Cohesion and Coherence in the Novel

8/13/2019 Cohesion and Coherence in the Novel

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CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Findings

a. Cohesion in Through the Looking-g!ss "# Le$is C!rro

One thing was certain, that the white kitten had had nothing to do with it: -- it

was the black kitten's fault entirely %&'. For the white kitten had been having

its face washed by the old cat for the last quarter of an hour (and bearing it

pretty well, considering! so you see that it couldn't have had any hand in the

"ischief %('.

#he way $inah washed her children's faces was this: first she held the poor

thing down by its ear with one paw, and then with the other paw she rubbed

its face all over, the wrong way, beginning at the nose: and %ust now, as & said,

she was hard at work on the white kitten, which was lying quite still and trying

to purr -- no doubt feeling that it was all "eant for its good %)'.

ut the black kitten had been finished with earlier in the afternoon, and so,

while lice was sitting curled up in a corner of the great ar"-chair, half talking

to herself and half asleep, the kitten had been having a grand ga"e of ro"ps

with the ball of worsted lice had been trying to wind up, and had been rolling

it up and down till it had all co"e undone again! and there it was, spread over

1



the hearth-rug, all knots and tangles, with the kitten running after its own tail

in the "iddle %*'.

)Oh, you wicked little thing %+'*' cried lice, catching up the kitten, and giving it

a little kiss to "ake it understand that it was in disgrace %,'. )+eally, $inah

ought to have taught you better "anners %'* ou ought, $inah, you know you

ought %.'*' she added, looking reproachfully at the old cat, and speaking in as

cross a voice as she could "anage -- and then she scra"bled back into the

ar"-chair, taking the kitten and the worsted with her, and began winding up

the ball again %/'. ut she didn't get on very fast, as she was talking all the

ti"e, so"eti"es to the kitten, and so"eti"es to herself %&0'. itty sat very

de"urely on her knee, pretending to watch the progress of the winding, and

now and then putting out one paw and gently touching the ball, as if it would

be glad to help, if it "ight %&&'.

)$o you know what to-"orrow is, itty %&('' lice began %&)'. )ou'd have

guessed if you'd been up in the window with "e -- only $inah was "aking

you tidy, so you couldn't %&*'. & was watching the boys getting in stick for the

bonfire -- and it wants plenty of sticks, itty %&+'* Only it got so cold, and it

snowed so, they had to leave off %&,'. /ever "ind, itty, we'll go and see the

bonfire to-"orrow %&'.' 0ere lice wound two or three turns of the worsted

round the kitten's neck, %ust to see how it would look: this led to a scra"ble, in

2



which the ball rolled down upon the floor, and yards and yards of it got

unwound again %&.'.

)$o you know, & was so angry, itty %&/',' lice went on as soon as they were

co"fortably settled again %(0', )when & saw all the "ischief you had been

doing, & was very nearly opening the window, and putting you out into the

snow %(&'* nd you'd have deserved it, you little "ischievous darling %(('*

1hat have you got to say for yourself %()' /ow don't interrupt "e %(*'*' she

went on, holding up one finger %(+'. )&'" going to tell you all your faults %(,'.

/u"ber one: you squeaked twice while $inah was washing your face this

"orning %('. /ow you can't deny it, itty: & heard you %(.'* 1hat that you say

%(/'' (pretending that the kitten was speaking %)0'. )0er paw went into your

eye %)&' 1ell, that's your fault, for keeping your eyes open -- if you'd shut

the" tight up, it wouldn't have happened %)('. /ow don't "ake any "ore

e2cuses, but listen %))'* /u"ber two: you pulled 3nowdrop away by the tail

%ust as & had put down the saucer of "ilk before her %)*'* 1hat, you were

thirsty, were you %)+' 0ow do you know she wasn't thirsty too %),' /ow for

nu"ber three: you unwound every bit of the worsted while & wasn't looking

%)'*

)#hat's three faults, itty, and you've not been punished for any of the" yet

%).'. ou know &'" saving up all your punish"ents for 1ednesday week --

3uppose they had saved up all "y punish"ents %)/'*' she went on, talking

3



"ore to herself than the kitten %*0'. )1hat would they do at the end of a year

%*&' & should be sent to prison, & suppose, when the day ca"e %*('. Or -- let

"e see -- suppose each punish"ent was to be going without a dinner: then,

when the "iserable day ca"e, & should have to go without fifty dinners at

once %*)'* 1ell, & shouldn't "ind that "uch %**'* &'d far rather go without the"

than eat the" %*+'*

)$o you hear the snow against the window-panes, itty %*,' 0ow nice and

soft it sounds %*'* 4ust as if so"eone was kissing the window all over

outside %*.'. & wonder if the snow loves the trees and fields, that it kisses

the" so gently %*/' nd then it covers the" up snug, you know, with a white

quilt! and perhaps it says %+0', 56o to sleep, darlings, till the su""er co"es

again %+&'.5 nd when they wake up in the su""er, itty, they dress

the"selves all in green, and dance about -- whenever the wind blows -- oh,

that's very pretty %+('*' cried lice, dropping the ball of worsted to clap her

hands %+)'. )nd & do so wish it was true %+*'* &'" sure the woods look sleepy

in the autu"n, when the leaves are getting brown %++'.

)itty, can you play chess %+,' /ow, don't s"ile, "y dear, &'" asking it

seriously %+'. ecause, when we were playing %ust now, you watched %ust as

if you understood it: and when & said 57heck*5 you purred %+.'* 1ell, it was a

nice check, itty, and really & "ight have won, if it hadn't been for that nasty

night, that ca"e wiggling down a"ong "y pieces %+/'. itty, dear, let's

4



pretend 8 %,0'' nd here & wish & could tell you half the things lice used to

say, beginning with her favourite phrase )9et's pretend %,&'.' 3he had had

quite a long argu"ent with her sister only the say before -- all because lice

had begun with %,(' )9et's pretend we're kings and queens %,)'!' and her

sister, who liked being very e2act, had argued that they couldn't, because

there were only two of the", and lice had been reduced at last to say %,*',

)1ell, you can be one of the" then, and &'ll be all the rest %,+'.5 nd once she

had really frightened her old nurse by shouting suddenly in her ear %,,',

)/urse (;* $o let's pretend that &'" a hungry hyaena, and you're a bone

%,.'.'

ut this is taking us away fro" lice's speech to the kitten %,/'. )9et's pretend

that you're the +ed <ueen, itty %0'* $o you know, & think if you sat up and

folded your ar"s, you'd look e2actly like her %&'. /ow do try, there's a dear

%('*' nd lice got the +ed <ueen off the table, and set it up before the kitten

as a "odel for it to i"itate: however, the thing didn't succeed, principally, lice

said, because the kitten wouldn't fold its ar"s properly %)'. 3o, to punish it,

she held it up to the 9ooking-glass, that it "ight see how sulky it was 8 %*'

)and if you're not good directly, %+'' she added %,', )&'ll put you through into

9ooking-glass 0ouse %'. 0ow would you like that %.''

)/ow, if you'll only attend, itty, and not talk so "uch, &'ll tell you all "y ideas

about 9ooking-glass 0ouse %/'. First, there's the roo" you can see through

5



the glass -- that's %ust the sa"e as our drawing roo", only the things go the

other way %.0'. & can see all of it when & get upon a chair -- all but the bit

behind the fireplace %.&'. Oh %.('* & do so wish & could see that bit %.)'* & want

so "uch to know whether they've a fire in the winter: you never can tell, you

know, unless our fire s"okes, and then s"oke co"es up in that roo" too --

but that "ay be only pretence, %ust to "ake it look as if they had a fire %.*'.

1ell then, the books are so"ething like our books, only the words go the

wrong way! & know that, because &'ve held up one of our books to the glass,

and then they hold up one in the other roo" %.+'.

)0ow would you like to live in 9ooking-glass 0ouse, itty %.,' & wonder if

they'd give you "ilk in there %.' =erhaps 9ooking-glass "ilk isn't good to

drink -- ut oh, itty %..'* /ow we co"e to the passage %./'. ou can %ust see

a little peep of the passage in 9ooking-glass 0ouse, if you leave the door of

our drawing-roo" wide open: and it's very like our passage as far as you can

see, only you know it "ay be quite different on beyond %/0'. Oh, itty %/&'*

0ow nice it would be if we could only get through into 9ooking-glass 0ouse

%/('* &'" sure it's got, oh %/)'* 3uch beautiful things in it %/*'* 9et's pretend

there's a way of getting through into it, so"ehow, itty %/+'. 9et's pretend the

glass has got all soft like gau>e, so that we can get through %/,'. 1hy, it's

turning into a sort of "ist now, & declare %/'* &t'll be easy enough to get

through 8 %/.'' 3he was up on the chi"ney-piece while she said this, though

6



she hardly knew how she had got there %//'. nd certainly the glass was

beginning to "elt away, %ust like a bright silvery "ist %&00'.

