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TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGE( )TARC

-SCHOOL OF PRE UNIVERSITY

STUDIES

Colloquium Presentation2011

Researcher: Chin Wui Ling Caryn Tan Sze Yee Chong Yi Hua

Hema Farhana Hew Yee Lim

/Lokanayagi a p Santher

Segaran Loo Fu Hong

Advisor.Mr Low Wai Leon

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Carbohydrates in infant

milk

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StudyStudy

Objective:Objective:Research objective is tostudy:

the importance of babymilk for baby or infant.

the nutrients in babymilk.

the benefits of carbohydrate to babyor infant.

the type of carbohydrate in babymilk.

the different betweenfew types of baby milk

the way to estimate

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Infant formula is food manufactured tosupport great adequate of growth of

infants under six month age when fed assole source of nutrition

Roughly based on the mother’s milk 1-3months of postpartum.

Most of the milk is from purified cow’s milkwhey and casein as protein source, andothers.

In United States, there’s manufacturer using

soy milk to replace cow’s milk to babieswho is allergic to other proteins.

INT

RO D

U C T

IO

INT

RO D

U C T

IO

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:REASONS TO USE INFANT FORMULA:REASONS TO USE INFANT FORMULA

Babies unable to breastfeedüChild has birth defects or inborn

error of metabolism, inexample galactosemia.

Mother’s health

üinfected with diseases , inexample, tuberculosisand HIV.

üMalnourishment or hadbreast cancer

üTaking drugs

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Recommendation by FDA based onRecommendation by FDA based onAmerican Academy of PediatricsAmerican Academy of Pediatrics

Committee on NutritionCommittee on Nutrition

d, C, D, E, K, thiamin(B),riboflavin(B2),B6,B12

acid

Metals: magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, copp

Phosphorus

IodineSodium chloride

Potassium chloride

Carbohydrates

Nucleotides

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Carbohydrates are an important sourceof energy for growing infants as it

accounts for 35 to 42%of their dailyenergy intake.

C a rb o h y d ra te is an organic compound containing the

, ,elements carbon hydrogen and oxygen in proportion

: :1 2 1 which is

C6H12 O6

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Digestion ofDigestion of

carbohydratescarbohydrates

in infant babyin infant baby

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Mouth

into small particles to increase surface area for enzyme action.sedby amylase into maltose.

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Stomach

Stomach did not help in carbohydrate digestion.

Duodenum

ncreatic juice hydrolyse incomplete digestion in the mouth

rch is converted into maltose

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illeum

crase , maltase and lactase are released. Further digestisorption begins.

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Blood capillaries andliver

lucose absorbed is carried by hepatic portal vein to the liver and distributed throxidation of glucose in the muscles produces energy for various activities, such a

xcess glucose is converted and stored in liver.

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Carbohydrates can divided

into three main classes

based on their complexity

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3 to 7 carbonCannot be broken down

lucose, fructose, galactose and ribose

D-isomers

Aldose (glyceraaldehyde) and ketose (dihydroxyacetone)

Water soluble

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.d e x tr o s e an d b l o o d s u g a rTrioses, D-glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone and the D forms of gluc

T h e n o r m a l c on c e n t r a t i o n o f g l u c o s e i n h u m a n b l o o d i s i n t h e r a

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The Brain Sugar

:D-galactose

ØD-galactose is sometimes called

brain sugar because it is a component of glycoprotein found in brain andnerve tissues

ØIn the human body, galactose is synthesized from glucose in

the mammary glands for use in lactose which is a disaccharideconsisting of glucose unit and a galactose unit.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DL-Galactose_num.svg



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D-fructose

■ It is one of the three important dietarymonosaccharide along with glucose andgalactose.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D-fructose_CASCC.png

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D-Fructose.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D-Fructose_cyclic.png

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D-Ribose

●D-ribose is a pentose which is acomponent of a variety of complexmolecules, including ribonucleic acids(RNAs) and energy –rich compounds suchas adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

●2-deoxy-D-ribose is a compound of DNA

molecules. The prefix deoxy means “minusan oxygen”. So, the structures of ribose and2 deoxyribose differ in that the latter compound lacks an oxygen atom at carbon2.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beta-D-Ribofuranose.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D-Ribose.png

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Reaction of Monosaccharides

►The hydroxyl groups of monosaccharide can react with inorganic oxyacidss toform inorganic ester.

