color @ pH 7.0   color at

Sugar      pH 8.5 / pH

7.0

Lot # Pol WholeAffined

1xAffined

2x Affined 2x

8 98.0 1,901 443 364 1.9

10 98.8 1,450 329 269 1.9

13 98.6 1,745 377 309 2.0

20 99.1 1,352 353 314 2.0

21 98.9 1,314 338 284 2.1

48 98.2 2,530 449 376 2.0

50 98.3 2,348 423 360 2.0

62 98.6 2,323 435 365 2.0

71 98.5 2,822 485 394 1.9

Average 98.6 1,976 404 337 2.0

June 2006Laboratory affination of 2005 crop raw sugar

R2 = 0.7883

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1700

1900

0 2 4 6 8 10

Wash time, sec

Co

lor

(pH

7.0

) R2 = 0.7473

98

98.5

99

99.5

100

0 2 4 6 8 10

Wash time, sec

Po

l (O

ctap

ol)

November 2006: Factory: Effect of wash time

0.008 gallons / second / nozzle

A nine-nozzle manifold

0.07 gallons / second

Temperature 55 C (131 F)

y = -0.0182x + 0.0005

y = -0.0254x - 0.0059

y = -0.0313x + 0.0009

-6

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

0 60 120 180 240

Time, s

We

igh

t, k

g

20 psi

40 psi

60 psi

R2 = 0.7473

98

98.5

99

99.5

100

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Water, gallons

Po

l (O

ctap

ol)

R2 = 0.7883

500

700

900

1100

1300

1500

1700

1900

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Water, gallons

Co

lor

(pH

7.0

)

Effect of wash volume

A 3 second wash = 0.21 gallons water

at 250 – 350 Lb sugar / cycle

3 seconds = 0.5 - 0.7 % on sugar

1 – 1.4 % sugar to run-off

need to test spray nozzles

use the data to optimize centrifuge wash from the standpoint

of sugar pol and sugar color vs. boiling house impact and cost

Sugar sample

P2

Digital scale

Pressure Vessel WithWater orperoxide

FactoryWash water

Airsupply

P1

V2

V1

Western States48x36”

V3

Test 3 (11/1/6) 1.2 L/cycle Wash

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

0 5 10 15

Peroxide concentration, %

Wh

ole

su

gar

co

lor

pH 7.0

analysis 11/3(pH 7.0)

Sugarcane biomass (“trash”)

Collection and transportation cost

Separation at the mill

Conversion to

energy (co-generation)*fermentable sugars / ethanol

Density of cane at different trash yields

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

0 5 10 15CLM, t/a

Den

sity

, kg

/m3

ASCL 2007conv. cleaning

Copersucar 2000conv. cleaning

Copersucar 2000

no cleaning

ASCL 2007no cleaning

Cost of trash delivered to mill

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

3 5 7 9 11

CLM yield, t/a

$/t

$6

$5

$4

$3

$2

$1

Fan On

Fan Off

• Conversion to

• NOW• energy (co-generation)• 1 t CLM = 95 kWh gross• = 85 kWh net = $5

• IN THE FUTURE?• fermentable sugars / ethanol• 1 t CLM = 39 gallons EtOH• $40 - $80 (gross)

Cost of trash delivered to mill

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

3 5 7 9 11

CLM yield, t/a

$/t

$6

$5

$4

$3

$2

$1

Fan On

Fan Off

Co-generation

*cost of CLM that goes to juice extraction -$8/t or -$24/acre for “conventional” cane (at 2% pol in bagasse)

dry cleaning of billeted cane – optimize & standardize design

trash preparation - shredding, cleaning & conveying

Observation from trip to Brazil, April 2007

present retail cost in Brazil

ethanol (hydrous) US$2.7/galgasoline (25% ethanol anhydrous) US$4.5 /gal

production cost of ethanol US$1.1/gal

Plans to expand sugarcane production in Brazil to substitute 5 – 10% of world gasoline

will require 6 x present sugarcane production

energy optimization of sugar and sugar ethanol process

biomass ethanol