&n another "o"ent lice was through the glass, and had %u"ped lightly down

into the 9ooking-glass roo" %&0&'. #he very first thing she did was to look

whether there was a fire in the fireplace, and she was quite pleased to find

that there was a real one, bla>ing away as brightly as the one she had left

behind %&0('. )3o & shall be as war" here as & was in the old roo" %&0)','

thought lice: %&0*' )war"er, in fact, because there'll be no one here to scold

"e away fro" the fire %&0+'. Oh, what fun it'll be, when they see "e through

the glass in here, and can't get at "e %&0,'*'

#hen she began looking about, and noticed that what could be seen fro" the

old roo" was quite co""on and uninteresting, but that all the rest was a

different as possible %&0'. For instance, the pictures on the wall ne2t the fire

see"ed to be all alive, and the very clock on the chi"ney-piece (you know

you can only see the back of it in the 9ooking-glass had got the face of a little

old "an, and grinned at her %&0.'.

)#hey don't keep this roo" so tidy as the other %&0/',' lice thought to herself,

as she noticed several of the chess"en down in the hearth a"ong the

cinders: but in another "o"ent, with a little )Oh*' of surprise, she was down

on her hands and knees watching the" %&&0'. #he chess"en were walking

about, two and two %&&&'*

7



)0ere are the +ed ing and the +ed <ueen %&&(',' lice said (in a whisper, for

fear of frightening the" %&&)', )and there are the 1hite ing and the 1hite

<ueen sitting on the edge of the shovel -- and here are two castles walking

ar" in ar" -- & don't think they can hear "e %&&*',' she went on, as she put

her head closer down %&&+', )and &'" nearly sure they can't see "e %&&,'. &

feel so"ehow as if & were invisible 8 %&&' '

0ere so"ething began squeaking on the table behind lice, and "ade her

turn her head %ust in ti"e to see one of the 1hite =awns roll over and begin

kicking: she watched it with great curiosity to see what would happen ne2t

%&&.'.

)&t is the voice of "y child %&&/'*' the 1hite <ueen cried out as she rushed

past the ing, so violently that she knocked hi" over a"ong the cinders

%&(0'. )?y precious 9ily %&(&'* ?y i"perial kitten %&(('*' and she began

scra"bling wildly up the side of the fender %&()'.

)&"perial fiddlestick %&(*'*' said the ing, rubbing his nose, which had been

hurt by the fall %&(+'. 0e had a right to be a little annoyed with the <ueen, for

he was covered with ashes fro" head to foot %&(,'.

lice was very an2ious to be of use, and, as the poor little 9ily was nearly

screa"ing herself into a fit, she hastily picked up the <ueen and set her on

the table by the side of her noisy little daughter %&('.

8



#he <ueen gasped, and sat down: the rapid %ourney through the air had quite

taken away her breath and for a "inute or two she could do nothing but hug

the little 9ily in silence %&(.'. s soon as she had recovered her breath a little,

she called out to the 1hite ing, who was sitting sulkily a"ong the ashes

%&(/', )?ind the volcano %&)0'*'

)1hat volcano %&)&'' said the ing, looking up an2iously into the fire, as if he

thought that was the "ost likely place to find one %&)('.

)lew -- "e 8 up %&))',' panted the <ueen, who was still a little out of breath

%&)*'. )?ind you co"e up -- the regular way -- don't get blown up %&)+'*'

lice watched the 1hite ing as he slowly struggled up fro" bar to bar, till at

last she said %&),', )1hy, you'll be hours and hours getting to the table, at

that rate %&)'. &'d far better help you, hadn't & %&).'' ut the ing took no

notice of the question: it was quite clear that he could neither hear her nor

see her %&)/'.

3o lice picked hi" up very gently, and lifted hi" across "ore slowly than

she had lifted the <ueen, that she "ightn't take his breath away: but, before

she put hi" on the table, she thought she "ight as well dust hi" a little, he

was so covered with ashes %&*0'.

3he said afterwards that she had never seen in all her life such a face as the

ing "ade, when he found hi"self held in the air by an invisible hand, and

9



being dusted: he was far too "uch astonished to cry out, but his eyes and his

"outh went on getting larger and larger, and rounder and rounder, till her

hand shook so with laughing that she nearly let hi" drop upon the floor %&*&'.

)Oh %&*('* =lease don't "ake such faces, "y dear %&*)'*' she cried out, quite

forgetting that the ing couldn't hear her %&**'. )ou "ake "e laugh so that &

can hardly hold you %&*+'* nd don't keep your "outh so wide open %&*,'* ll

the ashes will get into it -- there, now & think you're tidy enough %&*'*' she

added, as she s"oothed his hair, and set hi" upon the table near the <ueen

%&*.'.

#he ing i""ediately fell flat on his back, and lay perfectly still: and lice was

a little alar"ed at what she had done, and went round the roo" to see if she

could find any water to throw over hi" %&*/'. 0owever, she could find nothing

but a bottle of ink, and when she got back with it she found he had recovered,

and he and the <ueen were talking together in a frightened whisper -- so low,

that lice could hardly hear what they said %&+0'.

#he ing was saying %&+&', )& assure, you "y dear, & turned cold to the very

ends of "y whiskers %&+('*'

#o which the <ueen replied %&+)', )ou haven't got any whiskers %&+*'.'

)#he horror of that "o"ent %&++',' the ing went on %&+,', )& shall never,

never forget %&+'*'

10



)ou will, though %&+.',' the <ueen said %&+/', )if you don't "ake a

"e"orandu" of it %&,0'.'

lice looked on with great interest as the ing took an enor"ous

"e"orandu"-book out of his pocket, and began writing %&,&'. sudden

thought struck her, and she took hold of the end of the pencil, which ca"e

so"e way over his shoulder, and began writing for hi" %&,('.

#he poor ing look pu>>led and unhappy, and struggled with the pencil for

so"e ti"e without saying anything! but lice was too strong for hi", and at

last he panted out %&,)', )?y dear %&,*'* & really "ust get a thinner pencil

%&,+'. & can't "anage this one a bit! it writes all "anner of things that & don't

intend 8 %&,,''

)1hat "anner of things %&,'' said the <ueen, looking over the book %&,.'

(in which lice had put )#he 1hite night is sliding down the poker %&,/'. 0e

balances very badly %&0'' )#hat's not a "e"orandu" of your feelings %&&'*'

#here was a book lying near lice on the table, and while she sat watching

the 1hite ing (for she was still a little an2ious about hi", and had the ink all

ready to throw over hi", in case he fainted again %&)', she turned over the

leaves, to find so"e part that she could read %&(', ) -- for it's all in so"e

language & don't know %&*',' she said to herself %&+'.

&t was like this %&,'.

YKCOWREBBAJ

11



sevot yhtils eht dna ,gillirb sawT`

ebaw eht ni elbmig dna eryg diD

,sevogorob eht erew ysmim llA

.ebargtuo shtar emom eht dnA

3he pu>>led over this for so"e ti"e, but at last a bright thought struck her

%&'. )1hy, it's a 9ooking-glass book, of course %&.'* nd if & hold it up to a

glass, the words will all go the right way again %&/'.5

#his was the poe" that lice read %&.0'.

JABBERWOCKY

`Twas brillig, and the slithy toves

Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;

All mimsy were the borogoves,

And the mome raths outgrabe.

`Beware the Jabberwock, my son!

The aws that bite, the claws that catch!

Beware the Juub bird, and shun

The rumious Bandersnatch!"

#e took his vor$al sword in hand%

&ong time the man'ome oe he sought ((

)o rested he by the Tumtum gree,

12



And stood awhile in thought.

And as in uish thought he stood,

The Jabberwock, with eyes o lame,

*ame whiling through the tulgey wook,

And burbled as it came!

+ne, two! +ne, two! And through and through

The vor$al blade went snicker(snack!

#e let it dead, and with its head

#e went galum$hing back.

`And has thou slain the Jabberwock

*ome to my arms, my beamish boy!

+ rabous day! *alloh! *allay!

#e chortled in his oy.

`Twas brillig, and the slithy toves

Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;

All mimsy were the borogoves,

And the mome raths outgrabe.

