CODE SWITCHINGCODE SWITCHINGLinguistic View:Linguistic View:Poplack (1980)Poplack (1980) : :

Tag Switching (emblematic Tag Switching (emblematic SW)SW)

Intra Sentencial SwitchingIntra Sentencial SwitchingInter-sentencial SwitchingInter-sentencial Switching

Singh (1985) : Code Mixing = Singh (1985) : Code Mixing = Intra-sentencial SwitchingIntra-sentencial Switching

EXAMPLESEXAMPLES

► This text is a monologue, a student telling about This text is a monologue, a student telling about her experience visiting a town, Waitabula (West her experience visiting a town, Waitabula (West Sumba).Sumba).

► (1) Aha la Waitabula dummu dira hammunya, ko. (1) Aha la Waitabula dummu dira hammunya, ko. ‘Ai Waitabula itu sangat bagus, ya’.‘Ai Waitabula itu sangat bagus, ya’.

► (2) Na pemandangannya sangat indah ya. Apalagi (2) Na pemandangannya sangat indah ya. Apalagi selama perjalanan di pinggir jalan hijau selama perjalanan di pinggir jalan hijau wammunyawammunya.(Kau tahu).(Kau tahu)

► Aiha ‘da uma da dummu madanguha, la hingi anda Aiha ‘da uma da dummu madanguha, la hingi anda mama nadanguha tapi da tembok da bai watu puda mama nadanguha tapi da tembok da bai watu puda papadoiha ‘Ai rumah-rumahnya sungguh indah papadoiha ‘Ai rumah-rumahnya sungguh indah terletak di pinggir jalan, tetapi temboknya dari batu terletak di pinggir jalan, tetapi temboknya dari batu buatan sendiri’.buatan sendiri’.

EXAMPLESEXAMPLES► Text 2 Partisipants : a university student, staff 1, staff 2, staff Text 2 Partisipants : a university student, staff 1, staff 2, staff

3, staff 4. The conversation happened in the office.3, staff 4. The conversation happened in the office.► StSt : Bagaimana pak bukunya jadi dikasih pinjam untuk : Bagaimana pak bukunya jadi dikasih pinjam untuk

dikopi ?dikopi ?► S 3 whispered to S4 in Sumbanese.S 3 whispered to S4 in Sumbanese.► (2) Napa la wuanya yaka na buku hidana pabeli a nya ‘Nanti (2) Napa la wuanya yaka na buku hidana pabeli a nya ‘Nanti

kita beri bukunya jangan sampai tidak dikembalikan lagi’kita beri bukunya jangan sampai tidak dikembalikan lagi’► St heard the conversation then, he said in Sumbanese.St heard the conversation then, he said in Sumbanese.► (3) Ha nyungga tau Humba, makai duku padaingu ku pabeli (3) Ha nyungga tau Humba, makai duku padaingu ku pabeli

nggaya. ‘Ha saya juga orang Sumba asli, saya tetap akan nggaya. ‘Ha saya juga orang Sumba asli, saya tetap akan mengembalikan bukunya. Saya titip katu mahasiswa saya’.mengembalikan bukunya. Saya titip katu mahasiswa saya’.

► (4)(4) S2S2 : Minta maaf bukannya kami tidak percaya, : Minta maaf bukannya kami tidak percaya, karena tadi belum tahu identitas bapak. karena tadi belum tahu identitas bapak.

MOTIVATION OF CODE MOTIVATION OF CODE SWITCHINGSWITCHING

► Code SW : Any diglossic situation.Code SW : Any diglossic situation.► Motivation of Code SW :Stylistic, Motivation of Code SW :Stylistic,

Metaphorical, borrowing, Prestige and need.Metaphorical, borrowing, Prestige and need.► Cultural Specific Items: food, dress, cultural Cultural Specific Items: food, dress, cultural

Institution, activities.(BORROWING)Institution, activities.(BORROWING)► Gumperz (1972) : the mixture is not random : Gumperz (1972) : the mixture is not random :

stylistic and metaphorical rather than stylistic and metaphorical rather than grammaticalgrammatical

► Nouns --- largest in CS: relatively free of Nouns --- largest in CS: relatively free of syntactic restriction.syntactic restriction.

PRAGMATIC FACTORS IN CODE PRAGMATIC FACTORS IN CODE SWITCHINGSWITCHING

• Blom and Gumperz (1972): Metaphorical and Transactional Switching (non-situational CS and Situational CS.

• Transactional SW: being controlled by components of the speech event, like topic and participants.

• Metaphorical CS concerns the communicative effect the speaker intends to convey.

FUNCTIONS OF CODE FUNCTIONS OF CODE SWITCHINGSWITCHING

Discourse function : Direct and Indirect Discourse function : Direct and Indirect Reported speech or quotation.Reported speech or quotation.

To mark injections or to serve as To mark injections or to serve as sentence fillers.(Tag switching).sentence fillers.(Tag switching).

To clarify or emphasize a messageTo clarify or emphasize a message To qualify the messageTo qualify the message To specify an addressee as the recipient To specify an addressee as the recipient

of the message of the message

SITUATIONAL CODE SWITCHINGSITUATIONAL CODE SWITCHING

• Situational CS --- for reason that can be identified. Situational CS --- for reason that can be identified. Topic triggers a switch.Topic triggers a switch.

• ExampleExampleSarahSarah : I think everyone’s here, except Mere.: I think everyone’s here, except Mere.JohnJohn : She said she might be a bit late but : She said she might be a bit late but actually I think that’s her arriving now.actually I think that’s her arriving now.SarahSarah : You are right. KIA ORA MERE. HAERE MAI, : You are right. KIA ORA MERE. HAERE MAI, KIETE PEHEA KOE ? (Hai Mere. Come in. How are KIETE PEHEA KOE ? (Hai Mere. Come in. How are you ?you ?

MereMere : KIA ORA E HOA. KEI TE PAI. (Hello my : KIA ORA E HOA. KEI TE PAI. (Hello my friends. I’m fine). Have you started yet ?friends. I’m fine). Have you started yet ?

EXAMPLE 2EXAMPLE 2

• People here get divorce easily. Like exchanging faulty goods. In China it’s not the same. JIA GOU SUI GOU, JIA JI SUI JI (If you have married a dog, you follow a dog, if you’ve married a chicken you follow a chicken).

emphasize the precise message and ethnic identity.

METAPHORICAL SWITCHINGMETAPHORICAL SWITCHING

• Metaphorical SW is related to rhetorical skill.

• No new person

• No change in setting/topic.

• Rapid switching = code mixing --- Holmes: metaphorical SW.

• Code mixing: mixing indiscriminately due to incompetence.

BORROWINGBORROWING

• Borrowing --- lack of vocabulary --- adapted to the speaker’s first language.

• People may borrow words from another language to express a concept or describe an object for which there is no obvious word available in the language they are using. Borrowing of this kind generally involves single words, mainly nouns, and it is motivated by lexical need. It is very different from switching where speakers have a genuine choice about which words they will use in which language.

• Borrowed words are usually adapted to the speaker’s first language. They are pronounced and used grammatically as if they were part of the speaker’s first language.