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Chapter 24Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West
1789-1900
Section 1: Latin American Peoples Win Independence
Colonial Society Divided
Six Classes of People Peninsulares – Born in
Spain Creoles – Europeans born
in Latin America Meztizo – Mixed European
and Indian Mulattos – Mixed
European and African Natives &
Africans
Revolutions in the Americas
Saint Domingue first Latin American Country to gain independence from Europe Haiti
Haitian Revolution
1791, 100,000 + slaves rebelled against French
1804, Haiti gained its independence
Creoles Lead Independence
Creoles felt they were treated unfairly
Napoleon’s Spanish King
Napoleon makes his brother the King of Spain
Many people in Spain and Latin America revolt After old king was restored, Latin American
revolutions continue
Do Now
What was the first western country to win independence?
What year?
What European country did they gain their freedom from?
Latin American Leaders
Simon Bolivar – Writer, fighter, and political thinker Helped Venezuela win independence in 1821
Latin American Leaders
Jose de San Martin – Helped Argentina win independence in 1816, and Chile in 1818
Joseph de San Martin and Simon Bolivar
1824, joined forces to defeat Spanish and make Latin America independent
Simon Bolivar
Mexico Ends Spanish Rule
Mestizos and Natives fought for independence
1810, priest Miguel Hidalgo made a Grito de Dolores - A call for peasants to fight Hidalgo lost
Priest Jose Maria Morelos took over They won in 1815
1821, Mexico officially won independence
1823, Central America separated from Mexico
Brazil’s Royal Liberator
Napoleon invaded Portugal in 1807
Portuguese King John VI fled to Brazil Helped Brazil for 10 yrs
Left son, Pedro, in charge of Brazil
Brazil’s Royal Liberator
8,000 creoles signed petition Asked Pedroto rule Brazil
He Agreed
1823, Brazil becomes independent through a bloodless revolt
Vocabulary 24.1
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mulattos
Simon Bolivar
Jose de San Martin
Miguel Hidalgo
Jose Morelos
Chapter 24Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West
1789-1900
Section 2: Europe Faces Revolutions
Clash of Philosophies
Conservatives - usually wealthy, argued to protect monarchies
Liberals-middle class merchants want more power to elected parliament
Radicals- peasants, want drastic changes and democracy to all people
Nationalism Develops
Nationalism - loyalty should be dedicated to the nation, not the ruler Usually Liberals or
Radicals
Nation-state –nation with independent government
Nationalist Ideas
Nationalists believed that people of a common language and culture defined a nation Ideas of French
Revolution
Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power
Ottomans controlled the Balkans Region that includes Greece and other
countries
1821, Greeks were the first to fight for independence
Greek Support
Powerful governments opposed Revolution
Greeks were popular around the world Culture was respected by many
Greeks Gain Independence
1827, British, French, and Russian fleet destroyed Ottoman fleet
1830, Britain, France, and Russia sign Peace treaty Guarantee Greek independence
1830 Uprisings
1830’s, old borders were breaking down
Many revolutions across Europe
October, 1830, Belgium declares independence
Italy tries to restore some states
Do Now
What were the three types of political philosophies?
Explain:
What was the first country to fight for independence in Europe in 1821?
1830 Uprisings Crushed
Metternich sent Austrian troops to restore order
Polish living in Russia revolted Russians took 1 year to crush rebellion
1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite
1848, Metternich resigned Uprisings in Europe
Others want independence
Revolutions didn’t unite nations
1849, Europe conservative again
Radicals Change France
After Louis XVII, Charles X inherited throne
1830, suspends legislature People revolt
Charles flees to London
Radicals Change France
Metternich was furious
His monarchies were crumbling
Feared spread of Revolution
The Third Republic
Louis Philippe took over constitutional monarchy Popular with middle class Nickname: Citizen
because he wore regular clothes
Silenced those who opposed him
The Third Republic
Important Reforms: 1882, primary education
6-13years old 1884, legalized trade
unions 1900, work hours
reduced 1906, employers must
give employees one day off per week
France Accepts a Strong Ruler
Citizens kicked Louis Philippe out Formed new government
Voters elected Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon’s Nephew)
He built railroads, decreased unemployment, and country prospered
Reforms in Russia
1800, Russia still not industrialized
1820s, serfdom still existed Prevented economic improvement
Freeing serfs would anger the Nobles
Defeat Brings Change
1853, Czar threatened to take over part of Ottoman Empire
1856, Russia lost Could not provide enough supplies for troops
End of Serfdom
Alexander II moves Russia towards modernization
1861, serfs granted freedom Nobles kept half the land Peasants kept half
Reform and Reaction
Everyone had 49 years to pay government for land
Debt forced them to work the land
Alexander III encouraged industrial development
Chapter 24Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West
1789-1900
Section 3: Nationalism
Setting the Stage
Metternich wanted to maintain old Europe
1800’s, Nationalism is growing
Congress created political boundaries Ignored national groups Controlled by large empires
Nationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity
Some new nations had different groups
Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
Austrian Empire – Hapsburgs
Russian Empire – the Romanovs
Ottoman Empire- the Turks
Breakup of Austrian Empire
1866, Prussia defeats Austria
Austria splits in Austria- Hungary Until WWI, 1914
The Russian Empire Crumbles
Russification – forcing Russian culture on all citizens
Helped strengthen national feelings and breakup Russia
1917, Last Romanov czar
Ottoman Empire Weakens
1856 British and French pressure to grant equal citizenship
Ottomans massacred and deported Armenians
Broke apart after WW1
Cavour Unites Italy
1852, Camilo di Cavour becomes Prime Minister Believed:
Italy should be a Monarchy
Economy was important Nationalism would unite
Italy
Cavour Unites Italy
France supports Italy in the war with Austria
1860, northern Italian states liberated from Austria
Garibaldi Brings Unity
Giuseppe Garibaldi- called the sword of Italy
Used guerilla warfare gained control of Sicily in 1860
Cavour added territory in central Italy
1870 French forced to withdraw troops from Rome
The Red Shirts
Nickname because of Gaibaldi’s uniform
Garibaldi unites southern areas
King Victor Emanuel is the leader
“Right Leg In The Boot At Last”
What symbol does the cartoonist use for the soon to be nation of Italy?
