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Communicable andChronic Diseases
“We need real people
from the community
to get out there and
say, ‘You know, I
was able to conquer
this. I was able to
do something
about it, and so
can you.’”
—Dr. Amelie G. Ramirez,a behavioral research expert
and a member of theSusan G. Komen Breast Cancer
Foundation’s National Hispanic/Latino Advisory Council, speaking about breast cancer
Smoking and HealthResearch In 1964, the Surgeon General released the first report onthe health consequences of smoking. Since then, other reports haveincluded information about specific groups of people and smoking.Research Surgeon General reports on child and teen smoking, andpresent the results of your research to the class.
TEST YOUR DISEASE IQTrue or False?
1. Allergies are contagious.
FALSE: Unlike the common cold,you cannot catch allergies fromanother person. However, the symp-toms are quite similar to those ofthe common cold.
2. Cardiovascular disease kills morepeople than cancer each year.
TRUE: Cardiovascular diseases(CVD), such as heart disease andstroke, are the number one andnumber three leading causes ofdeath in the United States.
3. Diabetes is an “old person’s”disease.
FALSE: Type II diabetes, which usedto be considered an adult disease,now affects many teenagers.A sedentary lifestyle, along with ahigh-fat diet, are considered themain reasons why teenagers aremore at risk for developing diabetes.
482 UNIT 8 • Communicable and Chronic Diseases
LESSON 44Avoiding Communicable Diseases
LESSON 45Dealing with Respiratory Diseases,
Asthma, and Allergies
LESSON 46Reducing the Risk of STDs and HIV
Courtesy Amelie G. Ramirez, DrPH
Visit www.glencoe.com to find regularly updated statistics on the flu.Using the information provided, research the answer to this question: Howmany Americans contracted the flu last year?
Visit www.glencoe.com to use , an inter-active tool that helps you determine your health status.
LESSON 47Reducing the Risk of
Cardiovascular Diseases
LESSON 48Managing Chronic Health Conditions
LESSON 49Reducing the Risk of Cancer
UNIT 8 • Communicable and Chronic Diseases 483
WHAT’S YOUR VERDICT?To evaluate this advertisement, use the criteria for analyzing and evaluating healthmessages delivered through media and technology that you learned in Unit 1.
EVALUATING MEDIA MESSAGES
Roy Morsch/CORBIS
http://www.glencoe.comhttp://www.glencoe.com
• I will choose behaviors that reduce my risk ofinfection with communicable diseases.
• I will be aware of immunizations that protect health.
Most teens have a few colds a year. Colds are caused by a virus,one of several pathogens that can cause disease. In this lesson,you will learn about communicable diseases.
Avoiding Communicable Diseases
What You’ll Learn1. Explain how the immune
system responds when apathogen enters the body.(p. 485)
2. Discuss ways to develop activeand passive immunity. (p. 485)
3. Identify types of pathogensthat cause disease, and giveexamples of the types ofdiseases caused by the typesof pathogens. (p. 487)
4. Discuss ways pathogens arespread. (p. 488)
5. Analyze strategies to preventinfection with communicablediseases. (p. 488)
Why It’s ImportantDiseases affect people of all ages,races, and genders. Many of thesediseases can be prevented whenthe facts about these diseases areknown.
Key Terms• lymphocytes• B cell• antibody• helper T cell• macrophage• vaccine• pathogen• bacteria• fungi• protozoa
MAK 1
Writing About Containing Pathogens Suppose you are workingoutdoors in a garden. You come into your home for lunch, and asandwich is waiting for you. You are hungry and want to eat itimmediately. After reading the information on containing pathogens onpage 488, write an entry in your health journal about how you couldavoid becoming infected with pathogens.
484 UNIT 8 • Communicable and Chronic Diseases
44
LESSON 44 • Avoiding Communicable Diseases 485SPL/Photo Researchers
The system that removes harmful organisms from the blood and com-
bats pathogens is the immune system. The immune system is composed
of body organs, tissues, cells, and chemicals. Unbroken skin acts as a barrier to
prevent pathogens from entering the body. Tears, perspiration, saliva, and oils on skin kill
many pathogens. Mucus and hairs that line the inside of the nose also trap and destroy
pathogens. Other pathogens that are swallowed are destroyed by stomach acids.
