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CODE SWITCHING STUDY IN BUKAN EMPAT MATA ENTERTAINMENT PROGRAM
A Thesis
Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Ronnie Hendrik Riyanto
Student Number: 041214139
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
2010
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CODE SWITCHING STUDY IN BUKAN EMPAT MATA ENTERTAINMENT PROGRAM
A THESIS
Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Ronnie Hendrik Riyanto
Student Number: 041214139
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
2010
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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, 23 June 2010
The Writer
Ronnie Hendrik Riyanto
04 1214 139
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ABSTRACT
Ronnie Hendrik Riyanto, (2010).Code-Switching Study in Bukan Empat Mata Entertainment Program. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University. Code-switching is one of the phenomena in sociolinguistics. Code-switching normally occurs in multilingual community. People from different backgrounds and languages may switch to each other’s language. One of the purposes is to smooth communication. This study was aimed at accomplishing two major objectives: (1) to analyze the types of code-switching in Bukan Empat Mata; (2) to identify the possible reasons for code-switching in Bukan Empat Mata entertainment program.
In order to accomplish the research objectives, the researcher conducted descriptive study in which qualitative data analysis was employed. To answer the first question, the researcher used content analysis. The researcher used library study to answer the second question. The steps were: 1) organize the data, 2) peruse the data, 3) identify the data, 4) integrate and summarize the data. The steps were done to answer the first research questions. In order to reveal the answers to the second research question, further interpretation of the data of code-switching and the answer to the first research question was conducted.
After perusing all necessary data from 3 episodes of Bukan Empat Mata and going through in depth analysis, the researcher found 3 findings. First, the answer to the first question was there were three types of code-switching which occurred in Bukan Empat Mata namely, conversational code-switching, single-word code-switching and integrated loanwords. Among 76 code-switching cases found in the Bukan Empat Mata, 41 cases were conversational code-switching, 31 cases were single-word code-switching and 4 cases were integrated loanwords. From the data analysis, it can be concluded that conversational code-switching was the most frequent type in the occurrence. Second, the answer to the second question was there were three possible reasons for code-switching namely topic under discussion, building intimate relationship and efficiency. Among 76 possible reasons cases found in the Bukan Empat Mata, 38 cases were building intimate relationship, 30 cases were efficiency and 8 cases were topic under discussion. Building intimate relationship was the most frequent possible reason occurred in Bukan Empat Mata. Third, the researcher found the answer to ungrammaticality in code-switching. The researcher found that the word gesture followed by the word tubuh asserted ineffectiveness in code-switching happened in Bukan Empat Mata.
From the research findings, the researcher would like to suggest the future researcher to conduct further study on code-switching.
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ABSTRAK
Ronnie Hendrik Riyanto. (2010). Code-Switching Study in Bukan Empat Mata Entertainment Program. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma. Alih kode adalah salah satu fenomena sosiolinguistik. Alih kode biasanya terjadi di masyarakat multilingual. Orang berasal dari latar belakang berbeda dan bahasa ibu yang berbeda dapat mengalihkan bahasa satu sama lain untuk memperlancar komunikasi.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencapai dua tujuan utama: (1) untuk menganalisa tipe alih kode di Bukan Empat Mata; (2) untuk mengidentifikasi alasan yang memungkinkan dari alih kode di Bukan Empat Mata.
Untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian, peneliti menggunkan deskriptif dimana analisis data kualitatif diterapkan. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan pertama, peneliti menggunakan konten analisis. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan kedua, peneliti menggunakan studi pustaka. Langkah-langkah yang dilakukan peneliti adalah sebagai berikut 1) menggorganisir data, 2) mengkaji data, 3) mengidentifikasi data, 4) mengkaitkan semua data dan merangkum kesimpulan. Langkah-langkah tersebut dilakasanakan guna menjawab pertanyaan yang pertama. Sedangkan untuk menguak jawaban dari pertanyaan yang kedua, proses interprestasi lebih jauh dari data mengenai code-switching dan jawaban dari pertanyaan penelitian yang pertama dilaksanakan. Setelah membaca dengan seksama seluruh data yang dibutuhkan dari 3 episode di Bukan Empat Mata dan melakukan analisa yang mendalam, peneliti menemukan tiga penemuan. Pertama, jawaban dari pertanyaan pertama adalah ada tiga tipe alih kode yaitu conversational code-switching, single-word code-switching dan integrated loanwords. Di antara 76 kasus alih kode di Bukan Empat Mata, 41 kasus adalah conversational code-switching, 31 kasus adalah single-word code switching, dan 4 kasus adalah integrated loanwords. Dari analisa data conversational code-switching merupakan tipe alih kode yang paling sering muncul di Bukan Empat Mata. Kedua, jawaban dari pertanyaan kedua adalah ada tiga alasan alih kode: topik yang di bahas, membina hubungan yang akrab, dan efisiensi. Dari 76 kasus, 38 kasus adalah membina hubungan akrab, 30 kasus adalah efisiensi, dan 8 kasus adalah topik yang di bahas. Membina hubungan akrab adalah alasan alih kode yang paling sering muncul di Bukan Empat Mata. Ketiga, peneliti menemukan jawaban atas kesalahan tata bahasa dalam alih bahasa. Peneliti menemukan bahwa kata gesture yang di ikuti kata tubuh merupakan kesalahan tata bahasa yang muncul dalam acara Bukan Empat Mata.
Dari hasil penelitian, peneliti menyarankan pada peneliti lain untuk melakukan studi lebih mendalam tentang alih kode.
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Dedicated to
My beloved father and mother
Bejo Riyanto & Niken Kristiani
My wife and my daughter
Sonya Vera Novita and Filia Yafa Shalomita Imanuela
Thank you for your support.
I’ll do my best.
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama : Ronnie Hendrik Riyanto
Nomor Mahasiswa : 04 1214 139
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
Code-Switching Study in Bukan Empat Mata Entertainment Program
Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata
Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain,
mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan
mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis
tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya
selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta,
Pada tanggal: 23 Juni 2010
Yang menyatakan
Ronnie Hendrik Riyanto
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to praise Elohim YAHWEH for giving me the belief that
encourages me to always keep doing the right things. I thank Him for the belief
that I have which whispers that there is something I can admire at the end of this
exhausting process so I have good reasons why I have to finish my study. I also
would like to express my gratitude to those who have supported me.
First, I thank Carla Sih Prabandari, S.Pd., M.Hum., my sponsor, for her
guidance in the process of completing my thesis. I thank her for her kindness and
patience in correcting simple-minor errors in which I should have been able to
produce everything correctly.
Second, I thank Drs. Y.B. Gunawan, M.A. for giving me a new hope in the
new topic for my thesis. I thank him for his trust that I can produce a fruitful
research on code-switching in Bukan Empat Mata entertainment program. I hope
that I have given beneficial interpretations of language phenomenon.
Third, I thank all lecturers and staff of the English Language Education
Study Program for their care and guidance. I thank them for the shared knowledge
and experience that would be very useful for me in the future.
Next, I also would like to give my never-ending thanks to my parents,
Bejo Riyanto & Niken Kristiani, for all of the opportunity that I have had. My
warmest thanks are addressed to my wife, Sonya Vera Novita and my daughter,
Filia Yafa Shalomita Imanuela. I thank them very much for giving me another
reason for finishing my study.
