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Commercial Buildings
January 2003
Objectives
• Review types of commercial hazards– General– Juneau
• Discuss hazards of commercial buildings
• Review FD history and influence
• Apply knowledge
References
• Phoenix Fire Department Symposium
• Captain Dave Boddy/Brian Long
In memory of Bret TarverA unique human being, a loving family man
and an extraordinary Firefighter
September 11, 1960 - March 14, 2001
Gauges
11
2233
44
55LO
WL
OW
High
High
Structural Fire Firefighting History:
• The foundation of American Fire Service
• 250+ year history
• Our original history
• Our most enduring and defining activity
Structural Fire Fighting History…the original approach
• Very personal
• Highly emotional
• episodic, dangerous, exciting
• death/injury natural expectation
Our highest and finest tradition (i.e., promise)
• Firefighters will put their bodies between the victim and the incident problem…sometimes sacrificing themselves to be in that position
…Firefighters also (routinely) put their bodies between the
victim’s property and the incident problem-sometimes sacrificing
themselves to be in that position
Structural Fire Fighting History:…such authentic altruistic self
sacrifice creates:• Highly heroic status (inside and outside)
• Very strong risk taking culture
• Positive community support, approval, affection
• Most popular occupation/service
Our basic structural fire fighting approach was established before:• Occupational Safety & Health program
development
• Safety laws, code, standards
• Regulators, safety bureaucrats/zealots, lawyers
Our basic structural fire fighting approach was established before
• IMS
• Risk Management Plans
• Refined PPE
• The ongoing application of Safety SOP’s
Structural Fire Fighting Today:
• Huge historic/cultural momentum
• Highly emotional
• Peer driven
• Highly resistant to change
Structural Fire Fighting Today:
• Very fast
• Very aggressive
• Very skillful
• …still very dangerous
Compare-Special Operations are “new” (since 1970’s)
• Hazmat
• High Angle
• Swift Water
• Confined Space
Special Ops
• Based on scientific/technical information
• Highly rational - de-emotionalized
• Regulated by codes, standards, laws
• zero (0) tolerance for worker injury/death
• strong initial & ongoing safety socialization (and enforcement)
Special Ops based on:
• 1) Proper procedure
• 2) Effective information
• 3) Highly controlled speed
Pretty simple difference
• Structural fire fighting (pre-safety systems) = big losses
• Special Operations (post-safety systems) = no losses
Big Loss =
• 100 + Firefighter Deaths
• 100,000 Firefighter Injuries
Basic Objective
• …do our jobs--don’t get killed
We all now say:
• “No property is worth the life of a firefighter”
Easy to sayEasy to say
Very logicalVery logical
Politically Politically correctcorrect
……we mostly say we mostly say this away from the this away from the firegroundfireground
“No property is worth the life of a firefighter”
• Hard to actually do
• Obligated to act
• 300 year tradition
• Huge momentum (peer driven)
There is currently a gap between what we say we are going to do and what we actually do…we
must now close that gap.
Risk Management Plan
• Risk a lot to protect savable lives
• Risk a little (highly calculated manner) to protect savable property
• No risk for life/property already lost
Offensive/Defensive Strategy Management:
HazardsHazards-- Structural CollapseStructural Collapse-Toxic insult-Toxic insult
-Thermal insult-Thermal insult-Trapped-Trapped-Lost-Lost
ICIC
Safety SystemSafety System-Trained/Fit FF-Trained/Fit FF-PPE-PPE-Equipment-Equipment-Safety SOP’s-Safety SOP’s-IMS-IMS
Offensive/Defensive Strategy Management:
• Basis of firefighter survival
• Strategy management = major responsibility of IC
• IC must connect safety system capability with hazards
Risk Assessment:
OffensiveOffensive
DefensiveDefensive
HazardsHazards
SafetySafety
SafetySafety
HazardsHazards
11
2233
44
55LO
WL
OW
MediumMedium
High
High
HazardsHazards
SafetySafety
11
2233
44
55LO
WL
OW
MediumMedium
High
High
SafetySafety
HazardsHazards
Risk Level
11
2233
44
55LO
WL
OW
MediumMediumH
ighH
igh
Occupancy hazard based on:
• Life safety
• Fire load- amount, type and arrangement
• Construction- type, age and condition
• Contents
• Fire protection built in
Occupancy Hazard
11
2233
44
55LO
WL
OW
Ultra
Ultra
Light
Light
ModerateModerateHeavyHeavy
Mixed OccupancyMixed Occupancy
Mixed OccupanciesMixed Occupancies
Tax Payer
Tax Payer
Mixed Occupancy
Building Size/Area
11
2233
44
55Smal
lSm
all U
ltraU
ltra
Med
ium
Med
iumLargeLarge Humongous
Humongous
Building Size/Area: Small
Building Size/Area: Medium
Building Size/Area: Large
Building Size/Area: Huge
Building Size/Area: Ultra
WarehousesWarehouses
MallsMalls
Entry into Hazard
• Direct relationship between the length of attack penetration and the degree of risk
• IC must create “round trip” plan
• Easier to get into hazard zone then get out
• Must create “corridor” to protect entry
11
2233
44
5550’
50’400’ 400’
150’150’250’250’80’80’
Entry into HazardEntry into Hazard
IC must build corridor into/out of Hazard zone:
• Hose lines - know how to follow
• Lights entry/exit points
• RIC teams
• Safety Officer(s)
• Accountability System
• Usher/escort/guide crews
Basic Safety Challenge
• The IC must create an operational & Command safety system response that matches the size & nature of the incident hazard.
Remember the basic model:
Safety SystemSafety System
Remember the basic model:
Safety SystemSafety System
Remember the basic model:
Safety SystemSafety System
Remember the basic model:
Safety SystemSafety System
Remember the basic model:
Safety SystemSafety System
Commercial/Residential Dilemma:• We mostly do single family residence fires
• We develop single family operational habits
• Forgiving environment:– basic attack approach– SCBA air management– attack line = exit marker
We take “little habits” into big fires!!!We take “little habits” into big fires!!!
…Dilemma
• We apply our residential offensive fire attack approach to large, complex commercial fires:– too big - too far– size/complexity quickly out performs day-to-
day systems we use– we ID trouble too late– command = too little too late
12
00
1200
cu
bic f
eet
cubi
c fee
t
30’30’
1500 1500 square square
feetfeet
8’8’
50’
50’
8’8’30’30’
50’
50’
4500
45
00
cubi
c fe
et
cubi
c fe
et
1500 sq... ft. Residence1500 sq... ft. Residence
Huge DifferenceHuge Difference
Side D
Most of us have a refined defensive commercial structural fire fighting plan and approach.
Most of us DO NOT have a refined, practiced, safe, offensive
commercial structural fire fighting plan or approach
In commercial buildings we must:
• Describe both our actual capabilities and our limitations
• Practice escalating our regular operational and command systems to “fit” commercial situations
• Start to build benchmarks for commercial buildings
Seem familiar?
The next step