Cold WarCold War

Chapter 18Chapter 18

Yalta Conference-Feb. 1945 Yalta Conference-Feb. 1945 (18.1)(18.1)

• Soviet Union, Soviet Union, Britain, and U.S. Britain, and U.S. agreed that:agreed that:– GermanyGermany would be would be

divided into zones divided into zones controlled by the controlled by the four military powers four military powers (France included)(France included)

– Germany would Germany would compensate Soviet compensate Soviet Union for loss of Union for loss of property and lifeproperty and life

– Stalin would give Stalin would give Eastern Europe free Eastern Europe free electionselections

Creation of United Nations June, 1945Creation of United Nations June, 1945• International organization of 50 nations intended to protect members International organization of 50 nations intended to protect members

against aggressionagainst aggression• United States and Soviet Union temporarily set aside their differencesUnited States and Soviet Union temporarily set aside their differences• Security Council-5 permanent nations (Soviet Union, China, United Security Council-5 permanent nations (Soviet Union, China, United

States, Great Britain, and France); 6 temporary members (11 in total)States, Great Britain, and France); 6 temporary members (11 in total)– Real power to investigate and settle disputesReal power to investigate and settle disputes– Only one veto necessary to stop actionOnly one veto necessary to stop action

Meeting at Potsdam, Meeting at Potsdam, GermanyGermany

• July, 1945July, 1945

• Stalin, Atlee and Stalin, Atlee and TrumanTruman

• Stalin refuses to allow Stalin refuses to allow free elections in free elections in Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

• Truman declared Truman declared Stalin violating the Stalin violating the rights of these rights of these countries;realized countries;realized Soviet and U.S. goals Soviet and U.S. goals were at odds.were at odds.

Allies Become EnemiesAllies Become EnemiesUnited StatesUnited States

• Encourage democracy: Encourage democracy: create new world where create new world where all countries had right all countries had right of self-determination.of self-determination.

• Gain access to raw Gain access to raw materials and markets materials and markets for its industries;for its industries;

• Rebuild European Rebuild European gov’ts to promote gov’ts to promote stability and new stability and new markets for U.S.markets for U.S.

• Reunite Germany to Reunite Germany to stabilize it and increase stabilize it and increase security in Europesecurity in Europe

Soviet UnionSoviet Union

• Encourage communismEncourage communism in in other countries as part of other countries as part of a worldwide workers’ a worldwide workers’ revolutionrevolution

• Rebuild war- ravaged Rebuild war- ravaged economy using Eastern economy using Eastern Europe’s industrial Europe’s industrial equipment and raw equipment and raw materialsmaterials

• Control Eastern Europe to Control Eastern Europe to protect Soviet borders and protect Soviet borders and balance U.S. influence in balance U.S. influence in Western EuopreWestern Euopre

• Keep Germany divided to Keep Germany divided to prevent its waging war prevent its waging war againagain

Soviet Union’s Buffer-Eastern Soviet Union’s Buffer-Eastern EuropeEurope• Stalin installed Stalin installed

communist gov’ts communist gov’ts throughout Eastern throughout Eastern Europe (satellite Europe (satellite nationsnations); ignored the ); ignored the Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference

• In 1949, Europe lay In 1949, Europe lay divided between East divided between East and West; German and West; German Democratic Republic Democratic Republic was communist, Federal was communist, Federal Republic of Germany Republic of Germany (French, British, and U.S. (French, British, and U.S. zones) was democraticzones) was democratic

““Iron Curtain” Iron Curtain” represented Europe’s Divison represented Europe’s Divison

• ““From Stettin in the Baltic to From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an Iron Trieste in the Adriatic, an Iron Curtain has descended across Curtain has descended across the continent. Behind that line the continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe…All these Eastern Europe…All these famous cities and populations famous cities and populations around them lie in the Soviet around them lie in the Soviet sphere and all are subject in sphere and all are subject in one form or another, not only one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a to Soviet influence but to a very high and increasing very high and increasing measure of control from measure of control from Moscow.” Moscow.”

