthic,

dcg tafrf hs dt bfdst simf bfvfb in sikhdb fqudbhty oftwffc hcghvhgudbs dcg tadt hcsthtuthicdb mfkadchsms inrfprfsfctdthic drf dktudbby gfmikrdthk. Nir _dwbs (?551) taf dsshlcmfct in odshk rhlats dcg guthfs hs niucghclhcti sikhdb rfbdthics tadt iojfkthny simf bfvfb in sikhdb kiipfrdthic.

Wafrf ads ti of rfkilchthic dmicl pibhthkdb rfprfsfctdthic dcg ghrfkt pdrthkhpdthic si wf kdc advf dgfmikrdky. Oioohi (dpug Kaduí, 481>, p. 4;>) kickfptudbhzfs rfprfsfctdthvf gfmikrdky, ds icf tadt dbbiwstaf "kibbfkthvf gfbhofrdthics, h.f., gfkhshics kickfrchcl taf fcthrf kibbfkthvhty drf cit td`fc ghrfktby oy taisfwai drf pdrt in ht, out nir pfipbf kaisfc nir tahs purpisf."

Ht hs wafc taf hgfibily in fhtafr rfprfsfctdthvf gfmikrdky dppfdrs. Hgfibily usfs d nfdturf ti ahgf taf prfsfckf in taf stdtf hc khvhb sikhfty: taf ghskiursf in taf Irldchzdthic. Kaduí (4814, p. 8) stdtfs tadt:

ucgfrstdcghcl taf hgfibily in kimpftfct ghskiursf hs taf giuobf mivfmfct wafrfoy taf lriwta in stdtf piwfr hs gfchfg dcg dnnhrmfg oy taf spffka. Waf ghnnhkubt ti rfdbhzf tadt ht hs icf dcg taf sdmfmivfmfct whta twi-ndkfs, ir giuobf shmubtdcfius mivfmfct in dnnhrmdthic dcg cfldthic, stfms nrimtaf ndkt tadt tafrf drf twi ghnnfrfct migfs in ghskiursf kimpftfckf, wafc, hc ndkt, ht hs icby taf sdmfspffka. (...) \f tfcg ti ghsthcluhsa ourfdukrdt spffka dcg taf cic-ourfdukrdt spffka.



Gfvdch [dbimëi gf Miurd _fhs, [hmicf Dbvfs gf Kdrvdbai | 74


Waus, nir taf dutair (4814, p. 8) ourfdukrdthzdthic dcg irldchzdthic dssumf taf nibbiwhcl gftfrmhcdthics:d) taf ofbhfn hc rfdbhty htsfbn dcg ti sikhfty htsfbn, si tadt rdthicdbhty in mfdcs in dkthic dutimdthkdbbyghsdobfs dcy qufsthic doiut rdthicdbhty in fcgs in dkthic0

o) taf fxhstfckf in dc dutairhty systfm odsfg ic ahfrdrkay, hc wahka piwfr dcg rfspicshohbhty drhshclnrim hts iwc ahfrdrkahkdb stfp, cit wai ikkuphfs0k) taf hgfcthnhkdthic in taf mfmofrs in d ourfdukrdky whta taf ribf dcg pishthic tadt ikkupy0g) taf gimhcdthic tfcgs ti rfmdhc ahggfc guf ti taf ofbhfn hc dc dgmhchstrdthvf ir dgmhchstrdtir rfdsic.

Nrim tafsf fbfmfcts, icf shgf in taf ghskiursf in kimpftfckf hs kicnhlurfg, wahka ucnibgs hc tarffrflhstfrs: taf kimpftfct spffka in taf dgmhchstrdtir-ourfdukrdt0 taf dgmhchstrdtfg-ourfdukrdt dcg taf lfcfrhkmfc rfgukfg ti taf stdtus in sikhi-fkicimhk dcg sikhi-pibhthkdb iojfkts.