►For example, specific enzymes in the human body catalyze the esterification of

the hemiacetal group (carbon 1) and the primary alcohol group (group 6) inglucose to produce the compounds glucose 1 phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate.

(a) Phosphate Ester Formation

a-D- Glucose 1-phosphate a-D-Glucose 6-phosphate

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(b) Amino Sugar Formation

When one of the hydroxyl groups of a monosaccharide is

replaced with an amino group ,an amino sugar is produced. Thethree common natural sugars are

D-glucosamine D-galactosamine D-mannosamine

yl derivatives are important building blocks of polysaccharides found

d

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/D-Mannosamine.PNG&imgrefurl=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:D-Mannosamine.PNG&usg=__WiUrD4iGRJ3pe6maa8ARxUKfzQg=&h=472&w=1423&sz=6&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=2AG8DCl9eqQ21M:&tbnh=70&tbnw=211&prev=/images?q=d-mannosamine&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&rlz=1R2SKPB_enMY392&biw=1076&bih=426&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=77&vpy=114&dur=5102&hovh=129&hovw=390&tx=233&ty=81&ei=NhLyTIHEJtOkcaOfmIUK&oei=NhLyTIHEJtOkcaOfmIUK&esq=1&page=1&ndsp=10&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/5/59/20080225135337!Alpha-D-glucosamine.png&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alpha-D-glucosamine.png&usg=__QCaXmPIBJJZXcr7qgZUnexgASWs=&h=380&w=444&sz=6&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=gc5iMRZ3yx8_lM:&tbnh=141&tbnw=165&prev=/images?q=d-glucosamine&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&rlz=1R2SKPB_enMY392&biw=1076&bih=426&tbs=isch:1&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=441&vpy=72&dur=1996&hovh=208&hovw=243&tx=152&ty=111&ei=pRHyTOWgFsW5cYbdufsJ&oei=pRHyTOWgFsW5cYbdufsJ&esq=1&page=1&ndsp=10&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0

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di s a c c h a r i d e

s

di s a c c

h a r i d e

s

Disaccharide Monosaccharide unitsSucrose (cane sugar) Glucose +FructoseMaltose(malt sugar) Glucose + GlucoseLactose(milk sugar) Glucose +Galactose

The combination of two monosaccharide

produces a disaccharides.It’s always a carbon-hydrogen-carbon bond ina disaccharide.

qM lt l k lt

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qMaltose commonly known as malt sugar.

qNormally found in baby food and malted

milk

qThe single most common monosaccharide is

the hexoseqD glucose, represented by the formula

C6H12 O6.

qEach disaccharide is formed by a

condensation reaction .

qWhen two glucose molecules are linkedtogether by a glycosidic bond (one of the

glucose must be D glucose), such as inα

maltose.

Hydrolysis of maltose:

DMaltose+H 2O +(H+ or maltase) 2 Dglucose

o rm a t io n o f ma l to s e by c o nd en s at i o n i s s ho wn in t he fo l lo wi n g

- - + - +D glucose α D glucose maltose waterC6H12 O6 + C6H12 O 6 C 12 H22 O11 +H2 )0

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CellobioseCellobiose is produced as an immediate in thehydrolysis of the polysaccharide cellulose . It differs

from maltose in that one of the D-glucose unit is βconfiguration. This result in a β(1-4) glycosidiclinkage.

Different biochemical behaviour betweenmaltose and cellobiose is related to thestereochemistry of their glycosidic linkage.Maltase, the enzyme that breaks the glucose-glucose α(1-4) glycosidic linkage present in

maltose, is found in human body.

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Lactose is made up of a β-D-galactose unit and D-glucoseunit joined by a β(1-4) glycosidic linkage

LACTOSE(milk sugars):Abundantly found in milk.

It is an important ingredientin commercially producedinfant formulas that aredesigned to stimulate

mother’s milk.

Enzymes in mammalianmammary glands take glucosefrom the bloodstream andsysthesize lactose.

Lactose can be hydrolyzed by acid or by the enzymelactase,forming a mixture of galactose and glucose.