• Winston Churchill, March 5, Winston Churchill, March 5, 1946 1946

2. 2. Policy of ContainmentPolicy of Containment• Truman’s foreign policy in response to Truman’s foreign policy in response to

increasing Soviet threatincreasing Soviet threat• Purpose: to stop expansion of Purpose: to stop expansion of

communismcommunism• Forming alliances and helping weak Forming alliances and helping weak

countries resist Soviet advancementcountries resist Soviet advancement• 3.Truman Doctrine:support for countries3.Truman Doctrine:support for countries

rejecting communism;rejecting communism; U.S. appropriated U.S. appropriated $400 million to $400 million to aid Turkey and Greeceaid Turkey and Greece

• 4.Marshall Plan: assistance (food, 4.Marshall Plan: assistance (food, machinerymachinery, , and jobs) given by U.S. to and jobs) given by U.S. to rebuild Western Europe; rebuild Western Europe; revived revived European hopesEuropean hopes

5. Blockade of Berlin5. Blockade of Berlin

• Berlin, deep in the Berlin, deep in the Soviet zone, was cut off Soviet zone, was cut off fromfrom all highway, water, all highway, water, and rail traffic by the and rail traffic by the SovietSoviet UnionUnion protesting protesting the withdrawel of allied the withdrawel of allied forces and the forces and the formation of one formation of one German nation German nation

• Result:Berlin Airlift-Result:Berlin Airlift-American and British American and British planes flew supplies planes flew supplies into West Berlin for 11 into West Berlin for 11 monthsmonths

• May 1949, Soviet May 1949, Soviet recognized defeat and recognized defeat and lifted blockade lifted blockade

6.NATO-19496.NATO-1949

• NNorth orth AAtlantic tlantic TTreaty reaty OOrganizationrganization

• Ten western Ten western European countries European countries joined with U.S. and joined with U.S. and Canada to form a Canada to form a defensive military defensive military alliance (first time US alliance (first time US had ever entered had ever entered into an alliance into an alliance during peacetime)during peacetime)

China becomes Communist China becomes Communist (18.2)(18.2)• U.S. supported the U.S. supported the Nationalists under Nationalists under Chiang Kai-sek against Chiang Kai-sek against the Communists led by the Communists led by Mao ZedongMao Zedong

• May, 1949, the May, 1949, the Nationalists fled to Nationalists fled to Formosa (now Taiwan) Formosa (now Taiwan) and formed their own and formed their own nation. nation. Mainland China Mainland China became Communistbecame Communist

American Reaction to Loss American Reaction to Loss of China to Communismof China to Communism• State department blamed State department blamed

internal forces within internal forces within ChinaChina

• Conservative opponents Conservative opponents blamed the Communist blamed the Communist agents hidden in the U.S. agents hidden in the U.S. government government

• American’s fear of American’s fear of communism grew like communism grew like wildfirewildfire

Korean WarKorean War• 1945, North Korea 1945, North Korea

surrendered to Soviet surrendered to Soviet Union; South Korea Union; South Korea surrendered to U.S. surrendered to U.S. (occupied by Japan during (occupied by Japan during WW II), country splitWW II), country split

• By 1950, U.S. had By 1950, U.S. had withdrawn most of its withdrawn most of its troops from S. Koreatroops from S. Korea

• June 25, 1950, North June 25, 1950, North Korea sweeps into South Korea sweeps into South Korea across the 38Korea across the 38thth parallel.parallel.

War in KoreaWar in Korea• July 25, 1950, North Korea July 25, 1950, North Korea

invades South Korea with invades South Korea with help from the Sovietshelp from the Soviets

• 1.South Korea asked U.N. 1.South Korea asked U.N. for helpfor help

• Truman also wanted to Truman also wanted to help S. Korea contain help S. Korea contain communismcommunism

• Soviet Union absent Soviet Union absent protesting the admittance protesting the admittance of Nationalist China rather of Nationalist China rather than Communist China to than Communist China to the the U.N. so action was not U.N. so action was not vetoed.vetoed.

