Comm Record 2013

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INDEX

S. No CONTENTSPAGE

No

1 SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER

2 GRADE YOUR VOCABULARY

3READING COMPREHENSION

1) Multiple Choice2) Gap filling

4 LISTENING COMPREHENSION

5 COMMON ERRORS

5

JOB INTERVIEW1. Covering letter2. Resume3. Frequently Asked Questions

6

PRESENTATIONa) Explanationb)Technical Topic

c)

Non- Technical Topicd)Evaluation Sheet

7

GROUP DISCUSSIONa. Explanationb. Useful phrasesc.

Questionnaired. Evaluation Sheet

8 KNOW YOURSELF

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True / False (10 statements) 5 marks

[AUDIO TRANSCRIPT: Nano science is the science of the extremely small objects

smaller than 100 nano metres (0.00001 cm). At these scales, the properties of materials

change dramatically. Factors such as Brownian motion, surface stickiness and quantumeffects become important. Nanotechnologies are based on a range of new materials,

including carbon C60, carbon nano tubes, nano particles, nano wires, and polymers

based on nano-size subunits. A huge range of applications are possible, based on

stronger, lighter or smaller materials, or compounds with unusual optical or electrical

properties. Early applications are enhancing existing products tennis racquets, golf

clubs, sunscreens. Possible medical applications include better

implants, wound dressings, diagnostics and cancer treatments. Combining biological

molecules with nano mechanical components is creating radically new materials; these

are at an early stage of development. Environmental concerns focus mainly on nano

particles but very little is known about their impact on living things.]

Listen to the passage and indicate whether the given statement is True or False by

clicking on the appropriate option.

NOTE: Audio can be replayed twice.

1. Study on extremely small objects smaller than 100 nano meteres is called

Nano Science (True/False)

2. Nano science can be used in medical applications (True/False)

3. Combining biological molecules with Nano mechanical components cannot

create radically new materials. (True/False)

4. A huge range of applications are possible, based on stronger, lighter or smaller

materials, or compounds with unusual optical or electrical properties.

(True/False)

5. The properties of materials smaller than 100 nano metres will be not change

dramatically. (True/False)

Listen to the passage and indicate whether the given statement is True or False by

clicking on the appropriate option.

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NOTE: Audio can be replayed twice.

[AUDIO TRANSCRIPT: The stratosphere the layer of our atmosphere just above the one

we breathe -- includes a thin layer of ozone. This layer is thicker over the poles than the

equator. Ozone protects us from the sun by interacting with light. When ultraviolet lighthits oxygen molecules (O2) in the stratosphere, it splits the molecules into two atoms of

oxygen (O). When this atom encounters another oxygen molecule, the two combine to

make ozone (O3). Ultraviolet light also breaks ozone back down into an oxygen

molecule and an oxygen atom. ]

6. This stratosphere layer is thicker over the poles than the equator. (True/False) 7. Thin

layer between the air we breathe and the stratosphere is called Ozone (True/False)

8. Stratosphere when interacts with ultraviolet light it produces Ozone (True/False)

9. UV light combines oxygen molecule and oxygen atom into Ozone. (True/False)10. Oxygen protects us from direct sunlight (True/False)

Multiple Choice (10 statements - Choosing correct options) 5 marks

[AUDIO TRANSCRIPT: Incredible Insects

All of us, at some time or the other, have paused to look at ants laboriously carrying

burdens several times their size. In fact, some ants carry objects up to 50 times

their weight! What is more, they move these loads over long distances and even climbtrees while carrying more than their fair share!

Imagine this: a slim woman weighing 50 kg lifting a small car, carrying it on her back for

15 km and then climbing a hill, still carrying the car! That is the kind of load ants carry.

Small wonder, that we associate work with ants.

The scientific study of these fascinating creatures is called myrmecology. Ants are social

insects. They inhabit colonies called nests, and carry out complicated tasks. They clean,

groom, and feed each other. Just like people especially those who are in power

favor relatives and friends, ants are known to be nepotistic too.

As social creatures, ants need to identify their own nest mates from non-nest mates.They do this by recognizing the odor that emanates from their nest mates, which is

different from that given off by non-nest mates.

Ants have hierarchies comprising forager ants, workers, and queens each has a well-

defined role to play in the colony. They strictly adhere to their social structure.]

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Listen to the passage and answer the question/s by clicking on the appropriate option:

1. According to the passage, ants can carry objects up to

50 times their weight.

100 times their weight.

1,000 times their weight.

2. To emphasize the ants capability of carrying loads, the writer of this passage gives an

analogy of a

slim woman weighing 50 kg, lifting a small car and climbing a hill with it.

slim woman weighing about 50 kg who

drives about 15 kilometers and climbs a hill.

woman who climbs a hill to get a car.

3. The scientific study of ants is called Myrmecotology.

Myrmecology.

Miermecology.

4. According to the passage, ants recognize their mates by

their odor.

their color.

their size.

5. Ants clean, groom, feed each other, and have been known to show

communism.

nepotism.

culturalism.

6. As social creatures, ants need to identify their own ________ from non-nest mates.

nest mates

friends

neighbours

7. Ants have hierarchies comprising

workers, nest mates, queens

forager ants, workers, queens

queens, servants, leaders

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8. They strictly adhere to their

social responsibility

social structure

social accountability

9. The odor of the same nest mates and non-nest mates is

unlike

same

alike

10. Each ant has a __________ role to play in the colony

equally important

well defined ambiguous

3.1.2 Reading Comprehension:

Gap Filling (Choosing 10 correct words out of 15 words) 5 marks

(Cloze test)

Gap Filling (Choosing 10 correct words out of 15 words) 5 mark Fill in the blanks using the list of words given below:

1. Extremely,2. Environmental,3. Materials,4. Metres,5. Surface,6. Stickiness,7. nano tubes

8. Stage,9. Subunits,10. Nano,11. Particles,12. Treatments,13. Cancer,14.implants

15.Biological

Nano science is the science of the extremely small objects smaller than 100 nano metres

(0.00001 cm). At these scales, the properties of materials change dramatically. Factors

such as Brownian motion, surface stickiness and quantum effects become important.

Nanotechnologies are based on a range of new materials, including carbon C60, carbonnano tubes, nano particles, nano wires, and polymers based on nano-size subunits. A

huge range of applications are possible, based on stronger, lighter or smaller materials,

or compounds with unusual optical or electrical properties. Early applications are

enhancing existing products tennis racquets, golf clubs, and sunscreens. Possible

medical applications include better implants, wound dressings, diagnostics and cancer

treatments. Combining biological molecules with nano mechanical components is

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creating radically new materials; these are at an early stage of development.

Environmental concerns focus mainly on nano particles but very little is known about

their impact on living things.

Sequencing of Jumbled Sentences (5 Sentences) 5 marksArrange the following sentences in correct sequence (1-5)

Fiction is the term used to describe novels, short stories, classics and popular pleasure

reading. (2)

Though they cannot be borrowed from the library, the readers can refer these books in a

reading room set aside for this purpose.(5)

Non-fiction describes technical and factual works, and books which cover events and

things that exist in reality.(3)

Most public and general libraries have three main areas fiction, non-fiction and

reference. (1)

Reference books are simply non-fiction books of a kind, which includes encyclopaedias

and dictionaries.(4)

Multiple Choice (10 statements choosing best options) 5marks

The passage is followed by questions based on its content. After reading a passage,

choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following a passage onthe basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.

Since the Hawaiian Islands have never been connected to other land masses, the great

variety of plants in Hawaii must be a result of the long-distance dispersal of seeds, a

process that requires both a method of transport and an equivalence between the

ecology of the source area and that of the recipient area.

There is some dispute about the method of transport involved. Some biologists argue

that ocean and air currents are responsible for the transport of plant seeds to Hawaii. Yet

the results of flotation experiments and the low temperatures of air currents cast doubt

on these hypotheses. More probable is bird transport, either externally, by accidental

attachment of the seeds to feathers, or internally, by the swallowing of fruit and

subsequent excretion of the seeds. While it is likely that fewer varieties of plant seeds

have reached Hawaii externally than internally, more varieties are known to be adapted

to external than to internal transport.

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1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with

(a) Discussing different approaches biologists have taken to testing theories about the

distribution of plants in Hawaii.