)&t see"s very pretty %&.&',' she said when she had finished it %&.(', )but it's

rather hard to understand %&.)'*' (ou see she didn't like to confess, ever to

herself, that she couldn't "ake it out at all %&.*' )3o"ehow t see"s to fill "y

13



head with ideas -- only & don't e2actly know what they are %&.+'* 0owever,

so"ebody killed so"ething: that's clear, at any rate 8 %&.,''

)ut oh %&.'*' thought lice, suddenly %u"ping up %&..', )if & don't "ake

haste & shall have to go back through the 9ooking-glass, before &'ve seen

what the rest of the house is like %&./'* 9et's have a look at the garden first

%&/0'*' 3he was out of the roo" in a "o"ent, and ran down stairs -- or, at

least, it wasn't e2actly running, but a new invention of hers for getting down

stairs quickly and easily, as lice said to herself %&/&'. 3he %ust kept the tips

of her fingers on the hand-rail, and floated gently down without even touching

the stairs with her feet! then she floated on through the hall, and would have

gone straight out at the door in the sa"e way, if she hadn't caught hold of the

door-post %&/('. 3he was getting a little giddy with so "uch floating in the air,

and was rather glad to find herself walking again in the natural way %&/)'.

b. T!"e o1 Cohesi2e Ite3

3entence

/u"ber

7ohesive

&te"

#ype =resupposed

&te"

@ One thing + #he white kitten had had

nothing to do with it&t (AB + Cnwinding and entangling

the ball

A For 7 3.@

&ts, it (AB + #he white kitten

#he old cat + $inah

14



ny hand + #he "ischief

considering D 7onsidering it pretty well

E this + First and then : and %ust

now

0er, she (AB + $inah

&ts (AB + $inahGs children faces

all + #he way $inah washed her

children

&t, its + #he white kitten

ll over D $inahGs children faces

quite + still

H utand so! and

there

7 3. E

#he black kitten had

been finished

D #he black kitten had been

finished by the old cat

($inah

&t (EB + #he ball of worsted

again 7 #he ball of worsted had all

co"e undonethere + 3pread over the hearth-rug,

all knots and tangles

its + #he black kitten 8 the kitten

ll (AB D #he ball

I Oh, you wicked little

thing

D 3.H

JyouK + &t 8 the kitten

&t (EB + #he kitten

; really D ou are wicked little thingJyouK + &t 8 the kitten

better + #he "anner

L JyouK (EB + #he old cat 8 $inah

ou know you ought * D ou know you ought to have

taught hi" better "anners *

15



M 3he (EB, her + lice

sas + #he cross of voice that lice

could "anage

3he added D 3he added her re"ark

#he old cat + $inah

again 7 lice began winding up the

ball of worsted

@N ut 7 3.M

all + #he ti"e

as + 3he was talking

@@ 0er + lice

s if + &t would be glad to help&t (AB + =utting out one paw and

gently touching the ball

&f it "ight D &f it "ight be glad to help

@A JyouK + #he kitten 8 the black kitten

8 itty

@E lice began D lice began to ask itty

@H JyouK (HB + itty

J"eK + 3he 8 her 8 lice

(so you couldnGt D (so you couldnGt "aking

yourself tidy

@I J&K + lice

it + #he bonfire

@ only 7 3.@I

3o (AB + 7old and snowed

&t (AB + #he bonfire

they + #he boys

@; /ever "ind, itty D 3.@

JweK + lice and itty

@L 0ere + 3.@;

it + #he worsted round the

kittenGs neck

it + #he ball 8 the worsted

again 7 #he ball got unwound

16



this + lice wound two or three

turns of the worsted round

the kittenGs neck

@M JyouK + &t 8 itty

J&K + 3he 8 lice

so + ngry

AN they + lice and itty

sas + #he soon that lice were

co"fortably settled again

again 7 #hey were co"fortably

settled

A@ ou had been doing D ou had been doing to "e

J&K (AB + lice

JyouK (AB + itty

AA nd 7 3.A@

JyouK (AB + itty

it + =utting the kitten out into

the snow

9ittle "ischievous

darling

+ itty

AE JyouK + itty

AH /ow 7 3.AE

J"eK + lice

AI she + J"eK -- lice

3he went on D 3he went on saying

A J&G"K + 3he -- lice

all + ittyGs faults

JyouK, JyourK + itty

A; /u"ber one : 7 3.A

JyouK, JyourK + ittythis + ?orning

AL /ow 7 3.A;

JyouK (AB + itty

it + 3.A;

J&K + lice

17



AM JyouK + itty

EN - - -

E@ 0er paw went into your

eye

D 3.AM

JherK + $inah

JyourK + itty

EA 1ell 7 3.E@

#hatGs + 0er paw went into your

eyes

JyourK (EB + itty

the" + our eyes

it + 0er paw went into your

eyes

EE /ow 7 3.EA 8 3.E@

ny "ore + e2cuses

ut listen * D ut listen on "e *

EH /u"ber two : 7 3.A;

JyouK + itty

J&K + lice

JherK + $inah

EI 1hat, you were thirsty,

were you

D 3.EH

JyouK (AB + itty

E JyouK + itty

she + 0er 8 $inah

3he wasnGt thirsty too + ou wasnGt thirsty

3he wasnGt thirsty

E; /ow for nu"ber three 7 3.E 8 3.EI

JyouK + itty

J&K + lice

Dvery bit + #he worsted

& wasnGt looking * D & wasnGt looking at you *

EL #hatGs + 3.A; 8 3.EH 8 3.E;

the" + #hree faults

yet 7 3.A; 8 3.EH 8 3.E;

EM JyouK, JyourK + itty

18



they + 1ednesday week

all + our punish"ent

all + ?y punish"entJ"yK + & 8 lice

HN "orethan + talking

she + lice

H@ they + 1ednesday week

HA & should be sent to

prison, & suppose,

when the day ca"e

D 3.H@

J&K (AB + lice

HE Orthen 7 3.HAJ"eK + lice

HH 1ell 7 3.HE

J&K + lice

that + #o go without fifty dinners at

once

"uch + #o go without fifty dinners at

once

HI &Gd far ratherthan + 6o without dinner

J&GdK + lice#he" (AB + Fifty dinners

H JyouK + itty

H; it + #he snow against the

window-panes

HL ll over + Outside the window

HM J&K + lice

it + #he snow

so + 6ently

the" + #he trees and the fields

IN nd then 7 3.HM

&t (AB + #he snow

the" + #he trees and the fields

JyouK + itty

I@ again 7 #he su""er co"es

IA nd 7 3.I@

19



#hey (AB + #he trees and the fields

all + green

#hatGs + #hey dress the"selves all

in green, and dance about 8

whenever the wind blows

IE her + lice

IH nd 7 3.IE 8 3.IA

J&K + lice

so + wish

it + 3.IA

II J&G"K + lice

I JyouK + ittyI; /ow 7 3.I

J&G"K + lice

it + 3.I

IL ecause 7 3.I;


1e were playing D 1e were playing chess

JyouK (EB + itty

it + =laying chess

J&K + lice

ou purred * D ou purred on it *

IM 1ell 7 3.ILJ&K, J"yK + lice

&t

+eally

+

7

J7heck *K

& "ight have won

& "ight have won D & "ight have won the ga"e

it + & "ight have won

that + #he /asty night

N 9etGs pretend D 9etGs pretend to be

@ nd 7 3.N

& (AB D+ #he storyteller

you D+ #he storytold

0alf the things + 9etGs pretend

her + lice

A 3he, her + lice

quite + 9ong argu"ent

all + 3he had quite a long

20



argu"ent

E 1eGre + lice and her sister

H nd 7 3.Ethere + lice and her sister

her + lice

#hey, the" + lice and itty

t last 7 3.E

#hey couldnGt D #hey couldnGt pretend to be

ings and <ueens

I 1ellthen 7 3.H

JyouK + liceGs sister

J&GllK + lice

the rest + ings and <ueens nd once 7 3.I

3he, her + lice

her + (the old nurse

; /urse * D 3.

L J&G"K + lice

JyouGreK + 3.;

M ut 7 3.L

this + 3.L

us D+ #he storyteller and the

storytold;N JyouGreK + itty

;@ JyouK (HB + itty

her + #he +ed <ueen

;A /ow 7 3.;@

$o try D $o try to be the +ed <ueen

there + itty

;E nd 7 3.;A

it + #he +ed <ueen

&t, its + itty

lice said D lice said to herself ;H 3o 7 3.;E

&t (HB + itty

;I nd 7 3.;H

JyouGreK + itty

; 3he + lice

3he added D 3he added her re"ark

21





3"oke co"es in that roo"

#hat (AB + #he roo"

it + #he glass-roo"LI 1ell then 7 3.LH

JourK (AB + lice and itty

J&K (AB + lice

one 3 #he book

that + #he book are so"ething like

our books, only the words

go the wrong way

L JyouK + itty

L; J&K + liceJyouK + itty

there + #he 9ooking-glass house

LL ut, oh * D 3.L;

LM /ow 7 3.LL 8 3.L;


MN JyouK (HB + lice

little peep + #he passage

JourK (AB + lice and itty

&ts, it + #he passage in looking-

glass house<uite different + #he passage

sas + 3o far that we can see

JyouK + itty

M@ Oh, itty * D 3.MN

MA it + #he passage in 9ooking-

glass house


ME J&G"K + lice

&tGs + 9ooking-glass house

&tGs got D &tGs got trough into 9ooking-

glass house

Oh * D 3.MA

MH such + eautiful things in 9ooking-

23



glass house

it + 9ooking-glass house

MI there + wayit + 9ooking-glass house

so"ehow 7 3.MH

M all + #he glass


1e can get through D 1e can get through the

9ooking-glass house

M; &tGs + #he glass

1hy, itGs turning into a

sort of "ist now, &

declare*

D 3.M

J&K + lice

& declare * D & declare itGs turning into a

sort of "ist now*

ML &tGll + #he glass has got all soft

like gau>e

all + soft

Dasy enough to get

through

D Dasy enough to get through

the 9ooking-glass house

MM 3he (HB + lice

this + 3.ML 8 3.M; 8 3.M

there + #he 9ooking-glass house

@NN nd 7 3.MM

@N@ &n another "o"ent 7 3.@NN

@NA #he very first thing 7 3.@N@

she + lice

there + real fireplace

real one 3 real fireplace#he one 3 #he fireplace

sas + #he brightly fireplace

quite + pleased

@NE 3o 7 3.@NA

J&K (AB + lice

24



here + #he looking-glass house

sas + lice shall be war"