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Last, I also express my big thanks to all my friends in PBI, especially
Hebi, Riko, Lexi, Bekti, Vensi, Sigit, Linda, Susan, Alit, Dika, Dita, Pebni,
Agnes, Ayu, and Esti. I thank them for their willingness to study together with me
in our beloved, Sanata Dharma University.
Ronnie Hendrik Riyanto
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................................ i
APRROVAL PAGES ............................................................................................ ii
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ..................................................... iv
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... v
ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................... vi
PAGE OF DEDICATION...................................................................................... vii
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA
ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ................................................... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………… ... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................... xi
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. xiv
LIST OF FIGURE .................................................................................................. xv
LIST OF APPENDICES……………………………………………………… .... xvi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study ................................................................................. 1
B. Problem Formulation ...................................................................................... 4
C. Problem Limitation ......................................................................................... 5
D. Objectives of the Study ................................................................................... 5
E. Benefits of the Study ....................................................................................... 5
F. Definition of Terms ......................................................................................... 6
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CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .............................. 8
A. Theoretical Description ................................................................................... 8
1. Linguistics ................................................................................................. 8
2. Sociolinguistics ......................................................................................... 9
3. Nature of Code-Switching ....................................................................... 10
4. Types of Code-Switching ......................................................................... 12
5. Reasons for Code-Switching .................................................................... 15
B. Theoretical Framework ................................................................................... 17
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ........................................... 19
A. Research Method............................................................................................. 19
B. Research Subject ............................................................................................. 21
C. Research Instruments ...................................................................................... 22
D. Data Gathering Techniques ............................................................................. 23
E. Data Analysis Techniques ............................................................................... 24
F. Research Procedures ....................................................................................... 26
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION ........................ 29
A. Types of Code-Switching................................................................................ 29
1. Diglossia .................................................................................................... 30
2. Situational Code-Switching ...................................................................... 30
3. Metaphoric Code-Switching ..................................................................... 31
4. Conversational Code-Switching ............................................................... 31
5. Single-Word Code-Switching ................................................................... 32
6. Integrated Loanwords ............................................................................... 32
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B. Possible Reasons for Code-Switching………………………………………... 33
1. Topic Under Discussion…………………………………………………. 34
2. Building Intimate Relationship…………………………………………... 34
3. Efficiency……………………..………………………………………….. 35
C. Other Finding .................................................................................................... 35
1. The Tendency to Apply Various Types in a Single Utterance…………… 35
2. The Answer to Ungrammaticality in Code-Switching ………………. ..... 36
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGETION ...................................... 38
A. Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 38
1. The Types of Code-Switching in Bukan Empat Mata ............................... 38
2. The Possible Reasons for Code-Switching in Bukan Empat Mata ........... 39
B. Suggestion ....................................................................................................... 40
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 41
APPENDICES ...................................................................................................... 43
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LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 3.1: Observation form of the Types of Analysis .......................................... 22
Table 3.1: Observation form of the Possible Reasons of Analysis ........................ 23
Table 4.1: The Result of the Analysis of the Types of Code-Switching ............... 29
Table 4.2: The Result of the Analysis of the Possible Reasons of Code-Switching 33
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LIST OF FIGURE
Page
Figure 3.1: The Data Analysis Spiral ..................................................................... 26
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix
Page
1 Observation form of Types of Code-Switching .............................................. 43
2 Observation form of Possible Reasons ........................................................... 49
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Language as a means of communication is used by all humans to
communicate, to share ideas, thoughts, feelings, and emotions with each other. In
many communities in this world, there are a lot of people that are able to
communicate using more than one language. This phenomenon is known as
bilingualism or multilingualism. People with bilingual or multilingual ability are
able to switch languages in the middle of their conversation. This phenomenon is
known as code-switching.
Asher (1994: 581) explains the term code-switching refers to the
juxtaposition of elements from two (or more) languages or dialects. So someone
may switch the language that she or he uses from one language to another. She or
he can produce a language utterance which consists of language elements from
two or more different languages. The speaker should pay attention to the
appropriate contexts, style, medium and intonation. Code-switching is not only a
phenomenon in a society where the members use more than one language, but
also has become a necessity in that society because sometimes people find it
difficult to explain something in their native language since there is no obvious
word or expression in the language being used. To compensate, they decide to
find the more obvious expression from other languages. They employ the more
expressive or representative words or phrases from foreign languages to explain
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what they want to say. So they speak within two different languages. For example,
the Indonesian prefers adopting an English word ‘gender’ to using the Indonesian
phrase jenis kelamin. It is not strange at all to find alteration between two different
languages within a single utterance, which is called code-switching, as far as the
speaker has appropriate reasons to apply it. Code-switching is used by speakers to
make their meaning clear. When someone considers their language is not
appropriate or not successful in conveying the message, he needs to switch to a
language that can be understood by other people.
There is a great deal of implementation of code-switching dealing with the
foreign language elements being adopted. There is apparent distinction on the
range of the length of these elements which vary from only a single word up to a
full sentence. Language theories are chief matters which should be obeyed as
guidance toward better understanding and implementation of various kinds of
code-switching.
In Indonesia, the use of bilingualism and multilingualism is inseparable
from the fact that Indonesia consists of so many ethnic groups with different
languages and cultures. The use of the language is also affected by the
entertainment programs in television. Therefore, code-switching highly likely
occurs on the television. The presenters or the host of a show may speak more
than one language in order to convey their messages or just to entertain their
television viewers.
As stated above, code switching on the television is common. A
television show called Bukan Empat Mata seems to be one of many shows that
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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have a large degree of code switching. This entertainment show is hosted by
Thukul Arwana. Bukan Empat Mata makes its audiences laugh. With his
comments and spontaneity, Thukul is able to combine a talk show format with his
spontaneous jokes and humor.
Everybody knows Thukul as an eccentric man with short hair and a long
moustache like fish. He has become very famous since his talk show began airing
on Trans 7. His fame grew quickly and he is now a top Indonesian presenter. His
unmistakable face, actions, and jokes that flow like water are often on the
television. On this hit show, Thukul uses a catch phrase namely Kembali ke
Laptop (back to the laptop) because Thukul’s questions are provided in his laptop.
Thukul comes from a village in Semarang and he does not have glamorous
good looks so he can prove that physical appearance is not everything. Although
he has ordinary looks and dark skin like a manual worker, he can present the show
perfectly through joke and responses relying on his quick-thinking. With his
apparent innocence he amuses a lot of audiences. Thukul never covers up his
weaknesses and he presents the show with a great self-esteem.
One interesting language feature that can be found in Bukan Empat Mata
is the prominent borrowing of words, phrases, or even sentences from English
language juxtaposed with Indonesian words, phrases, or sentences to create
interesting comments and catch phrases. Thukul’s utterances like tepuk tangan
very good, fish to fish (which means to be “face to face”), dangdut night and
kembali ke laptop are able to provide viewers with fun situations. These
expressions are the main ammunition Thukul uses them to make his audiences
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laugh. All of those above expressions can be categorized as code-switching
because he often switches from one language to the other. By doing that, he has
successfully brought Bukan Empat Mata to the top of the Indonesian ratings. The
code switching in Bukan Empat Mata show provokes the writer’s curiosity to dig
deeper into Thukul’s performance in presenting the Bukan Empat Mata show,
especially his code switching. He uses code switching for his quips and jokes very
often so it is really interesting to analyze what he is actually doing.