Protection Inside the BodyThe immune system White blood cellsthat help the body fight pathogensare When a pathogenenters the body, lymphocytes multi-ply in lymph tissue to fight infection.Two types of lymphocytes are B cellsand helper T cells. A is a whiteblood cell that produces antibodies.An is a special protein thathelps fight infection. A is a white blood cell that signals Bcells to produce antibodies.
Soon after a pathogen invades thebody, helper T cells send signals to B cells to produce antibodies. Bcells enter the lymph nodes and otherlymph tissues. Antibodies then travelthrough the blood to destroy thepathogen. Antibodies can makepathogens ineffective and sensitiveto macrophages. A (MAkruh fahzh) is a white blood cell thatsurrounds and destroys pathogens.Antibodies attach to pathogens andmake them easier for macrophages todestroy. Destroyed pathogens enterlymph, are filtered in lymph nodes,and removed by the spleen.
Immunity The immune system helpspeople develop immunity. Immunityis defined as the body’s resistance to
disease-causing agents. Resistance todisease due to the presence of anti-bodies is called For example, after a person recoversfrom the chicken pox virus, thechicken pox antibody remains in thebody and protects him or her fromdeveloping chicken pox again.
Active immunity also can resultfrom being given a vaccine. A is a substance containing dead orweakened pathogens that is intro-duced into the body to give immunity.Vaccines are either given by injectionor orally.
Vaccines cause the body to makeantibodies for a specific pathogen. Ifthese pathogens enter the bodyagain, the antibodies destroy them.People should be immunized againstdiphtheria, pertussis (whoopingcough), tetanus, measles, mumps,rubella (German measles), polio, hep-atitis A, hepatitis B, and chicken pox.
Passive immunity is immunitythat results from introducing anti-bodies into a person’s bloodstream.The antibodies may be from anotherperson’s blood. This type of immu-nity is short-term and is used whenthe risk of developing a disease isimmediate.
vaccine
Active immunity.
macrophage
helper T cellantibody
B cell
lymphocytes.
White Blood Cells Anormal white bloodcell count is 4,000 to10,000 white bloodcells per cubicmillimeter of blood.
Alfred Pasieka/Photo Researchers
486 UNIT 8 • Communicable and Chronic Diseases
What do a cold, the chicken pox, and rab
ies have in
common? They are all caused by viruses.
A virus is a
structure that consists of genetic materia
l enclosed in a
protein coat. Viruses are not considered
to be living
organisms because they cannot reproduc
e independ-
ently. Viruses can only reproduce by inva
ding another
cell and taking over that cell’s organelle
s. In the process
of viral replication, the host cell is destro
yed.
Diseases caused by viruses Viruses, s
uch as the
Ebola virus, polio virus, and the human im
munodeficiency
virus (HIV), are responsible for some of th
e most serious
diseases known to humans. Viruses are s
pread in the
same way as bacteria and other pathoge
ns—through the
air and water, through handling contamin
ated objects,
and through carriers such as mosquitoes
and ticks.
Viruses can affect the gastrointestinal sy
stems, the respi-
ratory systems, and the nervous systems
of humans and
other animals. Antibiotics, which are use
d to fight bacter-
ial infections, are not effective against vi
ruses.
History of virusesViruses, which are m
icroscopic,
were first defined by scientists in the 193
0s. Early work
on viruses was done using a virus that a
ffects plants, the
tobacco mosaic virus. Viruses are groupe
d together in
families and classified based on characte
ristics, such as
the type of genetic material they have (DN
A or RNA), the
method by which they reproduce, and th
eir shape. Today,
much of the research on viruses focuses
on trying to
develop medications that will be effectiv
e against
viruses such as HIV and the common co
ld.
New viruses Emerging viruses, those t
hat are new or
changing, also are cause for concern in
the scientific and
medical communities. Diseases, such as A
IDS, hantavirus
pulmonary syndrome, and severe acute
respiratory syn-
drome (SARS) are examples of diseases c
aused by
viruses that were previously unrecognize
d until the out-
breaks occurred in 1981, 1993, and 2003
, respectively.
Sometimes, as in the case of HIV, it takes
several years of
research to be able to identify and descr
ibe an unknown
virus. Learning information about a viru
s’s structure, how
it is transmitted, and what body systems
it affects can all
help in the development of possible vacci
nes or medica-
tions that fight the virus.