• UN voted to send in UN voted to send in troops (Soviet Union troops (Soviet Union was boycotting the was boycotting the vote to protest vote to protest presence of Taiwan)presence of Taiwan)

• Truman appointed Truman appointed General Douglas General Douglas MacArthur as MacArthur as commander commander (16 (16 nations sent troops; nations sent troops; US 90% of the US 90% of the 520,000; S. Koreans 520,000; S. Koreans made up the other made up the other 590,000)590,000)

Course of the Korean WarCourse of the Korean War• 1. 1. Sept. 1950-UN forces pushed Sept. 1950-UN forces pushed

SE corner of the peninsulaSE corner of the peninsula

• 2. MacArthur’s counterattack- 2. MacArthur’s counterattack- Sept. 15, UN troops landed north Sept. 15, UN troops landed north of the boundary and pushed N. of the boundary and pushed N. Koreans to the Yalu River Koreans to the Yalu River (boundary between China and (boundary between China and North Korea)North Korea)

• 3. Chinese troops enter the war 3. Chinese troops enter the war and help North Korea push UN and help North Korea push UN troops back to the 38troops back to the 38thth parallel parallel

• 4. For two years, both sides 4. For two years, both sides fought with little progress.fought with little progress.

• 5.early 1951-General MacArthur 5.early 1951-General MacArthur called for using nuclear weapons called for using nuclear weapons against Chinaagainst China

Settling for a StalemateSettling for a Stalemate• Truman refused MacArthur Truman refused MacArthur

(“Would start WW III (“Would start WW III because Soviet Union has because Soviet Union has an alliance with China)an alliance with China)

• July 1953-both sides July 1953-both sides signed an armisticesigned an armistice

• Legacy of the Korean war-Legacy of the Korean war-divided Korean nation; one divided Korean nation; one part Communist, one part part Communist, one part democraticdemocratic

Truman vs. MacArthurTruman vs. MacArthur• April 11,1951April 11,1951, Truman fired , Truman fired

MacArthur for MacArthur for insubordination insubordination (sabotaging (sabotaging Truman’s decision by going Truman’s decision by going to the public and making his to the public and making his case for using nuclear case for using nuclear weapons against China)weapons against China)

• MacArthur’s closing MacArthur’s closing comments as he left his comments as he left his commission, “Old soldiers commission, “Old soldiers never die, they just fade never die, they just fade away.”away.”

Eisenhower electedEisenhower elected• Korean war cost Korean war cost

54,000 American 54,000 American lives and $67 billion lives and $67 billion in expendituresin expenditures

• Americans rejected Americans rejected the Democratic the Democratic Party; elected a Party; elected a Republican Republican administration administration under Dwight D. under Dwight D. EisenhowerEisenhower

Cold War at Home (18.3)Cold War at Home (18.3)

Cold War StrategiesCold War Strategies• Definition:Struggle over political differences carried Definition:Struggle over political differences carried

on short of military action or waron short of military action or war• Spying (espionage), propaganda, diplomacy and Spying (espionage), propaganda, diplomacy and

secret operations carried outsecret operations carried out• Ended 1991 when Soviet Union broke upEnded 1991 when Soviet Union broke up

7. Policy of Brinkmanship7. Policy of Brinkmanship

• Soviet Union exploded its own atomic Soviet Union exploded its own atomic bomb in 1949bomb in 1949

• H-bomb in U.S. 1952; Soviet Union in H-bomb in U.S. 1952; Soviet Union in 19531953

• The willingness of both sides “to go to The willingness of both sides “to go to the brink” or edge of war to force the the brink” or edge of war to force the other side to back downother side to back down

