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ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS DE EDUCACIÓN LICENCIATURA EN INGLÉS COMO LENGUA EXTRANJERA

TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES

LEARNING STRATEGY: COLLABORATIVE WORK UNIT 1

Students: ALVARO LUIS VELASQUEZ

ANDREA AGUIRRECRISTIAN LEANDRO ARISTIZABAL

NANCY BIBIANA SANCHEZ JARAMILLO

GROUP: 7

TutorJosé Gregorio Preciado

CURSETRANSLATION TECHNIQUES

BACHELOR EDUCATION IN ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGEUNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA

MAY 2016



A. The translated text and the feedback of each student:

Link 1: By Nancy Sánchez

http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/articulo/historia/secciones/9139/chocolate_bebida_divina_que_conquisto_europa.html

THE CHOCOLATE, DIVINE DRINK THAT CONQUERED EUROPE.

Despite initial misgivings, in the seventeenth century the chocolate became drink fashionable European high society.

On April 3, 1502, Christopher Columbus came out, once again, the port of Seville. His idea was to find a sea passage, that from Central America, take him, at last to Asia. It was his fourth voyage to the New World, and the route had its difficulties. One day, in the middle of a storm, the navigator and his men were forced to disembark. It seems, they intercepted a vessel maya that carrying as cargo a few almonds to Columbus didn’t give importance. Without knowing it, the admiral had the first contact with the seeds of the cacao tree.

Over two hundred years later, Madrid consumed more than five tons of chocolate per year. According to chronicles of the time, there was not street in the capital where the chocolate there was not sold. This may illustrate that a bad principle is not always decisive, because chocolate is obtained of the almonds that Columbus had discarded. We do not know what was the first contact between the Spanish and the chocolate drunk who consumed mayans and aztecs, for whom this product was very important. The Maya wroten the first references of history consumption in the so-called Madrid Codex, preserved in the Museum of America. Meanwhile, the Aztecs thought the seeds of the obtained chocolate were but the materialization of Quetzalcoatl, god of wisdom.

Tenochtitlan to Madrid

So important was the cocoa for Aztecs that used the almonds as currency. Pedro Martir of Anglería, chronicler of indian, said about it: "They use money, not of metal but of nutlets of certain trees, almond-like." To better understand the exchanges carried in the aztec world, the spaniards drew up tables of equivalence. Thanks to them, we know that a hare paid in cocoa cost the same as the services of a prostitute.

At first the spaniards showed rejection by chocolate, because according to the chronicler Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo, the lips were as bloodstained after drinking it. Apart from that,




TRANSLATION TECHNIQUESits bitter and peppery taste not just convince. Girolamo Benzoni, in his History of new world, he went on to say that "looked more like a chocolate drink for pigs that to be consumed by humanity." Nevertheless, in the sixteenth century it came to Spain and the chocolate was presented to Charles V by Hernan Cortes. From that moment, their acceptance will increase, reaching levels very high.

The triumph of chocolate

According to several authors, the monks were responsible for spreading the consumption chocolate in monasteries. Over time, the Cistercians would achieve greater fame as chocolatiers. But not all religious were in favor of consumption of the chocolate. In this sense, the Jesuits believed that chocolate was contrary to the precepts of mortification and poverty. Since the nutritious beverage also drank into periods of fasting, soon was opened a debate between advocates and opponents of this custom. It was in the seventeenth century when was given answer to the question. Come from the hand of François Marie Cardinal Brancaccio, he would finish manifesting: «Liquidum non frangit jejunum», ie "the liquid does not break the fast." The Church accepted the consumption of drinking chocolate.

Precisely in the seventeenth century, to serve a hot chocolate as drink became part indispensable of the "entertainment" ritual followed snacks the nobles offered their visits. It used to be accompanied by biscuits and other sweets for dipping. If the snack is celebrated in winter, it was normal that of the chocolate is drink in the heat of the braziers, on podiums living rooms, between cushions and tapestries. If chocolate starring a summer snack, usually served with a "snow vase," a glass of iced.