(b) Discussing different theories about the transport of plant seeds to Hawaii

(c) Discussing the extent to which air currents are responsible for the dispersal of plantseeds to Hawaii

(d) Resolving a dispute about the adaptability of plant seeds to bird transport 5

2. The author mentions the results of flotation experiments on plant seeds most probably

in order to

(a) support the claim that the distribution of plants in Hawaii is the result of the long-

distance dispersal of seeds.

(b) Lend credibility to the thesis that air currents provide a method of transport for plant

seeds to Hawaii

(c) Suggest that the long-distance dispersal of seeds is a process that requires long

periods of time

(d) Challenge the claim that ocean currents are responsible for the transport of plant

seeds to Hawaii

3. It can be inferred from information in the passage that the existence in alpine regions

of Hawaii of a plant species that also grows in the southwestern United States would

justify which of the following conclusions?(a) The ecology of the southwestern United States is similar in important respects to the

ecology of alpine regions of Hawaii.

(b) There are ocean currents that flow from the southwestern United States to Hawaii.

(c) The plant species discovered in Hawaii must have traveled from the southwestern

United States only very recently.

(d) The plant species discovered in Hawaii reached there by attaching to the feathers of

birds migrating from the southwestern United States.

4. The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?

(a) Why does successful long-distance dispersal of plant seeds require equivalence

between the ecology of the source area and that of the recipient area?

(b) Why are more varieties of plant seeds adapted to external rather than to internal bird

transport?

(c) What varieties of plant seeds are birds that fly long distances most likely to swallow?

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(d) What is a reason for accepting the long-distance dispersal of plant seeds as an

explanation for the origin of Hawaiian flora?

A long-held view of the history of the English colonies that became the United States has

been that Englands policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated bycommercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy, dominated by

expansionist militarist objectives, generated the tensions that ultimately led to the

American Revolution. In a recent study, Stephen Saunders Webb has presented a

formidable challenge to this view. According to Webb, England already had a military

imperial policy for more than a century before the American Revolution. He sees Charles

II, the English monarch between 1660 and 1685, as the proper successor of the Tudor

monarchs of the sixteenth century and of Oliver Cromwell, all of whom were bent on

extending centralized executive power over Englands possessions through the use of

what Webb calls garrison government. Garrison government allowed that colonists a

legislative assembly, but real authority, in Webbs view, belonged to the colonial

governor, who was appointed by the king and supported by the garrison, that is, by

the local contingent of English troops under the colonial governors command.

According to Webb, the purpose of garrison government was to provide military

support for a royal policy designed to limit the power of the upper classes in the

American colonies. Webb argues that the colonial legislative assemblies represented the

interests not of the common people but of the colonial upper classes, a coalition of

merchants and nobility who favored self-rule and sought to elevate legislative authority

at the expense of the executive. It was, according to Webb, the colonial governors who

favored the small farmer, opposed the plantation system, and tried through taxation to

break up large holdings of land. Backed by the military presence of the garrison, these

governors tried to prevent the gentry and merchants, allied in the colonial assemblies,

from transforming colonial America into a capitalistic oligarchy.

Webbs study illuminates the political alignments that existed in the colonies in the

century prior to the American Revolution, but his view of the crowns use of the military

as an instrument of colonial policy is not entirely convincing. England during the

seventeenth century was not noted for its military achievements. Cromwell did mount

Englands most ambitious overseas military expedition in more than a century, but itproved to be an utter failure. Under Charles II, the English army was too small to be a

major instrument of government. Not until the war with France in 1697 did William III

persuade Parliament to create a professional standing army, and Parliaments price for

doing so was to keep the army under tight legislative control. While it may be true that

the crown attempted to curtail the power of the colonial upper classes, it is hard to

imagine how the English army during the seventeenth century could have provided

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significant military support for such a policy.

5. The passage can best be described as a

(a) Survey of the inadequacies of a conventional viewpoint.

(b) Reconciliation of opposing points of view(c) Summary and evaluation of a recent study

(d) Defense of a new thesis from anticipated objections.

6. It can be inferred from the passage that Webb would be most likely to agree with

which of the following statements regarding garrison government?

(a) Garrison government gave legislative assemblies in the colonies relatively little

authority, compared to the authority that it gave the colonial governors.

(b) Garrison government proved relatively ineffective until it was used by Charles II to

curb the power of colonial legislatures.(c) Garrison government became a less viable colonial policy as the English Parliament

began to exert tighter legislative control over the English military.

(d) Oliver Cromwell was the first English ruler to make use of garrison government on a

large scale.

7. According to the passage, Webb views Charles II as the proper successor of the

Tudor monarchs and Cromwell because Charles II.

(a) used colonial tax revenues to fund overseas military expeditions

(b) used the military to extend executive power over the English colonies

(c) wished to transform the American colonies into capitalistic oligarchies

(d) resisted the English Parliaments efforts to exert control over the military.

8. Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the authors assertion?

(a) because they were poorly administered, Cromwells overseas military expeditions

were doomed to failure.

(b) Because it relied primarily on the symbolic presence of the military, garrison

government could be effectively administered with a relatively small number of troops.

(c) Until early in the seventeenth century, no professional standing army in Europe had

performed effectively in overseas military expeditions.

(d) Many of the colonial governors appointed by the crown were also commissioned

army officers.

9. According to Webbs view of colonial history, which of the following was true of the

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merchants and nobility mentioned?

(a) They were opposed to policies formulated by Charles II that would have transformed

the colonies into capitalistic oligarchies.

(b) They were opposed to attempts by the English crown to limit the

power of the legislative assemblies.

(c) They were united with small farmers in their opposition to the stationing of Englishtroops in the colonies.

(d) They were united to limit the power of the legislative assemblies.

10. The author suggests that if William III had wanted to make use of the standing army

to administer garrison government in the American colonies, he would have had to

(a) make peace with France

(b) abolish the colonial legislative assemblies

(c) seek approval from the English Parliament

(d) appoint colonial governors who were more sympathetic to royal policy

3.1.3 Common errors in English

Correcting the errors (grammar) in 10 sentences 10 marks

From the following pairs of sentences identify the grammatically correct sentence.

He is not only known for his wealth but also for his wisdom.

He is known not only for his wealth but also for his wisdom.

She not only lost her ticket but also her suitcase.

She lost not only her ticket but also her suitcase.

Please meet the concerned officer.

Please meet the officer concerned.

The students of my college are better than your college.

The students of my college are better than those of your college.

Last night, the criminal has been arrested.

Last night, the criminal was arrested.

Students should avail the transport facility.

Students should avail themselves of the transport facility.

Please excuse me being late.

Please excuse my being late.

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He removed his coat and hanged it on a nail.

He removed his coat and hung it on a nail.

The computer monitor with its accessories have been received.

The computer monitor with its accessories has been received.

The broken windows has repairs already.

The broken windows have been repaired already.

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GRADE YOUR VOCABULARYEXERCISE : 1

1. Nothing could ever abash him.

(A) please(B) delight(C) embarrass(D) infuriate

2. The doctor gave him some medicine to abate his pain.

(A) increase(B) reduce(C) augment

(D) revive

3. The king abdicated the throne in order to marry a commoner.

(A) grabbed(B) usurped(C) abandoned(D) retained

4. A rich kid was abducted yesterday.

(A) rescued(B) kidnapped(C) killed(D) etrayed

5. The young man stole the money in a moment of aberration.

(A) deviation(B) conformity(C) anecdote

(D) sanity

6. e abhor a traitor.

(A) admire(B) scorn(C) respect(D) revere

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7. A good citizen abides by law.

(A) violates(B) removes(C) shifts(D) adheres to

8. e don't force anyone to abjure his religion.

(A) adopt(B) give up(C) cherish(D) abduct

9. Grace has abominable taste in clothes.

(A) graceful(B) detestable(C) delightful(D) classy

10. His garden abounds in beautiful flowers.

(A) teems with(B) lacks(C) abhors

(D) abdicatesEXERCISE :2

1. Drink has become the bane of his life.

(A) adge(B) ruin(C) andit(D) enediction

2. She was advised to banish fear a anxiety.

(A) cherish(B) cast out(C) ind(D) harbor

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3. The pilferer started to run away and barged into a passer-by.

(A) umped(B) uzzed(C) umped(D) antered

4. The announcement was met with a barrage of protests.

(A) arn(B) urst(C) arometer(D) aroque

5. hat is the use of such a barren discussion.