• Caused a huge military buildup of Caused a huge military buildup of airplanes and nuclear weapons on both airplanes and nuclear weapons on both sidessides

8. Launching of Sputnik I8. Launching of Sputnik I• October 4, 1957 ; October 4, 1957 ; first first

unmanned satellite unmanned satellite sent into space by the sent into space by the SovietSoviet UnionUnion using using ICBM’s ICBM’s (intercontinental (intercontinental ballistic missiles)ballistic missiles)

• Result: Result: U.S.U.S.felt they felt they were falling behind were falling behind and and began pumping began pumping up their technology up their technology and science; launched and science; launched own satellite in 1958own satellite in 1958

U-2 IncidentU-2 Incident• CIA, under Eisenhower, CIA, under Eisenhower,

commenced secret, high-commenced secret, high-altitude spy flights over the altitude spy flights over the Soviet territory in planes Soviet territory in planes called U-2’s. called U-2’s.

• May May 1960-spy plane shot 1960-spy plane shot down by Soviet Uniondown by Soviet Union and and the pilot, Francis Gary the pilot, Francis Gary Powers, was capturedPowers, was captured

• This incident heightened This incident heightened tensions between the two tensions between the two superpowerssuperpowers

Section 2Section 2• 1.After the Japanese surrendered in 1.After the Japanese surrendered in

1945, the 1945, the Nationalists (leader-Jiang Nationalists (leader-Jiang JieshiJieshi) and the ) and the Communists (leader-Communists (leader-Mao ZedongMao Zedong) resumed the civil war) resumed the civil war

• 3.Nationalists had the advantage of 3.Nationalists had the advantage of a larger army (3 to 1) and U.S. aid; a larger army (3 to 1) and U.S. aid; Communists were enthusiastic andCommunists were enthusiastic and promised to return the land to the promised to return the land to the peoplepeople

• 2.Civil War lasted from 1945 to 2.Civil War lasted from 1945 to October 1949October 1949, when the , when the Nationalists fled from China to Nationalists fled from China to Taiwan after the economy began to Taiwan after the economy began to collapse and cities fell to the collapse and cities fell to the CommunistsCommunists

5a. Superpowers React5a. Superpowers React

• United States supported Nationalist United States supported Nationalist China with aid, etc.China with aid, etc.

• Soviet Union supported Communist Soviet Union supported Communist China and they made an alliance to China and they made an alliance to defend each other if attackeddefend each other if attacked

• Communist China expanded into Communist China expanded into Tibet, India and Inner MongoliaTibet, India and Inner Mongolia

5b.Mao’s Chinese economy 5b.Mao’s Chinese economy

Agrarian Reform Law of 1950-dividedLand among the peasants, murderingthe landlords; and made the farms into collectives, each holding 200 to 300 households

Private companies nationalized(takenover by the national government) and Industry and businesses transformed

6a. Great Leap Forward6a. Great Leap Forward• In 1958, Mao’s five year In 1958, Mao’s five year

plan included making plan included making collectives even larger, collectives even larger, into communes of 15,000 into communes of 15,000 acres worked by 25,000 acres worked by 25,000 peasants.peasants.

• Failed due to poor Failed due to poor planning and too much planning and too much centralization (no centralization (no incentive to work hard)incentive to work hard)

• Resulted in a famine that Resulted in a famine that killed 20 million Chinesekilled 20 million Chinese

6b.Cultural Revolution6b.Cultural Revolution• ““Learn revolution by making Learn revolution by making

revolution!” Mao’s slogan revolution!” Mao’s slogan for starting the CRfor starting the CR

• Goal- establish a society of Goal- establish a society of peasants and workers in peasants and workers in which all were equalwhich all were equal

• Red Guard-high school and Red Guard-high school and college students sent out to college students sent out to form militias-terrorized the form militias-terrorized the populace; killed anyone populace; killed anyone involved in the “life of the involved in the “life of the mind”(intellectuals)mind”(intellectuals)