Since chocolate is consumed very thick, stains that produced the spill were very annoying. But one day in 1640, Don Pedro Alvarez de Toledo and Leiva, viceroy of Peru and first Marquis of Mancera, came up with a solution. He invented a container consisting of a small tray with center clamp, which was holding the jicara, small vessel without a handle within which the chocolate is poured. In honor of its inventor, the tray would be christened mancerina. According to the social level who served the meal, the mancerinas could be silver, porcelain or earthenware.

Fashion comes to Versailles

Chocolate consumption in Spain known widely disseminated throughout the century XVII and it was announced in the confectioneries as the "drink that comes from the Indies." The habit of to drink chocolate was so widespread that even the ladies of the nobility did serve in half the long and boring church sermons. The bishops, offended, they banned this form of consumption.

Soon, the rest of Europe, especially France, was adopted this sweet tradition. One of those responsible was Anne of Austria, daughter of Philip III, who exported the habit of snacking and breakfast chocolate after her wedding to Louis XIII. Maria Teresa of Austria, daughter of


TRANSLATION TECHNIQUESPhilip IV and wife of Louis XIV, secured this practice by drinking chocolate regularly in their new country.

When the Bourbons came to Spain they were very fond of chocolate. Above all, Felipe V and his son Charles III, they often eat breakfast with this drink. It was precisely Carlos III, in an effort to create an industry that sit the foundations for economic development of the country, who allowed the exclusive monopoly between exchange Real Madrid and the Captaincy General of Venezuela. Through the centralized system that characterized his reign, the monarch created an institution responsible for managing trade, called Royal Company Guipuzcoana de Caracas. The product reaches the Spanish tables through marine stores. It was also in the century XVIII when chocolate burst into confectionery. Juan de la Mata used the chocolate as an ingredient to make dried sweet in some recipes from her book art pastries. De la Mata himself was a forerunner of the chocolate mousse by inventing what he called chocolate foam, something very similar to the mousse.

Chocolatiers teachers

The preparation of the product would then be consumed was the responsibility of the grinder. He traveled the country with a curved stone on the back. Following the technique called the metate, consisting of ground, kneeling, and on the mentioned stone, the cacao seeds. Slowly, and with great effort, he pulled a uniform liquid mass, known as cocoa paste. The Valencian lawyer Marcos Antonio Orellana speaks of it in this poem: "O divine chocolate / that kneel you grind / hands together churn you / and eyes to heaven you drink!"

Everything changed from the century XIX, when the Industrial Revolution techniques favored further consumption and cheapened cost. Soon, tea and coffee were moving to chocolate, which began to associate with revelers and night owls. Gone were the days when he was considered divine character, as he wrote Valle-Inclan: "Cocoa language of Anahuac / is gods bread, or Cacahuac".

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Link 2: By Alvaro Velasquez

http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/articulo/viajes/rutas_y_escapadas/9517//lago_garda.html

Scenic route between beach resorts and stately villas

In northern Italy, right where the plains look up towards the Alps, it extends the Lake Region, where coexist natural scenery, historical heritage and artistic wealth. Close to must-see cities as Milan, Verona and Trento, the water mirror that is Garda’s Lake takes over the space and deceives the traveler into believing that it is a calm sea on the south shore, while in the north reminds more a Norwegian fjord. In addition, a mild microclimate transforms the surroundings of the largest lake in Italy (370 km2) in a garden where southern crops are grown such as vines, lemon trees, palm and laurel. That’s why, from Roman

times to the nineteenth century, the aristocracy has lifted villas bordering this Lombard lagoon, whose banks also belong to the regions of Trentino and Veneto.

The district resort of Sirmione, located at the southern end of the lake, is the starting point of this journey through the 150 kilometers of the Gardesana, the sinuous road that borders the lake and gives stunning views; another option, although slower, is to travel on ships that unite many towns.

