7
mrçceedings fnternatiçnal Cçnference çf Agricultural bngineeringI wurichI MSJNMKMTKOMN4 – wwwKeuragengKeu NLT oefW CMOTN poil solution composition under Brachiaria plots irrigated with treated sewage and mineral fertilizer oogério Teixeira de cariaI dilãar lliveira pantosI dilberto Aéarecido oodrigues and dustaJ vo aonalonso pão maulo ptate rniversiteI sia de Acesso mrof. maulo aonato CastellaneI 14UU4JV00 gaboticabalI pmI Brazil Abstract qhere is a need tç quantify the éçsitive and negative effects çf waste water tç ratiçnalJ ize the use çf these ãaterials as agricultural inéut with the lçwest envirçnãental riskK qhis study aiãed tç evaluate the cheãical cçãéçsitiçn çf the sçilI at different deéthsI in an exéerJ iãental area in gabçticabalI pmI BrazilI with grçwing Brachiaria brizanthaI fertigated with treated sewage effluent EqpbF and ãineral fertilizerK qhree treatãents were established by a triéle line sçurce sérinkler systeã tç aéély unifçrã water deéth with gradual distributiçn çf qpb at rates çf bO Z NKMI bN Z MKSI and bM Z MKMK qhe treatãent bM was taken as a cçntrçlI in which was aéélied NM kg k ha JN éer tçn çf harvest fçrageK certigatiçn schedule fçllçwed whether a nutritiçnal criteriçnI in which the aãçunt çf nitrçgen exéçrted by the fçrage érçJ duced in treatãent bP was reélacedI çr the crçé water deãand calculated by cAlRS ãethJ çdI whichever was higherK qhe annual fertigatiçn deéth was NITSM ãã using effluent with ãean annual k cçncentratiçn çf R4KU ãg i JN I which érçvided k suéélies tç the crçé çf VPN and RSPI kg ha JN fçr bO and bNI reséectivelyK bM was fertilized with RRO kg k ha JN using ureaK qhe analysis çf the saãéles cçllected ué tç çne ãeter shçwed that ée was steady thrçugh the year but electrical cçnductivity increased with qpb aéélicatiçnI which alsç affected içn cçncentratiçnsI such as increasing Ca HO and jg HO and ka HN K fn séite çf high sçdiuã cçntent in high qpb aéélicatiçns ERR ãg i JN FI there is lçw tç ãediuã éçtential fçr sçil salinizatiçn EpAo frçã V tç NUF due tç high cçncentratiçns çf Ca HO and jg HO K qhe cçncentratiçn çf nitrçJ gen increased as qpb aéélicatiçn dçses increasedI but cçncentratiçn was still lçw tç take a risk çf cçntaãinatiçn çf grçundwater by the nutrientK qhe cçnclusiçn was that qpb aéélicaJ tiçn cause lçw iãéact çn sçil sçlutiçn under cultivatiçn çf BrachiariaK heywordsW tastewaterI water reuseI irrigation 1 fntroduction qhe reductiçn çf water availability due tç the cçãéetitive use çf the water resçurces and high cçsts with cheãical fertilizers ãake advantageçus the aéélicatiçn çf the waste waJ ter by fertigatiçnK fn generalI wastewater cçntains high cçncentratiçns çf ãacrçnutrients and ãicrçnutrients and its aéélicatiçn in the fçrã çf fertigatiçn can suéély the ãajçr nutritiçnal needs çf crçésI reduce cçsts and ãitigate fertilizer cçntaãinatiçn tç water bçdiesK qhe inJ crease and cçncentratiçn çf éçéulatiçn in urban area had increased significantly the vçluãe çf sewage waterK qhe agrçnçãic use çf qpb requires aéérçériate éractices fçr treatãent and diséçsal in the envirçnãentI due tç high cçncentratiçns çf dissçlved içnsI such as sçdiuãI chlçride and bçrçnI as well as éathçgens EAndrade cilhç et alK I OMNPFK qhe ée and electrical cçnductivity çf the sçil sçlutiçn are a raéid indicative çf the degree çf acidity çr alkalinity çr cçncentratiçn çf ãineral salts in the sçilK qhusI this study evaluated the effect çf the diséçsal

psolution composition under Brachiaria plots irrigated ...5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 Depth (cm) pH E2 E1 E0 0 20 40 60 80 100 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 Depth (cm) pH E2 E1 E0 0 20 40 60 80 100 5.0 6.0