• Thousands murdered; Thousands murdered; schools and universities schools and universities closedclosed

• 1968-Red Guards stopped; 1968-Red Guards stopped; order restoredorder restored

Douglas MacArthur-Douglas MacArthur-Commander of U.N. forcesCommander of U.N. forces• Pushed North Korean Pushed North Korean

troops back almost to the troops back almost to the Yalu River (border with Yalu River (border with China)China)

• Troops mostly from the Troops mostly from the U.S., China felt threatened U.S., China felt threatened so sent 300,000 troops so sent 300,000 troops into North Koreainto North Korea

• Fighting over two years Fighting over two years resulted in a standstill at resulted in a standstill at the 38the 38thth parallel; ceasefire parallel; ceasefire signed (which is still in signed (which is still in existence today)existence today)

• 2. 2. Legacy-a divided KoreaLegacy-a divided Korea

Road to War in SE AsiaRoad to War in SE Asia

• Early 1900’s French Early 1900’s French controlled Indochinacontrolled Indochina

• Nationalist Ho Chi Minh began Nationalist Ho Chi Minh began fighting for independence in fighting for independence in VietnamVietnam

• 3.After WW II, Communists 3.After WW II, Communists and Vietnamese Nationalists and Vietnamese Nationalists united to fight the French for united to fight the French for independence; French lost in independence; French lost in 19541954

• 4.Outcome: 4.Outcome: Vietnam divided Vietnam divided at 17 north latitude ; U.S. and at 17 north latitude ; U.S. and France set up anti-Communist France set up anti-Communist govt’ under Ngo Dinh Diemgovt’ under Ngo Dinh Diem

FOCUS ON THE FOCUS ON THE COLD WARCOLD WAR

• From the beginning From the beginning of his term in early of his term in early 1961, JFK focused 1961, JFK focused on the Cold War on the Cold War (Soviet relations)(Soviet relations)

• JFK JFK tripled our tripled our nuclear capability, nuclear capability, increased troops, increased troops, ships and artillery, ships and artillery, and created the and created the Green Berets Green Berets (Special Forces) (Special Forces)

CRISIS OVER CUBACRISIS OVER CUBA• Just 90 miles off the coast of Florida, Cuba presented Just 90 miles off the coast of Florida, Cuba presented

the first big test of JFK’s foreign policythe first big test of JFK’s foreign policy

• Openly Communist, Cuba was led by revolutionary Openly Communist, Cuba was led by revolutionary leader Fidel Castro who welcomed aid from the USSRleader Fidel Castro who welcomed aid from the USSR

• Relations between the U.S. and Cuba were deterioratingRelations between the U.S. and Cuba were deteriorating

BAY OF PIGSBAY OF PIGS• In March 1960, In March 1960,

Eisenhower gave the Eisenhower gave the CIA permission to CIA permission to secretly train Cuban secretly train Cuban exiles for an invasion of exiles for an invasion of CubaCuba

• Kennedy learned of the Kennedy learned of the plan only nine days into plan only nine days into his presidencyhis presidency

• JFK approved the JFK approved the missionmission

• It It turned out to be a turned out to be a disaster when in April, disaster when in April, 1961, 1,200 Cuban 1961, 1,200 Cuban exiles met 25,000 exiles met 25,000 Cuban troops backed Cuban troops backed by by Soviet tanks and were Soviet tanks and were soundly defeatedsoundly defeated

“We looked like fools to our

friends, rascals to our enemies

and incompetents to

the rest”

Quote from U.S. Commentator

THE CUBAN MISSILE THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISISCRISIS

• Castro had a powerful ally in MoscowCastro had a powerful ally in Moscow• Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev

promised to defend Cuba with Soviet promised to defend Cuba with Soviet weaponsweapons

