COLONIALISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

Dean Ruffel R. Flandez

M. History - 1

CONTENTS

PORTUGUESE

SPANISH DUTCH

PORTUGUESE

PORTUGUESE

Portuguese colonization

reached Southeast Asia

particularly in some parts

of Indonesia, Malacca,

Timor, and Moluccas.

PORTUGUESE MALACCA

The news of Malacca's wealth attracted the

attention of Manuel I, King of Portugal and he

sent Admiral Diogo Lopes de Sequeira to find

Malacca, to make a trade compact with its ruler as

Portugal's representative east of India.

PORTUGUESE MALACCA

Although he was initially well-received by Sultan

Mahmud Shah trouble however quickly ensued.

The international Muslim trading community

convinced Mahmud that the Portuguese were a

grave threat. Mahmud subsequently captured

several of his men, killed others and attempted to

attack the four Portuguese ships, although they

escaped.

PORTUGUESE MALACCA

In April 1511, Alfonso de

Albuquerque set sail from Goa to

Malacca with a force of some 1200

men and seventeen or eighteen

ships.

Conflict was unavoidable, and

after 40 days of fighting, Malacca

fell to the Portuguese on 24 August

1511.

PORTUGUESE MALACCA

It soon became clear that

Portuguese control of

Malacca did not also mean

they controlled Asian trade

centered there. Their

Malaccan rule was

severely hampered by

administrative and

economic difficulties.

PORTUGUESE MALACCA

In the early 17th century, the Dutch East India Company

began contesting Portuguese power in the East. At that

time, the Portuguese had transformed Malacca into an

impregnable fortress, the Fortaleza de Malaca,

controlling access to the sea lanes of the Straits of

Malacca and the spice trade there.

The Dutch with their local allies assaulted and finally

wrested Malacca from the Portuguese in January 1641.

PORTUGUESE TIMOR

PORTUGUESE TIMOR

The Portuguese first settled on Timor in 1520, and

the Spanish arrived in 1522. The Dutch took

possession of the western portion of the island in

1613. The British governed the island in 1812–15.

The Dutch and the Portuguese fought for supremacy

over Timor; Portuguese sovereignty over the island's

eastern half was settled by treaties in 1860 and

1893, although the latter became effective only in

1914.

PORTUGUESE TIMOR

Japanese forces occupied Timor during World War II.

East Timor province, including the Ambeno enclave,

thereafter remained in Portuguese possession until 1975,

when one of the major political parties there, FRETILIN

(Frente Revolucionária de Timor Leste

Independente [Revolutionary Front of Independent

East Timor]), gained control of much of the territory

and declared its independence (November) as the

Democratic Republic of East Timor.

PORTUGUESE MOLUCCAS

Sought after by

many European

nations because of its

famous spices. It is

known as the Spice

Islands.

PORTUGUESE MOLUCCAS

Apart from some relatively minor cultural

influences the most significant lasting effects of the

Portuguese presence was the disruption and

reorganization of the Southeast Asian trade, and in

eastern Indonesia—including Maluku—the

introduction of Christianity.

PORTUGUESE MOLUCCAS

After the Portuguese annexed Malacca in August 1511, one

Portuguese diary noted 'it is thirty years since they became

Moors‘- giving a sense of the competition then taking place

between Islamic and European influences in the region.

Alfonso de Albuquerque learned of the route to the Banda

Islands and other 'Spice Islands', and sent an exploratory

expedition of three vessels under the command of António de

Abreu, Simão Alfonso Bisigudo and Francisco Serrão.

PORTUGUESE MOLUCCAS

Allying himself with

Ternate's ruler, Serrão

constructed a fortress on that

tiny island and served as the

head of a mercenary band of

Portuguese seamen under the

service of one of the two local

feuding sultans who

controlled most of the spice

trade.

PORTUGUESE MOLUCCAS

Sometime in the 16th century, there had been encounters

between Spanish and Portuguese.