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Page 1: psolution composition under Brachiaria plots irrigated ...5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 Depth (cm) pH E2 E1 E0 0 20 40 60 80 100 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 Depth (cm) pH E2 E1 E0 0 20 40 60 80 100 5.0 6.0

==

=

mrçceedings=fnternatiçnal=Cçnference=çf=Agricultural=bngineeringI=wurichI=MSJNMKMTKOMN4=–=wwwKeuragengKeu==== NLT=

oefW=CMOTN==

poil solution composition under Brachiaria plots irrigated with treated sewage and mineral fertilizer

oogério Teixeira de cariaI dilãar lliveira pantosI dilberto Aéarecido oodrigues and dustaJvo aonalonso pão maulo ptate rniversiteI sia de Acesso mrof. maulo aonato CastellaneI 14UU4JV00 gaboticabalI pmI Brazil

Abstract

qhere=is=a=need=tç=quantify=the=éçsitive=and=negative=effects=çf=waste=water=tç=ratiçnalJize= the=use=çf= these=ãaterials=as=agricultural= inéut=with=the= lçwest=envirçnãental= riskK=qhis=study=aiãed=tç=evaluate=the=cheãical=cçãéçsitiçn=çf=the=sçilI=at=different=deéthsI=in=an=exéerJiãental= area= in= gabçticabalI= pmI= BrazilI= with= grçwing= Brachiaria= brizanthaI= fertigated= with=treated=sewage=effluent=EqpbF=and=ãineral=fertilizerK=qhree=treatãents=were=established=by=a=triéle= line=sçurce=sérinkler=systeã=tç=aéély=unifçrã=water=deéth=with=gradual=distributiçn=çf=qpb=at=rates=çf=bO=Z=NKMI=bN=Z=MKSI=and=bM=Z=MKMK=qhe=treatãent=bM=was=taken=as=a=cçntrçlI=in=which= was= aéélied= NM= kg= k= haJ= N=éer= tçn= çf= harvest= fçrageK= =certigatiçn= schedule= fçllçwed=whether=a=nutritiçnal=criteriçnI= in=which=the=aãçunt=çf=nitrçgen=exéçrted=by=the=fçrage=érçJduced=in=treatãent=bP=was=reélacedI=çr=the=crçé=water=deãand=calculated=by=cAlRS=ãethJçdI=whichever=was=higherK=qhe=annual= fertigatiçn=deéth=was=NITSM=ãã=using=effluent=with=ãean=annual=k=cçncentratiçn=çf=R4KU=ãg=iJNI=which=érçvided=k=suéélies=tç=the=crçé=çf=VPN=and=RSPI=kg=haJN=fçr=bO=and=bNI==reséectivelyK=bM=was=fertilized=with=RRO=kg=k=haJN=using=ureaK=qhe=analysis=çf=the=saãéles=cçllected=ué=tç=çne=ãeter=shçwed=that=ée=was=steady=thrçugh=the=year=but=electrical=cçnductivity= increased=with=qpb=aéélicatiçnI=which=alsç=affected= içn=cçncentratiçnsI=such=as=increasing=CaHO==and=jgHO=and=kaHNK==fn=séite=çf=high=sçdiuã=cçntent=in= high= qpb=aéélicatiçns= ERR= ãg= iJNFI= there= is= lçw= tç= ãediuã=éçtential= fçr= sçil= salinizatiçn=EpAo=frçã=V=tç=NUF=due=tç=high=cçncentratiçns=çf=CaHO=and=jgHOK=qhe=cçncentratiçn=çf=nitrçJgen=increased=as=qpb=aéélicatiçn=dçses=increasedI=but=cçncentratiçn=was=still=lçw=tç=take=a=risk=çf=cçntaãinatiçn=çf=grçundwater=by=the=nutrientK=qhe=cçnclusiçn=was=that=qpb=aéélicaJtiçn=cause=lçw=iãéact=çn=sçil=sçlutiçn=under=cultivatiçn=çf=BrachiariaK===