KIMMVCHKDWHIC HC UVOBHK AFDBWA

Zfmir gfnhcfs puobhk kimmuchkdthic ds "taf nirmdb kimmuchkdthic tadt tfcgs ti rfturc dcg sadrhcl puobhkhcnirmdthic, ds wfbb ds taf mdhctfcdckf in sikhdb oicg, dcg puobhk hcsthtuthics drf rfspicshobf nir" (4886, p.6).Waf Uuobhk mfssdlfs drf cdturdbby kimpbfx, shckf tafy advf taf iojfkthvf in kictrhouthcl ti rflubdthic,

pritfkthic ir prijfkthic hcti taf nuturf, wahka drf rfspicshohbhthfs in puobhk piwfrs. Waf rflubdthic mustfcsurf taf odbdckf hc ipfrdthic dcg mdhctfcdckf in taf kimpbfx systfm wahka hs d migfrc kiuctry. Doiuttafhr rfbdthicsahp whta taf "rfkfhvfr" khthzfc, Zfmir sdys:

Waf khthzfc hs dc dmohvdbfct rfkhphfct. Waf gfnhchthic ‑kbhfct in puobhk sfrvhkf‘ hs cit kirrfkt, ht hmpbhfs dkbhfct-suppbhfr rfbdthicsahp tadt gifs cit nht hcti taf bilhk in puobhk sfrvhkf. Hc tahs kdsf, taf suppbhfr adsci kimpfthtir, dcg taf kbhfct hs oita tdxpdyfr dcg vitfr. Waf khthzfc kdccit of sibfby d usfr in puobhksfrvhkf whtaiut rfkilchzhcl tadt af ads d ribf in gfkhshic md`fr, fvfc bhmhtfg (4886, p. 4;-46).

Ds nir taf kicghthics in puobhk kimmuchkdthic, ht hs kicshgfrfg tadt ht ads ti of d truf kimmuchkdthic, icicf shgf whta dc dkthvf khthzfc dcg ic taf itafr, dutafcthk hcsthtuthics. Ic tafsf twi kicghthics bhfs taf liigrfbdthicsahp oftwffc puobhk hcsthtuthics dcg hts mfmofrs. Waf prdkthkdb kicghthics in dkkfss ti hcnirmdthictfcg ti rfspicg taf rfquhrfmfct nir trdcspdrfcky in puobhk dkts.

Ordcgëi (?558) stdtfs tadt puobhk kimmuchkdthic kdc of hgfcthnhfg ds livfrcmfct dcg / ir stdtfkimmuchkdthic. \f ofbhfvf tadt taf gfnhchthic in puobhk kimmuchkdthic "ds d kimmuchkdthvf prikfss insikhfty oighfs wir`hcl whta hcnirmdthic tiwdrg khthzfcsahp" (Ordcgëi, ?558, p. 6) summdrhzfs iur drlumfct.Wi Mdtis (?544, p. 76), "puobhk kimmuchkdthic rfquhrfs P...] taf pdrthkhpdthic in sikhfty dcg hts sflmfcts: citicby ds rfkhphfcts in livfrcmfct kimmuchkdthics, out mistby ds dkthvf prigukfrs hc taf kimmuchkdthic

prikfss", h.f., khthzfcs whbb of hckrfdshclby kadrlfg ti pdrthkhpdtf dkthvfby hc pibhthkdb bhnf, si tadt tafhr vihkfsdrf afdrg dcg tafhr rhlats vhcghkdtfg.

Uuobhk kimmuchkdthic nir Civfbbh (?55>, p. 16) hs "taf prikfss in kimmuchkdthic tadt ikkurs oftwffc puobhk hcsthtuthics dcg sikhfty tadt dhms ti primitf taf fxkadclf ir sadrhcl in hcnirmdthic in puobhk hctfrfst",h.f., ht hs krhthkdb tadt khthzfcs drf hcnirmfg in hssufs tadt mdy of rfbfvdct ti tafm.

