AP Human Geography

What is Migration? Type of relocation diffusion often involves a permanent move to a new location Geographers document where people move to across the space of earth

Reasons for migrating Push & pull factors

• Economic • Cultural/Political • Environmental Intervening obstacles (physical or cultural barrier to movement of

individuals (ex mountains or immigration policy)

Distance of migration

o Internal migrationo International migration

Characteristics of migrantso Gendero Family status

Internal Migration Permanent movement within same country Distance-decay principle – the further away a place is located, the less likely people will

migrate to it Less traumatic due to similar languages, customs, food, media

There are two types of internal migrationInterregional - main type historically is rural to urban (movement from one region of a country to another region of a country)Intraregional- permanent movement within the same region of a country

International Migration permanent movement from one country to another

There are two types of international migrationVoluntary

Implies migrant has chosen to move for economic improvementForced

Implies migrant has chosen to move compelled by cultural/political factors

Global Migration Patterns

What does this map suggest about current and future global issues?

Emigration: permanent migration out of a native country

Immigration: permanent migration into a non native country

Net Migration: Difference between emigration and immigrationIf I > E net migration is + and has net in-migrationIf E > I net migration is – and has net out-migration

Three Types of MovementCyclic Movement – short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis – short periods away from homeEx. Going to work, store, place of worshipPeriodic Movement – longer periods away from home

Seasonal Mobility – Ex. Dorm in fall, home in springMigration – degree of permanence the other two don’t have

Cyclic Movement Journeys from home & back These moves create activity spaces – Scale of activity space varies across societies

• EX. Commuting• Avg North American travels a greater distance each day than the avg Chinese

villager does in a year

• Advances in transportation technology have expanded activity spacesPeriodic MovementEx. Migrant LaborNeeded in farm fields of California, Florida & other areasTRANSHUMANCE –

Ex. Switzerland & Horn of NE Africa Ex. Going far away to collegeEx. Military Service- 10 million citizens including military personnel & their families are moved to new locations for tours of duty

Key Issue #1: Where are migrants distributed?Ernst Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

1. Every migration flow generates a return or counter migration2. Majority of migrants move a short distance3. Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big city destinations4. Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas5. Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults

Gravity ModelPredicts interaction between places on basis of population size & distance between them

Step MigrationA series of stagesEx. Peasant family in rural Brazil - Likely to first move to a village, later move to a nearby town, later to a city, later to an urban metropolis like Sao Paulo or Rio de Janeiro - Can be interrupted by INTERVENING OPPORTUNITIES along path to the “big city”

Migration TransitionIdentified by geographer Wilbur Zelinsky Consists of changes in a society comparable to those in demographic transition