Some viruses have been linked to certain
types of
cancer. There is strong evidence that the
hepatitis B virus
plays a role in the development of liver
cancer. Several
viruses that affect the human immune sy
stem’s T cells
are known to cause leukemia and lymph
oma. It is esti-
mated that up to 10 percent of cancers a
re induced by
viruses.
Visit www.glencoe.com to resear
ch more infor-
mation about viruses.
• What is a prion? What diseases a
re caused by
prions?
• Describe research currently being
done in the
development of antiviral medications
.
Choose one virus and research its h
istory. When
was it first identified? What disease
does it cause
in humans, and what are the sympto
ms? In what
area of the world is it most prevalen
t? Write a
report about the virus and present it
to your class.
VIRUSES
This magnification of an influenza v
irus shows the
pink protein coat that allows the vi
rus to attach to
and infect the cells that line the re
spiratory tract.
Color-enhanced TEM Magnification: 2
50 000x
www.glencoe.com
http://www.glencoe.comhttp://www.glencoe.com
(tt)Aaron Haupt, (l)SCIMAT/Photo Researchers, Color-enhanced TEM Magnification: 4 000x, (r)LSHTM/Photo Researchers, Color-enhanced TEM Magnification: 5 700x
Agerm that causes disease is a . An illness caused by
pathogens that can be spread from one living thing to another is a
communicable disease, or infectious disease. Some pathogens
are spread more readily than others. There are many types of pathogens
that cause disease.
What to Know About Types of Pathogens
pathogen
LESSON 44 • Avoiding Communicable Diseases 487
Bacteria There are many types ofor single-celled microor-
ganisms. Most bacteria are benefi-cial, but some are known to causedisease. Bacteria cause disease byreleasing toxins, or poisonous sub-stances. Some diseases caused bybacteria are strep throat, tuberculo-sis, tetanus, diphtheria, Lyme dis-ease, syphilis, and gonorrhea.Rickettsia (rih KET see uh) areintracellular parasites that are clas-sified as bacteria. Two diseasescaused by rickettsia are typhus andRocky Mountain spotted fever.
Fungi Another category of pathogenincludes single- or multi-celled para-sitic organisms called fungi.obtain their food from organic
materials, such as plant,animal, or human tissue.Fungi can live on the skin, mucousmembranes, and lungs and cause dis-ease in the process. Some diseasescaused by fungi are athlete’s foot,ringworm, jock itch, nail infections,and thrush.
Viruses One of the smallest knownpathogens is a When a virusenters a cell, it takes over the cell andcauses it to make more viruses.Newly produced viruses are releasedand take over other cells. In this way,viruses spread rapidly. Some viraldiseases are the common cold,mumps, hepatitis, mononucleosis,chicken pox, and influenza.
Protozoa Tiny, single-celled organismsthat produce toxins that cause diseaseare called Malaria, Africansleeping sickness, and dysentery arediseases caused by protozoa. Ahelminth is a parasitic worm. Peoplecan become infected with helmintheswhen they eat undercooked pork orfish or practice poor hygiene. Somehelminthes, such as tapeworms, pin-worms, and hookworms, can infect the human digestive tract. Other hel-minthes can infect muscle tissue and blood.
protozoa.
virus.
Fungi
bacteria,
Malaria parasiteStreptococcus faeciuumbacteria
Make theConnectionHepatitis For moreinformation abouthepatitis, see page503 in Lesson 46.
Color-enhanced TEM Magnification: 4 000x Color-enhanced TEM Magnification: 5 700x
1. How do vaccinesprevent disease?
2. What are thedifferent types ofpathogens thatcause diseases?
Practicing Healthful Behaviors:Avoiding Spreading Pathogens Follow the tips below to avoid spreading pathogens to keepyourself and your community healthy.