@NH - - -@NI war"er D 1ar"er house

&n fact 7 3.@NE

#hereGll + #he 9ooking-glass house

here + #he 9ooking-glass house

J"eK + lice

@N &tGll + 3.@NI

they + nyone

J"eK (AB + lice

0ere + #he 9ooking-glass house

@N; #henandbut 7 3.@N

she + licequite + 7o""on and uninteresting

$ifferent as possible + ll the rest

ll the rest + #he old roo"

@NL For instance 7 3.@N;

all + #he pictures on the wall

ou (AB D+ #he storytold

it + #he pictures on the wall

her + lice

@NM this + #he roo"

several + #he chess"en

#he other D #he other roo"

3oas + #idy

@@N 3he (AB, her + lice

the" + 3everal chess"en

as + 3he noticed several of the

chess"en

@@@ #wo and two D #wo and two person

@@A 0ere + 3.@@@

@@E the" + #he +ed ing and the +ed

<ueen

@@H nd 7 3.@@A

there + #he 1hite ing and the

1hite <ueen

here + #wo castles

25



J&K, J"eK + lice

they + #he +ed ing, the +ed

<ueen, the 1hite ing and

the 1hite <ueen, and the

two castles

@@I 3he (AB, her + lice

as + 3he put her head closer

down

closer + head

lice went on D lice went on saying to

herself

@@ nd 7 3.@@H

J&G"K + lice

they + #he +ed ing, the +ed

<ueen, the 1hite ing and

the 1hite <ueen, and the

two castlesJ"eK + lice

@@; J&K (AB + lice

s if + & were invisible

so"ehow 7 3.@@

@@L here + 3.@@;

0er (EB + lice

it + #he white pawns roll over

and began kicking

@@M it + #he voice

J"yK + #he white king@AN 3he (AB + #he white king

hi" + #he ing

as + 3he rushed pass the ing

so + violent

@A@ ?y precious 9ily * D 3.@@M

J"yK + #he white queen

26



@AA ?y i"perial kitten * D 3.@A@ 8 3.@@M

J"yK + #he white queen

@AE nd 7 3.@AAshe + #he white queen

@AH &"perial fiddlestick * D 3.@AN

@AI his + #he white king

@A 0e (AB + #he white king

little + annoyed

@A; 3he, her + lice

as + #he poor little 9ily was

nearly screa"ing herself

little + 9ily

her + #he white queen@AL 3he, her + #he white queen

two D #wo "inutes

quite + #aken away

@AM 3he (AB, her + #he white queen

sas + #he soon that she had

recovered her breath away

@EN ?ind the volcano * D 3.@AM

@E@ 1hat volcano D 3.@EN

@EA he + #he white king

that + #he fireone 3 olcano

#he "ost likely + =lace

s if + 0e thought

@EE lew 8 "e 8 up * D 3.@E@

@EH little + #he breath

@EI ?ind you co"e up 8

the regular way 8 donGt

get blown up

D 3.@EE

JyouK + #he white king

@E as + #he king slowly struggled

up

he + #he white king

she + lice

27



@E; 1hy, youGll be hours

and hours getting to

the table

D 3.@E

JyouGllK + #he white king

t that rate 7 3.@E

that + rate

@EL J&K (AB + lice

&Gd far better + 0elping the king


0adnGt & D 0adnGt & far better help you

@EM ut 7 3.@EL

he + #he white king0er (AB + lice

neithernor 7 0e couldnGt see her

0e couldnGt hear her

quite + 0e couldnGt hear nor see

her

@HN 3o 7 3.@EM

0i" (HB, he, his + #he white king

3he (HB + lice

s well + #o dust hi" a littlevery + 6ently

?ore slowly than + 3he lifted hi" across

so + #he king is covered with the

ashes

little D little dust

@H@ 3he (EB, her (AB + lice

0e (AB, his (AB, hi" + #he white king

0e was far too "uch + astonished

9arger and larger D 9arger eyes and "outh

+ounder and rounder D +ounder eyes and "outh

afterwards 7 3.@HN

@HA Oh * D 3.@H@

@HE such + #he white kingGs faces

J"yK + lice

@HH 3he, her + lice

28



@HI JyouK (AB + #he white king

J"eK + lice

J&K + lice@H nd 7 3.@HI

JyourK + #he white king

so + 1ide open

@H; ll + #he ashes

it + our "outh

J&K + lice

there + 3.@H

JyouGreK + #he white king

@HL as + lice s"oothed the white

kingGs hair 3he (AB + lice

0is, hi" + #he white king

@HM 0is, hi" + #he white king

3he (AB + lice

little + lar"ed

any + #he water

@IN 0owever 7 3.@HM

3he (EB + lice

it + bottle of ink

0e (AB + #he white king

so + low

they + #he white king and the

white queen

@I@ - - -

@IA JyouK + #he white queen

J&K (AB, J"yK (AB + #he white king

@IE #o which 7 3.@IA

@IH JyouK + #he white king

any + 1hiskers

@II that + 3.@H@@I #he king went on D #he king went on saying

@I; & shall never, never

forget

D & shall never, never forget

the horror of that "o"ent

J&K + #he white king

@IL ou will D ou will forget the horror of

29



that "o"ent


though 7 3.@I;@IM #he queen said D #he queen said to the king

@N JyouK + #he white king

it + 3.@II

@@ his + #he white king

as + #he king took an enor"ous

"e"orandu"-book

@A 3he, her + lice

0is, hi" + #he white king

@E 0e, hi" + #he white king

too + 3trong@H ?y dear * D 3.@E

J"yK + #he white king

@I J&K + #he white king

thinner + pencil

really 7 3.@E

@ J&K (AB + #he white king

#his one a bit 3 pencil

it + pencil

this + pencil

& donGt intend D & donGt intend to write

bit + #he writing

all + #he "anner of things

@; - - -

@L - - -

@M &n which 7 3.@L 8 3.@;

@;N he + #he white knight

very + adly

@;@ #hatGs not a

"e"orandu" of your

feeling

D 1hat "anner of things

(3.@;

#hatGs + 3.@M 8 3.@L

JyourK + #he white king

@;A there + #he table

3he (EB + lice

3o"e part D 3o"e part of the book

30





@LI 3o"ehow 7 3.@LE

J&K, J"yK + lice

they + #he ideas@L 0owever 7 3.@LI

#hatGs + 3o"ebody killed so"ething

t any rate 7 3.@LI

@L; ut 7 3.@L

ut oh * D 3.@L

@LL - - -

@LM J&K (EB + lice

#he rest + #he house

@M@ she + lice

it + +an down stairs

new invention of hers D new invention of her runas + new invention of hers

@MA 3he (EB, her (EB + lice

&n the sa"e + 6one straight the door

@ME she + lice

again 7 Find herself walking for

getting downstairs quickly

and easily

little + giddy

3o "uch + floatingrather + 3he was glad

4.2 Dis4ussions

4.2.1 An!#sis o1 Cohesi2e Ite3

a. Re1eren4e

- Person! Re1eren4e

32



ased on the data, the writer found @I ite"s of personal reference that

are &, you, we, they, he, she, it, its, "e, the", our, your, her, hi", and "y.

lso, the writer found three ite"s of e2ophoric reference (&, you, and us.

=ersonal reference of P&G was found in HA sentences. EL of the" (3.@I,

3.@M, 3.A@, 3.A, 3.AL, 3.EH, 3.E;, 3.EM, 3.HA, 3.HH, 3.HI, 3.HM, 3.IH, 3.II,

3.I;, 3.IL, 3.IM, 3.I, 3.L, 3.;;, 3.;M, 3.L@, 3.LH, 3.LI, 3.L;, 3.ME, 3.M;,

3.@NE, 3.@@H, 3.@@, 3.@@;, 3.@EL, 3.@HI, 3.@H;, 3.@;H, 3.@;M, 3.@LI, and

3.@LM were refer back to PliceG. 1hereas, in 3.@IA, 3.@I;, 3.@I, 3.@I,

and 3.@, P&G were refer back to Pthe 1hite ingG.