(A) arable(B) verdant(C) unfruitful(D) fertile

6. Ancients used to barter one thing for another.

(A) uy(B) sell(C) exchange(D) anister

7. Taiwan is one of the strongest anti-communism bastions in the world.

(A) ulwarks(B) atches(C) atons(D) pools

8. The baby bawled and kicked when its bottle was taken away.

(A) cried(B) it(C) struck(D) chuckled

9. There is a beacon on the hill to warn of danger.

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(A) cesspool(B) eak(C) ead(D) lighthouse

10. The merchant sent his ships wherever profit beckoned.

(A) signaled(B) anguished(C) abdicated(D) agitated

EXERCISE: 3

1. Children like to engage in all kinds of capers.

(A) charities

(B) capacities(C) capsules(D) pranks

2. A mature person will not act from caprice.

(A) constancy(B) stability(C) conscience(D) change of mind

3. This is a matter of cardinal significance.

(A) trivial(B) petty(C) cankerous(D) essential

4. The party degenerated into an ugly carousal.

(A) sobriety(B) awakening(C) drunken revel(D) fight

5. He used to carol in the morning when he was happy.

(A) sing joyously

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(B) feel downcast(C) take a shower(D) ecome moody

6. e could not appreciate the beauty of the many cascades as we were forced tomake detours around each of them.

(A) abyss(B) lakes(C) small waterfalls(D) canvasses

7. A cataclysm such as World War II affected all the countries in the world.

(A) casualty(B) cask

(C) censor(D) violent upheaval

8. The major catalyst in the English-language explosion was war.

(A) stimulus(B) catalog(C) castle(D) catacomb

9. The rain cataracted down the windowpanes.

(A) poured(B) drizzled(C) seized(D) duped

10. The flood was a catastrophe.

(A) calamity(B) cavalier

(C) cavity(D) cavil

EXERCISE: 4

1. America's debacle in Vietnam will long be remembered.

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(A) defeat(B) victory(C) triumph(D) restoration

2. Overindulgence debilitates character as well as physical stamina.

(A) fortifies(B) reinforces(C) rejuvenates(D) weakens

3. The debonair youth was liked by all who met him.

(A) suave(B) gloomy

(C) grim(D) austere

4. The street was covered with debris from the explosion.

(A) debauchery(B) scattered fragments(C) debit(D) dean

5. The actress' debut on the stage was a success.

(A) first public performance(B) acting(C) farewell party(D) deceit

6. The oak is a deciduous tree.

(A) deceased(B) deceptive

(C) decadent(D) shedding leaves annually

7. Her decorous behavior was praised by her teachers.

(A) indecent(B) latant(C) proper

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(D) clamorous

8. They found his conduct quite lacking in decorum.

(A) propriety(B) spirit(C) deduction(D) decoy

9. Many people still believe in decree of fate.

(A) debility(B) debacle(C) dearth(D) directive

10. The decrepit car blocked traffic on the highway.

(A) hale(B) worn-out(C) sturdy(D) stalwart

EXERCISE: 5

1. Can you imagine a man indulged in an effeminate preoccupation with trifles ?

(A) unmanly

(B) manly(C) masculine(D) gigantic

2. The efficacy of the drug depends on the regularity of the dosage.

(A) desired effect(B) dose(C) dub(D) dross

3. The mob showed its irritation by hanging the judge in effigy.

(A) scalp(B) head(C) ody(D) image

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4. The small town effuses warmth and hospitality.

(A) pours out(B) lacks(C) requires(D) demands

5. The accountant ekes out his regular income by working evenings and Sundays.

(A) swindles(B) supplements(C) dwindles(D) dwarfs

6. On weekends the family enjoyed an elaborate dinner.

(A) simple(B) plain(C) fancy(D) natural

7. The phenomenal sales record elated the managed.

(A) exalted(B) oppressed(C) weighed

(D) distressed

8. The sumptuous elegance of the furnishings stunned the visitors.

(A) grotesqueness(B) exquisiteness(C) austerity(D) severity

9. Our government has been working very hard to elevate people's living standard.

(A) cut down(B) deflate(C) raise(D) demote

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10. The vivacious little girl is like an elf.

(A) apparition(B) hobgoblin(C) demon(D) fairy

EXERCISE: 6

1. The beggar's limp was a fake.

(A) fraud(B) decency(C) candor(D) frankness

2. His reasoning must be fallacious because it leads to a ridiculous conclusion.

(A) misleading(B) sound(C) valid(D) veritable

3. All men are fallible.

(A) inclined to err(B) mortal

(C) mutable(D) immutable

4. Her voice faltered as she tried to speak.

(A) resolved(B) hesitated(C) persisted(D) decided

5. The child looked half famished.

(A) asleep(B) starving(C) drowsy(D) nourished

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6. A fanatic usually has unreasonable beliefs.

(A) conservative(B) extremist(C) pessimist(D) optimist

7. Their marriage was announced without fanfare.

(A) reservation(B) pomp(C) familiarity(D) simplicity

8. So much of life is merely a farce.

(A) tragedy(B) comedy(C) mockery(D) musicale

9. His reasoning was somewhat far-fetched.

(A) accustomed(B) natural(C) wonted

(D) forced

10. The waitress disliked serving him dinner because of his very fastidious taste.

(A) high(B) low(C) squeamish(D) vulgar

EXERCISE:7

1. He committed a crime deserving of the gallows.

(A) grace(B) reward(C) premium

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(D) hanging as a punishment

2. The United States was galvanized into strong military activity by the news of theattack on the Pearl Harbor.

(A) threatened(B) menaced(C) stirred up(D) scared

3. The huge pit gaped before him; if he stumbled, he would fall in.

(A) enclosed(B) encompassed(C) disclosed(D) opened widely

4. The clown was garbed in motley.

(A) clothed(B) frescoed(C) escalated(D) dwindled

5. The fish in the dish was garnished with slices of lemon.

(A) decorated

(B) diminished(C) garnered(D) garbled

6. The boy tried to avoid meeting the garrulous old lady.

(A) curt(B) terse(C) rusque(D) talkative

7. No one liked her gauche manner.

(A) polished

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(B) squeamish(C) fastidious(D) awkward

8. The gaudy decorations showed no good taste.

(A) cheaply showy(B) unobtrusive(C) informative(D) restrained

9. It is no easy matter to gauge one's character.

(A) assess(B) denounce(C) renounce

(D) reprimand

10. Her gaunt figure seemed to be blown away by the wind.

(A) plump(B) obese(C) loated(D) lean

EXERCISE: 8

1. The authorities concerned should call a halt to exaggerated advertisements and

commercials.

(A) continuation(B) stop(C) publication(D) penalty

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2. The minority party agreed not to hamper the efforts of the leaders to secure alasting peace.

(A) facilitate(B) unshackle(C) release(D) obstruct

3. Someday you will come to realize that it does not pay off to hanker after fameand wealth with all your might.

(A) covet(B) ail out(C) germinate(D) abdicate

4. His haphazard reading left him unacquainted with the gist of the book.

(A) intensive(B) prudent(C) random(D) udicious

5. This hapless creature has never known a moment's pleasure.

(A) lucky

(B) auspicious(C) propitious(D) unfortunate

6. In his lengthy harangue, the principal berated the offenders.

(A) eulogy(B) citation(C) exaltation(D) long and noisy speech

7. She used to harass her husband by her continual demands for fine attire.

(A) entreat

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(B) plead(C) ask(D) annoy; plague

8. The cock serves as the harbinger of dawn.

(A) successor(B) heir(C) herald; forerunner(D) inheritor

9. Children can be trained to harness their emotional energy and put it to good use.

(A) exhaust(B) consume(C) harden

(D) put to work and make use of

10. Do not harrow him at this time by asking him to recall the details of hisunpleasant experience.

(A) delight(B) please(C) afflict(D) cherish

EXERCISE: 9

1. The salesman was a jocose person.

(A) serious(B) given to joking(C) demure(D) solemn

2. Do not take his jocular remarks too seriously.

(A) facetious

(B) sober(C) earnest(D) grave

3. Santa Claus is always gay and jocund.

(A) morose

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(B) merry(C) gloomy(D) sullen

4. Don't joggle me while I am writing.

(A) haul(B) hurl(C) erk(D) shake slightly

5. The bus stopped with a jolt.

(A) erk; shock(B) ollity

(C) unction(D) injunction

6. He jostled against the crowd uneasily.

(A) elbowed(B) lingered(C) rushed(D) grappled

7. The marketing journal enjoys brisk sales.

(A) magazine; periodical(B) gazette(C) ulletin(D) newsletter

8. The children's joviality is infectious.

(A) hilarity(B) sorrow

(C) misery(D) wretchedness

9. There was great jubilation when the armistice was announced.

(A) commotion(B) turmoil(C) tumult

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(D) exultation

10. A judicious parent encourages his children to have independent thinking.

(A) indulgent(B) stern(C) wise(D) enevolent

EXERCISE: 10

1. There were several hippies living in the ramshackle house.

(A) concrete(B) rickety; dilapidated(C) congenial(D) spacious

2. Let us forget our rancor and cooperate in this new endeavor.

(A) amity(B) hatred(C) accord(D) concord

3. His random remarks often offend his friends.

(A) purposeful

(B) deliberate(C) purposeless(D) methodical

4. This decision has long rankled as act of injustice.

(A) continued to cause pain(B) groveled(C) looted(D) compromised

5. A burglar broke into her house and ransacked all the drawers.

(A) struck(B) searched thoroughly(C) raided(D) presided

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6. The billionaire refused to ransom his kidnapped grandson.