How pathogens are spread Patho-gens may be spread from person toperson through direct contact, shak-ing hands, intimate kissing, sexualintercourse, receiving a transfusion ofthe person’s blood, touching ulcers orsores, or handling bodily fluids, suchas blood or urine. They may be spreadthrough the air by coughing or sneez-ing. Contact with contaminatedobjects can spread pathogens. Thisincludes sharing a needle with aninfected person to inject drugs or geta tattoo and using objects such ascombs, toothbrushes, razors, or eatingutensils touched by an infected per-son. Handling or being bitten by aninfected insect or animal also spreadspathogens. Other ways pathogens arespread include contact with contami-nated food and water by drinkinginfected water, eating infected food,undercooking meats and other foods,improperly canning or preparingfoods, and not washing hands afterusing the restroom.
488 UNIT 8 • Communicable and Chronic DiseasesPhotodisc/Getty Images
1 If you are going to make ahealth behavior contract,write your name and thedate. Writing the date will help youkeep track of your start date.4
Write specific statements
that
describe how this healthfu
l
behavior reduces health r
isks.
Avoid crowded places, such a
s work, school,
or sports events, if you are no
t feeling well
and encourage others who ar
e ill to do the
same. Cover your mouth when
you cough
or sneeze.
2Write the hea
lthful behaviors you
want to practice as health
goals.
Always wash your hands for 10
–20
seconds with soap and water a
fter you use the
restroom; blow your nose; han
dle raw meat,
poultry, or fish;take out the ga
rbage; or tend
to someone who is sick.
3 Only drink water that you knowis safe, such as tap water andbottled water. This is especiallyimportant while traveling or out innature. Get appropriate vaccinations.
6Do not eat raw
eggs, even incookie dough.
7Make a specific plan forrecording your progress and complete an evaluationof how the plan helped youaccomplish the health goal. Theevaluation will help you determine ifyou need to alter your plan to fullymeet your health goal.
5Keep hot foods hot and coldfoods cold to avoid bacteriagrowth, and wash fruits andvegetables before serving them.
Drinking water that you know is safe will helpkeep you healthy.
Make theConnection
Respiratory DiseasesFor more informationon respiratorydiseases, see page 491in Lesson 45.
44STUD
Y
GUIDE
LESSON 44 • Study Guide 489
Key Terms ReviewComplete these fill-in-the-blank statements with the lesson Key Terms on the left. Do not write in this book.
1. A special protein in the body that helpsfight infection is a(n) _____.
2. Single- or multi-celled parasites are called_____.
3. The general term for a germ that causesdisease is a(n) _____.
4. A white blood cell that produces antibod-ies is a(n) _____.
5. A white blood cell that helps the bodyfight pathogens is a(n) _____.
6. _____ are single-celled organisms thatproduce toxins.
7. Single-celled microorganisms, most ofwhich are beneficial, are _____.
8. A(n) _____ is made up of dead or weak-ened viruses injected into the body.
9. A white blood cell that signals B cells toproduce antibodies is a(n) _____.
10. A white blood cell that surrounds anddestroys pathogens is a(n) _____.
active immunityantibodyB cellbacteriafungihelper T celllymphocytesmacrophagepathogenprotozoavaccinevirus
11. How is the risk of catching a cold reducedwhen someone covers his or her mouthwhen coughing?
12. Why are viruses so hard to control?
13. Why is cooking food thoroughly a goodway to reduce the risk of disease caused byeating certain foods?
14. How can a person become ill just by shak-ing another person’s hand?
15. Why is sharing a needle to inject drugs or get a tattoo a risk factor for HIV infection?
16. Why can perspiration be helpful in preventing disease?
17. Why is the spleen an important part of theimmune system?
18. How does the immune system fight infection?
Critical Thinking19. What can happen to a person who has a
low helper T cell count?
20. Analyze how strategies can be used in dif-ferent settings to prevent the spread ofdisease.
21. If a person had a raised white blood cellcount, what would that signify? Explainyour answer.
22. When might passive immunity occur naturally?
Real-Life Applications23. Why do you think diseases spread so
quickly in developing countries?
24. Why might drinking water in another coun-try make you sick, but not make the peoplewho live there sick?
25. Why do you think antibiotics are not effec-tive in fighting viruses?
26. Why do you think some vaccinations arerequired for children to begin school?
ActivitiesResponsible Decision Making27. Inform Suppose you have a cold or the
flu. Your friend had planned to come toyour home to study with you. You reallyneed her help. What should you do? Referto the Responsible Decision-Making Modelon page 61 to review the steps involved inmaking responsible decisions.