Based on the above description and explanation, the researcher can
conclude that code switching is worth analyzing because it is a phenomenon that
influences our community today. This is very interesting since Thukul lacks
proficiency in English and yet he still uses it. This becomes even more interesting
because his show Bukan Empat Mata has been viewed by millions of viewers in
Indonesia. Nowadays, there are so many young people who are using Thukul’s
ways of speaking; a lot of code-switching in their conversation.
B. Problem Formulation
There are two problems formulated in this study in order to specify the
main goal of the study. The problems can be formulated as follow:
1. What are the types of code-switching used by the host in Bukan Empat Mata?
2. What are the possible reasons for the use of the code-switching?
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C. Problem Limitation
The problems in this research are specified to code-switching which
occurred in Bukan Empat Mata. This involves only code-switching between
Indonesian language and English language found in the program.
In order to obtain adequate data and also consider the time efficiency, the
researcher 3 episodes. The episodes the researcher choose are Bukan Empat Mata
episode aired on November 2, 2009 entitled “Ungu”, Bukan Empat Mata episode
aired on November 3, 2009 entitled “Stress” and Bukan Empat Mata episode aired
on November 4, 2009 entitled “Mertua vs Menantu”. Those episodes are
representative since they are considered enough to describe the existence of code-
switching.
D. Objectives of the Study
Related to the problems above, the objectives of the research are:
1. To reveal and discuss the types of code switching in Thukul’s utterances in
Bukan Empat Mata.
2. To identify the possible reasons for the code-switching in Bukan Empat Mata.
E. Benefits of the Study
The result of the research is hoped to bring advantages for learners,
presenters, and also other researchers:
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1. English learners
English learners will have broader knowledge of code-switching,
especially about the types of code switching that exist in society. The code-
switching with various types in Bukan Empat Mata can be models for English
learners to be applied in their daily communication activities. The learners will
also obtain some possible reasons for code-switching so they can understand
where and when to apply it appropriately.
2. The other presenters
The positive result of this research hopefully will broaden the knowledge
about code-switching in entertainment world and enable many other presenters
able to improve their skills in using the code-switching when presenting the
shows.
3. The other researchers
Hopefully this thesis can encourage other researchers to conduct further
study about code-switching. They will hopefully also have a kind of
enlightenment or inspiration to explore other language phenomena which exist in
society.
F. Definition of Terms
There are some terms that need to be defined to avoid confusion in the
thesis:
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1. Code-Switching
Code-switching is one of the subjects of sociolinguistics, the study which
involves the relationship between language use and the condition of the society.
Crystal as cited by Skiba (1987) explains that “code-switching happens when a
bilingual person employs more than one language in his or her speech. This
involves the alteration of the language expression of languages used by the
speakers. The alternated elements take a number of forms such as sentences and
phrases.” In this thesis, the context of code-switching is from Indonesian to
English.
2. Bukan Empat Mata
It is an entertainment show that is broadcasted by Trans 7 television
station from Monday to Friday at 10.00 PM and hosted by Thukul Arwana.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter is divided into two main parts namely theoretical description
and theoretical framework. The theoretical description presents general
understanding of code-switching, which is explained through discussion of some
definition, and a number of types of and reason for it as the main points of this
study. Meanwhile, the theoretical framework summarizes and synthesizes all
major relevant theories which will help to solve the research problems
A. Theoretical Description
To obtain thorough understanding about code-switching, this theoretical
description is presented. This section elaborates the definition of code-switching,
types, and reasons for it.
1. Linguistics
There are different definitions of what linguistics is which are proposed by
various linguists. Those definitions are changing from isolated structured context
to a wider scope or language in society.
The aim of linguistics is therefore to study language systematically. Its
purpose is to study language objectively and explain language as it is. It has
twofold aim: “to cover general principles underlying human language and to
provide reliable descriptions of individual languages.” (McArthur, 1992: 608).
Linguistics has three classic subdivisions: (1) Phonology the study of sound
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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pattern; (2) Morphology and syntax the composition of words and sentences; (3)
Semantics the study of meaning. In the later development, some areas have
become increasingly important namely pragmatics, sociolinguistics,
psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, linguistic typology, computational linguistics,
stylistic linguistic and applied linguistics. (McArthur, 1992: 609).
2. Sociolinguistics
According to Romaine (1994: 2005), “sociolinguistic is the subdiscipline
of linguistics which deals with the relationship between language and society.” It
also encompasses the study of “….attitude to language and language change…”
Language users may act towards the language. The act depends on the
context, situation or people they communicate with. Sociolinguistics deals with
language and the society which use the language and social background of the
language user, the speaker and the listener. For that reason, the relationship
between speaker and addressee, the context and manner of the interaction are
important factors to maintain good communication.
In a social relationship, people modify their language so that massage is
clearly understood by the addressee. The same is true in the context of language
teaching learning. Language teachers modify the language they use in order to
achieve successfully transferred information. In other word, language teachers do
the teacher talk. Teacher may simplify or lengthen the utterance to make meaning
clearer. It is also normal to switch to mother language to smooth the
communication.
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3. Nature of Code-Switching
According to Wardhaugh (1992: 103) the term ‘code’ refers to any dialect
or language used by a speaker to build communication with others. He asserts that
a person may use more than one code in his speech instead of just employing only
a single code. People may switch or mix the codes that they use. And a term
‘code-switching’ is used to name this language phenomenon.
There are a number of definitions of code-switching according to some
linguists. Every linguist has various arguments about it and employs different way
to explain it.
Stockwell (2002: 135) states that “Code-switching is often the specific
mechanism through which the borrowing of words and constructions happens.”
From these two arguments, it can be understood that there are, at least, two
languages involved in a code-switching phenomenon which are used together by
the speaker. As a result, there is a kind of alteration within a language utterance
which involves language elements of those two languages by the process of
borrowing and constructing or combining. The speaker may borrow a certain
language element from another language and combine it with the language
elements of his or her native language. The language elements here can be a
matter of words, phrases, clauses or even the whole sentences. But of course code-
switching pursues a number of requirements such as the speaker language
competence of the two languages in order to construct together the language
elements of those both languages appropriately. The construction needs match
combination of the grammatical rules of the languages involved in the code-
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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switching as it has been explained by Chana (1984) that code-switching is the
juxtaposition within the passage of one speech utterance involved items of two
different languages. The items are tied together according to the rules of both
languages so that the speaker is obliged to put much respect on both language
rules.
Since code-switching is the study of sociolinguistics, social context is also
important to be put in the discussion. The setting that enables code-switching to
happen may be described. Wardhaugh (1992: 103-104) elaborates where code-
switching may happen.
First, code-switching may happen in a multilingual country. It is a country
which employs more than one language as media of communication among the
citizens. Singapore, for instance, has five languages which are English, the
Mandarin variety of Chinese, Tamil, Malay, and Hokkien, another variety of
Chinese. The educational activity in formal school is held in formal Singapore
English and Mandarin. Meanwhile, people tend to bargain something with either
Hokkien or informal Singapore English in traditional market.
Second, code-switching may also occur where there are multilingual
people meet each other in a foreign setting. For example, Indonesian students who
live in the United State have a tendency to use not only English language all the
time but they may also speak with their mother language or dialect in a certain
occasion. When they discuss academic work they may use English language, but
when they want to share daily activities in their spare time, they may choose
Indonesian language.