• During the summer of During the summer of 1962 the flow of 1962 the flow of Soviet weapons into Cuba – including Soviet weapons into Cuba – including nuclear – increased greatlynuclear – increased greatly

SOVIETS SEEK TO STOP SOVIETS SEEK TO STOP EXODUSEXODUS • The The Soviets did not Soviets did not

like the fact that East like the fact that East Berliners were fleeing Berliners were fleeing their city for the their city for the democratic westdemocratic west

• Their departure hurt Their departure hurt the economy and the the economy and the prestige of the USSRprestige of the USSR

• Just after midnight on Just after midnight on August 13, 1961 the August 13, 1961 the Soviets began Soviets began construction of a 90-construction of a 90-mile wall separating mile wall separating East and West Berlin East and West Berlin

East Germany begins construction on the Berlin

Wall, which becomes a primary symbol of the Cold War and Soviet oppression

EASING TENSIONSEASING TENSIONS• Both Khrushchev and Both Khrushchev and

Kennedy began Kennedy began searching for ways to searching for ways to ease the enormous ease the enormous tension between the tension between the two superpowerstwo superpowers

• In 1963 they In 1963 they established a established a hot line hot line between the White between the White House and the KremlinHouse and the Kremlin

• Later that year, the Later that year, the superpowers signed a superpowers signed a Limited Test Ban Limited Test Ban Treaty that served to Treaty that served to ban nuclear testing in ban nuclear testing in the atmospherethe atmosphere

TimelineTimeline

• You are to create a timeline of the events You are to create a timeline of the events regarding Cuba. regarding Cuba. – Read pages 673-677Read pages 673-677– Write down the events in order with a brief Write down the events in order with a brief

description of what took place.description of what took place.

5. U.S. enters Vietnam5. U.S. enters Vietnam

• Vietcong communist Vietcong communist guerillas in the South) guerillas in the South) escalate attacks on escalate attacks on Diem’s regimeDiem’s regime (who is (who is very unpopular)very unpopular)

• August 1964, August 1964, President Lyndon President Lyndon Johnson with Johnson with Congress’s ok, Congress’s ok, commits troopscommits troops

6. 6. VietnamizationVietnamization

• By 1969, By 1969, war has war has become unpopular at become unpopular at homehome

• President Nixon President Nixon institutes a institutes a plan to turn plan to turn the fighting over to the the fighting over to the South VietnameseSouth Vietnamese and and begin to pull out troopsbegin to pull out troops

• 1973-last of the U.S. 1973-last of the U.S. troops lefttroops left

• 1975-North Vietnamese 1975-North Vietnamese overran South Vietnam; overran South Vietnam; became communist became communist

CambodiaCambodia• Khmer Rouge Khmer Rouge

(Communist rebels) (Communist rebels) took over Cambodia took over Cambodia under the leadership of under the leadership of Pol PotPol Pot

• 2 million people 2 million people slaughtered (one slaughtered (one quarter of the quarter of the population)population)

• 1978-Vietnam invaded 1978-Vietnam invaded and set up a less and set up a less repressive gov’trepressive gov’t

• 1993-Cambodia 1993-Cambodia adopted a democratic adopted a democratic constitution and held constitution and held free elections under UN free elections under UN auspicesauspices

Section 5-Cold War ThawsSection 5-Cold War Thaws

• Before 1953, Stalin kept a Before 1953, Stalin kept a firm grip on the Soviet firm grip on the Soviet Union’s satellites-their Union’s satellites-their economies totally controlled economies totally controlled and developed according to and developed according to the needs of the Soviet the needs of the Soviet economy,economy,

• After Stalin’s death, Soviet After Stalin’s death, Soviet leaders more moderateleaders more moderate

• Destalinization- was the Destalinization- was the purging of Stalin’s memory purging of Stalin’s memory throughout the country throughout the country under Nikita Khrushchevunder Nikita Khrushchev