heywordsW tastewaterI water reuseI irrigation

1 fntroduction

qhe= reductiçn=çf= water=availability=due= tç= the= cçãéetitive=use=çf= the=water= resçurces=and=high=cçsts=with=cheãical=fertilizers=ãake=advantageçus=the=aéélicatiçn=çf=the=waste=waJter=by=fertigatiçnK=fn=generalI=wastewater=cçntains=high=cçncentratiçns=çf=ãacrçnutrients=and=ãicrçnutrients=and= its=aéélicatiçn= in= the= fçrã=çf= fertigatiçn=can=suéély=the=ãajçr=nutritiçnal=needs=çf= crçésI= reduce=cçsts=and=ãitigate= fertilizer= cçntaãinatiçn= tç=water=bçdiesK=qhe= inJcrease=and=cçncentratiçn=çf=éçéulatiçn=in=urban=area=had=increased=significantly=the=vçluãe=çf=sewage=waterK=qhe=agrçnçãic=use=çf=qpb=requires=aéérçériate=éractices=fçr=treatãent=and=diséçsal=in=the=envirçnãentI=due=tç=high=cçncentratiçns=çf=dissçlved=içnsI=such=as=sçdiuãI=chlçride=and=bçrçnI=as=well=as=éathçgens=EAndrade=cilhç=et=alK=I=OMNPFK=qhe=ée=and=electrical=cçnductivity=çf=the=sçil=sçlutiçn=are=a=raéid=indicative=çf= the=degree=çf=acidity=çr=alkalinity=çr=cçncentratiçn=çf=ãineral=salts=in=the=sçilK=qhusI=this=study=evaluated=the=effect=çf=the=diséçsal=

Page 2: psolution composition under Brachiaria plots irrigated ...5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 Depth (cm) pH E2 E1 E0 0 20 40 60 80 100 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 Depth (cm) pH E2 E1 E0 0 20 40 60 80 100 5.0 6.0

==

mrçceedings=fnternatiçnal=Cçnference=çf=Agricultural=bngineeringI=wurichI=MSJNMKMTKOMN4=–=wwwKeuragengKeu==== OLT=

çf=treated=sewage=effluent=and=ãineral=fertilizatiçn=çn=the=cheãical=cçãéçsitiçn=çf=sçil=sçluJtiçn=at=different=deéths=in=an=area=with=grçwing=BrachiariaKI=in=a=subtrçéical=huãid=cliãateK==

2 Materials and methods

qhe=exéeriãent=was=cçnducted=during=OMNP=in=the=paç=maulç=ptate=rniversity=EcCAsJrkbpmFI=in=gabçticabalI=pmI=Brazil=Elatitude=ON°N4’4NIV”p=and=lçngitude=4U°NS’ORKO”tFK=qhe=area=has=a=subtrçéical=huãid=cliãateI=with=ãean=annual=teãéerature=çf==OOKO°CI==annual=éreJciéitatiçn=çf=NI4OR=ãã=and=excess=éreciéitatiçn=çver=evaéçtranséiratiçn=frçã=RS=tç=4MM=ãã=yearJN==Eolifj=et=alKI=OMMTFK=qhe=sçil=is=a=butrçéhic=lxisçl=with=high=clay=cçntent=ESMBFI=deeé=érçfile=E>O=ãF=and=high=infiltratiçn=rate=E>OM=ãã=hJNFK=qreated=sewage=effluent=frçã=a=nearby=ãuniciéal=sewage=treatãent=statiçn=was=éuãéed=tç=the=exéeriãental=areaI=in=cCAsJrkbpmI=tç=be=aéélied=çn=NO=exéeriãental=élçts=çf=N4K4=ãO=EOK4=ã=x=S=ãFI=cultivated=with=Brachiaria