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4. Types of Code-Switching
McCormick (1994:582) defines there are 6 major types of code-switching
namely (1) diglossia, (2) situational code-switching, (3) metaphoric code-
switching, (4) conversational code-switching, (5) single-word code-switching;
borrowing and (6) integrated loanwords.
a. Diglossia
Diglossia happens “in whole discourse types.” (Mc.Cormick 1994:581).
There are two distinctive varieties of code that exist in diglossic communities.
There are high (H) and low (L) variety. The first one is the prestige variety which
is used in formal discourse, and the other, which is lack of prestige, is used in less
formal discourse. The switching in diglossia occurs between two different
discourses. People may use L variety when they speak to their family at home but
choose H variety, the more formal variety, when they are in the office doing job
presentation. Length of juxtaposed utterances of diglossia is whole discourse
types.
b. Situational Code-Switching
Situational code-switching happens “in whole conversation, in one
context” (Mc.Cormick 1994:581). Wardhaugh (1992:106) also says that
“situational code-switching happens when the language which is used by a
speaker changes according to the situation which is faced by the speaker.” The
language change depends on the occasion faced by a speaker since certain
occasion may encourage the speaker to exchange the language which is used. The
changes happen for the whole part of one’s speech in one context. For example,
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an English teacher may talk in English for the whole part of the explanatory
speech of past-continuous tense among the second-grade students of Junior High
School. Unfortunately, the students have not understood the teacher’s explanation
of when to use this tense. It is helpful and possible if the teacher re-explains his or
her English explanatory speech in Indonesian so that the students can fairly
comprehend it. Despite the framework of the context of occurrence which should
be within one context, this example of situational code-switching also gives
salient description that situational code-switching happens without any change of
the topic.
c. Metaphoric Code-Switching
Metaphoric code-switching happens in “a whole conversation, each within
one role relationship.” (Mc.Cormick 1994:581).The role of relationship between
the speakers in a conversation may change. The change of the language or dialect
that they use may also change in line with it. Wardhaugh (1992:106) explains that
one thing that enables people to identify metaphorical code-switching is that it has
an affective dimension; formal to informal, official to personal, serious to
humorous, etc. Unlike the previous one, this type of code-switching asserts
changes of the topic. When someone meets his or her neighbor doing his or her
duty as a bank teller the person may greet his or her neighbor with their daily
language, the less formal one, such as a local dialect. But the person, then,
appropriately and politely chooses the more formal language to assert his or her
main purpose to come to the bank, in which he or she wants to draw some money.
Here, the speakers change their role of relationship from personal to official. The
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different relationship built by the speakers accompanied by the change of the code
asserts the existence of metaphoric code-switching.
d. Conversational Code-Switching
Conversational code-switching can also be called style shifting or code
mixing. It occurs “in whole conversational turns/chunks within a turn; whole
sentences or clauses/whole clause constituents.” (Mc.Cormick 1994:581).A
speaker may exchange to another language in one turn conversation. This
phenomenon normally occurs to second language learners. They may mix the
target language they learn with their mother tongue language to smooth the
communication. Wardhaugh (1992:106) also states that “Conversational code-
switching occurs when conversances use both languages together to the extent
that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single
utterance.”
e. Single-Word Code-Switching
Single-word code-switching or borrowing is also called lexical
borrowing.”It involves single words, mainly nouns, and it is motivated by lexical
need.” (Wardhaugh, 1992:42). People use the borrowed words usually according
to the rules of the first language, as if they are part of the first language for
example: ‘Ceritanya dari film itu mengambil setting di Portugal.’ From the
example, it can be seen that the speaker replaces an Indonesian word lokasi with
an English word setting.
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f. Integrated Loanwords
The change in this type happens within a morpheme level (McCormick,
1994:581). Morpheme is a minimal functional element of a word. Here, someone
may integrate a word from one language with affixes from another language to
form a morpheme for example:‘Luna Maya adalah seorang aktris cantik yang ber-
skill tinggi.’
From the sentence above, the speaker combines the Indonesian prefix ber-
with an English word skill.
5. Reasons for Code-Switching
Crystal (1987) identifies three reasons why people employ code-switching
in their communication activities. First, there is a possibility that a speaker may
not be able to express her or himself in one language so she or he switches to
another language to compensate for the deficiency. Someone’s language
competence, even in her or his native language, may be limited. For a multilingual
person who is able to speak more than one language, switching the language that
she or he uses may be the best answer for the deficiency problems.
Second, code-switching is used because someone wants to express
solidarity with a particular social group of speakers. She or he may use a language
which is used to show her or his sympathy or express what they feel toward
others. Almost every ethnic group has vernacular language or dialect, and
switching the language toward the language of a particular ethnic group can be
one way to express solidarity toward the group.
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Third, someone applies code switching as a sort of variation in the level
of formality of her or his speech. A speaker has to be able to decide the
opportunity when to use each of them appropriately. Someone may accidentally
change the degree of the formality of the language by code switching. It is needed
to give special effect of the relationship such as to build intimate relationship.
Wardhaugh (1992: 106) provides three reasons for code switching. The
first reason is to express solidarity with the listeners. Language can be used as a
bridge of solidarity. People may choose a language from a certain country or
ethnic group to show their solidarity toward the people from that country or ethnic
group besides to build the more intimate atmosphere or relationship.
The second reason is because of the choice of topic. In a conversation,
people often switch the topic under discussion. A particular language might be
appropriate to discuss a certain topic. The change of the topic might also be
accompanied by language switching so the variety of the language can be
appropriate with the new topic.
The last reason for code switching given by Wardhaugh is that someone
switches code because she or he perceives social and cultural distance. It is related
to the level of formality of the language. Someone may choose an informal variety
if she or he talks to her or his friend, on the other, a formal-standard variety will
be the best choice if she or he talks to her or his teachers.
Other researchers mention “modernization, westernization, efficiency,
professionalism and social advancement” (Kachru, 1989; Kamwangamalu, 1989
as cited in Ayeomoni, 2006:91) as some reasons why people use English in their
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communication. These reasons can be related to reasons of code-switching since
this research studies code-switching between Indonesian language and English
language. English language as one of the most-widely used language may
represent modernization as well as westernization in Indonesia. For instance there
are many international schools which require English as the communication
device in teaching learning activities. This phenomenon makes English language
popular to school-age students.
Efficiency makes communication more efficient than using translated
version which probably takes longer explanation. Professionalism and social
advancement correlate more on working world. In professional work, he or she
will take into more consideration than those who are less competitive in English.
As a result, it may effect his social advancement since he or she gets more chance
to deal with wider community.
B. Theoretical Framework Based on the theoretical description, the researcher wraps up the
appropriate theories to accomplish the objectives of the study. Therefore, the
researcher used the types of code-switching according to McCormick (1994:581),
a reason of code-switching by Crystal (1987), a reason by Wardhaugh(1992:106)
and a reason by Kachru and Kamwangamalu (1989 as cited in Ayeomoni,
2006:91).
First, according to McCormick (1994:581), there are six terms used to
designate types of code juxtaposition namely diglossia, situational code-
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switching, metaphorical code-switching, conversational code-switching, single-
word code-switching, and integrated loanwords.