=ersonal reference of PyouG was found in HA sentences. EN of the"

(3.I, 3.;, 3.@A, 3.@H, 3.@M, 3.A@, 3.AA, 3.AE, 3.A, 3.A;, 3.AL, 3.AM, 3.EI,

3.E, 3.E;, 3.EM, 3.H, 3.IN, 3.I, 3.IL, 3.;N, 3.;@, 3.;I, 3.;;, 3.;L, 3.;M,

3.LN, 3.LH, 3.L, 3.L;, and 3.MN were refer back to the itten (itty, PyouG in

3.L was refer back to P$inahG, PyouG in 3.I was refer back to PliceGs sisterG,

PyouG in 3.L was refer back to P/urseG, PyouG in 3.@EI, 3.@E;, 3.@EL, 3.@H;,

3.@IH, 3.@IL and 3.@N were refer back to Pthe 1hite ingG, whereas in

3.@IH, PyouG was refer back to Pthe 1hite <ueenG

=ersonal reference of PweG was found in sentences. Five of the", in

3.@;, 3.IL, 3.LM, 3.MA and 3.M were refer back to Plice and ittyG, whereas

in 3.E, PweG was refer back to Plice and her sisterG.

33



=ersonal reference of PtheyG was found in @N sentences. PtheyG in 3.AN

and 3.H were refer back to Plice and ittyG. PtheyG in 3.@ was refer back to

Pthe boysG. PtheyG in 3.EM and 3.H@ were refer back to P1ednesday weekG.

PtheyG in 3.IA (AB was refer back to Pthe trees and the fieldsG. PtheyG in 3.@N

was refer back to PanyoneG. nd the last, PtheyG in 3.@@H and 3.@@ were refer

back to Pthe +ed ing, the +ed <ueen, the 1hite ing, the 1hite <ueen, and

two castlesG.

=ersonal reference of PheG was found in @N sentences. #he whole

sentences (3.@A, 3.@EA, 3.@E, 3.@EM, 3.@HN, 3.@H@, 3.@IN, 3.@E, 3.@;N

and 3.@;E were clearly refer back to Pthe 1hite ingG.

=ersonal reference of PsheG was found in EH sentences. AL of the"

(3.M, 3.AI, 3.HN, 3.A, 3., 3.;, 3.MM, 3.@NA, 3.@@N, 3.@@I, 3.@A;, 3.@E,

3.@HN, 3.@H@, 3.@HH, 3.@HL, 3.@HM, 3.@IN, 3.@A, 3.@;A, 3.@;E, 3.@;I,

3.@;;, 3.@LA, 3.@LH, 3.@M@, 3.@MA and 3.@ME were refer back to PliceG. #wo

of the", in 3.E and 3.E, PsheG were refer back to P$inahG, and four of the",

those were 3.@AN, 3.@AE, 3.@AL and 3.@AM, PsheG were refer back to Pthe

1hite <ueenG.

=ersonal reference of PitG was found in H; sentences. PitG in 3.A and 3.E

were refer back to Pthe white kittenG. PitG in 3. and 3.;H were refer back to Pthe

itten (ittyG. PitG in 3.@I and 3.@ were refer back to Pthe bonfireG. oth PitG in

34



3.@ were refer back to Punwinding and entangling the ballG. PitG in 3.H was refer

back to Pthe ball of worstedG. PitG in 3.@@ was refer back to Pputting out one paw

and gently touching the ballG. PitG in 3.@L appeared twice which were refer to

Pthe worsted round the kittenGs neckG and Pthe ball of worstedG. PitG in 3.AA was

refer back to Pputting the kitten out into snowG. PitG in 3.AL was refer back to

3.A;. PitG in 3.EA was refer back to Pher paw went into your eyes G. PitG in s.H;

was refer back to Pthe snow against the window-panesG. PitG in both 3.HM and

3.IN were refer back to Pthe snowG. PitG in 3.IH was refer back to 3.IA and in

3.I;, PitG was refer back to 3.I. PitG in 3.IL was refer back to Pplaying chessG.

PitG in 3.IM was refer back to J7heck *K. PitG in 3.;E were both refer back to Pthe

+ed <ueenG and PittyG. PitG in 3.L@ was refer back to Pthe roo"-the looking-

glass houseG. PitG in 3.LH was refer back to Pthe glass-roo"G. PitG in 3.MN and

3.MA were refer back to Pthe passage in looking-glass houseG. PitG in 3.ME,

3.MH, 3.MI, 3.@;L and 3.@;M were refer back to Pthe looking-glass house. PitG

in 3.M; was refer back to Pthe glassG. PitG in 3.ML was refer back to Pthe glass

has got all soft like gau>eG. PitG in 3.@N was refer back to 3.@NI. PitG in 3.@NL

was refer back to Pthe pictures on the wallG. PitG in 3.@@L was refer back to Pthe

white pawns roll over and began kickingG. PitG in 3.@@M was refer back to Pthe

voiceG. PitG in 3.@H; was refer back to Pyour "outhG. PitG in 3.@IN was refer back

to Pa bottle of inkG. PitG in 3.@N was refer back to 3.@II. PitG in 3.@ was refer

back to Pa pencilG. PitG in 3.@;H and 3.@; were both refer back to Pthe bookG.

PitG in 3.@L@, 3.@LE and 3.@LH were refer back to Pthe poe"G. PitG in 3.@LA was

35



refer back to Preading the poe"G. nd lastly, PitG in 3.@M@ was refer back to Pran

down stairsG

=ersonal reference of PitsG was found in I sentences. PitsG in 3.A was

refer back to Pthe white kittenG. GitsG in 3.E was refer back to P$inahGs children

facesG. PitsG in both 3.H and 3.;E were refer back to Pthe kitten (ittyG, and PitsG

in 3.MN was refer back to Pthe passage in looking-glass houseG.

=ersonal reference of P"eG was found in L sentences. #he whole

sentences (3.@H, 3.AH, 3.HE, 3.@NI, 3.@N, 3.@@H, 3.@@, and 3.@HI were

clearly refer back to PliceG.

=ersonal reference of Pthe"G was found in ; sentences. Pthe"G in 3.EA

was refer back to Pyour eyesG. Pthe"G (AB in 3.HI were both refer back to Pthe

fifty dinnersG. Pthe"G in both 3.HM and 3.IN were refer back to Pthe trees and

the fieldsG. Pthe"G in 3.H was refer back to Plice and ittyG. Pthe"G in 3.@@N

was refer back to Pseveral chess"enG. nd Pthe"G in 3.@@E was refer back to

Pthe +ed ingG.

=ersonal reference of PyourG was found in ; sentences. Five of the"

(3.A, 3.A;, 3.E@, 3.EA and 3.EM were refer back to PittyG and another two,

those were in 3.@H and 3.@;@ both refer back to Pthe 1hite ingG.

=ersonal reference of PourG was found in H sentences. #he whole

sentences (3.LN, 3.LH, 3.LI and 3.MN were refer back to Plice and ittyG.

36



=ersonal reference of PherG was found in AN sentences. oth PherG in

3. were refer back to PliceG and Pthe old nurseG, whereas in @H sentences

(3.M, 3.@@, 3.IE, 3.A, 3.@NL, 3.@@N, 3.@@I, 3.@@L, 3.@EM, 3.@H@, 3.@HH,

3.@A, 3.@;;, and 3.@MA PherG were refer back to PliceG. oth PherG in 3.@A;

were refer back to PliceG and Pthe 1hite <ueenG. PherG in 3.E and 3.E@ both

were refer back to P$inahG. nd the last, PherG in both 3.@AL and 3.@AM were

refer back to Pthe 1hite <ueenG.

=ersonal reference of Phi"G was found in ; sentences. #he whole

sentences (3.@HN, 3.@H@, 3.@HL, 3.@HM, 3.@A, 3.@E, and 3.@;E were refer

back to Pthe 1hite ingG.

=ersonal reference of P"yG was found in M sentences. Four of the"

(3.EM, 3.IM, 3.;M and 3.@LI were refer back to PliceG. #hree of the" (3.@@M,

3.@IA and 3.@H were refer back to Pthe 1hite ingG. nd the last two, 3.@A@

and 3.@AA were refer back to Pthe 1hite <ueenG.

D2ophoric reference of P&G (AB were found in 3.@, which referred back

to Pthe storytellerG. Four of PyouG were found 3.@, 3.@NL and 3.@LH, which

referred back to Pthe storytoldG. 1hereas PusG in 3.M was clearly refer back to

Pthe storyteller and the storytoldG.

- De3onstr!ti2e Re1eren4e

37



ased on the table of data, the writer found H; ite"s of de"onstrative

reference, including @N ite"s of PthisG, @I ite"s of thatG, @A ite"s of PthereG,

and ; ite"s of PhereG. ll referred cataphorically and anaphorically.

