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Collective Versus Personalized Collective Versus Personalized Feedback: Which is Better or Feedback: Which is Better or
Worse?Worse?
Tara L. Gallien, Ph.D.
Northwestern State University
August 10, 2007MERLOT 2007
The Challenge for Online InstructorsThe Challenge for Online Instructors
Inadequate faculty training.Inadequate faculty training. Increased communication demands.Increased communication demands. Reliance on written communication.Reliance on written communication.
How do these affect faculty workload? How do these affect faculty workload? Student satisfaction? And, ultimately, Student satisfaction? And, ultimately, student learning? student learning?
MERLOT 2007
Instructor FeedbackInstructor Feedback
““any message generated in response to a any message generated in response to a learner’s action” learner’s action” (Mason & Bruning, 1999, p.1)(Mason & Bruning, 1999, p.1)
Lack of empirically-based research examining the Lack of empirically-based research examining the role of feedback in e-learning?role of feedback in e-learning?
Prompt Prompt versus versus typetype of feedback. of feedback. ““Collective” versus “personalized” feedback.Collective” versus “personalized” feedback.
MERLOT 2007
Collective Feedback: Pros & ConsCollective Feedback: Pros & Cons Constructed after instructor reviews responses to a particular Constructed after instructor reviews responses to a particular
assignment. assignment.
Summarizes aspects of the assignment from the various student Summarizes aspects of the assignment from the various student perspectives -- perspectives --
pointing out responses that were well written and informative, pointing out responses that were well written and informative, identifying and correcting common errors, clarifying identifying and correcting common errors, clarifying misunderstandings, and making suggestions for improving responses misunderstandings, and making suggestions for improving responses on future assignments. on future assignments.
Not always easy to construct. Requires reflection of individual Not always easy to construct. Requires reflection of individual perspectives.perspectives.
Can be publicly posted and/or sent to each student via email.Can be publicly posted and/or sent to each student via email.
Typically 2 – 3 pages long, depending on type of assignment. Typically 2 – 3 pages long, depending on type of assignment.
Based on a recent study (Gallien & Oomen, 2007), Based on a recent study (Gallien & Oomen, 2007), less time-consuming less time-consuming than personalized feedback. than personalized feedback.
MERLOT 2007
Personalized Feedback: Pros & ConsPersonalized Feedback: Pros & Cons
Constructed after reviewing a student’s response to an assignment. Constructed after reviewing a student’s response to an assignment. Helps student 1) evaluate personal level of understanding, 2) Helps student 1) evaluate personal level of understanding, 2)
identify errors and correct mistakes, 3) become aware of identify errors and correct mistakes, 3) become aware of misconceptions, and 4) become motivated and encouraged to learn misconceptions, and 4) become motivated and encouraged to learn (Mason & Bruning, 1999).(Mason & Bruning, 1999).
Generally easier to construct -- only one perspective. Generally easier to construct -- only one perspective. Typically sent via email to student.Typically sent via email to student. Usually brief comments/suggestions – less than a page. Usually brief comments/suggestions – less than a page. More time-consuming More time-consuming than collective feedback.than collective feedback. Viewed more favorably by students compared to collective feedback Viewed more favorably by students compared to collective feedback
(measured by level of satisfaction) (Gallien & Oomen, 2007).(measured by level of satisfaction) (Gallien & Oomen, 2007). Improved performance (measured by overall grade) (Gallien & Improved performance (measured by overall grade) (Gallien &
Oomen, 2007).Oomen, 2007).
MERLOT 2007
Feedback to Enhance Student Satisfaction Feedback to Enhance Student Satisfaction and Performanceand Performance
Feedback can enhance…Feedback can enhance…
Social presenceSocial presence: the degree that individuals perceive others to : the degree that individuals perceive others to be be realreal in the online setting. in the online setting.
CommunityCommunity: the development of social networks and : the development of social networks and relationships that occur within the networks (Harris & Muirhead, relationships that occur within the networks (Harris & Muirhead, 2004).2004).
Feedback is a teacher immediacy behavior that enhances Feedback is a teacher immediacy behavior that enhances closeness by reducing the psychological distance (i.e., perceived closeness by reducing the psychological distance (i.e., perceived distance) between individuals (Hackman & Walker, 1990). distance) between individuals (Hackman & Walker, 1990).
Feedback should be 1) corrective, 2) informative, and 3) socratic Feedback should be 1) corrective, 2) informative, and 3) socratic (ask questions instead of providing answers) (Blignaut and Trollip, (ask questions instead of providing answers) (Blignaut and Trollip, 2003).2003).
Students WANT it! Students NEED it! Is one of the most frequently Students WANT it! Students NEED it! Is one of the most frequently mentioned concerns of online learners.mentioned concerns of online learners.
MERLOT 2007
New Ways to Deliver FeedbackNew Ways to Deliver Feedback
AudioAudioVideoVideo
Faculty Training…Faculty Training…
1.1. Should emphasize importance of Should emphasize importance of feedback to student learning.feedback to student learning.
2.2. Should provide tips for constructing Should provide tips for constructing quality, yet timely feedback.quality, yet timely feedback.
MERLOT 2007
Mean hours to prepare and disseminate Mean hours to prepare and disseminate feedback per treatment group.feedback per treatment group.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Personalized Feedback Collective Feedback
Mean
Ho
urs
Personalized Feedback: M = 3.28Collective Feedback: M = 1.72p < .001MERLOT 2007