Second, there are three possible reasons which will be used to explain the
code-switching phenomenon in Bukan Empat Mata. The first possible reason
asserted by Crystal (1987) is that the speaker is expected to be able to build good
relation to the target audience. The second possible reason asserted by
Wardhaugh(1992:106) is that the speakers switch their language because of the
choice of the topic. The last reason is efficiency. It makes communication more
efficient than using translated version which probably takes longer explanation.
This theory is asserted by Kachru and Kamwangamalu (1989 as cited in
Ayeomoni, 2006:91).
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The researcher used a certain methodology to conduct this study, and this
chapter aimed to discuss the methodology systematically. The discussion included
research method, research subject, research instruments, data gathering
techniques, data analysis techniques, and research procedures.
A. Research Method
A certain methodology was needed as guidance to conduct and organize
steps or procedures of this study. Since this study was aimed to observe and try to
comprehend a language phenomenon in society, in this case code-switching,
qualitative research was considered as the most appropriate term to name the
method for this study because Leedy and Ormrod (2005: 133) argued that
qualitative research focuses on understanding social phenomenon in their natural
setting. Code-switching in Bukan Empat Mata was considered as a social
phenomenon in language use because the host employed code-switching
prominently. Through this study, I was going to analyze and comprehend this
kind of social phenomenon found in Bukan Empat Mata.
To answer the second problem, library study was involved. The objective
of finding some possible reasons for code-switching in Bukan Empat Mata was to
interpret the meaning of the existence of code-switching in the show since it was
essential, in qualitative research, to figure out interpretations of the phenomenon
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which were constructed in the particular setting. The identification of the possible
reasons could represent my interpretations of code-switching. Merriam (2002:4)
discussed this further:
The key to understand qualitative research lies with the idea that meaning is socially constructed by individual in interaction with their world. There are multiple constructions and interpretations of reality that are flux and change over time. And qualitative research tries to understand what those interpretations are at a particular point in time and in a particular context.
A content analysis was used in this research. Content analysis is a
methodology in the social sciences for studying the content of communication.
Earl Babbie defines it as "the study of recorded human communications, such as
books, websites, paintings and laws." It is most commonly used by researchers in
the social sciences to analyze recorded transcripts of interviews with participants.
Researchers quantify and analyze the presence, meanings and relationships of
such words and concepts, then make inferences about the messages within the
texts, the writer(s), the audience, and even the culture and time of which these are
a part. Texts can be defined broadly as books, book chapters, essays, interviews,
discussions, newspaper headlines and articles, historical documents, speeches,
conversations, advertising, theater, informal conversation, or really any
occurrence of communicative language. In this part, the researcher tried to find
out the possible reasons behind the code switching phenomenon.
Since this research was an in-depth study of code switching that presented
further analysis and an explanation of this existing phenomenon, it was considered
a descriptive research. Bungin (2007: 68-69) explained that descriptive study
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involved an in-depth exploration of the object being studied. That was why it was
appropriate and necessary not only to identify the types of code-switching but also
analyze the possible reasons for code-switching on Bukan Empat Mata.
B. Research Subject
The subject of this study was a television show called Bukan Empat Mata.
It was a talk show hosted by Thukul “Reynaldi” Arwana and broadcasted by
Trans 7 television, from Monday to Friday from 10.00 p.m. to 11.00 p.m. The
object of the research was the code-switching often utilized by Thukul in his
dialogues with the guest stars. The researcher decided to take three episodes to get
adequate date and consider the time efficiency. The researcher took 3 episodes
entitled “Ungu”, “Stress” and “Mertua vs Menantu”. These episodes ranged from
2 November to 4 November of 2009.
1. Ungu
This episode aired on November 2, 2009. The guests of this episode were
Ungu band, Rosa, and Imelda Therine and Ayim(food stall owner in Kemang).
The topic they discussed was about Ungu career, Rosa career and Imelda career.
They told how they started their career until they succeed.
2. Stress
This episode aired on November 3, 2009. The guests were Astrid, Sheila
on 7, Karenina, Laura Basuki and Niam Muis( a man who concerned on laughing
therapy). The topic they discussed was how to deal with stress.
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3. Mertua Vs Menantu
This episode aired on November 3, 2009. The guests were Laudya
Cynthia Bella, Ami Qanita, Andrew White, Jamal Mirdad, and RAN. The topic
they discussed was the relationship between parents in law and a son or a daughter
in law.
C. Research Instruments
In this research, the researcher used qualitative research. Lofland in
Moleong (2005: 157) stated that the main data sources in qualitative research were
words, action, and also supported documents.
Moleong (2005:157) says that in qualitative research, the main instrument
was the researcher; therefore the main instrument of this research was the
researcher himself. Moleong (2005: 158) stated also that in the qualitative
research, the writer played the role as the designer, the data collector, the analyst,
the data interpreter, and eventually the reporter of the research findings. In this
research, the researcher collected the data, in the form of utterances and action by
recording the show. Supported documents included written data, video and audio
tapes, pictures, and also film taking. The example of the means to obtain data was
shown below.
Table 3.1 Observation Form of the Types of Analysis
No Utterances Types of Code Switching
D SCS MCS CCS SW IL
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D=Diglossia
SCS=Situational Code-Switching
MSC=Metaphoric Code-Switching
CCS=Conversational Code-Switching.
SW=Single-Word
IL=Integrated Loanword
Table 3.2 Observation Form of the Possible Reasons of Analysis
No Utterances
Possible Reasons
Topic
Under
Discussion
Building
Intimate
Relationship
Efficiency
D. Data Gathering Techniques
The methods of collecting data were mainly observations and transcript of
the video (VCDs). The researcher collected the data. Because of the nature of the
qualitative research, the data collected were in the form of words, not in the form
of numbers. The data were notes and video transcripts.
The procedures of the data collection were as follows:
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1. The researcher collected data by watching episodes of Bukan Empat Mata that
had been recorded to CDs
2. The researcher made the transcript of the conversation in the show.
3. The researcher read the scripts and highlighted the sentences that contain code-
switching.
4. The researcher moved the highlighted data in to the data table to facilitate the
analysis
E. Data Analysis Techniques
Data analysis was the most important part in this study. The analysis
process was based on the theoretical review and the researcher’s interpretation.
The researcher’s interpretation in the data analysis, later, was very important to
identify the possible reasons of code-switching in Bukan Empat Mata.
The researcher followed the organized steps in analyzing the data of a
qualitative research which were constructed by Creswell (1998). He described a
data analysis spiral which was implemented within the following steps:
1. Organize the data
The large bodies of text should be broken down into the smaller one
which could be presented in the form of sentences or individual words. The
researcher conducted this step to analyze the code-switching phenomenon by
watching carefully. The switching which was found, then, listed on the
observation form.
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2. Peruse the data
The sense, here, might arise from my early interpretation toward the
phenomenon being studied. The researcher might get early overview of the data
collected in the previous step which could be very helpful for the later steps.
3. Identify general categories and classify each piece of data
This step might come to the general sense of patterns of the data. The data
presented in the observation form was the primary object of the identification.
Every code-switching listed on the observation form was identified for its type.
This step revealed the types of code-switching case in Bukan Empat Mata.
4. Integrate and summarize the data
After the classification process of the types of the code-switching had
been finished, the identification process of the possible reasons for the code-
switching phenomenon was conducted. The theory or the explanation of the
reasons for code-switching from some linguists presented in Chapter II was also
used as a consideration to figure out the possible reasons of code-switching.