Sirmione is located on a peninsula that ends at the castle of Rocca Scaligera (XIII century), surrounded by walls. The beaches are another attraction of the place, as well as the Caves of Catulo, where remains of a Roman villa are seen, in which it is believed that the poet lived the first century b.C that gives it its name; rooms, baths and patios are preserved, and the privileged position on the lake.

From Sirmione there are only eleven kilometers to Desenzano, the capital of the lake and also its most populated city. There is advisable to walk the streets of the historic center and visit the church of Santa Maria Maddalena (XVI century), where you can admire the Last Supper by Tiepolo.

The route continues climbing up the west bank, along stately villas, farmhouses and hills with vineyards. On the way emerge attractive stages as Salò, a town linked to the memory of Benito Mussolini, but today shines more thanks to its Renaissance palaces. A few kilometers you reach Gardone Riviera, where the aristocracy of the nineteenth century built art deco




TRANSLATION TECHNIQUESvillas such as Il Vittoriale degli Italiani, today a museum, or which occupies the André Heller Foundation, that shows a beautiful botanical garden.

You reach now one of the most forested areas of Garda, where many hiking trails are proposed. There it is Tignale, famous for its sanctuary hung on a hill, and Limone sul Garda, a town of Venetians buildings and perfumed by citrus trees.

Thus it reaches Riva del Garda, the northernmost town of the lake and one of the most beautiful. In which resided the writer D. H. Lawrence whom besides finding there the inspiration for several of his books, he left said that 'the Garda is beautiful as the beginning of creation.' In Riva abound classical mansions, restaurants bordering the lake and hikers that based routes to the nearby Alps.

It now falls to the east bank until Malcesine, town that the painter Gustav Klimt immortalized in 1913. It crowds around the Scaligero castle, which includes a room dedicated to Goethe who mentions it in his Voyage to Italy (1813). A cable climbs up Mount Baldo (1 760 m), with one of the best views over the Garda.

The relaxing coastal walk passes near of the Punta San Virgilio, one of the most charming corners of the lake, and ends in Bardolino. This town also is an excellent gastronomic stage to enjoy the bardolino wines, marinated perfectly with Garda region cheeses.

MORE INFORMATION

Getting there and around: From Spain fly to Milan (Lombardy), from where trains leave to Sirmione (137 km). Verona (Veneto) is 42 km away and Trento (Trentino), 127 km. It is best to rent a car to travel freely around the area.

Feedback

Nancy Sánchez to Alvaro: Hello Alvaro, the text translation is excellent, I observed excellent use of time in the sentences . Very good work!!!

B.



Link 3: By Andrea Aguirre

http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/articulo/viajes/grandes_viajes/9413/madagascar_gran_isla_del_indico.html

ROAD FOR THE PARADISE OF GIGANT TREES SINGULAR ANIMALS, AND CHORAL BEACHES

I went to Madagascar to admire the baobabs of Morondava, but I found an island 1,600 kilometers of long its love me for the varied landscapes rice fields, exotics, vegetation, animals curious as lemurs and magnificent beaches south and north.

In Madagascar almost all it starts in the capital, Antananarivo (Tana for the friends), a noisy city that spreads by 18 hills, with street markets, a lake and a

palace. In Tana I became familiar with the local currency, the ariary, I learned that rice is the principal food and rented, with my friend Patrick, a French guide who has been years in the island, an all terrain vehicle.

When, we leaving Tana everything changes. The urban chaos is diluted and overlooks the Highlands, a green landscape of rolling hills, red- land and rice fields. "The mixture of Africa and Asia in the landscape it’s because to the Indonesian island peopled " Patrick tells me. We come across with many taxi Brousse, minibuses loaded in excess which drivers risk their lives to win a few minutes.