(A) rank(B) rake(C) shuttle(D) liberate by paying a price

7. As we heard him rant on the platform, we could not understand his strangepopularity with many people.

(A) rave(B) whisper(C) whine(D) waylay

8. The rapacious wolf seized the lamb.

(A) lenient(B) exquisite(C) almy(D) grasping

9. Both sides were eager to establish a rapprochement but did not know how toundertake a program designed to bring about harmony.

(A) antagonism

(B) antipathy(C) estrangement(D) reconciliation

10. The miser gazed at the gold with rapture.

(A) agony(B) anguish(C) ecstasy(D) affliction

EXERCISE: 11

1. His attitude is so fiendish that he must be a devil incarnate.

(A) incensed(B) interred

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(C) camouflaged(D) embodied in human form

2. The agitator was arrested for making incendiary speeches.

(A) soothing(B) inflammatory(C) temperate(D) moderate

3. Pupils who dislike school must be given an incentive to learn.

(A) inanity(B) inception(C) incertitude(D) impetus

4. The crickets kept up an incessant chirping which disturbed our attempt to fallasleep.

(A) ceasing(B) uninterrupted(C) timely(D) intermittent

5. ou must go to bed early to break an incipient cold.

(A) eginning(B) supreme(C) inclusive(D) incoherent

6. Shaw was a man well known for his incisive wit.

(A) keen(B) obtuse(C) lunt

(D) pedantic

7. Insults are likely to incite retaliation.

(A) subdue(B) curb(C) arouse(D) inhibit

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8. Reading a good book in inclement weather is a delight.

(A) severe(B) fine(C) almy(D) agreeable

9. The monarch enjoyed traveling through the town incognito and mingling withthe populace.

(A) in public(B) unkind(C) with identity concealed(D) revealed

10. The married couple argued incessantly and finally decided to separate becausethey were incompatible.

(A) reconcilable(B) pathetic(C) inconsonant(D) congruent

EXERCISE: 12

1. Nothing is more disgusting than the obsequious demeanor of the people who

wait upon their superior.

(A) servile(B) self-assertive(C) arrogant(D) haughty

2. The patient was obsessed by the fear of operation.

(A) detached(B) observed(C) unconcerned(D) preoccupied

3. Some old-fashioned social customs are obsolete.

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(A) contemporary(B) current(C) unique(D) no longer active or in use

4. He had a very obstinate determination to live as he pleased.

(A) acquiescent(B) complaisant(C) pliable(D) stubborn

5. e found him a very obtrusive person, constantly seeking the center of the stage.

(A) pertinent(B) conducive(C) modest(D) impertinent; pushing toward

6. I was too obtuse to take the hint of what he had said.

(A) lunt; stupid(B) smart(C) intelligent(D) sagacious

7. The rich man hoped that the contribution he made would obviate any need forfurther collections of funds.

(A) relate(B) prevent(C) necessitate(D) ring out

8. The occult rites of the organization were revealed only to members.

(A) lucid(B) unequivocal(C) plain(D) mysterious

9. The oculist applied medical drops to his eyes for the purpose of examining them.

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(A) otanist(B) psychiatrist(C) therapist(D) person who specializes in the treatment of the eyes

10. ar is odious to all people except the warmonger.

(A) orderly(B) compatible(C) hateful(D) affable

EXERCISE: 13

1. The model student won a premium for good conduct.

(A) prize(B) penalty(C) forfeit(D) penchant

2. The ignored the premonitions of disaster because they appeared to be based onchildish fears.

(A) auspices(B) onsets

(C) onslaughts(D) forewarnings

3. The excuse he presented was preposterous.

(A) serious(B) absurd(C) formal(D) rational

4. A high-school course is the usual prerequisite to college work.

(A) something required beforehand(B) disparity(C) dispensation(D) dispersion

5. It is the government's prerogative to coin money.

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(A) prestige(B) right(C) prefix(D) pregnancy

6. The explorer felt a presentiment of danger.

(A) determination(B) premonition(C) resolution(D) predominance

7. The chief justice presides over the supreme court.

(A) gives up

(B) dispenses with(C) does away with(D) chairs

8. In such prestigious company, his demand for attention wasutterlypresumptuous.

(A) appropriate(B) submissive(C) deferential(D) too bold

9. I don't feel that your limited resources will permit you to carry out suchapretentious program.

(A) appropriate(B) genuine(C) heartfelt(D) ambitious

10. She used her headache as a pretext for not going to the party.

(A) prestige(B) prescience(C) presage(D) excuse

EXERCISE: 14

1. Many areas in the States are still sparsely populated.

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(A) densely(B) thickly(C) compactly(D) thinly

2. The spasmodic coughing in the auditorium annoyed the performers.

(A) uninterrupted(B) continual(C) fitful(D) consecutive

3. It is difficult to visualize the spatial extent for our universe.

(A) special

(B) particular(C) spectacular(D) relating to space

4. Let us not be misled by such specious arguments.

(A) spacious(B) wide(C) valid(D) deceptive

5. The hen laid a speckled egg.

(A) white(B) rown(C) spotted(D) monochromatic

6. In his hallucination, he saw the spectral form of he headless horseman.

(A) genuine

(B) ludicrous(C) rapacious(D) ghostly

7. Have you ever speculated on what mankind's future would be like ?

(A) predicted(B) meditated

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(C) spattered(D) specified

8. The philatelist was spellbound by his friend's rarer collection.

(A) spurned(B) enthralled(C) repulsed(D) repelled

9. e were told that the spendthrift had lost his estate through gambling.

(A) miser(B) hoarder(C) squanderer(D) frugal housekeeper

10. oman's sphere nowadays is no longer the home alone.

(A) ob(B) task(C) domain(D) spectrum

EXERCISE: 15

1. The vicar of Wakefield was a benevolent person.

(A) usinessman(B) clergyman(C) philanthropist(D) virago

2. Many people get a vicarious thrill at the movies by imagining they are thecharacters on the screen.

(A) felt by sharing in others' experiences(B) negative(C) altruistic(D) egoistic

3. Is there any decent restaurant in the vicinity ?

(A) suburban area(B) neighborhood(C) urban district

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(D) city

4. That vicious dog ought to be on a leash.

(A) ferocious(B) genial(C) laudatory(D) playful

5. e must learn to take life's vicissitudes as they come.

(A) changes of fortune(B) immutabilities(C) comedies(D) views

6. The two teams are vying for the championship.

(A) dealing(B) competing(C) trifling(D) conceding

7. The guards must be vigilant at all times.

(A) lax(B) oblivious

(C) remiss(D) watchful

8. Hemingway's writing is known for its vigorous style.

(A) lethargic(B) energetic(C) enervated(D) indolent

9. Kidnapping is a vile crime.

(A) disgusting(B) appealing(C) sublime

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READING COMPREHENSION

READING PASSAGE-1

The passage is followed by questions based on its content. After reading the passage,choose the best answer to each question. Answer all questions following the passage onthe basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.

This was the conclusion of a recently published report entitled Innovate on therun: The competing demands of modern leadership that surveyed nearly 900 companyleaders and more than 1,000 employees resident in the US and UK. Blessing White, acompany with operations covering North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific, carried outthe survey and who describe their mission as reinventing leadership and the meaningof work.