brizantha iKI=CvK=jarandu Ecigure=NFK=A=triéle=line=sçurce=sérinkler=systeã=was=used=tç=aéély=unifçrã=irrigatiçn=deéthI=but=with=gradual=distributiçn=çf=qpb=at=rates=çf=bO=Z=NKMI=bN=Z=MKSI=and=bM=Z=MKMK=qhe=treatãent=bM=was=taken=as=a=cçntrçlI=in=which=NM=kg=k=haJN=éer=tçn=çf=harJvest=fçrage=were=aééliedK==certigatiçn=schedule=fçllçwed=whether=a=nutritiçnal=criteriçn=çr=the=crçé=water=deãandK=qhe=nutritiçnal=criteriçn=was=taken=accçrding= tç=silela=et=alK= ENVVUFI= in=which=the=aãçunts=çf=kI=m=and=h=exéçrted=by=the=fçrage=érçduced=in=treatãent=bN=were=reJélacedK=qpb=was=aéélied=tç=suéély=the=aãçunt=çf=k=required=in=bNI=in=additiçn=tç=ãineral=m=and=h=aéélied=in=all=treatãentsK=Additiçnal=irrigatiçn=was=aéélied=if=crçé=deãandI=as=given=by=cAlRS=ãethçd= EAllen=et=alKI=NVVUFI=was=nçt=yet=attendedK=bffluent=saãéles=were= cçllected=ãçnthly= tç=deterãine=nitrçgen=cçncentratiçnK=aue= tç= lçw=m=and=h=cçntents= in=qpbI=during=OMNPI=NRP=kg=haJN=çf=m=and=4PO=kg=haJN=çf=h=were=aéélied=in=all=treatãentsI=besides=4RR=kg=haJ

N=çf=ãineral=k=aéélied=in=bMK=pçil=sçlutiçn=saturated=electric=cçnductivity=and=ée=were=ãeasJured=ãçnthly=by=a=éçrtable=cçnductiviãeter=and=éeagaãeter=frçã=extracts=çf=msC=tubes=with==ceraãic=cués=installed=at=deéths=çf=NRI=PMI=RRI=UR=e=NMM=cãI=fçur=tiães=reélicatedK==pçil=sçluJtiçns=frçã=NMI=RR=and=NMM=cã=deéths=were=cçllected=tç=analyse=kI=CaI=jg=and=ka=in=cCAsJrnesé=labK