Wd`hcl hcti dkkiuct taf kickfpt in puobhk kimmuchkdthic, wf hcnfr tadt hs rfspicshohbhty in [V[ ti innfr tafkurrfct dcg nuturf usfrs in tafhr sfrvhkfs, sfrhius dcg upgdtfg suoshghfs ic ghsfdsf prfvfcthic, trfdtmfct,rhlats dcg guthfs in khthzfcs, hc dc iojfkthvf dcg rfbhdobf migf, si tadt khthzfcs advf tafhr rhlat ti hcnirmdthicin puobhk hctfrfst dkkimpbhsafg, dcg trutanub dcswfrs ti tafhr qufsthics dcg kickfrcs0 dcg si irldchzdthicsgfdbhcl whta afdbta mdy prdkthkf d rfdb sikhdb rfspicshohbhty, mffthcl taf sullfsthics pripisfg oy Mdtis(?55>, p. >6).



7? | Kimmuchkdthic dcg Uuobhk Afdbta: Vchvfrsfs in Uibhkhfs, Uiwfr dcg Hcjusthkfs


NHCDB _FLD_G[

Afdbta sfrvhkfs drf hc rfspicsf ti spfkhnhk cffgs in sikhfty dcg hts rfbfvdct ribf hs d kicsfqufckf in tafsikhdb vdbuf dsshlcfg ti taf mdhctfcdckf dcg afdbta rfkivfry. Hc prdkthkf, taf nirms in afdbta sfrvhkfsirldchzdthic vdry rdtafr, prfsfcthcl pdrthkubdr nfdturfs, dcg taf sfrvhkfs drf ucgfrstiig ds ahla sikhdb uthbhty.Hc dgghthic, afdbta priobfms advf d mubthpbf kadrdktfr dcg dbsi mubthghmfcshicdb, whta ghnnfrfct irhlhcs

priobfms, suka ds irldchk, psykaibilhkdb, sikhdb, ftahkdb, rfbhlhius dcg si ic, dcg tafy kadclf nrimhcghvhgudb ti hcghvhgudb dcg hc oftwffc pipubdthic lriups.

Waf wir` hc afdbtakdrf irldchzdthics hs kadclhcl, kimpbfx dcg ghnnhkubt ti stdcgdrghzf, dkthvhthfs drfspfkhdbhzfg dcg hctfrgfpfcgfct, gfnhchthic dcg mfdsurfmfct in rfsubts in tafsf dkthvhthfs drf dc fxtrfmfbykimpbhkdtfg tds` ti dkkimpbhsa. Afdbta sfrvhkfs must dbwdys of prfpdrfg nir fmfrlfcky shtudthics, wahka drfkicstdct dcg, ds taisf sfrvhkfs drf cit suojfkt ti stirdlf, ti of prfpdrfg nir fmfrlfckhfs hs d kimpbfxkadbbfclf, wahka rfsibuthic ghrfktby hcnbufckfs taf bilhsthks dcg sfktir hcnrdstrukturf.

Ds taf muchkhpdb, stdtf dcg nfgfrdb livfrcmfcts advf hcsunnhkhfct dmiucts hcvfstfg hc afdbta rfsfdrka dcgafrf drf hckbugfg suka sfktirs ds fgukdthic, odshk sdchtdthic, gwfbbhcl dcg fcvhricmfct nhfbgs kirrfspicghclti taf sustdhcdohbhty in taf pbdcft0 pistpichcl dbsi nhcdckhdb hckfcthvfs ti puobhk afdbta innhkhdbs, hc wahka tafrfdrf ci kdrffr pbdcs, wahka rfquhrfs tafsf prinfsshicdbs ti wir` hc mirf tadc icf hcsthtuthic, intfc hc piirkicghthic dcg rfquhrhcl tafm trfmfcgius payshkdb dcg psykaibilhkdb fnnirt. Vcgfr tafsf prfkdrhiuskicghthics, tfkachkhdcs td`f kdrf in shk` pfipbf dt vdrhius stdlfs in taf ghsfdsf. Ht hs dc dkthvhty tadt intfcrfquhrfs fcirmius payshkdb strfclta dcg dppriprhdtf mfctdb kicghthic ti trfdt pdthfcts dcg kimpdchics, si wfmust td`f kdrf in tafsf wir`frs wai wir` hc fcvhricmfcts strfssnub.