But what is innovation? David Neeleman, former CEO at JetBlue, sums it up astrying to figure out a way to do something better than its ever been done before.Innovation can also be categorised in terms of scale: the report talks about big I forbreakthrough inventions and small i for incremental or every day improvements.While the vast majority of company leaders who were interviewed agreed thatinnovation is everybodys business, that every employee should play a part in it, acommon concern was how to get the balance right. For example, Google has directedemployees to spend 60% of their time on the job, 30% being helpful to others, and 10%to thinking.

Interestingly, the survey indicated a big gap between leaders good intentionsand their ability to put them into practice. Only 26% of employees interviewed said thatthey were regularly encouraged by their manager to look for new solutions or to takerisks. One reason given for this was that a companys drive for productivity oftencompetes with creating the time and space necessary for people to be creative. Anotherreason was that leaders fear to make costly mistakes. A Marketing Director at Microsoftsaid, Were less willing to take risks than we used to be Theres more to lose.However, as American inventor Thomas Edison pointed out, innovation cannot happenunless you are willing to experiment, I did not fail, he said, I just found 10,000 waysthat did not work.

So how can the gap between good intentions and effective practice be closed?Perhaps most important, according to Blessing White, is to eliminate cultural barrierssuch as the blind drive for productivity or fear of failure. Organisational culture, theysay, like the air you breathe, touches all employees. Inspiring leaders, such as BillGates, who find ways to involve all employees in their companys mission, get results.Fluid two-way communication between managers and employees can help keepinnovation in line with productivity. Employees who are constantly updated on

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customers needs know where to devote their brainpower and regular feedback keepsthem on the right track. Nobody doubts that maintaining productivity whilst fomentinginnovation is a challenge, but according to this report, if a company does manage toachieve the balance, it will be a sure indication of its health and competitiveness.

1. What is innovation according to David Neeleman?a. Break through inventionsb.

Incremental improvementsc. Doing something better than its ever been done befored. Innovation is everybodys business

2. What is the name of the report?a. Re-inventing leadershipb. Re-inventing meaning of workc. Innovationsd. Innovate on the run

3. Why were the company leaders reluctant in encouraging all the employees toinnovate?

a.

Time and space constraintsb. Afraid of failurec. Blind drive for productivityd. All of the above

4. The aim of the report was toa. Differentiate between big I & Small Ib. How to keep innovation in line with productc. Encouraging Innovations

d. Reinventing leadership and meaning of work5. It can be inferred from the passage that Bill Gates is an inspiring leader because

a. He has willingly taken risks

b.

He has avoided costly mistakesc. He was willing to experimentd. He managed to involve all employees in his companys mission and get

results.

Answers:1. _____

2. _____

3. _____

4.

_____

5. _____

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1. Flexibility in the work place involvesa. Allowing the employee to work on a part time basisb. Allowing the employee to go for a job sharec. Allowing the employee to work from homed. Allowing the employee to pick up their young children from schoole. All of the above

2. Workplace flexibility has many benefits for employers likea. They have more caring responsibilitiesb. Sometimes they can work from homec. They can retain the skilled staffd. They can avoid rush how traffic

3. Employees work in a focused state whena. They can a work a few hours of each day at homeb. The production is increased

c.

They are offered flexibility at the workplaced. They prefer to work a certain number of hours in a month

4. Employees benefit greatly from flexibility for examplea. They can easily deal with non-work commitmentsb. They will have less overall stressc. They can ease into retirement graduallyd. All the above

5. Employees can misuse the flexibility in the workplace. For examplea. Production may stagger

b.

Seriousness towards the tasks may get reducedc. They may give the non- work commitments the first priority.d. All the above

Answers:1. _____

2. _____

3. _____

4. _____

5. _____

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READING PASSAGE-3


The rate of change and development in the business world is always increasing. Newcompetitors, new markets, new technologies, new products all result in an enterprisehaving to embrace change to remain successful.

How can an organisation know when change is necessary? Charles Handy, one timeProfessor at the London Business School, suggested that organisations should embracechange when they are doing well, they should not wait until things take a turn for theworst. It is doubtful that many organisations follow this advice. It is more likely thattraditional indicators such as sales information can be used to decide when and what tochange. Changes in the external environment need to be monitored what are your

competitors planning? Do you suddenly have a new competitor?How can an organisation achieve change? Financial and accounting information canhelp in the planning and implementation of change. However, for Professor Senge fromthe Massachusetts Institute of Technology this isnt enough. He suggests that a keyfactor in the successful implementation of change is that organisations must learn tolearn. The traditional top-down, authoritarian way of doing things is not flexibleenough to cope with todays rapidly changing business environment. Senge lists fivefactors that help make an organisation a learning organisation:

! personal mastery an employees desire for lifelong learning tocontinually update that employees set of job skills

!

the creative use of mental models all employees should question allaspects of a companys organisation

! building a shared vision the vision of the companys future must bepositive, innovative, constantly evolving and something that allemployees wish to achieve

! team learning employees need to think and learn together. Teams needto learn, not just individuals.

! systems thinking this requires a wide vision across all sectors of anorganisation. In fact the concept of a sector within a company is notuseful. Activities in a company should be seen as a whole. It is also

important to recognise patterns across an organisation, even in complexcircumstances.

If a company can become a learning organisation then it should be able to bring aboutsuccessful organisational change.

1. When should organizations embrace change according to Charles Handy?

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a. When things take a turn for the worstb. When they are successfulc. When their sales is downd. When new competitors emerge

2. How can an organization achieve change according to professor Senge?a.

Financial and accounting informationb. The traditional top-down modelc. When a firm becomes a learning organizationd. Authoritarian way of doing things

3. What are the factors that force a company to embrace change to remainsuccessful?a. New competitorsb. New marketsc. New technologies & Product

d.

All the above

4. What are the factors that help to make an organization a learning organization?a. Team learning & systems thinkingb. External & Internal Environmentc. Intense competition & New Productsd. Top-Down approach & Bottom-up approach

Answers:

1. _____

2. _____

3. _____

4. _____

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READING PASSAGE-4


The audience gasps. Fashion editors scribble notes. Cameras flash. As the modelsashays down the catwalk, its clear to everyone that this is going to be the must-havedress of the season. And long before the applause has died down, photos of the dresshave been sent to manufacturers, who will then copy and produce knockoff versions fora fraction of the designers price tag.

Blatant theft of ideas, or flattering imitation and extra publicity? The fashionindustry, and even designers themselves, cant decide whether the massive knockoffindustry is a good or bad thing. Some fashion houses are taking retailers to court forselling copies that they say are too close to the original article. They argue not only that

they are losing sales, but that copies inferior in quality affect their reputation. Designerbag companies in particular claim that poorly made knockoff bags that fall apart all toosoon have a negative effect on their image. Other designers feel that the proliferation ofcheap copies in high street stores can only be a good thing. They argue that those whobuy a 50 euro imitation would never be able to afford the 5,000 euro original anyway,and that a design that is copied by all popular retailers increases the profile of thefashion house that produced it. Everyone knows who its been copied from, and so noharm is done. There is also a theory that copying benefits the fashion industry byincreasing creativity. As new designs rapidly become popular trends, designers have tocome up with even newer ideas to keep the real fashionists happy.

Counterfeiting, which involves the blatant copying of brand names and logos, isof course outlawed. So would it be possible to legislate against the greyer area ofknockoffs? European designers have some protection under law, but that hasntstopped a thriving knockoff business in high street stores. Designers in the US have noprotection at the moment, as fashion design is historically considered a craft, not an art,and outside the scope of copyright protection. Policing copyright on fashion would beparticularly difficult. Knockoff versions can be in the shops within two or three days ofa fashion show, before the original is even available for sale, so how can you prove whohad the idea first?

1.

As soon as the model sashays down the catwalka. The manufacturers scribble notesb. The manufacturers copy the photosc. The manufacturers copy the photos of the dress and produce the imitationd. The Fashion editors design the price tag.

2. Some fashion houses are taking the retailers to Court

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a. Because they are losing sales.b. Because the retailers are selling copies.c. Because they cant decide whether knock off industry is a good or bad thing.d. Because the copies are inferior in quality thereby affecting their reputation.

3. The growth of the imitation is a good thing becausea.

The layman could afford to buy.b. It increases the profile of the fashion house that produced it.c. It increases the creativity in the fashion industry.d. All of the above.

