UNITED STATES HISTORYINTENSIVE REVIEW

for theSouth Carolina

United States History and the ConstitutionEnd of Course (EOC) Exam

Wren High SchoolMay 15, 2012

DAY ONE

Table of Contents

Standard 1P. 2-9

Standard 2P. 10-14

Standard 3P. 15-20

Standard 4P. 20-25

SESSION ONEColonial America and the American Revolution

Standard 1.1Comparing and Contrasting British North America

NEW ENGLAND

MIDDLE COLONIES

SOUTHERN COLONIES

Key Colonies Massachusetts, Rhode Island

New York, Pennsylvania Maryland, Virginia, Carolina, Georgia

Key Figures Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson, Jonathon Edwards

William Penn John Smith, John Rolfe, Lord Baltimore, James Oglethorpe

Why Settle? Commerce“Religious Freedoms”

Agriculture (staple crops)Religious Tolerance

Agriculture (Cash Crops)

Economic Activity

Fishing, Shipbuilding, Timber, Distilling Rum

Staple Crops(Wheat, Corn)

Cash Crops (Tobacco, Rice, Indigo)

Predominant Religion(s)

Congregational (Puritan) Baptists (Rhode Island)

Church of England (NY)Quakers (PA)

Church Of England Catholic (Maryland)

Religious Outlook

Fanatical Tolerant Casual

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Standard 1.2 Conflict between the British Parliament and the Colonial Legislatures

Magna Carta English Bill of Rights

When it happened? 1225 1689

What did it do? No Man could be punished except through the law

Gave Basic Freedoms

How should it affect the colonies

Should have the same rights as British

subjects in England

These Freedoms should be Guaranteed

to the Colonist

How did it affect the colonies

Had separate harsher rules and unfair

punishments

Faced unfair Taxation,Didn’t have the

freedom to petition the monarch with no

fear of retribution

Parliament Taxes the Colonies

1754-1763 French and Indian War

1763 Proclamation of 1763 ____________________________________________________

1764 Sugar Act ____________________________________________________

1765 Stamp Act ______________________________________ Internal Tax

1767 Townshend Acts ____________________________________________________

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The Road to Revolution1770 Boston Massacre ____________________________________________________

1773 Boston Tea Party ____________________________________________________

1774 Intolerable Acts ____________________________________________________

1. Boston Port Closed ____________________________________________________

2. Massachusetts Under Martial Law ________________________________________________

3. British troops to be tried in Britain ____________________________________________

4. Boston Forced to Quarter Troops___________________________________________________

5. Quebec’s Borders extended ____________________________________________________

The Revolutionary War1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord Siege of Boston

1776 January Publication of Common Sense

July Declaration of Independence

December Publication of The Crisis Battle of Trenton

1777 Battle of Saratoga Turning PointTreaty of Alliance with France

1781 Siege of Yorktown ____________________________________________________

1783 Treaty of Paris ____________________________________________________

Standard 1.3Impact of the Declaration of Independence and Revolutionary War on establishing the

ideals of a Democratic RepublicThe Declaration’s ideas eventually formed the groundwork for the United States Constitution. Helped ignite debate over other issues

regarding The Rights and Freedoms of citizens. Over the centuries the Declaration of Independence has served as the foundation on which

countless crusades for Social Justice and reform have been based.

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What impact did the Declaration of independence and the Revolutionary war have on France?

Inspiration for the French Revolution

Standard 1.4Dissatisfaction with the Articles of

Confederation/Constructing the ConstitutionThe Articles of Confederation

The first plan of government for the United States was the Articles of Confederation which were drafted in 1776. The Articles were replaced by the U.S. Constitution in 1789.

The Articles vs. the ConstitutionArticles of Confederation“A Firm League of Friendship”

U.S. Constitution“A More Perfect Union”

Representation 1 Per State Population/EqualTaxation Collected by the States Collected by Congress

Powers of Congress

Permission from the states Congress can Tax

Amendments Agreed upon by all states 2/3 of Congress + 3/4 of States

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The Constitutional Convention

May-September, 1787 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

For what purpose? Fix problems with the articles of Confederation.

