COGNITIVE BIASESCOGNITIVE BIASESSource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biasesSource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases

Decision-Making and Behavioral BiasesDecision-Making and Behavioral Biases

Bandwagon effectBandwagon effect — the tendency to do — the tendency to do (or believe) things because many other (or believe) things because many other people do (or believe) the same. people do (or believe) the same.

Choice-supportive biasChoice-supportive bias — the tendency to — the tendency to remember one's choices as better than remember one's choices as better than they actually were. they actually were.

Confirmation biasConfirmation bias — the tendency to — the tendency to search for or interpret information in a search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions. way that confirms one's preconceptions.

Congruence biasCongruence bias — the tendency to test — the tendency to test hypotheses exclusively through direct testing, in hypotheses exclusively through direct testing, in contrast to tests of possible alternative contrast to tests of possible alternative hypotheses. hypotheses.

Mere exposure effectMere exposure effect — the tendency for people — the tendency for people to express undue liking for things merely because to express undue liking for things merely because they are familiar with them. they are familiar with them.

Omission biasOmission bias — The tendency to judge harmful — The tendency to judge harmful actions as worse, or less moral, than equally actions as worse, or less moral, than equally

harmful omissions (inactions).harmful omissions (inactions).

Von Von RestorffRestorff effect effect — the tendency for an item — the tendency for an item that "stands out like a sore thumb" to be more that "stands out like a sore thumb" to be more

likely to be remembered than other items.likely to be remembered than other items.

Biases in Probability and BeliefBiases in Probability and Belief AnchoringAnchoring — the tendency to rely too heavily, or — the tendency to rely too heavily, or

"anchor," on one trait or piece of information "anchor," on one trait or piece of information when making decisions. when making decisions.

Gambler's fallacyGambler's fallacy — the tendency to assume that — the tendency to assume that individual random events are influenced by individual random events are influenced by previous random events. For example, "I've previous random events. For example, "I've flipped heads with this coin so many times that flipped heads with this coin so many times that tails is bound to come up sooner or later." tails is bound to come up sooner or later."

Observer-expectancy effectObserver-expectancy effect — when a researcher — when a researcher expects a given result and therefore expects a given result and therefore unconsciously manipulates an experiment or unconsciously manipulates an experiment or misinterprets data in order to find it misinterprets data in order to find it

Social BiasesSocial Biases Actor-observer bias/ fundamental attribution error — Actor-observer bias/ fundamental attribution error —

the tendency for explanations for other individual's the tendency for explanations for other individual's behaviors to overemphasize the influence of their behaviors to overemphasize the influence of their personality and underemphasize the influence of their personality and underemphasize the influence of their situation. This is coupled with the opposite tendency situation. This is coupled with the opposite tendency for the self in that one's explanations for their own for the self in that one's explanations for their own behaviors overemphasize their situation and behaviors overemphasize their situation and underemphasize the influence of their personality. underemphasize the influence of their personality.

Just-world phenomenon — the tendency for people to Just-world phenomenon — the tendency for people to believe that the world is "just" and therefore people believe that the world is "just" and therefore people "get what they deserve." "get what they deserve."

Lake Wobegon effect — the human tendency to report Lake Wobegon effect — the human tendency to report flattering beliefs about oneself and believe that one is flattering beliefs about oneself and believe that one is above average above average

Self-fulfilling prophecy — the tendency to Self-fulfilling prophecy — the tendency to engage in behaviors that elicit results engage in behaviors that elicit results which will (consciously or subconsciously) which will (consciously or subconsciously) confirm our beliefs. confirm our beliefs.

Trait ascription bias — the tendency for Trait ascription bias — the tendency for people to view themselves as relatively people to view themselves as relatively variable in terms of personality, behavior variable in terms of personality, behavior and mood while viewing others as much and mood while viewing others as much more predictable. more predictable.