In Antsirabe, 160km south of Tana, the pousse-pousses (draw cars by a man) the Asian vocation of the island confirms it. Here the road is to divert towards to Morondava through a landscape where meadows where grazing zebus alternate with sugar cane plantations and forests depleted illustrating deforestation of the island. Some tasty samosas (typical South Asian dumplings) served it of lunch in one many stops next to the road.

A short time before Morondava appear the first baobabs, reigning over the rice fields. These are the type Adansonia grandidieri, reaching 30 meters high. The Baobabs only grow in Africa and the west coast of Australia, but in Madagascar live till to seven species it is known as "the mother island of baobabs" although the British writer Gerald Durrell (1925-1995) He was preferred fauna, whose protection is still devotes Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust..

Just at the entrance of Morondava a poster announces the school Le Petit Prince with a draw of the Prince de Saint-Exupery father the streets and a beach battered by cyclones Morondava in a desolate population..


TRANSLATION TECHNIQUESWhen falls the sunset we approach the so-called Avenue of the Baobabs, near to the city. The slanting light of evening shadows lengthen and beauty the red trunks, while a cart moving on the road. "I came from Tokyo just to see this," Japanese confesses me with emotion tears. A few steps, a few baobabs entwine their trunks: the lover’s tree.

About 200 kilometers North Morondava its found Tsingy of Bemaraha, park. It’s like a haunted forest of stone, with sharp limestone that also populate the Ankarana reserve in the North. Here we must be careful with the fady, the Malagasy word for taboo and indicating, for example, you should never point a tomb with your finger.

Madagascar is a large island you learn as you go devouring kilometers. In my journey towards south, herds of zebu and Malagasy shepherds, wrapped in colors blankets, foreshadow the arrival in Ambositra. In this city jams pousse-pousses are repeated, but there is also a special agitation as Savika parties are held. We followed the crowd to a stadium where young people compete trying to mount threatening zebu horns.

A few kilometers farther, around Fianarantsoa this are an ideal place for trekking through rice fields and small village’s field. But it is in the gorges of Isalo Park with lakes and waterfalls, where the view ring-tailed lemurs bring me back to Madagascar dreamed. Improvised settlements seekers sapphires, the gold fever Madagascan preceding more later the return of baobabs in the region Tulear, a population that has sandy beaches and restaurants serving steak flavored zebu with spices on the island especially vanilla.

A few days later we flew toward north,to the island of Nosy Be, where tropical vegetation surrounds beaches where the fish, the lobster and black coral abound. In the east coast of Madagascar there is other similar paradise in Sainte-Marie Island with palm fringed beaches and crystal waters.

To come back to land, we follow the north coast by taxi-brousse to Diego Suarez, a city where left a mark French colonial presence. It was here the pirates founded in the seventeenth century, the utopian republic of Libertalia. "The spoils were divided equally," Patrick tells me, "but did not have the local population. One day down the Madagascan Mountains they ended up with everything and all “Long ago there is nothing of that ephemeral pirate republic, but on the main street of Diego Suarez a painted recalls the utopia that reined in the north of this island dream

Feedback

Nancy Sánchez to Andrea: Hi Andrea, I think the translation that you have prepared the text: road for the paradise of gigant trees singular animals, and choral beaches, is correct, the intention of the text is understood and translated sentences are following the rules.

Happy day!!



Link 5: By Cristian Aristizabalhttp://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/articulo/historia/secciones/9137/villa_farnesina_una_galeria_pintura_bajo_tiber.html#gallery-1

In 1879 an urbanistic remodeling in Rome brought to light the remains of a Roman house of the century 1st B.C. decorated with splendid frescoes.

On December 28th of 1870 there was a catastrophic overflow of the river Tibet on its way thru Rome. Since its beginnings, the city suffered such flash flooding, but now the Italian government decided to use all the means to prevent them. it was created urgently a commission formed for the best hydraulics engineers of the time and in 1875, with momentum of Giuseppe Garibaldi, the Raffaele Canevari draft was adopted, that he proposed in addition to lifting high breakwaters in the river banks, clean up and expand the river course, until reached up to one hundred meters wide in its course for the city.