Sharpen Your Life Skills28. Advocate for Health Prepare an
advertisement for a TV show in which youpromote reducing the risk of the flu spread-ing. Describe what students in your schoolcan do to reduce the risk. Analyze howthese strategies can be effective. Show theadvertisement to your classmates.
MAK 1
Recalling the Facts
Visit www.glencoe.com for more Health & Wellness quizzes.
http://healthmh.com/study_guide
Health & WellnessTable of ContentsUNIT 1 Health SkillsLesson 1 Taking Responsibility for HealthLesson 2 Accessing Valid Health Information, Products, and ServicesLesson 3 Practicing Healthful BehaviorsLesson 4 Analyzing Influences on HealthLesson 5 Using Communication SkillsLesson 6 Setting Health Goals and Making Responsible DecisionsLesson 7 Being a Health Advocate
UNIT 2 Mental and Emotional HealthLesson 8 Developing Good CharacterLesson 9 Developing a Healthy MindLesson 10 Expressing Emotions and Managing StressLesson 11 Dealing with DepressionLesson 12 Dealing with Loss and Grief
UNIT 3 Family and Social HealthLesson 13 Developing Healthful Family RelationshipsLesson 14 Adjusting to Family ChangesLesson 15 Examining Dating and FriendshipsLesson 16 Practicing Abstinence From SexLesson 17 Recognizing Harmful RelationshipsLesson 18 Preparing for Marriage and Parenthood
UNIT 4 Growth and DevelopmentLesson 19 Keeping Your Body HealthyLesson 20 Learning About the Reproductive SystemsLesson 21 Learning About Pregnancy and ChildbirthLesson 22 Caring for Infants and ChildrenLesson 23 Developing Learning and Planning StylesLesson 24 Aging Healthfully
UNIT 5 NutritionLesson 25 Choosing Healthful FoodsLesson 26 Following Dietary GuidelinesLesson 27 Using Diet to Guard Against DiseaseLesson 28 Developing Healthful Eating HabitsLesson 29 Maintaining a Healthful Weight
UNIT 6 Personal Health and Physical ActivityLesson 30 Having Regular Physical ExamsLesson 31 Being Well-GroomedLesson 32 Getting Adequate Rest and SleepLesson 33 Participating in Physical ActivityLesson 34 Practicing FitnessLesson 35 Exercising Safely
UNIT 7 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other DrugsLesson 36 Using Prescription and OTC Drugs SafelyLesson 37 Choosing an Alcohol-Free LifestyleLesson 38 Choosing a Tobacco-Free LifestyleLesson 39 Avoiding Illegal Drug UseLesson 40 Avoiding Drug DependenceLesson 41 Resisting Pressure to Abuse DrugsLesson 42 Reducing Risk by Being Drug FreeLesson 43 Assessing Treatment Options
UNIT 8 Communicable and Chronic DiseasesLesson 44 Avoiding Communicable Diseases.Lesson 45 Dealing with Respiratory Diseases, Asthma, and AllergiesLesson 46 Reducing the Risk of STDs and HIVLesson 47 Reducing the Risk of Cardiovascular DiseasesLesson 48 Managing Chronic Health ConditionsLesson 49 Reducing the Risk of Cancer
UNIT 9 Consumer and Community HealthLesson 50 Acquiring Knowledge of Health LawsLesson 51 Managing Time and MoneyLesson 52 Analyzing Media MessagesLesson 53 Accessing Reliable Health CareLesson 54 Investigating Health CareersLesson 55 Learning About Public Health
UNIT 10 Environmental HealthLesson 56 Learning About Environmental IssuesLesson 57 Preventing Air and Water PollutionLesson 58 Preventing Noise and Visual PollutionLesson 59 Practicing Recycling and ConservationLesson 60 Protecting the Environment
UNIT 11 Injury Prevention and Personal SafetyLesson 61 Reducing Unintentional InjuriesLesson 62 Staying Safe During Severe Weather and Natural DisastersLesson 63 Reducing the Risk of ViolenceLesson 64 Respecting Authority and Obeying LawsLesson 65 Protecting Yourself From Physical ViolenceLesson 66 Protecting Yourself From Sexual ViolenceLesson 67 Staying Away From GangsLesson 68 Reducing Weapon InjuriesLesson 69 Performing Common First Aid ProceduresLesson 70 Performing Emergency First Aid Procedures