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The data analysis spiral could be figured out as follows:
Figure 3.1: The Data Analysis Spiral
F. Research Procedure
This section described the procedures of this study which were followed
to obtain deep comprehension of the phenomenon being studied. There were nine
steps conducted to accomplish the research as follow:
1. Selecting the target show
There were only three episodes in Bukan Empat Mata used in this research
since it had already been able to describe the existing phenomenon in this
entertainment program.
The Raw Data
Organization
The Final Report
Synthesis
Classification
Perusal
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2. Designing the observation form
It was important to carry out the observation systematically. Observation
form was needed to accommodate the data of code-switching cases from Bukan
Empat Mata. It was used to list every instance of code switching found in the
show so it could be clearly seen within its context of the occurrence. The
observation form was used after I watched the shows several times.
3. Watching the video several times
The researcher watched the video several times to identify the host’s
utterances and also gave preliminary understanding on the code switching used by
Thukul.
4. Recording the shows
The researcher recorded the shows using PC’s TV tuner. The show was
recorded into the hard drive. The format for the recorded video file was AVI.
There were three episodes recorded for this research.
5. Listing the code-switching in the observation form
After the observation form had been designed, code-switching
identification on Bukan Empat Mata could be conducted. Since the borrowed
language elements were italicized, I gained much help to identify the code-
switching in. Every code switching case which was found in Bukan Empat Mata
listed on the observation form. This facilitated the way I analyzed the
phenomenon.
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6. Analyzing the types of the list of code-switching
Code-switching cases listed on the observation form were directly
analyzed to find out the types according to the categories employed by this study
7. Identifying the possible reasons for code-switching
A number of researchers had asserted some reasons for the application of
code-switching. It could be one of the bases to figure out the possible reasons for
code-switching on Bukan Empat Mata. The researcher’s interpretation toward the
language phenomenon was also very important here.
8. Making conclusion based on the findings
The results of the steps done previously were concluded in this step. They
were the answers to the research questions presented in the problem formulation.
9. Reporting
The writer reported the result of the research in the form of thesis.
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CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION
As it had been stated in the problem formulation, this thesis had two
questions to be answered. They were: 1) what are the types of the code-switching
in Bukan Empat Mata? 2) what are the possible reasons for the use of the code
switching? The researcher conducted some preliminary processes to make the
research systematic. This chapter was presented to discuss the implementation of
the research procedures to gain in-depth interpretation of the language
phenomenon.
A. Types of Code-Switching
From the data presented in the observation form and had been analyzed,
the writer could inform that there were 47 utterances which contained code-
switching. One utterance could contain more than one code-switching and
therefore, there were 76 cases of code switching. The summary of the number of
code switching cases and the percentage of every type of code-switching could be
seen in the table below.
No The Types of Code Switching The Case of Code
Switching
Percentage
1 Diglossia - 0 %
2 Situational Code-Switching - 0%
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Table 4.1: The Result of the Analysis of the Types of Code Switching
From the data above it could be concluded that conversational code-
switching was the most frequent type in the occurrence. Furthermore, the number
of occurrence was 41 times. Single-word code-switching had 31 occurrences.
Integrated loanwords had 4 times of occurrence. Diglossia, situational code-
switching, and metaphorical code-switching didn’t exist in Bukan Empat Mata.
1. Diglossia
Diglossia is a feature of speech community rather than individuals. In this
study, the object of the research was a feature individual utterance, the code code-
switching utilized by Thukul in his dialogues with the guest stars. From the
definition, the researcher concluded that there was no diglossia in Bukan Empat
Mata.
2. Situational Code-Switching
Situational code-switching happens when the language which is used by a
speaker changes according to the situation which is faced by the speaker. The
language change depends on the occasion faced by a speaker since certain
occasion may encourage the speaker to exchange the language which is used. The
changes happen for the whole part of one’s speech in one context. Based on the
3 Metaphorical Code-Switching - 0%
4 Conversational Code-Switching 41 54%
5 Single-Word Code-Switching 31 41%
6 Integrated Loanwords 4 5%
76 100%
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researcher analysis, the researcher couldn’t find situational code-switching case in
Bukan Empat Mata since the host of Bukan Empat Mata switched to another
language in one turn conversation. He didn’t switch for the whole part of one’s
speech in one context.
3. Metaphoric Code-Switching
Metaphoric code-switching happens in whole conversation, each within
one role relationship. From the definition, the researcher concluded that
metaphoric code-switching didn’t happen in Bukan Empat Mata.
4. Conversational Code-Switching
Conversational code-switching occurs within conversations and may take
place within one speaker’s turn. In three episodes of Bukan Empat Mata
conversational code-switching was the most frequent type in occurrence. The total
number of conversational code-switching was 41. The highest amount was 19
cases in Ungu episode. The smallest amount was found in Mertua vs Menantu
with 8 cases of conversational code-switching. These were some examples of
conversational code-switching cases in Bukan Empat Mata:
a. Phrase
1) Untuk Rohman Akid yang digelari the family man, wow keren, family man,
familiar, ayo ngaku masih mau tetep ngeksist ngga stelah kamu jatuh nimpa
drum waktu show di Gorontalo. (17)
2) Nyambung soal first kiss tadi, gimana rasa first kiss di film sama first kiss
dalam kenyataanya? (50)
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b. Sentence
1) Ada apa? What’s wrong? What do you want Pep? Speak! Speak Pep! (39)
2) OK sekarang waktunya It’s facebook time. (38)
5. Single-Word Code-Switching
Word is the smallest unit of language that people can understand if it is
said or written on its own. In the three episodes of Bukan Empat Mata, the total
number of single-word code-switching was 31 cases. The highest amount was 16
cases in Ungu episode. The smallest amount was found in Mertua vs Menantu
with 6 cases of single-word code-switching. Many of single-word code-switching
cases were noun words such as infotainment, mall, gesture, face, bant, and
clickers. Many words were English words which had been fully adapted into
Indonesian. These were some examples of single-word code-switching cases in
Bukan Empat Mata:
a. Lauraku yang imut kamu kan wajah baru di dunia infotainment, apa yang
berubah dalam hidup kamu setelah jadi artis?(45)
b. Untuk Rosa atau Pasha gimana ni kerja sama diva dan vocalis band
populer.(22)
c. My beautiful Bella, …apanya…ini bintang tamu permintaan audience.(64)
d. Terima kasih untuk semua bintang tamu, mari kita sambut performance dari
RAN. (76)
6. Integrated Loanwords
Integrated loanwords occur between morphemes. It is the combination of
two morphemes of different codes to express a word. The total numbers of
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integrated loanwords cases in Bukan Empat Mata were 4 cases, 3 cases in Ungu
episode and 1 case in Stress episode. There was no integrated loanwords case in
Mertua vs Menantu episode. These were two examples of integrated loanwords
cases in Bukan Empat Mata:
a. Malam ini bukan hanya Ungu yang hadir, tapi juga fansnya Ungu alias
clickers.(4)
b. Jadi first kissnya di film “Gara-gara Bola?”(48)
B. Possible Reasons for Code-Switching
From the data presented in the observation form and had been analyzed,
the writer could inform that there were 47 utterances which contained code-
switching. The total cases were 76. The summary of the number of possible
reasons cases and the percentage of possible reasons could be seen in the table
below.