At the same level of the Villa Farnesina, a beautiful renacentist residence, in the right-hand bank of the river, the riverbed was not average

more than 40 meters, for that reason it was necessary to dig others 60 meters until reached the wide that the Canevari project required. It was in the course of this works when, in March of 1879, brought to light the remains of a noble private house of Augustan age, adorned with the most splendid wall paintings as never seen before in Rome, as the archaeologist Rodolfo Lanciani said in his first report.

The residence, indeed, dated back to the time of Emperor Augustus (27 B.C. - 14 A.D.) and it highlighted for the frescoes and stuccos decoration, miraculously preserved. Until that moment were very few the examples of Roman painting parietal appeared in the imperial capital, only knew the house of Livia on the Palatine and the Auditorium of Maecenas on the Esquilino, so the painting studio ancient Roman was based almost exclusively on contemporary Pompeian discoveries.

Rescue operation

Archaeologists had to work under pressure. The architectural remains of the house were removed by "public utility reasons". Such was the urgency that the engineer responsible for monitoring and documentation of excavations, Domenico Marchetti, complained in June 1879 could not ensure the accuracy his planimetries; since the ancient walls were demolished before he could take action or take position. The only thing that was decided to keep was the

http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/articulo/historia/secciones/9137/villa_farnesina_una_galeria_pintura_bajo_tiber.html#gallery-1

http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/articulo/historia/secciones/9137/villa_farnesina_una_galeria_pintura_bajo_tiber.html#gallery-1


TRANSLATION TECHNIQUESdecorative elements: frescoes, stucco and mosaics. Some were lost especially geometric mosaics in black and white and others were stolen or sold to art dealers who settled along the excavations to bribe the workers. But most of the paintings were relocated nearly Botanic Garden, to be taken in 1889 to its final destination at the Termas of Diocletian, the first seat of the Roman National Museum.

The curiosity was resolved about the paintings had risen from the beginning. In September 1879, an admired journalist of La Stampa wrote: "It is a very special work, curious, made with great skill and patience. Each of those fresh, just is ripped from the walls, you take like a cloth, matches, cleaned and placed in a frame. So many beautiful pictures are formed. I've seen a few framed and I can say that had never been presented before the eyes such a beautiful thing. "

It is believed that this splendid villa was built by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa around 21 B.C., when married Julia, daughter of Augustus. It stood in Trastevere, mainly occupied by artisan shops and department stores such as wine deposits which were in 1880 in the vicinity of the villa. Although it was not a popular residential area as the nearby slope of the Janiculum or the Vatican area, the Latin sources put it other famous villas, such as Clodia, lover poet Catullus, or Cassius Longinus, one of the murderers Caesar, as well as the beautiful gardens of the dictator, the Caesariani horti, connected to the heart of the city by a bridge built by the same Agrippa.

Luxury by the Tiber

Domenico Marchetti Watercolors and Rodolfo Lanciani report are the only surviving evidence of the architecture of the villa. It was a residence along the Tiber, overlooking to the field of Marte and a scenographic architecture composed of two arranged on both sides of a large exedra symmetrical bodies. The paintings decorated nine rooms of the winter wing: three bedrooms, the couch or dining room, the lobby, the entrance a hallway (cryptoporticus) communicating with the servants' quarters, the garden and the inner hall of the central exedra.

The quality of the paintings, the amount of detail and the decorative dependent on the function spaces and social status of people who had access to them. Thus, the environments in which the boss received her clientele had a more austere decor while those who welcomed his guests containing the richest and elaborate paintings. These frescoes are preserved today exposed in the Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, in rooms that recreate the original floor of the house.

Feedback

Nancy Sánchez to Cristian: Hello Cristian.

When I read your translation, I observe that your the text has overall consistency, you have done a good job. When we read texts such as those proposed in this forum we know about the history of places and situations that have given rise to new projects in history for benefit of society.