$e"onstrative reference of PthisG found in @N ten sentences. PthisG in

3.E was refer cataphorically to Pfirstand then : and %ust nowG. PthisG in 3.@L

was refer anaphorically to Plice wound two or three turns of worsted round

the kittenGs neckG. PthisG in 3.A; was refer cataphorically to P"orningG. PthisG in

3.M was refer anaphorically to 3.L. PthisG in 3.MM was refer anaphorically to

3.ML 8 3.M; 8 3.M. PthisG in 3.@NM was refer cataphorically to Proo"G. PthisG in

3.@ was refer cataphorically to P a pencilG. PthisG in 3.@; was refer

cataphorically to Pthe poe"G. PthisG in 3.@;; was refer anaphorically to Pthe

poe"G, and PthisG in 3.@LN was refer anaphorically to 3.@;M.

$e"onstrative reference of PthatG found in @ sentences. PthatG in 3.EA

was refer anaphorically to Pher paw went into your eyes G. PthatG in 3.EL was

refer anaphorically to 3.A; 8 3.EH 8 3.E;. PthatG in 3.HH was refer

anaphorically to Pto go without fifty dinners at onceG. PthatG in 3.IA was refer

anaphorically to Pthey dress the"selves all in green, and dance about 8

whenever the wind blowsG. PthatG in 3.IM was refer cataphorically to Pthe

/asty nightG. PthatG in 3.;L was refer anaphorically to P9ooking-glass houseG.

PthatG in 3.LN, 3.LE and 3.LH were refer anaphorically to Pthe roo"G. PthatG in

3.LI was refer anaphorically to Pthe books are so"ething like our books, only

38



the words go the wrong wayG. PthatG in 3.@EA was refer anaphorically to Pthe

fireG. PthatG in 3.@E; was refer cataphorically to Pthe rateG. PthatG in 3.@II was

refer anaphorically to 3.@H@. PthatG in 3.@;@ was refer anaphorically to 3.@M

8 3.@L. nd PthatG in 3.@L was refer cataphorically to Pso"ebody killed

so"ethingG.

$e"onstrative reference of PthereG found in @A sentences. PthereG in 3.H

was refer cataphorically to Pspread over the hearth-rug, all knots and tanglesG.

PthereG in 3.H was refer anaphorically to Plice and her sisterG. PthereG in 3.;A

was refer anaphorically to PittyG. PthereG in 3.LN, 3.@L;, 3.MM and 3.@NI were

refer anaphorically to Pthe looking-glass houseG. PthereG in 3.MI was refer

cataphorically to Pa wayG. PthereG in 3.@NA was refer cataphorically to Pa real

fireplaceG. PthereG in 3.@@H was refer cataphorically to Pthe +ed ing and the

+ed <ueenG. PthereG in 3.@H; was refer anaphorically to 3.@H, and PthereG in

3.@;A was refer anaphorically to Pthe tableG.

$e"onstrative reference of PhereG found in ; sentences. PhereG in 3.@L

was refer anaphorically to 3.@;. PhereG in 3.@NE, 3.@NI and 3.@N were refer

anaphorically to Pthe looking-glass houseG. PhereG in 3.@@A was refer

anaphorically to 3.@@@. PhereG in 3.@@H was refer cataphorically to Ptwo

castlesG. nd PhereG in 3.@@L was refer anaphorically to 3.@@;.

39



- Co35!r!ti2e Re1eren4e

ased on the research above, the writer found @NN ite"s of

co"parative reference. Pone thingG in 3.@ was refer cataphorically to Pthe white

kitten had had nothing to do with itG. Pthe old catG in 3.A and 3.M were refer

cataphorically to P$inahG. Pany handG in 3.A was refer cataphorically to Pthe

"ischiefG. PallG in 3.E was refer anaphorically to Pthe way $inah washed her

children facesG. PbetterG in 3.; was refer cataphorically to P"annerG. PasasG

in 3.M was refer cataphorically to Pthe cross of voice that lice could "anageG.

PallG in 3.@N was refer cataphorically to Pthe ti"eG. PasG in 3.@N was refer

cataphorically to Pshe was talkingG. Pas ifG in 3.@@ was refer cataphorically to Pit

would be glad to helpG. oth PsoG in 3.@ were refer cataphorically to Pcold and

snowedG. PsoG in 3.@M was refer cataphorically to PangryG. PasasG in 3.AN was

refer cataphorically to Pthe soon that lice were co"fortably settled againG.

Plittle "ischievous darlingG in 3.AA was refer cataphorically to PittyG. PallG in

3.A was refer cataphorically to PittyGs faultsG. Pany "oreG in 3.EE was refer

cataphorically to Pe2cusesG. Pevery bitG in 3.E; was refer cataphorically to Pthe

worstedG. oth PallG in 3.EM were refer cataphorically to Pyour punish"entG and

P"y punish"entG. P"orethanG in 3.HN was refer cataphorically to PtalkingG.

P"uchG in 3.HH was refer anaphorically to Pto go without fifty dinners at onceG.

P&Gd far ratherthanG in 3.HI was refer cataphorically to Pgo without dinnerG.

Pall overG in 3.HL was refer cataphorically to Poutside the windowG. PsoG in 3.HM

40



was refer cataphorically to PgentlyG. PallG in 3.IA was refer cataphorically to

PgreenG. PsoG in 3.IH and 3.LE were refer cataphorically to PwishG. Phalf the

thingsG in 3.@ was refer anaphorically to PletGs pretendG. PquiteG in 3.A was

refer cataphorically to Plong argu"entG. PallG in 3.A was refer anaphorically to

Pshe had quite a long argu"entG. Pthe restG in 3.I was refer anaphorically to

Pings and <ueensG. Pthe sa"e asG in 3.LN was refer cataphorically to Plice

and ittyGs drawing roo"G. Pthe otherG in 3.LN was refer anaphorically to Pthe

things are differentG. PallG in 3.L@ was refer cataphorically to Pthe things in

9ooking-glass houseG. Pso "uchG in 3.LH was refer cataphorically to Pto knowG.

Pas ifG in 3.LH was refer cataphorically to Pthey had a fireG. PtooG in 3.LH was

refer cataphorically to Ps"oke co"es in ourQs"oke co"es in that roo"G. Pa

little peepG and Pquite differentG in 3.MN were refer cataphorically to Ptha

passageG. PasasG in 3.@NA was refer cataphorically to Pthe brightly fireplaceG.

PsuchG in 3.MH was refer cataphorically to Pbeautiful things in looking-glass

houseG. PallG in 3.M was refer cataphorically to Pthe glassG. PallG in 3.ML was

refer cataphorically to PsoftG. PasasG in 3.@NE was refer cataphorically to

Plice shall be war"G. PquiteG in 3.@N; was refer cataphorically to Pco""on

and uninterestingG. Pdifferent as possibleG in 3.@N; was refer cataphorically to

Pall the restG. Pall the restG in 3.@N;G was refer cataphorically to Pthe old roo"G.

PallG in 3.@NL was refer cataphorically to Pthe pictures on the wallG. PseveralG,

Pthe otherG and PsoasG in 3.@NM respectively were refer cataphorically to

Pchess"enG, Pthe looking-glass houseG and PtidyG. PasG in 3.@@N was refer

41



cataphorically to Pshe noticed several of the chess"enG. PasG in 3.@@I was

refer cataphorically to Pshe put her head closer downG. PcloserG in 3.@@I was

refer cataphorically to PheadG. Pas ifG in 3.@@; was refer cataphorically to P&

were invisibleG. PasG in 3.@AN was refer cataphorically to Pshe rushed pass the

ingG. PsoG in 3.@AN was refer cataphorically to PviolentG. PlittleG in 3.@A was

refer cataphorically to PannoyedG. PasG in 3.@A; was refer cataphorically to Pthe

poor little 9ily was nearly screa"ing herselfG. PlittleG in 3.@A; was refer

cataphorically to P9ilyG. PquiteG in 3.@L was refer cataphorically to Ptaken awayG.

PasasG in 3.@AM was refer cataphorically to Pthe soon that she had recovered

her breath awayG. Pthe "ost likelyG in 3.@EA was refer cataphorically to PplaceG.

Pas ifG in 3.@EA was refer cataphorically to Phe thoughtG. Pa littleG in 3.@EH was

refer cataphorically to Pthe breathG. PasG in 3.@E was refer cataphorically to

Pthe ing slowly struggled upG. P&Gd far betterG in 3.@EL was refer cataphorically

to Phelping the ingG. PquiteG in 3.@EM was refer cataphorically to Phe couldnGt

hear her nor see herG. Pas wellG, PveryG, P"ore slowly thanG and PsoG in 3.@HN

were respectively refer cataphorically to Pto dust hi" a littleG, PgentlyG, Pshe

lifted hi" acrossG and Pthe ing is covered with the ashesG. PsuchG in 3.@HE

was refer cataphorically to Pthe 1hite ingGs faceG. PsoG in 3.@H was refer

cataphorically to Pwide openG. PallG in 3.@H; was refer cataphorically to Pthe

ashesG. PasG in 3.@HL was refer cataphorically to Plice s"oothed the 1hite

ingGs hairG. Pa littleG in 3.@HM was refer cataphorically to Palar"edG. PanyG in

3.@HM was refer cataphorically to Pthe waterG. PsoG in 3.@IN was refer

42



cataphorically to PlowG. PanyG in 3.@IH was refer cataphorically to PwhiskersG.

