Colonisation and Succession in

8/7/2019 Colonisation and Succession in

1/31

Colonisationand Succession

inan Ecosystem


2/31

Ecosystem

An ecosystem is a biologicalenvironment consisting of all the

organisms living in a particular

area, as well as all the nonliving,

physical components of the

environment with which theorganisms interact, such as air,

soil, water, and sunlight.It is all

the organisms in a given area,

along with the nonliving (abiotic)

factors with which they interact;a biological community and its

physical environment. The entire

array of organisms inhabiting a

particular ecosystem is called a

community.

In a typical ecosystem, plants

and other photosynthetic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis


3/31

organisms are the producers that

provide the food. Ecosystems can

be permanent or temporary.

Ecosystems usually form a

number offood webs.

Ecosystems are functional unitsconsisting of living things in agiven area, non-living chemicaland physical factors of their

environment, linked togetherthrough nutrient cycle andenergy flow organism interact .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_webhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_web


4/31

Species

A species is one of the basic unitsofbiological classification and ataxonomic rank. A species is oftendefined as a group of organismscapable of interbreeding andproducing fertile offspring. While inmany cases this definition isadequate, more precise or differingmeasures are often used, such assimilarity of DNA, morphology or

ecological niche. Presence ofspecific locally adapted traits mayfurther subdivide species intosubspecies.

Population
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomic_rankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_classificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomic_rankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies


5/31

A population is all the organisms

that both belong to the samespecies and live in the samegeographical area. The area that isused to define the population issuch that inter-breeding is possiblebetween any pair within the areaand more probable than cross-breeding with individuals fromother areas. Normally breeding issubstantially more common withinthe area than across the border.

Community
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interbreedinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interbreeding


6/31

A community is a group ofinteracting species sharing a

populated environment. Inhuman communities, intent,belief, resources, preferences,needs, risks, and a number ofother conditions may be present

and common, affecting theidentity of the participants andtheir degree of cohesiveness.

Niche

Role of an organism in

ecosystem.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beliefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need_assessmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_(social_science)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beliefhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resourcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need_assessmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_(social_science)


7/31

Colonisation

and Successionin a mangrove

swamp

Colonisation Occur when the pioneer

species occupy an area or


8/31

newly formed land

previously unoccupied by

living organisms.

They have specialised

characteristics to adapt to

the area.

SuccesionSuccession is the act or process offollowing in order or sequence. It mayfurther refer to:


9/31

Order of succession, in politics, theascension to power by one ruler,official, or monarch after the death,resignation, or removal from officeof another, usually in a clearlydefined order

Succession planning, inorganizations, identifying anddeveloping individuals to succeedto senior positions in government,business, organizations, etc.

Simultaneity succession, in music,is a chord or harmonic progression,or more generally a series ofdifferent groups of pitches, thepitches in each group being playedsimultaneously.

Ecological succession, the series ofchanges in an ecological
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_successionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneity_successionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_successionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_successionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succession_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneity_successionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_succession


10/31

community that occur over timeafter a disturbance. It can be:

Primary succession, whenthere is a new substrate with noexisting vegetation, as after avolcanic lava flow, or Secondary succession, whenthe substrate has sustained

vegetation, as after a fire orflood.

Mangrove
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_successionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_successionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_successionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_succession


11/31

Mangroves are trees and shrubsthat grow in saline coastal habitats

in the tropics and subtropics mainly between latitudes 25 Nand 25 S. The saline conditionstolerated by various species rangefrom brackish water, through pureseawater (30 to 40 ppt), to water of

over twice the salinity of oceanseawater, where the salt becomesconcentrated by evaporation (up to90 ppt). There are many species oftrees and shrubs adapted to saline

conditions.

Not all are closely related, and theterm "mangrove" may be used forall of them, or more narrowly onlyfor the mangrove family of plants,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrubhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)


12/31

the Rhizophoraceae, or even morespecifically just for mangrove trees

of the genus Rhizophora.