D-Lactose+H 2O+(H+ or lactase) D-galactose+ D-glucose

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lactose2.png

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Polysaccharides

Is a polymer that contains many monosaccharide

units bonded to each other by glycosidiclinkages.

A storage polysaccharide is a storage form of monosaccharides and is used as an energy

source in cells. The most important storage polysaccharide in

animal and human cells is glycogen.

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O l i g o s a c c h a r i d e s a sacch a rid e p o lym e r co n ta in in g a

(sm a ll n u m b e r n o rm a lly th re e to

)te n o f co m p o n e n t su g a rs com m o n ly fo u n d o n th e p la sm a

m e m b ra n e o f a n im a lce lls an d p la y

- .a ro le in ce ll ce ll re co g n itio n

- -fo u n d e ith e r O o r N lin ke d to co m p a tib le a m in o a cid sid e ch a in s

.in p ro te in s o r to lip id m o ie tie s

, -3 ty p e o f o lig o sacch a rid e Fru cto

( ), -o lig o sacch a rid e FO S G a la cto

( ) .O lig o sa cch a rid e M O S a n d In u lin

p a rtia lly d ig e ste d b y h u m a n s

FOS GOS d I liFOS GOS d I li

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, ,FOS GOS or inulin increases the number friendly bacteria in the

colon while simultaneously reducing.the population of harmful bacteriaUndigested portion serve as food for

.intestinal microflora ,Depend on type of oligosaccharides

different group of bacteria are

.simulated

FOS and Inulin promote calcium.absorption

The fermentation of produce gases and.acids The latter provide some

.energy to the bodyFOS can also be synthesized by

enzymes of the fungus Aspergillus niger .acting on sucrose GOS is

naturally found in soybeans and can(be synthesized from lactose milk

).sugar

FOS, GOS and InulinFOS, GOS and Inulin

Bifidobacterium or Lactobacillusbiffidus

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Chapter4:Effectofcarbohydrate

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Chapter 4:Effect of carbohydrate

to infant

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, & , , , ,Hypoglycemia nausea vomiting abdominal pain sweating tremors

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Prolonged Ingestion

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Experiment on the presence of Experiment on the presence of carbohydrates in infant milk carbohydrates in infant milk

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Aim : To investigate the relationship between infant

milk and non-reducing sugar.

*The concentration of non-reducing sugar is determined by

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g g ycolour changes. It increases from:

Green yellow orange red.→ → →

*Conclusion: Theseinfant milk do not contain reducing sugar but

contain non–reducing sugar.

Increasing concentration of non-reducing sugar

*

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T t t b 1 t 4 i d f l ft t i ht

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Test tube 1 to 4 is arranged from left to right.

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ConclusionO Infant milk plays an important role in infant

body.

O Infant milk contains a lot of essential nutrientswhich bring benefits to infant health.

O The molecules of infant milk powder is small.This enhances infant to absorb the nutrientseasily.

O Some infants cannot utilize certain nutrient,such as galactosemia. They should consumemilk that is galactose-free.

O In conclusion, infant should consume suitablemilk powder .

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ReferencesBesty ,T.L.H.(2008).Eseential Biology Form 4.Petaling Jaya.Pearson Malaysia

Sdn.Bhd.

Tan ,Y.T. & Loh ,W.L. & Kathirasan ,M.(2010).Ace Ahead Chemistry (2nded).Shah Alam:Oxford Fajar Sdn.Bhd.Whiter ,E.O. & Cary,C.A. & Ellis ,N.R.(1934).Reserch laboratories,Bureau of Dairy

Industry,and Animal Husbandy Division,Bureau of Animal Industry in U.S.Department of Agriculture ,Washington.The effects of lactose on growth andlongevity .Retrieved August 31,1934 from the World Wide Web:

http://jn.nutrition.orgLinda A. Hatfield, PhD & Maryellen E. Gusic & Anne-Marie Dyer & Rosemary C.Polomano, PhD(2008). Pennsylvania State University School of Nursing,College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania &Division of General Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine & Division of Biostatistics, Public Health Sciences, Penn State MiltonS. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania & Biobehavioral ResearchCenter, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia in Pennsylvania. Sucrose During RoutineImmunizations at 2 and 4 Months of Age. Retrived February 2,2008 from thethe World Wide Web:http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/121/2/e327

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THANK YOU.THANK YOU.

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