K=

3 oesults and discussion

auring=OMNPI=accuãulated=evaéçtranséiratiçn=was=NIPVR=ããI=annual=éreciéitatiçn=was=NIRNT=ãã=and=accuãulated=irrigatiçn=deéth=was=NITSM=ããK=qhe=excess=was=a=cçnsequence=çf= the=nutritiçnal=criteriaI=ãçstly=during=rainy=éeriçdsI=when= irrigatiçn=was=aéélied= tç=suéély=crçé=deãand=fçr=nutrientsK=qhe=effluent=éresented=high=cçncentratiçn=çf=k=ER4KU–UKV=ãg=iJNFI=in=which=NJNeP was=the=ãajçr=cçãéçnent EPR,M±NN,Q ãg=iJNF I=lçw=cçncentratiçn=çf=m=EMKV–MKO=ãg=iJNF=and=ãediuã=cçncentratiçn=çf=h=ENSKS–NKR=ãg=iJNF=Eqable=NFK==fn=additiçnI=qpb=analyJsis=shçwed=neutral=ée=ETKO–MKOF=and=ãediuã=salinity=EpAo=Z=OUKT–NOKOFI=as=a=result=çf=high=cçncentratiçns=çf=CaI=jg=and=ka=EN4KM–NKOI=RKM–MKU=e=R4KU–TKNI=reséectivelyFK=Accçrding=tç=the=irrigatiçn=criteriçnI=the=aãçunt=qpb=aéélied=in=treatãent=bO=Eeffluent=withçut=ãixing=waJterF=ãade=available=the=fçllçwing=nutrient=aãçunts=in=kg=haJNW=VPNI=PNI=NURI=NR4I=RNI=SNR=de=kI=mI=hI=CaI=jgI=kaI=reséectivelyK=qhe=treatãent=bN=received=SMB=çf=thçse=aãçuntsI=tçgethJer=with=ãix=çf=4MB=çf=waterI=and=bM=had=nç=effluentI=çnly=waterI=andI=therefçreI=nç=nutrients=frçã=effluentK==qhe=results=çf=the=sçil=sçlutiçn=analysis=shçwed=that=the=éredçãinant=fçrã=çf=k=was=nitrateK=kitrate=and=tçtal=k=cçncentratiçns=were=higher=fçr=all=deéths=in=treatãent=bOI=as=cçãéared=with=bN=and=bMI=which=had=bçth=siãilar=cçncentratiçns=Eqable=OFK==qhe=cçncentraJtiçns=çf=k=increased=frçã=the=tçé=tç=the=bçttçã=çf=the=sçil=érçfileI=indicating=nutrient=extractiçn=by=the=crçé=in=shallçw=deéths=andLçr=leaching=frçã=tçé=tç=the=bçttçãK=mintç=et=alK=EOMNPF=evalJuated=cçncentratiçns=çf=nitrateI=nitrite=and=aããçnia= in= the=sçlutiçn=çf=qpb=fertilized=sçil=at=deéths=çf=MKOR=tç=MKRM=cã=and=fçund=that=the=ãaxiãuã=cçncentratiçns=achieved=in=bçth=layJers=were=ST=ãg=iJN=çf=nitrateI=MI=MP=ãg=iJN=çf=nitrite=and=MKUN4=ãg=iJN=aããçniaI=cçncluding=that=éercçlate=had=lçw=risk=tç=grçundwaterK=fn=additiçnI=the=results=éresented=çn=qable=O=reJveal=increased=cçncentratiçns=çf=CaI=jgI=and=ka=fçr=the=whçle=érçfile=in=treatãents=with=qpb=aéélicatiçns=EbO=and=bNFI=as=cçãéared=tç=the=treatãent=with=ãineral=fertilizer=EbMFK=Calciuã=

Page 3: psolution composition under Brachiaria plots irrigated ...5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 Depth (cm) pH E2 E1 E0 0 20 40 60 80 100 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 Depth (cm) pH E2 E1 E0 0 20 40 60 80 100 5.0 6.0

==

mrçceedings=fnternatiçnal=Cçnference=çf=Agricultural=bngineeringI=wurichI=MSJNMKMTKOMN4=–=wwwKeuragengKeu==== PLT=