4. Policing copyright on fashion would be particularly difficult becamea. Everyone knows who its been copied from.b. Fashion design is considered a craft not an art.c. It involves the blatant copying of brand names.d. None of the above.

5. The term knock off version meansa. Blatant theft of ideas.b. Flattering imitation.c. Counterfeiting.d. All the above.

Answers:

1. _____

2. _____

3. _____

4. _____

5. _____

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READING PASSAGE-5


Globalisation is not only the most talked-about social and economic phenomenon of thelast decade: it is also the most controversial. There are several reasons for this it doesnot divide its supporters or detractors along the typical political lines of left againstright, progressive against conservative. It is instead a deeply debated topic. Lets take alook at some of the arguments and counter-arguments on each side.

A common image of an anti-globalisation protester is that seen each year at the G8or World Economic Forum meetings. The image of a young person wearing a mask andpossibly affiliated to an anarchist group is a familiar one. Yet this is an extreme image,and there are many critics of globalisation who while generally being aligned with the

masked anarchist are more eloquent in their complaints. Such people include thewriters and activists Naomi Klein, Noam Chomsky and Arundhati Roy. They suggestthat globalisation is the same as traditional capitalism, only now on a worldwide scale the consequence being that more power and money is concentrated into the hands offewer people. They would argue that across the world the rights of workers are beingignored or restricted, with levels of pay being forced ever lower.However, there are some commentators on the left who see globalisation as a positivething. Globalisation can distribute wealth more widely, they claim, spreading out of theWestern world and bringing employment and opportunities into such countries asIndia and China. It makes traditional centres of financial power New York, London,Frankfurt less important players on the global economic scene, thus changing the

worldwide balance of power.

While there are many right-wing or conservative advocates of globalisation, theymay not agree with their counterparts on the left. A right-wing supporter ofglobalisation would instead look at traditional capitalist values. They would seeglobalisation as an inevitable consequence of improved telecommunications and easierglobal travel. Capital, they may say, has the right to go wherever it can best beaccumulated. The free market rules everything if more profit can be made by locatinga factory in China rather than Europe, so be it.That said, however, there are otherconservatives who warn against unhindered globalisation. Such people may be in

favour of the free movement of money, but are against the free movement of people the so-called 'economic migrants' who travel the world in search of better livingconditions. They would also say that globalisation has resulted in a loss of jobs forWestern people.

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1. There are some conservatives who warn againsta. The free movement of moneyb. A better living conditionc. Being aligned with the masked anarchistd. Unhindered globalization

2.

Many critics of globalization suggest that globalization is the same asa. Economic phenomenonb. Traditional Capitalismc. World economic forumd. An inevitable consequence

3. For some Commentators on the left globalization is a positive thing becausea. Free market rules everythingb. It can distribute wealth more widelyc. Money is concentrated into the hands of fewer people

d.

The rights of the workers are ignored.

4. The economic migrants area. Who warn against unhindered globalizationb. Who are in favour of free movement of moneyc. Who have lost their jobsd. Who travel the world in search of better living conditions

5. Free market is supported bya. Right wingb. Left wing

c.

Noam Chomskyd. Traditional centres of financial power.

Answers:1. _____

2. _____

3. _____

4. _____

5. _____

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READING PASSAGE-6


Energy experts predict that by the end of this century, just 250 years after the

start of the Industrial Revolution, we will have burnt the entire worlds coal and gas

reserves, reserves that took 200 million years to develop. With fossil fuel reserves

running down, the search is on for alternative sources of energy. The need for

renewable sources of energy is greater than ever. The use of renewable energy is

nothing new, in 1086 there were 5600 watermills in England each generating 2kw of

energy. With the advent of cheap coal these watermills went into disuse. Here are some

of the renewable fuel sources that are making a comeback:

Wind turbines: these are now a common site in several European countries. Somepeople say the turbines are ugly and cause visual pollution. To minimise their visual

impact they can be located out at sea (as long as the sea is not too deep). Obviously,

when theres no wind, no electricity is generated.

Tidal flow schemes: an example of tidal flow is the Gulf Stream which flows from

Florida to the north west of Scotland at speeds of 1.5 metres per second. There are

problems, however, converting this kinetic energy into electricity. Todays marine

current turbines (an underwater version of a wind turbine) operate best in shallow

water where they can be fixed to the sea bed. At the moment they are not able to exploitthe energy present in tidal flows such as the Gulf Stream where the sea is very deep.

Tidal barrages:these can be built in coastal areas where there is a large variation in the

levels of high and low tides. Tidal barrages are dams that fill with sea water when the

tide comes in, when the tide goes out the water is released. As it escapes it generates

electricity. Unfortunately, the number of locations where tidal barrages can be built is

limited and they can have a considerable impact on the local marine ecosystem.

Bio-fuels: these fuels come from a wide range of materials from wood to plant wasteand waste materials from animals. Firewood is a good source of energy but the wood

does have to be cut, transported and trees replanted. Methane gas can be produced

from plant and animal waste materials but production rates are slow. Bio diesel can be

produced in several ways, for example from maize or from the by-products of wheat

production. The potential for bio-fuel production is great. At the moment, however,

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there are problems around the issue of scalability as current production levels fall far

short of the levels required to substitute fossil fuels.

Solar power: for their power supply isolated farms in Australia can choose between

traditional diesel generators or stand alone solar power systems using photovoltaic

cells. A large amount of capital is required to set up a solar power system. At themoment photovoltaic cells are not very efficient at converting solar power to electricity.

It takes 5-6 years for such a system to become cost-efficient. If these cells could be made

more efficient experts have calculated that 4% of the earths desert areas could supply

all of the worlds energy needs.

Micro generation: for the last 100 years the main concept in electricity generation has

been to think big and build large power stations. Now we are beginning to see a new

trend, small scale local generation of power using renewable bio-fuels. In the

developing world where funds are scarce experts predict micro generation is the wayforward. With time these separate micro generators cab be joined up to form a larger

power grid.

1. Though the potential for bio-fuel production is great but the disadvantage is thata. Fire woods have to be replantedb. Its scalability regarding the production level to substitute the fossil fuelsc. The production rate of methane gas is high.d. All the above

2. Tidal barrages can affect

a.

The coastal areasb. Marine current turbinesc. Local marine ecosystemd. All of the above.

3. All of the worlds energy needs can be met witha. Wind turbinesb. Tidal flow schemesc. Solar powerd. Tidal barrages

4. Bio-diesel can be produced froma. Plant waste Animal wasteb. Maize or the by-products of wheatc. Firewood and methaned. All of the above

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5. Tidal Flow schemes do not function effectively ifa. The water flow at a speed of 1.4metres per secondb. The sea is very deepc. The water is very shallowd. It can be fixed to the sea bed.

Answers:

1. _____

2. _____

3. _____

4. _____

5. _____

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READING PASSAGE-7


Pablo Picasso said that colours, like features, follow the change of emotions. Be it yourfavourite colour or just paints for your room, you need to be consciously aware that itplays an integral role in your daily lives and can sometimes have a positive or negativeassociation in your memory bank. Colours are a powerful tool that can not onlyinfluence the mood but also stimulate physiological reactions. In fact, certain colourscan raise blood pressure levels, increase metabolism or even cause eyestrain. They alsosymbolize various situations, moods and emotions and this can vary from person toperson. For example, in India itself, the colour white represents purity and innocencewhereas for some others, it symbolizes mourning.

Understanding the colour spectrumRed-The single most dynamic and passionate colour, Red symbolizes love, passionand courage. Demanding attention, red has great emotional impact. Those who selectred are determined, impulsive and strive for success. Red gives warmth and can beused in the entrance hall symbolic of a warm welcome to the guests. It stimulatesappetite and conversation making it a favoured colour for dining rooms. It createsthe right atmosphere for restaurants. but should be avoided for offices and factories.

Yellow-is truly joyous and virtuous in its purest form, making it the most widelyused colour in the world. Yellow exudes warmth, inspiration and vitality, and is thehappiest of all colours. Yellow signifies communication, enlightenment, sunlight and

spiritually. It is also associated with wealth, being the colour of gold. In rooms to thenorth that lack a strong source of natural light, walls can be painted yellow to givethe rooms a bright look. Yellow is an ideal colour for classrooms because we learnmost effectively in yellow rooms.