How did each country try to How did each country try to resist Soviet rule?resist Soviet rule?• 1. 1. 1956-Hungarian army joined protestors to 1956-Hungarian army joined protestors to

overthrow Soviet controlled gov’toverthrow Soviet controlled gov’t• Soviet troops moved in with tanks to stop the riotingSoviet troops moved in with tanks to stop the rioting• Revolt failed,Revolt failed, thousands were killed thousands were killed

2. Czechoslovakia2. Czechoslovakia

• 1968-”Praque Spring” 1968-”Praque Spring” Czech communist leader Czech communist leader (Dubcek) brought in (Dubcek) brought in reforms “Socialism with reforms “Socialism with a human face”.a human face”.

• New Soviet leader, New Soviet leader, Breshnev who had Breshnev who had clamped down on clamped down on reforms in the Soviet reforms in the Soviet Union, sent troops from Union, sent troops from the Warsaw Pact nations the Warsaw Pact nations into Czechoslovakia to into Czechoslovakia to put down the rebellion.put down the rebellion.

• Reformed failedReformed failed

3.China3.China• Soviet Union thought China would follow its Soviet Union thought China would follow its

leadership in foreign affairsleadership in foreign affairs• China began to resent living in the Soviet China began to resent living in the Soviet

Union’s shadowUnion’s shadow• China began to spread their type of China began to spread their type of

communism in Africa and Asiacommunism in Africa and Asia• Khrushchev punished China by not sharing Khrushchev punished China by not sharing

their nuclear secrets or technological their nuclear secrets or technological developmentsdevelopments

• Peace between these two countries has Peace between these two countries has continued to be fragilecontinued to be fragile

What was the foreign policy of each What was the foreign policy of each U.S. President?U.S. President?

• 4. 4. John F. Kennedy-John F. Kennedy-Policy of BrinkmanshipPolicy of Brinkmanship

(Cuban Missile Crisis)(Cuban Missile Crisis)• 5. Lyndon Johnson-5. Lyndon Johnson-

Policy of BrinkmanshipPolicy of Brinkmanship (escalated the war in (escalated the war in

Vietnam)Vietnam)• 6,8. Richard Nixon-6,8. Richard Nixon-

DétenteDétente; ; policy of policy of lessening Cold War lessening Cold War tensions (avoiding tensions (avoiding direct confrontation direct confrontation with Soviet Unionwith Soviet Union))

9. SALT I Treaty9. SALT I Treaty• What was the objective of this treaty?What was the objective of this treaty?• Nixon visited both China and the Soviet Union in Nixon visited both China and the Soviet Union in

19721972• Nixon and Breshnev signed SALT (Nixon and Breshnev signed SALT (Strategic Arms Strategic Arms

Limitation Treaty)Limitation Treaty) which was a five year treaty which was a five year treaty limiting the number of ICB and submarine-limiting the number of ICB and submarine-launched missiles each nation had to 1972 launched missiles each nation had to 1972 levelslevels

Salt II TreatySalt II Treaty• Breshnev and Carter Breshnev and Carter

signed a second round of signed a second round of treaties in 1979treaties in 1979

• Soviet Union invaded Soviet Union invaded AfghanistanAfghanistan

• U,S. Congress refused to U,S. Congress refused to ratify the treatyratify the treaty

• 7. Ronald Reagan-fiercely 7. Ronald Reagan-fiercely anti-communist;anti-communist;

Moved away from détenteMoved away from détenteincreased defense increased defense spending putting spending putting economic and military economic and military pressure on the Soviet pressure on the Soviet Union , which could not Union , which could not afford to keep up afford to keep up

10. “Star Wars”10. “Star Wars”• SDI-Strategic Defense Initiative under ReaganSDI-Strategic Defense Initiative under Reagan• program to protect against enemy missilesprogram to protect against enemy missiles• Not built but remained a symbol of U.S. anti-Not built but remained a symbol of U.S. anti-

communist sentimentcommunist sentiment