cçncentratiçns=were=siãilar=in=treatãents=bO=and=bNI=varying=frçã=NR=tç=OM=ãg=iJNI=cçãéared=tç=R=tç=NO=ãg=iJN=in=bMK==jagnesiuã=was=alsç=higher=in=bN=and=bO=E4=tç=S=ãg=iJNFI=cçãéared=tç =bM =EO =ãg =iJNFI= but= cçncentratiçns=decreased= frçã= the= tçé= tç= the=bçttçã= layers= in= treatJãents=receiving=qpbK=pçdiuã=was=higher=in=bOI=decreasing=frçã=RS==ãg=iJN=at=NM=cã=deéth=tç=4M==ãg=iJN=at=NMM=cãK=qreatãent=bN=had=interãediary=ka=cçncentratiçnsI=varying=frçã=44=PT=ãg=iJN=frçã=the=tçé=tç=the=bçttçã=layerK=cinallyI=ka=was=lçwest=and=unifçrã=alçng=sçil=érçJfile=çf= treatãent=bMI=at=cçncentratiçns=abçut=U=ãg=iJNK=As=a=cçnsequence=çf= increasing=CaI=jg=and=kaI=sçdiuã=adsçrétiçn=ratiç=was=high=ENO=tç=NV=ããçlNLO=L−NLOF=in=bOI=ãediuã=in=bN=EV=tç=NP=ããçlNLO=L−NLOF=and=lçw=in=bM=EP=tç=4=ããçlNLO=L−NLOFK=qhe=analysis=çf=the=ée=in=the=sçil=sçJlutiçn=during=callJwinter= revealed= that=qpb=and=ãineral=k= fertilizer= aéélicatiçns= resulted= in=alkaline=cçnditiçn=in=the=surface=layersI=ué=tç=RR=cã=deéth=fçr=effluent=treatãents=and=PM=cã=fçr=treatãent=with=ãineral=fertilizer=Ecigure=OaFK=piãilar=results=were=fçund=fçr=ée=in=all=three=treatãents=Ecigure=OFK=auring=fallJwinterI=ée=was=alkaline=frçã=surface=ué=tç=RM=cã=and=acid=fçr=the=reãaining=layersK=auring=séring=and=suããerI=ée=was=acid=and=decreased=frçã=surJface=tç=the=bçttçã=çf=the=érçfile=Ecigures=Oa=and=ObFK=qhe=tiãe=effect=çn=ée=can=be=attributed=tç=the=rainfall=regiãe=çf=the=regiçnI= in=which=the=lçwer=éreciéitatiçns=during=fallJwinterI=cçãJéared=tç=séring=and=suããerI=causes=less=içn=leachingK==pilva=et=alK=EOMNOF=evaluated=the=ée=çf=the=sçil=sçlutiçn=under=rainfed=cçnditiçns=and=çbtained=a=significant=difference=in=a=functiçn=çf=extractiçn=tiãe=Edry=and=wetFI=and=deéth=dçses=çf=wastewater=frçã=cattleK=qhe=saturated=electrical=cçnductivity=fçr=all= treatãents=was=higher= in=suããerI=fçllçwed=by= lçwer=values= in=séring=and=in=fallJwinter=Ecigure=PFK=qhis=can=be=attributed=tç=higher=qpb=and=fertilizer=aéélicaJtiçns=during=suããerI=in=çrder=tç=suéély=elevated=crçé=nutritiçnal=requireãents=as=a=result=çf=high=yieldK=auring=the=three=éeriçdsI=bCs=was=increased=in=treatãents=with=aélicatiçns=çf=qpb=EbO=and=bNF=and=lçwest=in=the=treatãent=withçut=qpb=EbMFK=qhe=higher=electrical=cçnductivity=in=the=sçil=sçlutiçn=in=bN=and=bO=is=related=tç=the=aéélicatiçn=çf=qpb=with=high=cçncentratiçns=çf=içns=such=as=sçdiuãI=éçtassiuãI=calciuã=and=ãagnesiuãK=qhe=lçwest=electrical=cçnductivJity=in=the=treatãent=bM=is=a=functiçn=çf=fertilizer=aéélicatiçnI=cçãéçsed=çnly=by=kmhI=resulting=tç=a=lesser=cçncentratiçn=çf=saltsK=aeséite=the=higher=bCs=in=treatãent=bOI=the=values=were=belçw=levels=cçnsidered=criticalI=indicating=that=the=aéélicatiçn=çf=qpb=éresents=nç=risk=çf=sçil=salinizatiçnK==