No Possible Reasons The Case of
Possible Reasons
Percentage
1 Topic Under Discussion 8 10%
2 Building Intimate Relationship 38 50%
3 Efficiency 30 40%
76 100%
Table 4.2: The Result of the Analysis of the Possible Reasons of Code Switching
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From the data above it could be concluded that building intimate
relationship was the most frequent possible reason in the occurrence. Furthermore,
the number of occurrence was 38 times. Efficiency had 30 occurrences. Topic
under discussion had 8 times of occurrence.
1. The Topic Under Discussion
One of the reasons for code-switching proposed by Wardhaugh (1992:106)
is the topic under discussion. Code-switching was employed because of the
special terms related to the topic under discussion that should be used. Every
topic might have some specific terms which were sometimes very difficult to be
translated to another language like the term facebook in the following example
which means social networking. Indonesian language did not have an exact term
to describe the term facebook, as the compensation, the host borrowed and then
juxtaposed it with an Indonesian sentence. Another term from the research was
clickers which is the name of Ungu’s fans.
2. Building Intimate Relationship
This was appropriate with the reason stated by Crystal (1987) in which
code-switching could be used to express solidarity with others. Thukul chose
words or terms which were very familiar with audiences. The existence of such
terms as good, jealous, sweetheart, and friend distract the boundaries between
the host and the audiences so the audiences could feel that the host became the
members of their society. The use of such term also enabled the host to build up
and close communication with audiences and described that they really
understand the audiences.
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3. Efficiency
One of the code-switching reason proposed by Kachru and
Kamwangamalu(1989as cited in Ayeomoni, 2006:91) is efficiency. The presence
of English terms was more efficient than using the representative Indonesian
word which could be a log explanation. For instance thank you, audience, please,
and sorry which possible to use the translated Indonesian word. Nevertheless, in
order to make the utterance more efficient, English term was used.
C. Other Finding
1. The Tendency to Apply Various Types in a Single Utterance
The researcher counted code-switching based on the existence of the
foreign language elements, in this case English language elements, which were
combined with Indonesian language elements. The data implied that within a
single sentence, there could be more than one unit of the juxtaposed element with
various lengths. The researcher assumed that within a single utterance, there could
be more than one type of code-switching as it could be observed from the
examples below.
a. Integrated loanwords and conversational code-switching.
Jadi first kissnya di film “Gara-gara Bola?”(47)
In the example, a morpheme kissnya was combined with the word first.
It becomes conversational code-switching (a phrase ) first kissnya.
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b. Single-word code-switching, conversational code-switching and integrated
loanwords.
Untuk Rohman Akid yang digelari the family man , wow keren, family man,
familiar, ayo ngaku masih mau berusaha tetep ngeksist ga setelah kamu jatuh
nimpa drum waktu show di Gorontalo? (17)
The example contained three types of code-switching. The first one was
single-word code-switching with familiar and show as the borrowed word.
The second one was conversational code-switching which involved an English
phrase the family man and family man. The last one was integrated loanwords
which could be identified by the existence of a morpheme ngeksist.
c. Single-word code-switching and conversational code-switching
1) Untuk anda, Enda, sorry say pake ejaan English British jadi agak salah,
“The lucky guy”. (7)
2) OK sekarang waktunya it’s Facebook time.(37)
From the first example, single-word code-switching could be identified by the
existence of an English word sorry. Whereas the English it’s facebook time
revealed that there was also conversational code-switching.
2. The Answer to Ungrammaticality in Code-Switching
A single mistake in the implementation of code-switching in Bukan Empat
Mata really distracted my understanding that a code-switching phenomenon in the
television show had given good models to understand English language. But, the
understanding of the essence of sociolinguistics which also account the culture
and the structure of the setting of the society might give permission for it.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Audiences who frequently used informal-ungrammatical dialect in their
communication encouraged the host, to really enter their custom of
communication. Like this understandable example, yet grammatically ineffective.
’Di film “I love You” om kamu jadi orang yang stress karena di putusin pacar,
tunjukkin lagi dong gesture tubuh kamu, coba ceritanya saya ini yang mutusin
kamu.’(44)
In above example, the word gesture actually had described the movement of the
part of the body. The Indonesian word for body, tubuh, which followed the word
gesture, asserted the ineffectiveness. It might also deviate the meaning of gesture
itself. But as it had been stated, the salient message was the most important matter
for code switching in Bukan Empat Mata. The repetition could describe that the
host or Thukul wanted to produce a clear message.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION
This chapter is intended to accommodate final results of this research and
some suggestions. The results were the answers to the research questions of this
study. The suggestions were presented for the importance of current practice of
code-switching in Bukan Empat Mata and future research of code-switching.
A. Conclusions
1. The Types of Code-Switching in Bukan Empat Mata.
From the perusal process of the data of code switching cases in Bukan
Empat Mata, The researcher found that three types of code switching which are
presented by McCormick existed in the Bukan Empat Mata. The classification
was based on the length of the juxtaposed language elements. The three types and
the examples of code switching from the Bukan Empat Mata were as follows:
a. Conversational code-switching; the juxtaposed element can be a phrase, a
clause or a sentence. E.g.:
1) Terima kasih terima kasih itu tadi dari unique community. (36)
2) My beautiful Bella, …apanya…ini bintang tamu permintaan audience. (63)
b. Single-word code-switching; the juxtaposed element is a single word, E.g.:
1) Kalo tipe-tipe face Laura itu ya cocoknya model-model melankolis peran-
peran yang selalu disakiti cowok. Seneng kaya gitu ato semuanya? (46)
2) Pe, acting kamu bagus, kita beri tepuk tangan untuk Ape. (49)
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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d. Integrated loanwords; the juxtaposed element is a morpheme which is
constructed by two languages. E.g.:
1) Untuk Rohman Akid yang digelari the family man , wow keren, family
man, familiar, ayo ngaku masih mau berusaha tetep ngeksist ga setelah
kamu jatuh nimpa drum waktu show di Gorontalo?(20)
2) Malam ini bukan hanya Ungu yang hadir, tapi juga fansnya Ungu alias
clickers.(4)
Among 76 code-switching cases found in the Bukan Empat Mata, 41 cases
were conversational code-switching, 31 cases were single-word code-switching
and 4 cases were integrated loanwords. From the data, it can be concluded that
conversational code-switching was the most frequent type in the occurrence.
2. The Possible Reasons for Code-Switching in Bukan Empat Mata
There are several possible reasons that the researcher could identify. They
were as follows:
a. Code-switching was used because of the special terms related to the topic
under discussion. Every topic might have various terms that sometimes
were very difficult to be translated to another language.
b. Thukul employed code switching to build intimate relationship with the
audiences and also the guest stars. It was possible since the juxtaposed
language elements were the terms which were frequently used by audience
in their social interaction.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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c. Code-switching was used because of efficiency. Some English expressions
were more efficient than using the explanation in Indonesian language
since direct translation was not representative.
Among 76 possible reasons cases found in the Bukan Empat Mata, 38
cases were building intimate relationship, 30 cases were efficiency and 8 cases
were topic under discussion. From the data, it can be concluded that building
intimate relationship was the most frequent possible reason in the occurrence.
B. Suggestion
After accumulating, analyzing data and discovering meaningful findings,
the researcher would like to give a suggestion to other researchers who are
interested code-switching phenomena. Other researchers may conduct study on
code-switching in wider scope for instance using more various kinds of television
programs with more samples.