Dkkirghcl ti survfys kicguktfg oy taf Ldbbup Bfdgfrsahp Hcsthtutf (LBH) in Vchvfrshty in Cfords`d (V[D)hc ?55>, gdhby hctfrdkthics kdc bfvfrdlf pfrnirmdckf in niur psykaibilhkdb stdtfs, dkkirghcl ti tahshcvfsthldthic tafy kicsthtutf d `hcg in "psykaibilhkdb kdphtdb" in pfipbf: fnnhkdky, ipthmhsm, aipf dcgrfshbhfckf, h.f. pfipbf wai advf d afdbtay kimohcdthic in tafsf niur kadrdktfrhsthks ofbhfvf tafy kdc ndkf

ghnnhkubt tds`s (fnnfkthvfcfss) dcg tadt kadbbfclhcl shtudthics advf d ndvirdobf sibuthic (ipthmhsthk), drfstfdgndst dcg kadclf kiursf ti dkahfvf tafhr lidbs (aipf) dcg drf dobf ti "try dldhc" dcg sukkffg fvfc hc ndkfin dgvfrshty (rfshbhfckf).

Hc Ordzhb, nir bdk` in kicshgfrdthic in aumdc rfsiurkfs hc puobhk hcsthtuthics, afrf hckbughcl afdbta, ht hshlcirfg wadt hs hts kdphtdb, hckbughcl sikhdb, ds tafhr s`hbbs kiubg of adrcfssfg dcg gfvfbipfg. Aumdc rfsiurkfsdrf dc hmpirtdct pdrt in hcsthtuthics, out cit mirf tadc d nfw kdrf doiut taf hmpdkt tafy rfprfsfct hc pdthfctkdrf. Md`f hcghvhgudbs dwdrf dcg pdrthkhpdtiry hcti taf kicsfrvdthic in tafhr afdbta dcg hc ghsfdsf prfvfcthichcvibvfs kicgukt usfrs dcg afdbta prinfsshicdbs ti d rfbdthvf duticimy, hc d pfrspfkthvf in kicthcuiusdgdptdthic ti taf fcvhricmfct. Waf khthzfc hs taf icf wai pdrthkhpdtfs hc taf stdtf gycdmhk, wahka dkts ti ldhc,

prfsfrvf ir pritfkt tafhr rhlats. Khthzfcsahp hs tahs fnnfkthvf pibhthkdb fxfrkhsf. Khthzfcsahp hs taf kubmhcdthic innucgdmfctdb rhlats, wafc aumdc ofhcls turc ti of pibhthkdb hc taf oridg sfcsf in taf tfrm, pdrthkhpdthcldkthvfby hc taf sikhfty hc wahka ht ipfrdtfs.

Wafrf drf tarff drfds whtahc taf kickfpt in khthzfcsahp, wahka drf khvhb, sikhdb dcg pibhthkhdcs, dbb pripfrbysfkurfg hc taf Ordzhbhdc Kicsthtuthic. Waf ghsfdsf, hn ht ads cit dbtfrfg taf khthzfc duticimy, kdccit of dciostrukthic nir ahm ti fxfrkhsf ahs khthzfcsahp.

Hcnirmdthic doiut afdbta sfrvhkfs must of dvdhbdobf nir fvfryoigy tariula mdss mfghd. Livfrcmfctssaiubg kicsubt kimmuchthfs ti `ciw tafhr rfdb cffgs ofnirf hgfdbhzf dcg hmpbfmfct puobhk pibhkhfs. Wafysaiubg quht taf ucafdbtay adoht in stdyhcl hc tafhr innhkfs, whta bdllfg gdtd dcg whtaaibghcl rfsiurkfs nrim dbbirgfrs hc hmpbfmfctdthic. Uuobhk micfy, pdhg hc tdxfs, saiubg rfturc hc ofcfnhts ti sikhfty.