How is Garibaldi portrayed?
What does the title of the cartoon say about the cartoonists view of Italian unification?
Steps Toward Unification
1848 Germany not unified nation
39 separate states with a common language and culture were ready to unite
German Issues
German liberals revolted in Prussia
Supported republic or constitutional monarchy
German unity should promote individual rights
Bismarck Takes Control
1862 Wilhelm I chose Bismarck as Prussia’s Prime Minister conservative member of
Prussia’s wealthy Wanted unification
Bismarck Takes Control
Philosophy was practical rather than idealistic
Realpolitik- policies based on Prussian interests
Bismarck
Argued German unity would not be won by speeches and majority vote but by “blood and iron”
Liberal parliament would not approve funds for the military He collected the taxes anyway
Prussia Expands
1864 formed and alliance with Austria against Denmark
After battle, Denmark gave the territory to Austria and Prussia
The Seven Weeks’ War
• Bismarck Provoked Austria
• Austria declared war on Prussia
The Austro-Prussian War
• Prussia’s king blamed Austria for starting the war
• Highly skilled and well equipped Prussians defeat Austrians
• Forced Austria to surrender territory
The Franco-Prussian War
• 1870 conflict with France
The Franco-Prussian War
• 1871 Prussian victory
• The peace treaty declared the unification of Germany
Creating the German Empire
Victory created a German Empire
Allied German states met at Versailles Wilhelm I the first
kaiser or emperor Bismarck the first
chancellor
Germany rose in power
The Empire’s Growth and Change
• 1871 Germany prospered
• Second Reich– Holy Roman
Empire was the First Reich
Bismarck and the Wilhelm II
• Bismarck did not want to expand German borders
• Many alliances:
– Austria, Hungary– Italy and Russia– Protect each
other from attack
A Shift in Power
1815 Congress of Vienna established 5 Great Powers in Europe
1871 Germany and Britain the most powerful militarily and economically
Chapter 24Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West
1789-1900
Section 4: Revolutions in the Arts
The Romantic Movement
1800’s Enlightenment ideas in art
Romanticism-interest in nature and in thought of feelings of the individual
The Ideas or Romanticism
• Emotion was a key element
The Ideas of Romanticism
• Idealized the past as a simpler and nobler time
• Glorified heroes
• Value the common people
• Promoted radical change in democracy
Romanticism in Literature
Poetry, music and painting the most influential arts
Romantics- poetry was the highest form of expression
Romanticism in Literature
Germany produced one of the earliest writers John Wolfgang von Goethe
Wrote The Sorrows of Young Werther
Young mans love drives him to suicide
The Gothic Novel• Gothic horror stories
• Took place in medieval castles
• Fearful, violent and supernatural
• Mary Shelley wrote a gothic horror story Frankenstein
• Monster created from body parts of human beings
Composers Emphasize Emotion
• Emotion dominates music
• Celebrated heroism and national pride with new power of expression
• Music became part of middle class life
• Fran Liszt (pianist) earnings and popularity like present day rock star
Composers Emphasize Emotion
• Greatest romantic composer Ludwig van Beethoven
• Evolved from classical music into romantic compositions
• Ninth symphony soars, celebrating freedom, dignity, and triumph of the human spirit
Composers Emphasize Emotion
Romantic composers appealed to heart and souls of their listeners
Felix Mendelssohn-drew on literature (Shakespeare’s Mid Summers Night Dream
Frederic Chopin used Polish dance rhythms
The Shift to Realism in the Arts
• 19th century industrialization affected everyday life
• Industrial workers lived grim lives in dirty cities
• Realist painters showed the importance of the working class
Photographers Capture Reality
Could record an instant in time
1839, First photographs called daguerreotypes (Louis Daguerre)
Photographers• William Talbot invented
light sensitive paper to produce photographic negatives
• Advantage of paper is that many prints could be made of one image
• Talbot’s process allowed photos to be reproduce in newspapers and magazines
• Photography an art of the industrial age
Writers Study society
• Realism flourished in France
• Honore de Balzac wrote 100 novels entitled The Human Comedy
• Brutal struggle for wealth in French society
• Emile Zola exposed the miseries of French workers in small shops, factories, and coal mine
Writers in Society• His revelations
shocked readers
• Spurred reforms and labor laws
• Charles Dickens created unforgettable characters of London’s poor
• Life of a working class person as sheer monotony set in a gloomy neighborhood
Impressionists React Against Realism
• 1860’s painters react against realist style
• Impressionism- try to show their impression of a subject
• Fascinated by light, used shimmering colors to capture a moment
Life in the Moment Impressionists showed
a more positive view
Instead of abused workers they showed shop clerks, dock workers enjoying themselves Dance halls Cafes
Life in the Moment Painted performers in
theatres and circuses
Glorified delights of life in rising middle class
Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, Pierre-Auguste Renoir- were leaders in the movement that became very popular
Life in the Moment• Composers created
impressions of mood and atmosphere
• Used different combinations of instruments, tone patterns, and music structures
• Able to create mental pictures of flashing lights, feel of warm day
Life in the Moment• Maurice Revel and
Claude Debussy most notable members of the impressionist music movement
• Changes in political, social and artistic and intellectual movement signaled important changes in daily life
• One of the most significant will be industrialization