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Collective bargaining, representation and performance in European workplaces Claudio Lucifora (Università Cattolica and IZA) Daphne Nicolitsas (University of Crete) Giulio Piccirilli (Universitas Mercatorum and Università Cattolica) CEDEFOP‐EUROFOUND‐IZA “WORKPLACE AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES” 20‐21 AUGUST 2020 (ONLINE EVENT)

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Page 1: Collective bargaining, representation and performance in

Collective bargaining, representation and performance in European 

workplacesClaudio Lucifora  (Università Cattolica and IZA)

Daphne Nicolitsas  (University of Crete)Giulio Piccirilli (Universitas Mercatorum and Università Cattolica)

CEDEFOP‐EUROFOUND‐IZA

“WORKPLACE AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES”

20‐21 AUGUST 2020 (ONLINE EVENT)

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Motivation• Collective bargaining is still the prevalent mode of wage, hours and employment determination in most European countries

• Bargaining tipically takes place at different levels, with a different mix of collective agreements • sector‐level, firm‐level and other collective agreements often coexist

• The type and mix of collective agreement can affect the margins of adjustments that firms use face to a shock: • some firms may quit, some adjust prices/profit margins, some reduce employment, others adjust hours and fewer adjust wages (or a combination of the above)

• typically when bargaining takes place at the sectoral‐level firm’s resilience is reduced by higher wage rigidity and employment/hours are adjusted downwards (unemployment may also be higher)

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This paper …• We use a matching framework to model firms bargaining behaviour in the presence of friction and costly bargaining • choice to bargain at the firm‐level or join a sector‐level agreement, or any other agreement • Investigate the implications of collective bargaining for labour market outcomes

• We use firm‐level data from the (early‐access) 2019 European Company Survey (Management questionnaire) • to document the granularity of collective bargaining, • to estimate firm’s collective bargaining decisions and the effect on economic performance 

• we exploit plausibly exogenous variations, across firms, sectors and countries, in the institutional rules governing collective bargaining, to measure the “implicit” costs of bargaining and instrument firm’s bargaining behaviour

• We specify and estimate an empirical model relating bargaining behavior (choice of collective agreement: firm/sector/other) to the firms’ (self‐assessed) performance in terms of Production, Profitability and (future) Employment prospects

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• Collective bargaining level and economic performance • sectoral bargaining, vis‐à‐vis firm‐level bargaining, is associated with wage compression and higherunemployment, thus “opting out” may be efficient to mitigate the negative employment effects (Jimeno & Thomas 2013) ‐

• choice btw decentralised wage‐setting and a sector‐level “rigid” wage, collective agreement type emerges endogenously, and the sector‐level/wage rigidity regime is preferred in the presence of firing costs (Boeri & Burda 2009). 

• Social dialogue, Representation, Rule of law • distrustful labor relations lead to low unionization and high demand for State regulation of wages, which crowds out the potential cooperative nature of labor relations (Aghion, Algan & Cahuc 2011)

• Social dialogue and representation (Addison & Texeira 2017a); workplace employee representation and behavioral outcomes (Addison & Texeira 2017b; Addison 2018)

• Trust, bargaining and economic performance • collective bargaining micro and macro flexibility and the role of trust (Addison 2016)• stronger civic virtues help to resolve moral hazard problems provide insurance through unemployment benefits rather than through job protection (Algan & Cahuc 2009)

• Trust, unemployment and labour market policy (Blanchard & Phillipon 2006; Blanchard et al., 2013)• Trust and decentralised bargaining (Nienhueser & Hossfeld 2011)

Collective bargaining, representation and trust

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• Mortensen‐Pissarides economy with internal fall‐back options (Jimeno‐Thomas 2013) • Infinitely lived workers, discrete time, one‐job firms• Productivity changes at the beginning of each period, firms extract productivityfrom a time‐invariant distribution

• Two bargaining regimes: sector‐level and firm‐level

• Key Assumptions • The bargaining process involves a cost, c , in terms of lower productivity – i.e. due to bargaining frictions

• firms incur that cost when bargaining at the firm‐level, while the cost is negligiblewhen bargaining occurs at the sector‐level (e.g. the costs incurred by employerassociations and sector‐level trade unions are shared by all firms in the relevantsector).

A Conceptual Framework

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• Firm‐level bargaining• 𝑤 𝑝; 𝑐 : wage bargained in a firm with current net productivity 𝑝 1 𝑐 ; 𝑝𝑐 is the productivity loss due to the bargaining frictions.  