PasG in 3.@@ was refer cataphorically to Pthe ing took an enor"ous

"e"orandu"-bookG. PtooG in 3.@E was refer cataphorically to PstrongG.

PthinnerG in 3.@I was refer cataphorically to PpencilG. Pa bitG in 3.@ was refer

cataphorically to Pthe writingG. PallG in 3.@ was refer cataphorically to Pthe

"anner of thingsG. PveryG in 3.@;N was refer cataphorically to PbadlyG. Pa littleG

in 3.@;E was refer cataphorically to an2iousG. PallG in 3.@;H was refer

cataphorically to Pso"e languageG. PallG in 3.@;M was refer cataphorically to

Pthe wordsG. Pvery prettyG in 3.@L@ was refer cataphorically to Pthe poe"G.

Prather hardG in 3.@LE was refer cataphorically to Punderstand the poe"G. Pat

allG in 3.@LH was refer cataphorically to Pconfessing the poe"G. Pthe restG in

3.@LM was refer cataphorically to Pthe houseG. PasG in 3.@M@ was refer

cataphorically to Pa new invention of hersG. Pin the sa"eG in 3.@MA was refer

cataphorically to Pgone straight the doorG. Pa littleG in 3.@ME was refer

cataphorically to PgiddyG. Pso "uchG in 3.@ME was refer cataphorically to

PfloatingG. nd the last, PratherG in 3.@ME was refer cataphorically to Pshe was

gladG.

b. Su"stitution

ased on the table above, the writer found ite"s of substitutive

e2pression. #hey were classified into three "a%ors classifying, but the data

43



were found on the research were only two of the", that are no"inal

substitution and clausal substitution. First, the word one in sentence they

hold up one in the other room (3.LI substitutes for the book in preceding

sentence. #his one type of substitution is called no"inal substitution.

#he phrases a real one and the one in she was quite pleased to find

there was a real one, blazing away as brightly as the one… (3.@NA

substitutes to a fireplace. &t is also classified in no"inal substitution. 3i"ilar

with another two, the word one in 3.@EA substitutes to volcano, and the

phrase this one in 3.@ substitutes for a pencil .

?eanwhile, the word not in 3.;M is a clausal substitution of you’ll not

only talk so much.

c. Ei5sis

- No3in! Ei5sis

&n no"inal ellipsis found @@ ite"s of ellipsis e2pression. #he phrase

Pall overG in 3.E presupposed Pall over of her children facesG, PbitG in 3.LE

presupposed Pbit in the old roo"G, Pwar"erG in 3.@NI presupposed of Pwar"er

houseG. Pthe otherG in 3.@NM presupposed for Pthe other roo"G. Ptwo and twoG

in 3.@@@ presupposed Ptwo and two personsG. PtwoG in 3.@AL presupposed

44



Ptwo "inutesG. Pa littleG in 3.@HN presupposed Pa little dustG. Plarger and largerG

in 3.@H@ presupposed Plarger eyes and "outhG. Prounder and rounderG in

3.@HA presupposed Prounder eyes and "outhG. Pso"e partG in 3.@;A

presupposed of Pso"e part of the leaves in the bookG. Pa new invention of

hersG in 3.@M@ presupposed Pa new invention of her runG.

- Ver"! Ei5sis

&n verbal ellipsis found EH ite"s of ellipsis e2pression. #hose were

divided into two, narrative and dialogue. #he narratives were found in M

sentences whereas another AH are dialogue for"s. &n narrative for"s, the

3.A PconsideringG was ellipsis of Pconsidering it pretty wellG. #he 3.H Pthe black

kitten had been finishedP presupposed Pthe black kitten had been finished by

the old catG. Pshe addedG in 3.M and 3.; presupposed Pshe added her

re"arkG. Pif it "ightG in 3.@@ presupposed Pif it "ight be glad to helpG. Plice

beganG in 3.@E presupposed Plice began to ask ittyG. Pshe went onG in 3.AI

presupposed Pshe went on sayingG. &n 3.H Pthey couldnGtG presupposed P they

couldnGt to be pretend to be ings and <ueensG. Plice saidG in3.;E

presupposed Plice said to herselfG. Glice went onG in 3.@@I presupposed

Plice went on saying to herselfG. Pthe ing went onG in 3.@I presupposed

Pthe ing went on sayingG. Pthe <ueen saidG in 3.@IM presupposed Pthe <ueen

45



said to the ingG and lastly, Pshe didnGt like to confessG in 3.@LH presupposed

Pshe didnGt like to confess about the poe"G.

?eanwhile, in dialogue for"s, the 3.L Pyou know you oughtG

presupposed Pyou know you ought to have taught hi" better "annersG, Pso

you couldnGtG in 3.@H presupposed Pso you couldnGt "aking yourself tidyG. &n

3.A@ Pyou had been doingG presupposed to Pyou had been doing to "eG. P&

wasnGt looking *G in 3.E; presupposed to P& wasnGt looking at you *G. Pwe were

playingG in 3.IL presupposed to Pwe were playing chessG. 3till, in 3.IL P you

purred *G presupposed to Pyou purred on it *G. P& "ight have wonG in 3.IM

presupposed to P& "ight have won the ga"eG. PletGs pretendG in 3.N

presupposed to PletGs pretend to beG. Pdo tryG in 3.;A presupposed to Pdo try to

be the +ed <ueenG. Pif youGll only attendG in 3.;M presupposed to Pif youGll only

attend to the looking-glass houseG. Pyou never can tellG in 3.LH presupposed

to Pyou never can tell about itG. PitGs gotG in 3.ME presupposed PitGs got through

into the looking-glass houseG. PGwe can get throughG in 3.M presupposed to

Pwe can get through the looking-glass houseG. P& declare *G in 3.M;

presupposed to P& declare itGs turning into a sort of "ist now *G. Peasy enough

to get throughG in 3.ML presupposed to Peasy enough to get through the

looking-glass houseG. Pblew 8 "e 8 upG in 3.@EE presupposed to 3.@E@.

PhadnGt & G in 3.@EL presupposed to PhadnGt & far better help you G. P& shall

never, never forget *G in 3.@I; presupposed to P& shall never, never forget the

46



horror of that "o"ent *G. P"ind you co"e up 8 the regular way 8 donGt get

blown upG in 3.@I; presupposed to 3.@EE. Pyou willG in 3.@IL presupposed to

Pyou will forget the horror of that "o"entG. nd P& donGt intendG in 3.@

presupposed to P& donGt intend to writeG.

- C!us! Ei5sis

&n clausal ellipsis found @ ite"s of ellipsis e2pression. #hose were

Poh, you wicked little thing *G in 3.I presupposed to 3.H. Pher paw went into

your eyes G in 3.E@ presupposed to 3.AM. Pwhat, you were thirsty, were

you G in 3.EI presupposed to 3.EH. P& should be sent to prison, & supposeG in

3.HA presupposed to 3.H@. Poh *G in 3.LA and 3.@HA presupposed to 3.L@ and

3.@H@. Pbut oh *G in 3.LL and 3.@L; presupposed to 3.L; and 3.@L. Poh, itty

*G in 3.M@ presupposed to 3.MN. Pwhy, itGs turning into a sort of "ist now *G in

3.M; presupposed to 3.M. Pwhat volcano G in 3.@E@ presupposed to 3.@EN.

P"y precious 9ily *G in 3.@A@ presupposed to 3.@@M. P"y i"perial itten *G in

3.@AA presupposed to 3.@A@ and 3.@@M. Pi"perial fiddlestick *G in 3.@AH

presupposed to 3.@AN. Pwhy, youGll be hours and hours getting to the tableG in

3.@E; presupposed to 3.@E. P"y dear *G in 3.@H presupposed to 3.@E.

PthatGs not a "e"orandu" of your feeling *G in 3.@;@ presupposed to 3.@;.

nd finally, Pwhy, itGs looking-glass book *G in 3.@;L presupposed to 3.@;;.

47



d. Con6un4tion

ased on the te2t, the writer found EN ite"s indicating the con%unctive

e2pression. #he writer shall e2plain the" respectively as follows :

- Additi2e %!nd7 or7 !g!in7 in !nother 3o3ent7 1or inst!n4e'

#he word and occurred in @H sentences. And was functioned to link a

series of two kinds between dialogue and narrative and dialogue and

dialogue. #he basic "eaning is Pthere is so"ething "ore to be said. And in

3.AA was presupposing the 3.A@, linking a series of the dialogue. 3i"ilarly,

the 3.IA was presupposing the 3.I@, the 3.IH was presupposing the 3.IA,

the 3.@@H presupposed the 3.@@A, the 3.@@ presupposed the 3.@@H, the

3.@H presupposed the 3.@HI, and last the 3.@;M presupposed the 3.@;L.

#hose all linked a series of dialogue. ?eanwhile, the 3.@, 3.H, 3., 3.;E,

3.;I, 3.@AE were linking between dialogue and narrative. 1hereas the 3.@NN

was linking a series of narrative.