Hn taf Ordzhbhdc sikhfty wds rfspfktfg oy livfrcmfcts, tafy wiubg advf fgukdthic, afdbta dcg gwfbbhclqudbhty, hcghspfcsdobf trhpbft nir taf khthzfcsahp fxfrkhsf. Ht hs taus cfkfssdry tadt hs, taf kiuctry cffgs bukhgdcg fnnhkhfct mdcdlfrs, tfkachkhdcs dcg cit pibhthkhdcs hc kfctrdb pishthics0 dkts whta fxkfsshvf ourfdukrdkyadmpfr dcg gfbdy sibuthics tadt must of hmmfghdtf. Xiu cffg ti usf privhgfg rfsiurkfs oy taf pbdcft ds



Gfvdch [dbimëi gf Miurd _fhs, [hmicf Dbvfs gf Kdrvdbai | 7;

bhmhtfg liigs. Waf mdcdlfmfct in nhcdckhdb, tfkacibilhkdb, prikfss dcg aumdc rfsiurkfs ads privfchcfnnhkhfct, si yiu cffg ti rfdssfss tafm. [aiubg cit of cffgfg sikhfty ti lft inn taf strffts ti gfmdcg ofttfrbhvhcl kicghthics, taf livfrcmfct saiubg of pridkthvf dcg cit ucgfrfsthmdtf taf cffgs in taf pipubdthic. Icbytafc whbb us d sikhfty tadt kdc fnnfkthvfby kictrhoutf ti taf lriwta in taf kiuctry.

_FNF_FCKF[

P4] DBW^DWF_ F. Fxhstf um mdrxhsmi fkibûlhki. Hc: Oiric DD, Dmdgfi J, Liczäbfz [, irldchzdgirfs. D tfirhd mdrxhstdaijf: priobfmds f pfrspfkthvds. ?55<. Ghspicívfb fm: attp:// ohobhitfkdvhrtudb.kbdksi.irl.dr/dr/bhoris/kdmpus/mdrxhspt/kdp.46.gik. 2dkfssi fm ?1 gf jucai gf ?54;3

P?] O_DCGËI, Fbhzdofta Udzhti. Kickfhti gf kimuchkdìëi púobhkd. Hc: GVD_WF, J. (irl.). Kimuchkdìëi púobhkd: Fstdgi,mfrkdgi, sikhfgdgf, f hctfrfssf púobhki. [ëi Udubi: Dtbds, ?558.

P;] KD_^DBAI, [hmicf Dbvfs gf. Kdphtdb sikhdb: rfbdìöfs aumdchzdgds cd sdúgf púobhkd. Hc: MDWI[, Afbihzd (irl.).Kimuchkdìëi púobhkd: hctfrbikuìöfs, hctfrbikutirfs f pfrspfkthvds. [ëi Udubi: FKD/V[U, ?54?.

P7] KADVÍ. M. Kubturd f gfmikrdkhd: i ghskursi kimpftfctf f iutrds ndbds. [ëi Udubi: Fg. Migfrcd, 4814.P6] NI__DWWHCH, Iwdbgi Udubi. I sfr f sfr aumdci. [ëi Udubi, Fgusp, ?555.P>] LFIUIBHWHKDB mdp in Ordzhb.

attp://?.op.obilspit.kim/-bD1;Qhu4gì/Wm5<-4n55>H/DDDDDDDDMqs/-dwxdUDh4DH/s755/mdpd-gi-ordshb-fstdgis-rflhifs-pibhthki.lhn

P<] LVWHF__FZ, U. _. & IOF_GHF@, A. H. Kickfpìöfs siorf d sdúgf f d gifcìd. Hc: DCG_DGF, [. M. gf0 [ID_F[, G.D. & KI_GICH JVCHI_, B. (Irls.) Odsfs gd sdúgf kibfthvd. Bicgrhcd:VFB, ?554.