Conflict and Compromise at the Constitutional Convention

Virginia PlanNumber of Representatives based on number of free inhabitants. Large State Plan

New Jersey PlanOne Vote Per State. Small State Plan

Great (Connecticut)

Compromise

Bicameral Congress, Senate Two Representatives, and House of Representatives based on population

3/5 (“Not So Great”)

Compromise

Three Fifths of the slave population would count toward the number of representatives for each state. The Southern States liked this.

Slave Trade Compromise

Agreement to not tax trade for 20 years In return to regulate the slave trade after that time.

Electoral College

Elects the President

Electors = Representatives + Senators

Amendments 2 / 3 OF Congress + 3 / 4OF THE States

Standard 1.5Principles of the Constitution

Federalism – power is divided between the Federal government and the State governments.

Ordered Government Shays Rebellion (1786)

Representative Government (Republicanism)

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Separation of Powers

Judicial Branch Executive Branch Legislative BranchChecks on President:

Declare actions unconstitutional

Checks on Congress: Veto Checks on President: Override Veto

Checks on Congress: Declare laws

Unconstitutional

Checks on Supreme Court: Appoints Federal

Judges

Checks on Supreme Court: Establish lower

federal courts

In addition to separation of powers, the Framers proposed a system of checks and balances in order to make sure that the members of one branch of government did not become too powerful or corrupt.

Examples:Veto, Treaty Ratification, Judicial Nomination and Confirmation

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Standard 1.6Two Party System, Democratic-Republicans

and Federalist

The First Two-Party SystemWhat was each party’s stance on each of these issues?

FEDERALISTS

(Jeffersonian)

DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS

Alexander Hamilton

John Adams LeadersThomas JeffersonJames Madison

Strong CENTRAL Gov. Federalism Strong STATE Governments

LOOSE Construction Constitution STRICT Construction

Government assistance for economic development Economy Laissez-faire

Yes National Bank No

Yes Protective Tariff No

Yes Federal Assumption of State War Debts

No

Cities/Commercial Interest Supporters Farmers

Washington’s Farewell Address: 1. Political Parties

Washington urged Americans to avoid 2. Entangling Alliances

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Standard 1.7

John Marshall, Marbury V. Madison

The Adams AdministrationAlien and Sedition Acts (1798) Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions (1798-1799)

WHO? Federalist Madison and Jefferson

WHAT?Deport Aliens, Crime to publish false, scandalous, malicious writing against the government

Constitution is a compact between the states, Protested the Alien and Sedition Acts.

Before leaving office, John Adams appointed several midnight judges, who would serve life terms and be able to undermine Jefferson’s Republican administration from the bench. These included John Marshall who Adams appointed as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Marbury v. Madison established the principle of Judicial Review which says that the Supreme Court has the authority to interpret the Constitution. This differed from Thomas Jefferson’s belief that the Congress interprets the Constitution.

John Marshall vs. Thomas Jefferson

John Marshall(Federalist)

Thomas Jefferson(Democratic Republican)

Strong Central Government Federalism Weak Central

GovernmentPro National Bank Anti

Pro-Merchant Economic Development? Pro-Agriculture

Loose Strict / Loose Construction Strict

Supreme Court Who Interprets the Constitution?

Congresss

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STANDARD 2Movement West

Standard 2.1Impact of Westward Movement on Democracy

Louisiana Purchase / Lewis and Clark Expedition1803 – Jefferson purchased Louisiana from France. He sent Lewis and Clark to

explore the Purchase (WIN) and to find a Water Passage(FAIL).

Indian Removal / Trail of TearsTERRITORIAL ACQUISITIONS TIMELINE

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Standard 2.2Explain the Monroe Doctrine

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

NO MORE…

Describe how this political cartoon represents the Monroe

Doctrine’s affect on the world.Uncle Sam Putting his hat labeled the Monroe Doctrine on America to

claim it for himself. We see other European figures that are on the Eastern Hemisphere watching America. Left the United States in control

of the Western Hemisphere

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Manifest Destiny

John Gast, American Progress (1872)

Explain the cartoon above in reference to Manifest Destiny.Gods will to move west. Angel laying telegraph wire toward the west. Divine Right

to move west.