Health ResourcesEnglish/Spanish GlossaryIndexCredits
Feature ContentsActivity: Using Life SkillsSpeaking OutHealth NewsFacts AboutJust the Facts
Student WorkbooksReading EssentialsTo the StudentUnit 1: Health SkillsLesson 1: Taking Responsibility for HealthLesson 2: Accessing Valid Health Information, Products, and ServicesLesson 3: Practicing Healthful BehaviorsLesson 4: Analyzing Influences on HealthLesson 5: Using Communication SkillsLesson 6: Setting Health Goals and Making Responsible DecisionsLesson 7: Being a Health Advocate
Unit 2: Mental and Emotional HealthLesson 8: Developing Good CharacterLesson 9: Developing a Healthy MindLesson 10: Expressing Emotions and Managing StressLesson 11: Dealing with DepressionLesson 12: Dealing with Loss and Grief
Unit 3: Family and Social HealthLesson 13: Developing Healthful Family RelationshipsLesson 14: Adjusting to Family ChangesLesson 15: Examining Dating and FriendshipsLesson 16: Practicing Abstinence From SexLesson 17: Recognizing Harmful RelationshipsLesson 18: Preparing for Marriage and Parenthood
Unit 4: Growth and DevelopmentLesson 19: Keeping Your Body HealthyLesson 20: Learning About the Reproductive SystemsLesson 21: Learning About Pregnancy and ChildbirthLesson 22: Caring for Infants and ChildrenLesson 23: Developing Learning and Planning StylesLesson 24: Aging Healthfully
Unit 5: NutritionLesson 25: Choosing Healthful FoodsLesson 26: Following Dietary GuidelinesLesson 27: Using Diet to Guard Against DiseaseLesson 28: Developing Healthful Eating HabitsLesson 29: Maintaining a Healthful Weight
Unit 6: Personal Health and Physical ActivityLesson 30: Having Regular Physical ExamsLesson 31: Being Well-GroomedLesson 32: Getting Adequate Rest and SleepLesson 33: Participating in Physical ActivityLesson 34: Practicing FitnessLesson 35: Exercising Safely
Unit 7: Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other DrugsLesson 36: Using Prescription and OTC Drugs SafelyLesson 37: Choosing an Alcohol-Free LifestyleLesson 38: Choosing a Tobacco-Free LifestyleLesson 39: Avoiding Illegal Drug UseLesson 40: Avoiding Drug DependenceLesson 41: Resisting Pressure to Abuse DrugsLesson 42: Reducing Risk by Being Drug FreeLesson 43: Assessing Treatment Options
Unit 8: Communicable and Chronic DiseasesLesson 44: Avoiding Communicable DiseasesLesson 45: Dealing with Respiratory Diseases, Asthma, and AllergiesLesson 46: Reducing the Risk of STDs and HIVLesson 47: Reducing the Risk of Cardiovascular DiseasesLesson 48: Managing Chronic Health ConditionsLesson 49: Reducing the Risk of Cancer
Unit 9: Consumer and Community HealthLesson 50: Acquiring Knowledge of Health LawsLesson 51: Managing Time and MoneyLesson 52: Analyzing Media MessagesLesson 53: Accessing Reliable Health CareLesson 54: Investigating Health CareersLesson 55: Learning About Public Health
Unit 10: Environmental HealthLesson 56: Learning About Environmental IssuesLesson 57: Preventing Air and Water PollutionLesson 58: Preventing Noise and Visual PollutionLesson 59: Practicing Recycling and ConservationLesson 60: Protecting the Environment
Unit 11: Injury Prevention and Personal SafetyLesson 61: Reducing Unintentional InjuriesLesson 62: Staying Safe During Severe Weather and Natural DisastersLesson 63: Reducing the Risk of ViolenceLesson 64: Respecting Authority and Obeying LawsLesson 65: Protecting Yourself From Physical ViolenceLesson 66: Protecting Yourself From Sexual ViolenceLesson 67: Staying Away From GangsLesson 68: Reducing Weapon InjuriesLesson 69: Performing Common First Aid ProceduresLesson 70: Performing Emergency First Aid Procedures
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