• 𝑅 𝑐 : reservation productivity level as a function of 𝑐(destruction margin).

• 𝜃 𝑐 : market tightness as a function of 𝑐 (creation margin).

Firm‐ versus Sector‐level bargaining

Sector‐level bargaining𝑤 wage bargained at the sector‐level upon average productivity of all firms𝑅 : reservation productivity level (destruction margin)𝜃 : market tightness (creationmargin)

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• Results• For a sufficiently small  : • For a sufficiently large  : 

• Intuition • There is tension between bargaining cost and wage setting (i.e. wage flexibility) guaranteed by firm‐level bargaining• If bargaining cost is low: under firm‐level bargaining , firms are more resilient – i.e.  there is less job destruction and more job creation

• If bargaining cost is large: under firm‐level bargaining , firms are less resilient – i.e.  there is more job destruction and less job creation

Results and intuition

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Theory to empirics• The model implies that for a given bargaining cost c, the level of bargaining (firm/sector) and job‐creation and destruction margins are chosen by firms

• We model the basic parameters from the theory as follows:• bargaining costs, 𝑐 Ψ 𝑥 ; 𝑥 𝑛𝑜𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙, 𝑛𝑜𝑒𝑟, 𝑛𝑜𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑠, 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡

• 𝑛𝑜𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 – low social dialogue practices (participation, information sharing, suggestions)• 𝑛𝑜𝑒𝑟 – no‐formal representation body (no works council or union)• 𝑛𝑜𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑠 – no firm’s membership in employer association• 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 – low trust (low trust between management and employees ‐ 5 items Likert‐type scale)

• productivity (destruction margin) 𝑅 𝑧 ; 𝑧 𝐹𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑚𝑎𝑛%, 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚%, 𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒%, 𝐼𝑐𝑡, 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒• 𝐹𝑎𝑔𝑒 – firm’s age• 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 – firm’s size• 𝑚𝑎𝑛%, 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚%, 𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒% ‐ employment composition• 𝐼𝑐𝑡 – establishment use ICT & robots

• market tightness (creation margin) 𝜃 𝑦 ; 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝, 𝑑𝑒𝑚, 𝑒𝑥𝑝• 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 – market competitive• 𝑠𝑡_𝑑𝑒𝑚 – demand predictable• 𝑒𝑥𝑝 – export oriented

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Empirical strategy• model the relationship between firm’s collective bargaining and economic performance• investigate the hypothesis that the choice of the collective agreement ‐‐ sector‐level compared to firm‐level, other (or no) collective agreements ‐‐, by setting wages with reference to the average productivity of the industry and aggregate labour market tightness (without taking into account firm‐level productivity) may affect firm’s economic performance • since performance and the type of collective bargaining are endogenously chosen via differentchannels (unobserved heterogenity, reverse causality, etc.), OLS estimates may be biased

• exploit plausibly exogenous variations across firms, sectors and countries in institutional setting for collective bargaining – such as social dialogue, formal representation and trust between social partners (i.e. the “implicit” costs of bargaining 𝑐 Ψ 𝑥 ) to instrument firm’s bargaining behaviour in an IV setting

• estimate the effect of the firm’s likelihood to sign a «sector‐level», «firm‐level» or «othertype» of collective agreement on performance controlling for firm’s productiveattributes, as well as labour market tightness

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Empirical strategy• We specify firms’ choice of the bargaining level as follows (i.e. first stage) :

𝑃𝑟 𝐶𝑎 1 ∅ 𝛼 𝛽𝑐 𝑥 γ𝑅 𝑧 δ𝜃 𝑦 𝜇 𝜋• 𝐶𝑎 ; main Collective agreement in i‐th firm, where 𝑘=𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑚, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒r• 𝜇 industry‐level fixed‐effects ; 𝜋 country‐level fixed‐effects

We estimate k=3models as separate probit equations and jointly as SURE‐linear probability model

• Firm’s (self‐assessed) performance 𝑌 is measured by: Production, Profit and (future) Employment prospects

• 𝑌 𝛼 𝛽 𝐶𝑎 𝛽 𝐶𝑎 𝛽 𝐶𝑎 γ𝑅 𝑧 δ𝜃 𝑦𝜇 𝜋 𝜖• We investigate heterogeneity between country‐cluster where State labour and industrial relations institutions support «centralized» versus «decentralized» barganing settings

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Data• ECS data ‐ questionnaire‐based survey, representative sample of European firms. Interview with company managers responsible for human resources in the establishment (and employee representative). 