Whose Will was it that America had the Right to expand West? Gods

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Texas Revolution

The Republic of Texas (1836-1846)

Problems with Annexation: 1. Added a new Slave State

2. War with Mexico

Standard 2.3Sectionalism and Economic Development

NORTH

Industry

SOUTH

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Agriculture

WEST

Agriculture, Railroads, Mining

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Standard 2.4Antebellum Reform and Sectionalism

Antebellum means “Before the War.” In U.S. History, antebellum describes the

period between 18__ and the start of the Civil War in 1861.

SECTIONALISM

NORTH SOUTH WEST

EconomyIndustry Agriculture Ranching, Mining,

Railroads

Political LeadersWhig Party, Business Owners

John C. Calhoun, The Democrats, Plantation Owners

Democrats and Cattle Owners

Political IssuesNo Slavery Yes Slavery Few Slaves

ANTEBELLUM REFORM MOVEMENTS

Movement Key Figures Information

Second Great Awakening

Charles Grandison Finney

Religious movement

Abolitionism

John Brown, William Lloyd garrison, David walker, Fredrick Douglas, Nat turner, Sarah Grimke

Outlaw slavery

Temperance Prohibit drinking alcohol

Women’s Rights

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott

Seneca falls convention

Antebellum reform movements were strongest in the North, but did not catch on in the more traditionally-minded South.

The more aggressively Northerners criticized the institution of slavery, the more 15

the South Defended it.Standard 3.1

Events Leading to the Civil War

1820 Missouri Compromise

1824 The “Corrupt” Bargain (Clay and Adams)

1828 Tariff of Abominations

1828-1833 Nullification Crisis

1831 The Liberator published

William Lloyd Garrison

1836 Texas Republic

1845 Texas Annexed

1846-1848 Mexican American War

Wilmont Proviso Banned Slavery in any land gained from Mexico

Abolitionism vs. Free SoilAbolitionism Free Soil

Wanted to free the slaves

Geographic Base: North

Did not want slavery in the west because it was competition

Geographic Base: West

Compromise of 1850

1. Texas and New Mexico Split

2. California Accepted as a Free State

3. Fugitive Slave Act

4. South Refuses the Wilmont Proviso

5. Slave Trade Banned in Washington D.C.16

Monroe

J.Q. Adams

Jackson

Van Buren

Tyler

Polk

TaylorFillmore

The Great Triumvirateon compromising

Webster Mass.

Clay K.Y.

Calhoun S.C.

36°30′Clay’s American System

1. A Tariff

2. A National Bank

3. Federal Subsidies

WHO LOSES?

Southern Plantation Owners

The Crisis of the 1850s

The 1830s vs. the 1850s

1830s 1850sNullification Crisis

States Rights South against A National North

Angered the North.

Fugitive Slave Law especially

1852 Uncle Toms Cabin published IMPACT: Horrors of Slavery unveiled

1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act

Republican Party Founded PLATFORM: Not to extend Slavery

1856 “Bleeding Kansas”

Notable abolitionist involved: John Brown

1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford

1. Slaves are property

2. No Citizenship for Slaves

3. Nullified Missouri compromise

1859 John Brown’s Harper’s Ferry Raid

1860 Lincoln Elected President

1. The Confederacy: South secedes (12/1860-2/1861)

States:

South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas

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Pierce

Buchanan

Lincoln

2. Fort Sumter attacked (4/1861)

3. Lincoln’s Response: Send troops into the South.

4. The Confederate States of America-South secedes (April-June/1861)

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Standard 3.2 Course of the Civil War,

The Civil War (aka, “The War Between the States”)

United States of America (USA)“The North” or “The Union”

Confederate States of America (CSA)“The South” or “The Rebels”

Strategies Blockade the South Take Washington D.C. To end the war

Strengths Industry, supplies, Navy Highly trained officers, experienced with weapons

Weaknesses Not highly trained population No industry, Blockaded

Leaders Lincoln, Grant, Sherman Davis, Lee, Stonewall Jackson

Turing PointsDecisive Battles of the Civil War

Battle Year Victor SignificanceUnion Confed.

1st Bull Run 1861 X 1st Major Battle, Shows determination of military

Antietam 1862 X 1st battle on Northern Soil. Bloodiest Battle

Vicksburg 1863 X North wins control of Mississippi

Gettysburg 1863 X South’s Last attempt at foreign aid

Appomottox 1865 X South Surrenders

The Emancipation Proclamation

EFFECTIVE DATE: January 1, 1863

Which slaves were freed by Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation? In states that left the Union

How many slaves were freed on January 1, 1863? None

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What value did it have, then? Made the purpose of the union to free the slaves.

