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Comments on Decentralization, Inequality and Poverty Relief in China by Li, Tao, and Yang. Xiaobo Zhang Peking University and IFPRI. Extremely Important Topic. Rising inequality is a top concern. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Comments onDecentralization, Inequality and Poverty Relief in
Chinaby Li, Tao, and Yang
Xiaobo ZhangPeking University and IFPRI
Extremely Important Topic
• Rising inequality is a top concern.
• Decentralization is a defining feature of Chinese economy. It has shaped China’s growth and income distributional patterns.
• This paper makes a contribution to understanding the impact of decentralization on rural-urban income gap.
Page 3
China’s Fiscal Structure Fiscal decentralization
Expenditures tie more closely to revenue
Horizontally, inter-judiciary competition.
Page 4
China’s Political Structure Organizational form.
Replicate, vertical hierarchical structure Irrelevant of economic size and local needs.
Strong central mandates. Family planning Social stability and occupational safety (no major
accidents) Other central tasks
Page 5
Hierarchical StructureCentral
Province
Prefecture
County
Township:
Village:
Page 6
050
000
0 100 200 300 0 100 200 300
1993 2000
Size of Bureaucracy Fitted values
Siz
e of
bur
eauc
racy
Total population
Graphs by year
Page 7
Uneven Fiscal Dependent Burden
-20
24
6 8 10 12 6 8 10 12
1993 2000
Fiscal burden Fitted values
Fisc
al b
urde
n
Economic development level
Graphs by year
Zhang, JCE (2006)
Page 8
Regressive Tax Rate -6
-4-2
0
6 8 10 12 6 8 10 12
1993 2000
Industrial tax rate (in log form) Fitted values
Indu
stria
l tax
rate
Economic development level
Graphs by year
Zhang, JCE (2006)
Page 9
Two Spirals Tax burdens are extremely high in poor regions
with agriculture as the major means of production. Downward spiral: small tax base, more extraction from
limited agricultural surplus and nonfarm activities, worsening investing environment, and lowering public goods provision.
They are low in developed regions initially with a large nonfarm sector. Virtuous cycle: light tax burden for each enterprise,
more public inputs, better investing environment.
Page 10
Coastal Region: Race to the “Bottom”
Less tax on capital
Small governments and better investment environment,
but sometime under provision of public goods (such as crime problem)
Page 11
Poor Region: Race to the “Top”
Big government and predatory investment environment.
Devote most energy to obtain transfers from the upper level government.
Keep the “poverty county” status partly by underreporting income. This is probably why in the poverty regressions, transfer is always negative for rural income (a key finding of the paper).
Page 12
Decentralization and Overall Regional Inequality
Fan, Kanbur, and Zhang, RDF (2011)
Page 13
Tax Sharing Rate and Rural-Urban Income Ratio
Drawn based on Tables 1 and 2 of Li, Tao, and Yang (2013)
Page 14
Heavy-Industry-led Development Strategy and Rural-Urban Inequality
Fan, Kanbur, and Zhang (2012)
Problem of using Rural-Urban Gap in Regressions
• Local rural-urban income gap is not equal to national rural-urban inequality. – It doesn’t take the within-rural and within-urban
inequality in a prefecture into account;– Cross-regional migration is not accounted.
An Example
Rural Urban Rural Urban0
5
10
15
20
25
30
PoorRich
Inland Coast
Income
An Example
Income
Rural Urban Rural Urban0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
PoorRich
Inland Coast
Alternative method: regression-based decomposition
• Suppose y is income per capita (each region has two observations, one for rural and one for urban):
Alternative method: regression-based decomposition
Zhang and Zhang (2003)
Mapping Findings to Policy Options
• “It is necessary to introduce local accountability from the bottom up, through both democratic elections and information transparency.”
• Election is just one way to hold local officials accountable.
Challenges of Promoting Local Democracy
• Both political and economic decentralization may jeopardize national unity.
• Local elite capture/ clientelism can become a problem (See Mu and Zhang, JDE forthcoming).
Indigenous Reforms on the Ground
• Cut the prefecture-level government (Hubei);
• Merge townships;
• Borrow police officers from regions.
• Pairwise-aid (from rich to poor province) strategy (Sichuan and Xinjiang)
Other Suggestions
• For the poverty part, it is better to use outcome variable from census, agricultural census, or economic census, which are less manipulated by local officials.
• Split the paper into two papers.
• Take logs for economic and population variables.