Or was only occurred in 3.HE. &t was "eant PalternativeG or Pco"prising

a single sentenceG.

7on%unctive e2pression of really was perfor"ed in three sentences,

they were 3.;, 3.IM, and 3.@I. &ts "eaning was so"ething like Pas against

48



what the current state of co""unication process would lead us to e2pect, the

fact of the "atter isG. &n 3.;, really was presupposing Pyou are wicked little

thingG, really in 3.IM was presupposing P& "ight have wonG. nd the last, in

3.@I, really presupposed the sentence in 3.@E, the white king disoriented

with his own pencil.

7on%unctive e2pression of only was perfor"ed in 3.@, lice invited

itty to go outside for seeing the bonfire, but the weather got worst.

7on%unctive e2pression of yet was perfor"ed in 3.ML, lice hadnGt

punished itty for its "istakes.

7on%unctive e2pression of somehow was perfor"ed in 3.MI, 3.@@;,

and 3.@LI. #he basic "eaning of the" was Pno "atter whatG. &n 3.MI, lice

tried to "ake sure itty that they could pretend to get through into the

looking-glass house, si"ilar with 3.@@; that lice thought she was invisible

and in 3.@LI lice struggled to find the "eaning of the poe".

7on%unctive e2pression of in fact was in 3.@NI. &t was the sa"e with

really Pin spite of the factG. &n 3.@NI, the situation in the looking-glass house

was war"er because there was a fireplace.

7on%unctive e2pression of at that rate/at any rate occurred in 3.@E;

and 3.@L. &ts "eaning equally PletGs leave that aside, and turn to so"ething

elseG. 3.@E; presupposed the ing would took a long ti"e to get on the table,

49



and 3.@L presupposed lice thought that so"ebody had killed so"ething,

based her "isunderstanding about the poe".

7on%unctive e2pression of however was in 3.@IN and 3.@L. &n 3.@IN,

however presupposed 3.@HM, as lice couldnGt find the water and in 3.@L, its

presupposed the 3.@LI, lice thought there was a "urdering.

7on%unctive e2pression of again was occurred in ; sentences. #hese

were 3.M, 3.@L, 3.AN, 3.I@, 3.@;E, 3.@;M, and 3.@ME. #he basic "eaning of it

was Pthere is yet another point to be taken in con%unction with the previous

oneG. 1e saw fro" the 3.M that the word again was a con%unction of Plice

began winding up the ball of worstedG. &n 3.@L, again presupposed Pthe ball

got unwoundG. &n 3.AN, it presupposed Pthey were co"fortably settledG. &n

3.I@, it presupposed Pthe su""er co"esG. &n 3.@;E, it presupposed P the

1hite ing faintedG. 9astly, the word again in 3.@ME presupposed Pfind herself

walking for getting downstairs quickly and easilyG.

7on%unctive e2pression in another moment in 3.@NN was "eant Pin

contradistinctionG. &t presupposed the 3.@NN.

7on%unctive e2pression for instance perfor"ed in 3.@NL. &t was "eant

Pe2e"plificatory senseG. &t presupposed the 3.@N;.

50



- Ad2ers!ti2e %"ut7 re!#7 on#7 #et7 so3eho$7 in 1!4t7 !t th!t r!te8!t !n#

r!te7 ho$e2er7 though'

7on%unctive e2pression of but was perfor"ed in sentences. #hey

were 3.H, 3.@N, 3.M, 3.@EM, 3.@LE, and 3.@L;. ut in 3.H was Pcontrary

e2pectationG of 3.A, where $inah washed her childrenGs faces with hard work,

but the black kitten (one of her children had been finished earlier. &n 3.@N,

but was contrary to the 3.M, where lice got angry to the kitten for entangling

the ball, but she didnGt get on very fast to wind the ball. 3i"ilar with the 3.M,

which was contrary to the dialogue in 3.L (the storyteller was over e2plained

telling the story, the 3.@EM was contrary to the dialogue in 3.@EL (the ing

took no notice of the liceGs question, for he didnGt hear nor see her, the

3.@LE was contrary to the 3.@L@ (based on liceGs "onologue, she thought

that the poe" was pretty but hart to be understood, and the last, liceGs

dialogue in 3.@L; was contrary with her dialogue in 3.@L (she soon awared

that she would get late back to her old roo".

9astly, con%unctive e2pression of though in 3.@IL was presupposing

the 3.@I;, the <ueen felt opti"istic to ease the ingGs horror"ent.

51



- C!us! %1or7 "e4!use7 so7 then'

7on%unctive e2pression of for was found in 3.A, 3.@;E, and 3.@;H,

si"ilar with because that found in 3.LI. #he basic "eaning of those was Pthe

reason was thatG. &n 3.A, the writer did found for to presuppose the 3.@, that

the 1hite itten had no act "istakes. #he 3.@;E presupposed the 3.@;A, the

continuing story of the storyteller. #he 3.@;H presupposed liceGs dialogue in

3.@;A, who" she didnGt understand the book. 0owever, because which was

found in 3.IL presupposed 3.I;, is a reason fro" previous sentence.

7on%unctive e2pression of so had basic "eaning Pas a result of thisG,

Pfor this reasonG, and Pfor this purposeG. &t was found in 3.;H, 3.@NE, and

3.@HN. !o in 3.;H presupposed 3.;E, result for lice to punish the kitten.

3.@NE presupposed 3.@NA, as lice thought for the condition of the looking-

glass house which was war"er. #he 3.@HN presupposed the 3.@EM, based

on the narrative e2plained, the ing took no notice about liceGs question, as

a result, she picked hi" on the table.

7on%unctive e2pression of then had a basic "eaning Punder these

circu"stancesG found in 3.@N;, which presupposed the 3.@N, liceGs

dialogue continued with the narrative.

52



- Te35or! %nu3"er one7 nu3"er t$o7 !t !st7 1irst7 the 2er# 1irst thing7

to $hi4h7 in $hi4h'

7on%unctive e2pression of number one in 3.A;, number two in 3.EH,

first in 3.LN and 3.@MN, and the very first thing 3.@NA had the sa"e basic

"eaning Pne2t in the course of discussionG. 3.A; presupposed the 3.A

(ittyGs fault, 3.EH presupposed the 3.A; (the ne2t ittyGs fault, 3. LN

presupposed the dialogue in 3.;M (liceGs idea about the looking-glass

house, 3.@MN presupposed the dialogue in 3.@LM. nd the narrative in 3.@NA

was clearly presupposed the narrative in 3.@N@ (after lice got through the

looking-glass house.

7on%unctive e2pression of to which and in which both found in 3.@IE

and 3.@M. "o which in 3.@IE presupposed the dialogue in 3.@IA (the

<ueenGs response to the ingGs re"ark, and in which in 3.@M presupposed

the narrative in 3.@M (the <ueen looked over the book.

- Other Con6un4ti2e Ite3s %Continu!ti2e'

#he writer found @H ite"s of other con%unctive ite". Dight of the"

were now , five of the" were well and the rest was of course (one ite". #ow

53



in 3.AH presupposed the 3.AE, now in 3.AL presupposed the 3.A;, now in

3.EE presupposed the 3.EA 8 3.E@, now in 3.E; presupposed the 3.E 8

3.EI, now in 3.I; presupposed the 3.I, now in 3.;A presupposed the 3.;@,

now in 3.;M presupposed the 3.;L, and now in 3.LM presupposed the 3.LL 8

3.L;. $ell in 3.EA presupposed to 3.E@, well in 3.HH presupposed to 3.HE,

well in 3.IM presupposed to 3.I and well then in 3.LI presupposed to 3.LH.

Of course in 3.@;L clearly presupposed to 3.@;;.

4.2.2 An!#sis o1 Coheren4e

s the data have been researched chronologically, the writer found

that the above te2t had "uch less incoherence. #he cohesive devices were

actually sufficient in building the te2t, but the unity of paragraph did not

support those well. 1e "ight see on four sentences below :

1. POh, you wicked little thing *G cried lice, catching up the kitten, and giving

it a little kiss to "ake it understand that it was in disgrace. (3.I 8 3.

&t was contrary if we saw that lice tried to punish her cat by kissing it.

2. P1ell, you can be one of the" then, and &Gll be the rest.G (3.I.

9ogically, ings and <ueens that lice supposed to talk were "ore than

two persons, whereas she and her sister were only two persons. &f she

said that her sister could be one of the", and she would be the rest of all,

54



it "eant that lice would take "ore than two persons. /oticed that lice

was %ust herself.

3. P&t see"s very pretty *G (3.@L@.

lice consider that confusing poe" was very pretty. &t was illogical

thought.

4. 0owever, so"ebody killed so"ething : thatGs clear, at any rate 8P (3.@L.

lice directly took conclusion that, even she did not understand about the

poe", she bravely took a risk that there was a "urdering 8between

so"ebody and so"ething.

Documents

Cohesion and Coherence in the Novel