Green- is the colour of life and represents freshness and abundance. Its soothingquality characterises the intense power of nature. The colour of hope and fertility,green is proven to generate a therapeutic effect and stimulates meditation. Thatmakes green suitable in rooms for well being and rest and its harmonizing effectmakes it a choice for living rooms too. Most ideally, green should be used in

libraries and studies because it increases concentration.

Blue- The colour of sky and the sea, blue stands for tranquility. It is cooling,soothing and orderly. Blue brings comfort and serenity to our lives and is associatedwith royalty in some European countries. Blue is suitable for rooms to the south andin baths because it is associated with water. It is also a preferred colour forbedrooms, because it is known to induce sleep by calming the mind. To reducestress in offices and treatment rooms, walls may be painted blue.

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Orange-is the colour of knowledge. It reflects a good-natured social environmentand is also symbolic of loyalty and generosity. In bright tones, orange is jovial,cheerful and playful. Deepened shades of orange become exotic and exciting.Known to revitalize the mind and body, it is a good colour for living rooms anddining rooms.

Purple-A colour of great individual style, Purple is associated with royalty andluxury. It indicates sensuality, passion and depth of feeling. It is also a colour of self-confidence and ego and represents spiritual aspiration. This lavish colur creates anunusual essence to the room it adorns, making it a good option for bedrooms.

Brown-This sensuous and tactile colour is one of the favourites of nature. It is easyon the eyes and symbolizes contentment and physical comfort. Brown represents theimportance of heart and home and is best for the walls of the living room to lend amysterious and sensual allure.

Pink- An emotional colour, pink connotes a sensitive heart in a strong personality. Ituniversally represents caring and sharing. Pink is best suited for bedrooms to givethem a peaceful and delicate touch.

Black and White- Scientifically speaking, black and white are not colours, butconditions of the absence and presence of light respectively. However, they make forinteresting options in fashion, even in interior dcor. White is associated with purityand elegance. Although it may come across as distant to some, it symbolizes truth,blessing and harmony. In interior design, white can be used to portray acomfortable, timeless and cool atmosphere. Black, on the other hand, is associated

with negativity and power. That doesnt stop it from topping the charts of thefashion-conscious as an absolute essential. Knick-knacks of this colour may be usedto add contrast to a room which has light coloured walls.

It is also important to note that the psychology of colour is based on the mental andemotional effects colours have on signed people in all facets of life. There are somvery subjective pieces to colour psychology as well as some more accepted andproven elements. Keep in mind, that there will also be variations in interpretation,meaning, and perception between different cultures. Colour psychology can helpyou choose paint colours that create the right mood in a room, affecting not just your

own feelings, but those of everyone who enters it. So splash your walls with theright colours and bring about a whole new transformation in your home dcor.

-The Hindu

1. Colours can have aa. Change of emotionsb. Physiological reaction

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c. Positive or negative correlation in ones memory bankd. Raise in the blood pressure level.

2. This colour kindles the love for fooda. Greenb. Redc.

Yellowd. Brown

3. This colour provides the walls of the living room a mysterious attractiona. Black and whiteb. Brownc. Blued. Orange

4. This colour induces tranquility in the mind thereby encouraging sleep

a.

Yellowb. Whitec. Pinkd. Purplee. Blue

5. The psychology of colour is based on the mental and emotional effects thecolours have on signed people in all facets of life. So there is a possibility of

a. Interesting options in fashionsb. Variations in perspectivesc. New transformations

d.

Creating the right atmosphere.Answers:

1. _____

2. _____

3. _____

4. _____

5. _____

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READING PASSAGE-8


Several leading economists defined the twentieth century the American century. Aswe enter the twenty first century people around the world are beginning to ask just forhow long the U.S. will be able to retain its position as the worlds number one economicpower.

Much is made of legacy industries in the U.S., old industries such as carproduction, steel manufacturing, coal mining and most of the airline industry.Companies in these sectors struggle with work practices that make them inefficient anduncompetitive compared with their Asian rivals. To compound these problems theyalso suffer from enormous legacy costs such as health insurance payments and

pension fund commitments. The Japanese car manufacturer Toyota has set up car plantsin the U.S. that outperform their American rivals. Toyota has no legacy costs, GeneralMotors and Ford do. Some economists argue that these old industries and their workersmust face up to the fact that these legacy obligations can no longer be met.After the Enron financial scandal, corporate governance in the U.S. came under thespotlight. U.S. legislators have reacted to Enron and other financial scandals by bringingin tough new corporate governance laws. Skeptics argue that there is now too muchcorporate regulation in the U.S.

The U.S. has been a world leader in the new industries associated with theInternet. The Internet started in the U.S. Initially, English was the language of the

Internet. Today the U.S. accounts for less than 25% of Internet users, 40-50% on newInternet users are now coming from Asia. However, e-industry advocates are quick topoint out that companies such as Google and Yahoo do not have legacy costs and arevery competitive on the world stage, work within few restrictions and are able toinnovate very rapidly. E-commerce has been a key catalyst in bringing about change inold industries. It has had a key deflationary impact and is a major pusher ofglobalisation. A shift is occurring in the U.S. economy as e-commerce allows small andmedium sized enterprises to compete with large multinational companies.Clearly considerable redistribution of wealth is taking place in the world as theeconomies of China and India grow. It is still too early though to predict the demise of

the U.S. as the worlds number one economy.

1. What are legacy industries?

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a. Car, steel & coal industryb. E-industryc. Ennond. Fashion industry

2. The author of the article suggests thata.

China and India may become number one economic powers in futureb. Legacy industries are flourishing because of legacy costsc. Corporate regulations help US in retaining its position as the worlds number

one economic power

3. What is defined as a major pusher of globalizationa. Legacy industriesb. E-commercec. Airline industryd. Steel industry

4. The Asian companies do well in US becausea. They adhere to US regulationsb. They have no legacy costsc. They are governed by tough new corporate regulationsd. They are very creative.

5. Companies such as Google and Yahoo are able to vie with other competitorsaround the globe because

a. Its the American countryb. They suffer from legacy costs

c.

They do not have legacy costsd. The US is the worlds number one economy

Answers:1. _____

2. _____

3. _____

4. _____

5.

_____

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READING PASSAGE-9


The World Trade Organisation officially came into being in 1995, but its roots go

back much further as far back as the Great Depression of 1929. This worldwide

disaster for industry and agriculture made tens of millions unemployed. As a desperate

attempt to protect their economies, many countries raised tariffs on imports by as much

as 60%. This in turn had a devastating effect on world trade and contributed to the

political climate that would eventually lead to the outbreak of the Second World War.

After the war, in 1947, the first international trade talks took place in Geneva. Their aim

was to ensure the trade crisis of the 1930s would never be repeated. Out of these talks

came the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Fifty years later, in 1995,

the WTO was created as the official organisation for international trade."

To provide a forum for negotiating trade agreements between nations.

" To ensure that each of the 146 member countries follows the rules agreed

and set out in the GATT.

" To help settle disagreements about trade between countries.

" To provide technical assistance and training to developing countries (about

!of the total membership) to help them trade in the world economy.

The WTOs headquarters are in Geneva, and from here the Secretariat provides

administrative and technical support, but does not take key decisions. These are takenonly at a collective meeting of member countries known as the Ministerial Conference,

which takes place every two years. Trade issues are discussed and decisions are taken

democratically. Trade disputes between nations can be settled by a process of

consultation, with the WTO acting as a neutral go-between and, in some cases, using a

panel of experts to come to a conclusion. The organisation has dealt with about 300

such cases since 1995.International Trade at the turn of this century was about 14 times

greater than it was at the time of the first GATT talks over fifty years ago. But its not

only the volume of trade that has changed. The early GATT agreements were mainly

about trade in goods, but todays agreements cover a much wider range of trade,including banking, telecommunications and travel services. The WTO also works to

ensure agreements on intellectual property such a copyright, patents and designs.

" The rules for international trading are decided democratically by member

states.

" Countries can be sure that their goods and services will be treated fairly in the

world market.

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" Increased prosperity for member states and improved welfare for the people

who belong to them.

" Trade disputes between countries can be settled peacefully, making the world

a safer place.

1.

GATT isA. General Agreements on Tariffs and TradeB. General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeC. General Agreement on Trade and TariffsD. General Agreement on Trades and Tariffs

a. A, B, and C correctb. B and C are correctc. Only B is correctd. Only A is correct

2.