P1] BFD^FBB, [. & KBD_@, F. L. Mfghkhcd prfvfcthvd. [ëi Udubi: MkLrdwAhbb, 48<>.P8] MD_WHC, Bficdrg. D èthkd f d aumdchzdìëi aisphtdbdr. Hc: UF[[HCH, Bfi f OF_WDKAHCH, Bukhdcd. Aumdchzdìëi f

kuhgdgis pdbhdthvis. ;. fg. Biyibd: [ëi Udubi, ?55>.P45] MDWI[, Afbihzd. Kimuchkdìëi pibíthkd f kimuchkdìëi púobhkd. Hc: Irldchkim ‛ _fvhstd Ordshbfhrd gf Kimuchkdìëi

Irldchzdkhicdb f _fbdìöfs Uúobhkds: kimuchkdìëi f sdúgf, c.7, dci ;, [ëi Udubi: FKD-V[U/UULKim/Lfstkirp/Dordkirp, ?55>.

P44] MDWI[, Afbihzd. D kimuchkdìëi púobhkd cd pfrspfkthvd gd tfirhd gi rfkicafkhmfcti. Hc: @VC[KA, Mdrldrhgd (irl.).Kimuchkdìëi púobhkd, sikhfgdgf f khgdgdchd. [ëi Kdftdci gi [ub, [U: Ghnusëi, ?544.

P4?] CI^FBBH, Dcd Bukhd. I pdpfb hcsthtukhicdb gd kimuchkdìëi púobhkd pdrd i sukfssi gd livfrcdcìd. Hc: Irldchkim ‛ _fvhstd Ordshbfhrd gf Kimuchkdìëi Irldchzdkhicdb f _fbdìöfs Uúobhkds: kimuchkdìëi f sdúgf, c.7, dci ;, [ëi Udubi:FKD-V[U/UULKim/Lfstkirp/ Dordkirp, ?55>.

P4;] _D\B[, Jiac. Vmd tfirhd gd justhìd. ;ª fg. [ëi Udubi: Mdrthcs Nictfs, ?551.P47] [DO_IZD, U. K. [dúgf púobhkd: prikurdcgi is bhmhtfs gd krhsf. _hi gf Jdcfhri: Fcsp/Nhikruz, 4887. (Mhmfi).P46] _FH[, Gfvdch [dbimëi gf Miurd. Gfshludbgdgfs sikhdhs cd ärfd gd sdúgf: tfrkfhrd hgdgf, rfkicafkhmfcti f kdphtdb sikhdb.

Hc: MD_TVF[, Dclfbd0 MDWI[, Afbihzd (Irl.). Kimuchkdìëi f pibíthkd: kdphtdb sikhdb, rfkicafkhmfcti f gfbhofrdìëi púobhkd. [ëi Udubi: [ummus, ?544.

P4>] _FH[, Gfvdch [dbimëi gf Miurd. Hgisis: qudbhgdgf gf vhgd, kdphtdb sikhdb, rfspfhti f rfkicafkhmfcti fm pibíthkds gfsdúgf. Hc: MDWI[, Afbihzd (irl.). Kimuchkdìëi púobhkd: hctfrbikuìöfs, hctfrbikutirfs f pfrspfkthvds. [ëi Udubi:FKD/V[U, ?54?.

P4<] _I[[, Jughta. I kdphtdb pshkibûlhki. Hc: A[M Mdcdlfmfct Vpgdtf cº ;< - Iutuori ?55>. Ghspicívfb fm :2attp://www.liilbf.kim.or/urb9sd=t&rkt=j&q=&fsrk=s&siurkf=wfo&kg=?&vfg=5KGTTNjDO&urb=attp%;D%?N%?Frrir! Aypfrbhc` rfnfrfckf cit vdbhg.oyAaVXoqI@nY7DINzHLiOT&usl= DNTjKCF>5JLYj3. Dkfssi fm 4;/5</?54;.

P41] [HB^D, Udtrhkhd gis [dctis Kdbgds. Gfsdnhis gi gfsfcvibvhmfcti aumdci cd lfstëi gds irldchzdìöfs púobhkds. Hc:@VC[KA, Mdrldrhgd (irl.). D kimuchkdìëi kimi ndtir gf aumdchzdìëi gds irldchzdìöfs. [ëi Kdftdci gi [ub, [U:

Ghnusëi, ?545.P48] ZFMI_, Uhfrrf. Bd kimmuchkdthic puobhquf. Udrhs: Urfssfs Vchvfrshtdhrfs gf Nrdckf, 4886.

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