• 2019 ECS wave, with over 30 countries covered and 30,000 managers interviewed (9,000 ER)• restrict attention on EU15 member countries and manager questionnaire

• ECS data provide information on: • type of collective agreement (national, sectoral, regional, firm‐level, occupational, other) 

• Social dialogue practices and presence of formal representative bodies • assessment by managers of the quality of industrial relations: work climate, industrial action, manager trust employee representative. 

• Also rich information on firms’ attributes (e.g. size, sector of economic activity, employment composition, innovation, ICT, etc.)

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Country clusters and bargaining structure

• Centralised• weakly co‐ordinated collective bargaining ‐ Sector‐level agreements, extensions, derogations from higher‐level agreements limited: France, Italy, Portugal, Spain

• co‐ordinated collective bargaining ‐ Sector‐level agreements, derogation limited, strong wage co‐ordination: Belgium and Finland 

• Decentralised• decentralised organized‐co‐ordination collective bargaining ‐ Significant room for lower‐level agreements (i.e. limiting extensions or allowing opt‐outs), and co‐ordination across sectors and bargaining units strong: Austria, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden 

• Largely decentralised collective bargaining systems ‐ Firm‐level bargaining dominant bargaining form (i.e. sector‐level bargaining and wage co‐ordination limited role), extensions rare: Greece, Luxembourg, Ireland, United Kingdom 

OECD collective bargaining classification (2018)

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The structure of collective bargaining 

ECS data

share of sector‐, firm‐level or other types of collective agreements are quite diverse across countries• UK, IE and DK show a 

large share of firm‐level agreements

• In AU, IT, BE, NL, FR, PT sector‐levelagreement prevail

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Number of collective agreements in firms

• Type of collective agreement is very granular, most firm have more than 2 type of collective agreements

• Where 𝐶𝑎 =- National, cross-sector- Sector- Company- Region- Occupation- Other-type- No Ca

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Sector and firm‐level collective bargaining 

• share of sector‐ and firm‐level collective agreements are positively correlated

• Firms with sector‐level agreement aftenalso have firm‐levelagreements

_______________• Austria and Italy (Sector)• Ireland and UK (Firm)

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Baseline results ‐ probit• Poor social dialogue practices decrease the 

probability of a collective agreement at sector‐level (effect is stronger) and firm‐level. 

• No effect on other type of agreements.

• The lack of formal representative bodies alsoreduces the probability of any type of collectiveagreeement

• Lack of trust between manager and employee representative (or lack of ER) is positivelyassociated with sectoral agreements, it shows no correlation with company‐level agremment, while it is negatively associated with other type of collective agreements

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Baseline results – SURE estimates• SURE estimates of linear probability model 

similar results as marginal effects from probabit

• lack of formal representative bodies reduce the probability of any type of collectiveagreeement

• lack of trust is positively correlated with sectoral agreements, but no correlation with company‐level agrement

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Bargaining level: Centralized vs. Decentralized clusterCentralised‐cluster Decentralised‐cluster

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Firm’s Performance: production, profits, employment• OLS estimates are biased 

downward (negative selection) • less profitable firms, and those 

with poorer employment prospects, are more likely to choose firm‐level collective contract (or opt‐out from sector‐level agreements)

• No effect on other type of agreements.

• IV estimates show:• No‐effect of sector‐level 

agreements • better performance 

(production and expected employment) under a firm‐level collective agreements

• Other type of collective agreements associated with poor employment prospects

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Firm’s Performance: Centralised vs. Decentralized clustersCentralized‐cluster Decentralized‐cluster

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Concluding remarks• Firms Collective Bargaining behavior is more granular than previously thought

• Sector‐, firm‐level and other type of collective agreements often coexist• Where existing institutions make social dialogue and formal representation bodies (in the firm ) harder, collective bargaining is less likely (at all levels), 

• when trust between manager and employee representative is absent or low, sector‐level collective agreements (vis‐à‐vis firm and other types) are more likely• in line with theoretical predictions suggesting that when bargaining costs are high, sector‐level agreements are more likely to be observed 

• Under firm‐level bargaining firms are more resilient and show a better performance in terms of Production and (future) Employment prospects

• Other type of collective agreement are associated with poorer employment prospects

• Country clusters characterized by bargaining institutions with more flexible decentralised systems exhibit, in general, more resilience