Mangroves form a characteristicsaline woodland or shrublandhabitat, called mangrove swamp,

mangrove forest, mangrove ormangal. Mangals are found indepositional coastal environmentswhere fine sediments (often withhigh organic content) collect in

areas protected from high energywave action. They occur both inestuaries and along opencoastlines. Mangroves dominatethree quarters of tropicalcoastlines.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizophoraceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizophorahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrublandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_depositional_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizophoraceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizophorahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrublandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_depositional_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuary


13/31

Mangroveswamp

The pioneer species of a mangrove swampare the Sonneratia sp. andAvicennia sp.


14/31

Sonneratia sp.

Avicennia sp.

The presence of this species graduallychanges the physical environment of thehabitat.The extensive root systems ofthese plants trap and collect sediments,including organic matter from decayingplant parts.
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_hhUdKwzDmA4/SstWO5CEoMI/AAAAAAAAAHI/0dH9aWOsRyw/s1600-h/Avicennia_resinifera_Coromandel_2005_a.jpghttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/_hhUdKwzDmA4/SstVuAvrWbI/AAAAAAAAAHA/KXHNoeTvOGM/s1600-h/sonneratia.jpg


15/31

As time passes, the soil becomes morecompact and firm. This condition favoursthe growth of Rhizophora sp. Gradually

the Rhizophora sp. replaces the pioneerspecies.

Rhizophora sp.

The prop root system of the Rhizophora

sp. traps silt and mud, creating a firmersoil structure over time.The ground becomes higher. As a result,the soil is drier because it is lesssubmerged by sea water.

The condition now becomes more suitablefor the Bruguiera sp. which replaces the

Rhizophora sp.
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_hhUdKwzDmA4/SstXR2Cyw0I/AAAAAAAAAHQ/mnp6udhRRpI/s1600-h/rhizophora.jpg


16/31

The buttress root system of the Bruguierasp. forms loops which extend from the soilto trap more silt and mud.

As more sediments are deposited, theshore extends further to the sea. The oldshore is now further away from the seaand is like terresterial ground.Over time, terrestrial plantslike nipah palm and Pandanus sp. begin toreplace the Bruguiera sp.
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_hhUdKwzDmA4/SstYF7f4ySI/AAAAAAAAAHY/eU5T2Fvhu54/s1600-h/Bruguiera.jpg


17/31

Long-Term

Growth andSuccession inRestored and

NaturalMangrove

Forests inSouthwesternFlorida

We compared colonization, growth andsuccession from 1989 to 2000 in arestored mangrove site and in gapand closed canopy sites in a naturalmangrove forest. The restored site


18/31

was created in 1982 and plantedwith Rhizophora mangle (2 m2)propagules. By 1989, Lagunculariaracemosa, with densities up to12.9 tree m2, was a dominant in allplots, although densities weregreater at edge plots relative toinner plots, and near open water(west plots) relative to further inland(east plots), and in tall mangroveplots relative to scrub plots.Rhizophora mangle (1989 treedensities about 2 m2) was acodominant in inner and scrub plots,whileAvicennia germinans had thelowest densities (


19/31

(19891996), followed by a dieoff ofL. racemosa in later years (19972000) as the canopy came toresemble that of tall mangrove plots.Colonization and growth rates werelower in gap and closed canopyregions of the natural forest relativeto rates in the restored site. After11 years, densities ofL. racemosawere 1020 lower and R. mangleslightly less in the gap relative todensities in tall mangrove plots inthe restored site at the same age.Although the restored stand hadconverged with the natural forest by2000 in terms of some factors suchas species richness, vegetationcover, litterfall, and lightpenetration, trees were still muchsmaller and stem densities muchhigher. Full development of maturestructure and ecological function willlikely require decades moredevelopment.


20/31


21/31

White magrove


22/31

The presence of saltgland on the petioleof the Avicennia sp.


23/31

Red magrove


24/31

Tree up to 20 m tall with

buttresses and kneed

pneumatophorates , bark grey ,smooth , leaves opposite ,

blades light green , thin ,


25/31


26/31


27/31


28/31


29/31


30/31


31/31

Documents

Colonisation and Succession in