The Dutch and British soon joined in the conflicts to try to

gain a monopoly over the trade and expel Portugal. The fighting

for control over these small islands became very intense in the

17th and 18th centuries with the Dutch even giving the island

of Manhattan to the British in exchange for, among other

things, the tiny island of Run which gave the Dutch full control

over the Banda archipelago's nutmeg production.

SPANISH

SPANISH

Spanish colonization

reached Southeast Asia

particularly in

Philippines, where they

reign for over 300 years.

SPANISH PHILIPPINES

Spanish colonial motives were not, however,

strictly commercial. The Spanish at first viewed the

Philippines as a stepping-stone to the riches of the

East Indies (Spice Islands), but, even after the

Portuguese and Dutch had foreclosed that possibility,

the Spanish still maintained their presence in the

archipelago.

SPANISH PHILIPPINES

The Portuguese navigator and explorer Ferdinand

Magellan headed the first Spanish foray to the

Philippines when he made landfall on Cebu in March

1521; a short time later he met an untimely death on

the nearby island of Mactan. After King Philip II (for

whom the islands are named) had dispatched three

further expeditions that ended in disaster, he sent

out Miguel López de Legazpi, who established the

first permanent Spanish settlement, in Cebu, in

1565.

SPANISH PHILIPPINES

SPANISH PHILIPPINES

The Spanish city of Manila was founded in 1571,

and by the end of the 16th century most of the

coastal and lowland areas from Luzon to northern

Mindanao were under Spanish control. Friars

marched with soldiers and soon accomplished the

nominal conversion to Roman Catholicism of all

the local people under Spanish administration. But

the Muslims of Mindanao and Sulu, whom the

Spanish called Moros, were never completely

subdued by Spain.

SPANISH PHILIPPINES

Spanish rule for the first 100 years was exercised

in most areas through a type of tax farming imported

from the Americas and known as the encomienda.

But abusive treatment of the local tribute payers and

neglect of religious instruction by encomenderos

(collectors of the tribute), as well as frequent

withholding of revenues from the crown, caused the

Spanish to abandon the system by the end of the

17th century.

SPANISH PHILIPPINES

Manila dominated the islands not only as the

political capital. The galleon trade with Acapulco,

Mex., assured Manila's commercial primacy as well.

The exchange of Chinese silks for Mexican silver not

only kept in Manila those Spanish who were seeking

quick profit, but it also attracted a large Chinese

community.

SPANISH PHILIPPINES

By the late 18th century,

political and economic changes

in Europe were finally

beginning to affect Spain and,

thus, the Philippines. Important

as a stimulus to trade was the

gradual elimination of the

monopoly enjoyed by the

galleon to Acapulco.

SPANISH PHILIPPINES

The growth of commercial agriculture resulted in

the appearance of a new class. Alongside the

landholdings of the church and the rice estates of

the pre-Spanish nobility there arose haciendas of

coffee, hemp, and sugar, often the property of

enterprising Chinese-Filipino mestizos.

SPANISH PHILIPPINES

Not until 1863 was there public education in the

Philippines, and even then the church controlled the

curriculum. Less than one-fifth of those who went to

school could read and write Spanish, and far fewer

could speak it properly. The limited higher education

in the colony was entirely under clerical direction,

but by the 1880s many sons of the wealthy were sent

to Europe to study.

SPANISH PHILIPPINES

There, nationalism and a passion for reform

blossomed in the liberal atmosphere. Out of this

talented group of overseas Filipino students arose

what came to be known as the Propaganda

Movement. Magazines, poetry, and pamphleteering

flourished. José Rizal, this movement's most

brilliant figure, produced two political novels—Noli

me tangere (1886; Touch Me Not) and El

filibusterismo (1891; The Reign of Greed)—which

had a wide impact in the Philippines.