=K==

4 Conclusions

qpb=aéélicatiçns=with=high=nitrçgenI=ãediuã=salinity=and=high=sçdicityI=fçr=çne=year=in=gabçticabalI=pmI=as=cçãéared=with=treatãent=with=ãineral=fertilizer=had=the=fçllçwing=effects=çn=sçil=sçlutiçnW==

J=kç=change=in=éeI=higher=electrical=cçnductivity=in=treatãents=with=qpbI=but=at= levels=belçw=the=critical;==

J=qreatãents=with=aéélicatiçn=çf=qpb=had=higher=cçncentratiçns=çf=sçdiuãI=calciuã=and=ãagnesiuãI=resulting=çn=higher=sçdiuã=adsçrétiçn=ratiçI=but=belçw=the=critical=level;=

J= qhe= cçncentratiçn= çf= nitrçgen= increased= as= qpb= aéélicatiçn= dçses= increasedI= but=cçncentratiçn=was=still=lçw=tç=take=a=risk=çf=cçntaãinatiçn=çf=grçundwater=by=the=nutrientK=

==

R Acknowledgements

qç=cundaçãç=de=Aãéarç=a=mesquisa=dç=bstadç=de=pãç=maulç=EcaéeséF=fçr=the=érçject=grant=and=schçlarshié=fçr=graduate=studentsK==

6 oeferences

AllenI=oKdKI=mereiraI=iKpKI=oaesI=aKI=pãithK=jK=ENVVUFK=Crçé=evaéçtranséiratiçnK=EcAl=frrigatiJçn=maéer=RSFK=oçãeW=cAlI=PMNéK==

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mrçceedings=fnternatiçnal=Cçnference=çf=Agricultural=bngineeringI=wurichI=MSJNMKMTKOMN4=–=wwwKeuragengKeu==== 4LT=

=Andrade=filhçI=gKI=pçusa=ketçI=lK=kK=aeI=aiasI=kK=da=pKI=kasciãentçI=fK=BKI=jedeirçsI=gK=cK=de;=CçsãeI= CK= oK= EOMNPFK= Cheãical= érçéerties= çf= sçil= fertigated= with= urban= sewage= in= the=seãiarid=brazilian=regiçnK=frrigaI=NU=E4FI=SSNJST4K===mintçI= jK= CK= hKI= CruzI= oK= iKI= crigçI= bK= mKI= crigçI= jK= pKI= eerãesI= b= EOMNPFK= kitrçgen=grçundwater=cçntaãinatiçn= cçnsequential=çf= irrigatiçn=with=effluent= frçã=sewage=treatãentK=frrigaI=NUEOFI=OTMJOUNK== oçliãI=dK=pKI=CaãargçI=jK=BK=mK;=ianiaI=aK=dKI=jçraesI=gK=cK=iK=EOMMTFK=Cliãatic=classificatiçn=çf= höééen= and= qhçrnthwaite= sisteãs= and= their= aéélicability= in= the= deterãinatiçn= çf=agrçcliãatic=zçnning=fçr=the=state=çf=pãç=maulçI=BrazilK=BragantiaI=SS=E4FI=TNNJTOMK==pilvaI=gK=BK=dKI=jartinezI=jK=AKI=miresI=CK=pKI=AndradeI=fK=mK=de=pKI=pfisAI=dK=qK=daK=EOMNOFK=bvaluatiçn= çf= electrical= cçnductivity= and= éh= in= the= sçil= sçlutiçn= in= an= area= fertigated= with=wastewater=frçã=dairy=cattleK=frrigaI=péecial=bditiçnI=ORMJOSPK==silelaI= iKI= pçaresI= tK= sKI= pçusaI= aK= jK= dK= aeI= jacedçI= jK= CK= jK= ENVVUFK= Calageã= e=adubaçãç=éara=éastagens=na=regiãç=dç=cerradç=ECircular=qécnica=PTFK=mlanaltinaW=bãbraéa=CerradçI=NSéK===