By what authority did Lincoln free these slaves? War powers Authority.

Lincoln defined the proclamation as a “necessary War measure.”

Why didn’t Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation sooner? Needed a significant victory for the North

Lincoln and the Civil War

Lincoln’s primary goal in fighting the Civil War was to Preserve the Union. To this goal, he added the emancipation of slaves as it became clear that the war would be a long and bitter conflict.

Standard 3.3Effects of Reconstruction

Reconstruction

By what process will the Southern states be brought back into the Union?

“With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds… to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves, and with all nations. “

-- Abraham LincolnSecond Inaugural Address

Presidential Reconstruction

10% Plan – Lincoln’s plan to allow Southern states back into the Union quickly and easily

Lincoln’s assassination by John Wilkes Booth in 1865 hardened Northern attitudes toward the defeated South. Lincoln’s successor, Andrew Johnson, attempted to continue Lincoln’s generous plans for Reconstruction, but encountered resistance from Congress. Northern

Republicans also resented Southern states’ efforts to impose Black Codes, which denied basic rights of

citizenship to African-Americans.

Radical RepublicansGoals of the Radical Republicans: 1. Punish the South

2. Give former slaves full citizenship rights

Presidential Reconstruction (1863-1867)

Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction (1867-1877)

10% PlanQuick and easy transition Bring the Country back together

Punish the SouthTreat them like a conquered enemy

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President Johnson vetoed Reconstruction Acts that were passed by the Radical Republicans in 1867, but

his vetoes were overridden by a 2/3 vote of Congress. The Radical Republicans Impeached President Johnson over disagreements about Reconstruction plans. Johnson avoided being removed from office

by majority vote.

Standard 3.4Effects of Reconstruction

Reconstruction AmendmentsPresidential Reconstruction Radical Reconstruction

13th Amendment (1865) 14th Amendment (1868) 15th Amendment (1870)Abolished Slavery

1.Gave Equal Rights to all freed men2. Outlawed Discrimination

Voting eligible for all males regardless of race.

Reconstruction in the South

Radical Republicans divided the South (except for Tennessee, which ratified the 13 th Amendment voluntarily) into five Military districts. Radical Republicans believed that the defeated South should be

treated like “Conquered provinces.”

Freedmen’s Bureau: Provide aid for freedmen and poor whites

Carpetbaggers ScalawagsMoved From North To South Southern Whites that supported

Reconstruction/Republican Party

The Ku Klux Klan committed acts of violence and intimidation against “carpetbaggers,” “scalawags,” and freedmen.

Compromise of 1877: Pulled troops out of the south and allowed the Redeemers to take over.

Jim Crow – enforced segregation

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): Separate, but Equal

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Standard 3.5Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells

List the Methods that each of these Activist used in their battle for Civil Rights

Booker T. Washington

W.E.B Du Bois Ida B. Wells

Slow Baby StepsCompromise

Atlanta Compromise

Immediate equalityNiagara Movement

NAACP

Better ConditionsAnti-Lynching

Movement

Standard 4Standard 4.1

Impact of Government Policy and Construction of the Railroads on the Native American Peoples

The Dawes Severalty ActAdopted by Congress in 1887

Made as an attempt to Assimilate Native Americans.Allowed Native Americans to sign up for Land.

Government took control of all unclaimed lands.

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Standards 4.2/4.3Capitalism, Railroads, Big Business through Monopolies

The Gilded Age

Gilded Age: Coated with goldImpact of the Railroads:1. Transcontinental Railroad 2. Monopolies 3. Easier access of goods/shippingAdvantages of Corporations1. Rise of new markets 2. Rise of national market 3. New Industries Big Businesses: Andrew Carnegie John RockefellerBusiness Steel Oil

Vertical Integration Horizontal IntegrationControlling all aspects of Buying out the competitionProduction

Tactics used: Sold Railroads to buy Steel Industry Oil Monopoly

Social Darwinism: Belief that people are prosperous or poor because they are meant to be.Sherman Antitrust: Made Monopolies IllegalRobber Barons:

Governmental Actions that produced Industrial Growth1. Government support 2. Cheap labor

3. Resources 4. Railroads

Labor Unions v. Big BusinessWhat were the problems of the labor force?