SPANISH PHILIPPINES

SPANISH PHILIPPINES

Rizal was quickly arrested by the overly fearful

Spanish, exiled to a remote island in the south, and

finally executed in 1896. Meanwhile, within the

Philippines there had developed a firm commitment

to independence among a somewhat less privileged

class.

Shocked by the arrest of Rizal in 1892, these

activists quickly formed the Katipunan under the

leadership of Andres Bonifacio, a self-educated

warehouseman.

SPANISH PHILIPPINES

SPANISH PHILIPPINES

In August 1896, Spanish friars uncovered evidence

of the Katipunan's plans, and its leaders were forced

into premature action. Revolts broke out in several

provinces around Manila. After months of fighting,

severe Spanish retaliation forced the revolutionary

armies to retreat to the hills. In December 1897 a

truce was concluded with the Spanish

SPANISH PHILIPPINES

Emilio Aguinaldo, a municipal mayor

and commander of the rebel forces, was

paid a large sum and was allowed to go

to Hong Kong with other leaders; the

Spanish promised reforms as well. But

reforms were slow in coming, and small

bands of rebels, distrustful of Spanish

promises, kept their arms; clashes grew

more frequent

SPANISH PHILIPPINES

Meanwhile, war had broken out between Spain and

the United States (the Spanish-American War). After the

U.S. naval victory in the Battle of Manila Bay in May

1898, Aguinaldo and his entourage returned to the

Philippines with the help of Adm. George Dewey.

Confident of U.S. support, Aguinaldo reorganized his

forces and soon liberated several towns south of Manila.

SPANISH PHILIPPINES

Independence was declared on June 12 (now

celebrated as Independence Day). In September a

constitutional congress met in Malolos, north of

Manila, which drew up a fundamental law derived

from European and Latin American precedents. A

government was formed on the basis of that

constitution in January 1899, with Aguinaldo as

president of the new country, popularly known as the

“Malolos Republic.”

SPANISH PHILIPPINES

SPANISH PHILIPPINES

DUTCH

DUTCH

Dutch colonization

reached Southeast Asia

particularly all of

Indonesia and a part of

Cambodia.

DUTCH EAST INDIES

From the arrival of the first Dutch ships in the late

sixteenth century, to the declaration of independence

in 1945, Dutch control over the Indonesian

archipelago was always tenuous. Although Java was

dominated by the Dutch, many areas remained

independent throughout much of this time including

Aceh, Bali, Lombok and Borneo.

DUTCH EAST INDIES

DUTCH EAST INDIES

In 1806, with the Netherlands

under French domination,

Napoleon appointed his

brother Louis Bonaparte to the

Dutch throne which led to the

1808 appointment of Marshall

Herman Willem Daendels to

Governor General of the Dutch

East Indies.

DUTCH EAST INDIES

In 1811, British forces occupied several Dutch East

Indies ports including Java and Thomas Stamford

Raffles became Lieutenant Governor. Dutch control

was restored in 1816. Under the 1824 Anglo-Dutch

Treaty, the Dutch secured British settlements in

Indonesia, such as Bengkulu in Sumatra, in

exchange for ceding control of their possessions in

the Malay Peninsula and Dutch India.

DUTCH EAST INDIES

Kingdom by

kingdom, the

Dutch slowly

conquered the

whole range that

would form the

territory of the

Republic of

Indonesia.

DUTCH EAST INDIES

During World War II the entire Dutch

East Indies, excepting a part of

southern Netherlands New Guinea, was

occupied by Japan. The years 1945–49

formed a transition period in which The

Netherlands unsuccessfully tried to

regain control of the islands; the

islands achieved independence as the

new nation of Indonesia in 1949.

DUTCH EAST INDIES

 The Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) were

administered by the Dutch East India Company and

later the Dutch government.  The Netherlands

developed its empire without challenge due

to winning concessions and political influence from

local rulers, placing Chinese in positions of authority

and imposing systems of forced labor.

ARIGATOUGOZAIMASU!

Thank You!