=

=

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=

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cigureNK=bxéeriãental=scheãe=shçwing=triéle=line=sçurce=sérinkler=systeã=tç=distribute=gradual=rates=çf=treated=sewage=effluent=and=waterI=accçrding=tç=treatãentsK=====

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mrçceedings=fnternatiçnal=Cçnference=çf=Agricultural=bngineeringI=wurichI=MSJNMKMTKOMN4=–=wwwKeuragengKeu==== RLT=

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cigure=OK=ée=in=sçil=sçlutiçn=fçr=treatãents=and=deéthsI=during=callJwinter=EaFI=péring=EbF=and=puããer=EcF=in=OMN4K=

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mrçceedings=fnternatiçnal=Cçnference=çf=Agricultural=bngineeringI=wurichI=MSJNMKMTKOMN4=–=wwwKeuragengKeu==== TLT=

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=Table N. Characteristics of treated sewage effluent from junicipal pewage Treatment ptation of gaboticabal, pm, during OMNPK

marameterG rnit jean ± pa marameterG rnit jean ± pa

pe J T,O±M,O anl mg iJN ORO,M±QP,P bC dp mJN M,QR±N,M aBl mg iJN Q9,M±NQ,T

TlT mg iJN PS,P±S,U Ca mg iJN NQ,M±N,O NJNlP mg iJN P,UU±M,Q jg mg iJN R,M±M,U NJNlO mg iJN M,MP±M,MO po mg iJN M,O±M,M NJNeP mg iJN PR,M±NN,Q cat mg iJN NMR,P±UO,Q Ntotal mg iJN RQ,M±U,9 pu mg iJN OM,9±N,O

Norganic mg iJN NS,U±U,T jn mg iJN M,N±M,N NtotalJh mg iJN RM,N±9,P wn mg iJN M,Q±M,Q cetotal mg iJN M,QO±M,N Na mg iJN RQ,U±T,N

h mg iJN NS,S±N,R pAo J OU,T±NO,O m mg iJN M,9±M,O CT Njm NMMJN ml N9KUST±N9KQOO bC Njm NMMJN ml OK9PP±OKTNN

GbC: electric conductivity; TlC: Total organic carbon, Ntotal: total nitrogen; NtotalJh: hjedahl N total; op: pedimentary residues; ld: cat; pu: pulfate; CT: Total coliforms; bC: bscherichia ColiK

=

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bleãent= rnit= aeéth=EcãF= bO= bN= bM=

k=tçtal=Eãg=iJNF=

ãg=

iJN=

NM= POKR= OOKU= OOKP=RR= PRKV= OOKT= ORKS=

NMM= 4MKV= OUKS= PMKS=

kJke4=NM= OKU= OK4= OKO=RR= PK4== OKU= OKU=

NMM= PKV= PK4= PKO=

kJklP=

NM= ONKV== N4KM= N4KM=RR= OPKV== NSKM= NSKM=

NMM= OTKV== NTKV= NVKV=

kJklO=NM= TKU= SKR= SKO=RR= UKR= PKV= TKM=

NMM= VKP= TKO4= TKR=

Ca=Eãg=iJNF=

NM= NUKT= NSKV= TKP=RR= NRKS= NVK4= UKN=

NMM= NVKP= N4KU= NPKM=

jg=Eãg=iJNF=

NM= RKV= RKU= OKP=RR= 4KN= SKO= OKN=

NMM= 4KN= PKR= OKS=

ka=Eãg=iJNF=

NM= SRKM= 4PKV= TKV=RR= RMKS= PPK4= TKT=

NMM= 4MKS= PTKM= TKR=

pAo=ããçlNLO=

L−NLO==NM= NUKR= NPKM= PKS=RR= NSKN= VKP= PK4=

NMM= NNKV= NOKO= OKT=

=

=

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