B. The text about the problems faced and techniques applied.

NANCY SÀNCHEZ: The translation techniques used was the Direct Translation Techniques are used when structural and conceptual elements of the source language can be transposed into the target language.

Translation is a process that is very important to consider the communicative purpose of the text, language and culture. When identification and comparison between the rules of text to be translated and the translated text is performed, they are called translation problems.

Translate the text to achieve a more correctly, as a first step I had in mind the basic structure of sentences: subject + verb + complement in order to give more coherence to each sentence. difficulty in some words like clamp was presented, but english is not the term as such, for that reason, I translated the phrase thus: He invented a container consisting of a small tray with center clamp. The big problem when translating from Spanish into English is our language translation adds words and this contribute to the loss of accuracy in translation. furthermore, in Spanish we wrote the longest sentences in English, what we say five words in english can be said only three words.

Translation is difficult because it must take into account many grammatical rules of the target text, the words used in certain regions to avoid falling into misunderstanding. By translating the sentences are difficult words to locate: "Chocolate consumption in Spain known Widely disseminated throughout the century XVII and it was Announced in the Confectioneries as the" drink That comes from the Indies "I try to locate the word where better it would. translation. by translating a text into English must take into account the use of pronouns-subjects.



C. The chart about differences between method, strategy and technique

METHOD STRATEGY TECHNIQUE

A method is a set of procedures established from an approach to determine the curriculum, objectives, content, work techniques, types of activities, and the respective roles and functions of teachers, students and materials didactic. (Cervantes)

Translation method refers to the way a particular translation process is carried outin terms of the translator’s objective, i.e., a global option that affects the whole text.There are several translation methods that may be chosen, depending on the aimof translation techniques revisited the translation:interpretative-communicative (translation of the sense), literal (linguistic Transcodification), free (modification of semiotic and communicative categories) andphilological (academic or critical translation).

Strategies are the procedures (conscious or unconscious,verbal or nonverbal) used by the translator to solve problems that emerge when carrying out the translation process with a particular objective in mind.

Strategies are part of the process.

The technique is the procedure or method used to achieve the objectives in a knowledge or activity.

Strategies open the way to finding a suitable solution for a translation unit. Thesolution will be materialized by using a particular technique.

Techniques affect the result.


TRANSLATION TECHNIQUESBY NANCY SÀNCHEZ



BIBLIOGRAPHY

Carvajal, Henry. Didatic material: translation techniques. UNAD. 2013. Cervantes, I. (s.f.). Centro Virtual Cervantes. Obtenido de http://cvc.cervantes.es National geographic. ‘’La villa Farnesina: una galería de pintura bajo el Tíber’’

Recuperado de: http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/historia/grandes-reportajes/la-villa-farnesinauna-galeria-de-pintura-bajo-el-tiber_8137#gallery-1

National geographic. ‘Chocolate bebida divina que conquisto Europa’’ Recuperado de: http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/articulo/historia/secciones/9139/chocolate_bebida_divina_que_conquisto_europa.html

National geographic. ‘Ruta por este paraíso de árboles gigantes, animales únicos y playas de coral’. Recuperado de: http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/articulo/viajes/grandes_viajes/9413/madagascar_gran_isla_del_indico.html

National geographic. “Ruta panorámica entre pueblos balnearios y villas señoriales”. Recuperado de: http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/articulo/viajes/rutas_y_escapadas/9517/lago_garda.html

http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/articulo/viajes/rutas_y_escapadas/9517/lago_garda.html

http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/articulo/viajes/rutas_y_escapadas/9517/lago_garda.html





http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/historia/grandes-reportajes/la-villa-farnesinauna-galeria-de-pintura-bajo-el-tiber_8137#gallery-1

http://www.nationalgeographic.com.es/historia/grandes-reportajes/la-villa-farnesinauna-galeria-de-pintura-bajo-el-tiber_8137#gallery-1

http://cvc.cervantes.es/

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