Many countries raised tariff on imports becausea. It is an attempt to protect their economiesb. Of the Second World War.c. Of the devastating effect on world traded. All of the above

3. The key decisions are taken bya. The WTO headquarters in Genevab. The Ministerial conferencec. By WTO through its administrative and technical support

d.

Geneva every two years

4. The reason for WTOA. Great depression of 1929B. Worldwide disaster for industry and agricultureC. Desperate attempt to protect their economies

a. A and B are trueb. A is truec. B is trued. A, B and C are true

5. WTO officially came into being with yeara. 1995b. 1945

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c. 1929d. 1959

Answers:

1.

_____

2. _____

3. _____

4. _____

5. _____

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GAP FILLING (CHOOSING 10 CORRECT WORDS OUT OF 15 WORDS)

1.

Fill in the blanks using the list of words given below:

acknowledge , strict, pertinent, straightjacket, benevolent,stilted, copycat, corrective, guiltless, unique, rigidly,

casually, repentant, individualistic, stiff

Interviews may be more or less formal. In highly formal interviews participants tend to

stay closely within social and professional roles. They do little to _________________

each other as _________________ individuals. Instead, the interviewer acts as the

potential employer, the _________________ supervisor, or whatever role is

_________________ to the type of interview being conducted. The interviewee also acts

from a defined role: prospective employee, _________________ subordinate, and so

forth. The content of highly formal interviews tends to follow a standard format, often

one that the interviewer has written to structure the interaction. Nonverbal

communication provides further clues to formality: clothes, a formal meeting room,

_________________ postures, and a _________________ handshake are all signs of

formality. In contrast, informal interviews are more relaxed, personal, and flexible. The

interviewer attempts to engage the interviewee as an individual, not just a person in a

general role. In turn, the interviewee tends to communicate with the interviewer in

more_____________ ways. Typically, informal interviews aren't as _________________

structured as formal interviews. The interviewer may have a list of standard topics

(either memorized or written down), but those provide only guidelines, not a

_________________ for communication. Either participant may introduce unusual

topics, or they may devote more time than planned to issues that arise. Informal

interviews often include nonverbal cues such as smiling, relaxed postures, casual

surroundings, and informal dress.

2.


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intense, callow, put-on, regularly, occasional, deceit,devastating, granted, put-off, innocent, traumatic,

provoking, constructive, dismay, misdemeanor

What are the consequences of discovering that you've been lied to? In an interpersonal

relationship, the discovery can be_________________. As we grow closer to others, our

expectations about their honesty grow stronger. After all, discovering that you've been

lied to requires you to redefine not only the lie you just discovered, but also many of the

messages you previously took for _________________. Was last week's compliment

really sincere? Was your joke really funny, or was the other person's laughter a

_________________? Does the other person care about you as much as he or she

claimed?

Research has shown that lying does, in fact, threaten relationships. Not all lies are

equally_________________, however. Feelings like _________________ and betrayal are

greatest when the relationship is most _________________, when the importance of the

subject is high, and when there was previous suspicion that the other person wasn't

being completely honest. Of these three factors, the importance of the information lied

about proved to be the key factor in _________________ a relational crisis. We may be

able to cope with "_________________" lying, but "felonies" are a grave threat.

An _________________ white lie in an otherwise honest relationship doesn't pose much

threat. Major deception, thoughespecially when it is part of a pattern of

_________________is likely to provoke a relational crisis. In fact, the discovery of

major deception can lead to the end of a relationship. More than two-thirds of the

subjects in one study reported that their relationship had ended because they

discovered a lie. Furthermore, they attributed the breakup directly to the lie.

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3.


let down, complement, compliment, agitated, physically, jump to, composed, twirl,

fiddle, fundamental, fidgeting, glorify, virtually, merely, emotionally

Gesturesmovements of the hands and armsare an important type of nonverbal

communication. In fact, they are so _________________ that people who have been blind

from birth use them. The most common forms of gestures are what social scientists call

illustratorsmovements that accompany speech and that can't stand alone. Scratching

your head when searching for an idea and snapping your fingers when you find an idea

are examples of illustrators that _________________ verbal messages. Research shows

that North Americans use illustrators more often when they are _________________

arousedtrying to explain ideas that are difficult to put into words when they are

furious, horrified, very _________________ distressed, or excited. A second type of

gestures is emblemsdeliberate nonverbal behaviours that have a very precise

meaning, known to _________________ everyone within a cultural group. For example,

we all know that a head nod means "yes," a head shake means "no," a wave means

"hello" or "goodbye," and a hand to the ear means "I can't hear you." And almost

anybody over the age of seven knows the meaning of a raised finger. A third type of

gestures is adaptorsself-touching behaviors. (To make matters confusing, sometimes

these behaviors go by the name of manipulators.) Whereas we usually use emblems

consciously to express a message, adaptors are usually unconscious. For example, you

might _________________ nervously with your hands or click a pen during a high-stress

job interview. Research confirms what common sense suggeststhat increased use of

manipulators is often a sign of discomfort. But not all _________________ signals

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uneasiness. People also are likely to use adaptors when relaxed. When they

_________________ their guard (either alone or with friends), they will be more likely to

fiddle with an earlobe, _________________ a strand of hair, or clean their fingernails.

Whether or not the fidgeter is hiding something, observers are likely to interpret an

adaptor as a sign of dishonesty. Because not all fidgeters are dishonest, it's important

not to _________________ conclusions about the meaning of adaptors.

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4.


liabilities, wages, docile, dominant, shallow, potential, lethal,properties, survival, choice, profound, delinquency, self-sufficient, mandatory, kin

The Industrial Revolution refers to the social and economic changes that occurred when

machines and factories, rather than human labor, became the _________________ mode

for the production of goods. Industrialization occurred in the United States during the

early and mid-1800s and represents one of the most _________________ influences on

the family. Before industrialization, families functioned as an economic unit that

produced goods and services for its own consumption. Parents and children worked

together in or near the home to meet the _________________ needs of the family. As the

United States became industrialized, more men and women left the home to sell their

labor for _________________. The family was no longer a _________________ unit that

determined its work hours. Rather, employers determined where and when family

members would work. Whereas children in pre-industrialized America worked on

farms and contributed to the economic survival of the family, children in industrialized

America became economic _________________ rather than assets. Child labor laws and

_________________ education removed children from the labor force and lengthened

their dependence on parental support. Eventually, both parents had to work away from

the home to support their children. The dual-income family had begun.

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During the Industrial Revolution, urbanization occurred as cities were built around

factories and families moved to the city to work in the factories. Living space in cities

was crowded and expensive, which contributed to a decline in the birthrate and to

smaller families. The development of transportation systems during the Industrial

Revolution made it possible for family members to travel to work sites away from the

home and to move away from extended _________________. With increased mobility,

many extended families became separated into smaller nuclear family units consisting

of parents and their children. As a result of parents' leaving the home to earn wages and

the absence of extended kin in or near the family household, children had less adult

supervision and moral guidance. Unsupervised children roamed the streets, increasing

the _________________ for crime and _________________.

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5.


permissible, exaggeration, restricted, fundamentally, hostile, conclusively, downplay,

low key, fantasies, delectable, acceptable incorrigible, invariably, morph, identify

Studies show _________________ that if large groups of children watch a great deal of

televised violence, they will be more prone to behave aggressively. In other words, not

all children will become more aggressive, but many will. Especially during adolescence,

viewing lots of violence on television is associated with actual increases in aggression

against others. It's little wonder that a large panel of medical and psychological experts

recently concluded that media violence is a serious threat to public health.

It is fair to say, then, that televised violence causes aggression in viewers, especially

children? Fortunately, that would be an _________________. Televised violence can

make aggression more likely, but it does not _________________ "cause" it to occur for

any given child. Many other factors affect the chances that _________________ thoughts

will be turned into actions. Among children, one such factor is the extent to which a

child identifies with aggressive characters. That's why it is so sad to find TV heroes

behaving aggressively, as well as villains.

A case in point is the popular Power Rangers TV programs for children. In each

episode, the Power Rangers "_________________" into superheroes who use karate and

other violent actions to conquer monsters. After watching an episode of the Power

Rangers, a group of 7-year-old children committed seven times more aggressive acts

than a control group that didn't watch. The aggressive children hit, kicked, and karate-

chopped their peers, often directly imitating the Power Rangers.

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Comm Record 2013