1. Not strong enough 2.Didnt boost the economy 3. No government support

The two major Labor Unions of the era were Industrial era 1920’s-30’sWeapons of Labor Weapons of Business1. Strikes 1.Strike Breakers2. Boycotts 2. Government assistance3. Unions 3. They affected the National Market

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Labor Strikes Railroad Strike of 1877 Haymarket Strike Pullman Strike

CausesWages Cut Radicals Set off Bomb

Workers Strike, Pullman Closed Plant

Results Sent troops in to stop strike. Set Precedent

Turned Public against knights of labor

Sent troops to put down strike

Which side did the government take? The side of business

Mother Jones and the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory brought public attention to child labor and unsafe working conditions.

President Roosevelt changed the government’s stance on labor unions when he supported the use of strikes by labor unions.

Standard 4.4Populist Movement

Problems of the Farmers1. Over Production 2. Falling Prices3. Farms Mortgaged 4. Shipping Cost

Farmers Movements

1. Greenbacks 2. Republican PartyBimetallism Gold Standard

Was the Populist Party successful? It was successful in gaining farmers support but not enough to win election.

Election of 1896“Farmers v. Big Business”

Farmers supported the Populist and Democratic Candidate, William Jennings Bryan in the Election of 1896. This candidate gave a very important speech called The Cross of Gold , which argued for Bimetallism.Big Business supported the Republican Party candidate, McKinley , and his Front Porch Campaign. He won the election because he received the support of the workers that feared the inflationary (soft money) policies of Populist Party.

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Standard 4.5Immigration, Ethnic Neighborhoods, and Political Machines

Ethnic Neighborhoods and Immigrant PovertyIn most cases, immigrants were too poor to move beyond coastal cities, leading to the rise of densely populated ethnic neighborhoods. Immigrants relied on political machines, led by party bosses, to help them find jobs. The political machines relied on immigrant votes to keep themselves in power.

Muckrakers, such as Jacob Riis, author of How the Other Half Lives, exposed the poor conditions in urban tenements (low-rent apartments) and sweatshops, where immigrants performed cheap labor.

Although most immigrants stayed in coastal cities, such as NYC, many went to Chicago and other cities in the Midwest where low-paying, undesirable jobs (e.g., meatpacking) were available. Upton Sinclair’s book, The Jungle, exposed the wretched working conditions in Chicago’s meatpacking industry.Native born Americans tended to resent the “New Immigrants” for several reasons:

1. They didn’t understand English.

2. Their home countries lacked traditions of Democratic government.

3. Their religions (Catholicism, Judaism, Buddhism) were largely alien to native born Americans.

4. They provided a steady supply of Cheap Labor, which undermined efforts by labor unions to get better wages.

Catholicism and cheap labor were also reasons why people resented the Irish immigrants during the antebellum period. However, the Irish did speak English and had traditions of republican government, so no efforts were made by Congress to limit Irish immigration during the nineteenth century.

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Migration of African Americans to the North and WestWhere they went Why they went What they

encountered

North

Industry Jobs Discrimination

West

Agriculture Discrimination but better than the north

and south

Political Machines

Key Figures: Boss Tweed

Key groups: Tammany Hall, New York’s Democratic Political Machine

Examples of Corruption: Grafting, Tammany Ring Scandal, the credit mobilliers

What strategies did political machines use to gain votes from Immigrants? Give them work and housing to gain votes

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Standard 4.6Progressive Movement

Progressiveness- Social Activism, Reforms, End Corruption in Politics

Carrie Chapman

Catt

Alice Paul Jane Addams

Theodore Roosevelt

Woodrow Wilson

Progressive Theory

Women’s Suffrage

Woman’s Suffrage

Social Gospel

Movement

Protection of

Customers

“New Freedom”

Activism Accomplished

Founder of the League of Women Voters, andPresident of

National American Woman Suffrage

Association

Lobbied for 19th

Amendment

Hull House, First

settlement house in

U.S.

Square Deal Tariff Reforms, Anti-trust

act, Banking Reform

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