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REFERENCES
Asher, R.E. 1994. The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Volume 2. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Ayeomoni, M.O. 2006. Code-Switching and Code-Mixing : Style of Language
Use in Childhood in Yoruba Speech Community. Nordic Journal of African Studies 15(1) : 90-99
Bungis, H. M. Burhan. 2007. Penelitian Kualitatif: Komunikasi, Ekonomi,
Kebijakan Publik, dan Ilmu Sosial. Jakarta: Prenada Media Group Beales, A.R., Spindler, G. and Spindler, L. 1967. Culture in Process. New York:
Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Chana, U. 1984. Evaluative reactions to Punjabi/English code-switching. Journal
of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 5 (6), pp. 447-473
Crystal, D. 1987. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Clark, R. and Ivanič, R. 1997. The Politics of Writing. London: Routledge.
Cook, V. 1991. Second Language Learning and Language Teaching. Melbourne: Edward Arnold/ Hodder Headline Group.
Creswell, J. W. 1998. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Holliday, A. 2002. Doing and Writing Qualitative Research. London: SAGE
Publications Ltd. Holmes, J. 1992. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. New York: Addison Wesley
Longman Inc. Indriani, M.I. 2003. English Pronunciation: the English Speech Sounds Theory &
Practice. Jakarta: RT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Kountur, R. 2003. Metode Penelitian Untuk Penulisan Skripsi dan Tesis. Jakarta:
PPM Leedy, P. D. and Ormrod, J. E. 2005. Practical Research: Planning and Design.
8th edition. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
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42
McArthur, T. 1992.The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
McCormick, K.M. 1994. Code-switching and Mixing. In R.E. Asher. The
Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Oxford : Pergamon Press. Meriam, S.B. and Associates. 2002. Qualitative Research in Practice: Example
for Discussion and Analysis. San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass. Spolsky, B. 1998. Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press Stockwell, P. 2002. Sociolinguistics: A Resource Book for Students. London:
Routledge. Poole, S. C. 1999. An Introduction to Linguistics. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Pride, J. B. 1971. The Social Meaning of Language. London: Oxford University
Press. Richards, C. J., and Schmidt, R.W. 1983. Language and Communication. New
York: Longman Inc. Wardaugh, R. 1992. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 2nd edition. Oxford:
Blackwell. Auer, P. 1998. Code-switching in Conversation: Language , Interaction, and
Identity, http://www.udc.es/dep/lx/cac/c-s/ (accesed on November, 2007) Cohan, J. 2005. Recycled Knowledge,
http://recycledknowledge.blogspot.com/2005/06/code-switching.html(accesed on November, 2007)
Sert, O. The Function of Code-Switching in ESL Clasrooms,
http://iteslj.org/Articles/Sert-CodeSwitching.html (accesed on November, 2007)
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Appendix 1 The Observation Form of Types of Code-Switching
No Utterances Types of Code-Switching D SCS MCS CCS SW IL
1 Ok! ketemu lagi di “Bukan Empat Mata”.
√
2 Good…good luar biasa ya? √ 3 Good…good luar biasa ya? √
4 Malam ini bukan hanya Ungu yang hadir, tapi juga fansnya Ungu alias clickers.
√
5 Malam ini bukan hanya Ungu yang hadir, tapi juga fansnya Ungu alias clickers.
√
6
Untuk Onci yang digelari “the young one” wua…! semua personil Ungu sudah menikah kecuali Onci ni. Kapan ni mau nyusul?
√
7 Untuk anda, Enda, sorry say pake ejaan English British jadi agak salah, “The lucky guy”.
√
8 Untuk anda, Enda, sorry say pake ejaan English British jadi agak salah, “The lucky guy”.
√
9 Untuk anda, Enda, sorry say pake ejaan English British jadi agak salah, “The lucky guy”.
√
10 Lucky itu adalah beruntung, fortune.
√
11 Lucky itu adalah beruntung, fortune.
√
12 Masih suka belanja sepatu di mall ga? Kan sepatu kamu ada ratusan.
√
13 Kamu just friend, just friend team. √ 14 Kamu just friend, just friend team. √
15
Untuk Maki alias the philosoper, ngga nyangka ya tampang kaya kamu ternyata lulusan S2 dari Amerika.
√
16 Sebel..sebel…kamu buka kartu aja…please deh.
√
17
Untuk Rohman Akid yang digelari the family man , wow keren, family man, familiar, ayo ngaku masih mau berusaha tetep ngeksist ga
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
44
No Utterances Types of Code-Switching D SCS MCS CCS SW IL
setelah kamu jatuh nimpa drum waktu show di Gorontalo?
√
18
Untuk Rohman Akid yang digelari The family man , wow keren, family man, familiar, ayo ngaku masih mau berusaha tetep ngeksist ga setelah kamu jatuh nimpa drum waktu show di Gorontalo?
√
19
Untuk Rohman Akid yang digelari The family man , wow keren, family man, familiar, ayo ngaku masih mau berusaha tetep ngeksist ga setelah kamu jatuh nimpa drum waktu show di Gorontalo?
√
20
Untuk Rohman Akid yang digelari The family man , wow keren, family man, familiar, ayo ngaku masih mau berusaha tetep ngeksist ga setelah kamu jatuh nimpa drum waktu show di Gorontalo?
√
21
Untuk Rohman Akid yang digelari The family man , wow keren, family man, familiar, ayo ngaku masih mau berusaha tetep ngeksist ga setelah kamu jatuh nimpa drum waktu show di Gorontalo?
√
22 Untuk Rosa atau Pasha gimana ni kerja sama diva dan vokalis band populer?
√
23
Gimana ni ada kendala gak misalnya ngatur schedule recordingnya yang susah banget kan sama-sama super sibuk ne? monggo
√
24
Untuk Rosa , menurut news birds ato kabar burung , news bird ghost kabar burung hantu in the airland kabar burung di udara. Sejak lagu terlanjur cinta kalian jadi deket ya? Bahkan beritanya sampai infotainment….banyak infotainment lo.
√
25 Untuk Rosa , Menurut news birds ato kabar burung , news bird ghost
√
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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No Utterances Types of Code-Switching D SCS MCS CCS SW IL
kabar burung hantu in the airland kabar burung di udara. Sejak lagu terlanjur cinta kalian jadi deket ya? Bahkan beritanya sampai infotainment….banyak infotainment lo.
26
Untuk Rosa , Menurut news birds ato kabar burung , news bird ghost kabar burung hantu in the airland kabar burung di udara. Sejak lagu terlanjur cinta kalian jadi deket ya? Bahkan beritanya sampai infotainment….banyak infotainment lo.
√
27
Untuk Rosa , Menurut news birds ato kabar burung , news bird ghost kabar burung hantu in the airland kabar burung di udara. Sejak lagu terlanjur cinta kalian jadi deket ya? Bahkan beritanya sampai infotainment….banyak infotainment lo.
√
28
Untuk Rosa , Menurut news birds ato kabar burung , news bird ghost kabar burung hantu in the airland kabar burung di udara. Sejak lagu terlanjur cinta kalian jadi deket ya? Bahkan beritanya sampai infotainment….banyak infotainment lo.
√
29
Untuk Imelda sweetheart, kalo menurut ini anak-anak Ungu selain pasha gimana pribadinya dan fisiknya? Monggo.
√
30 It’s time to kuis. √
31
Tepuk tangan untuk penontonnya,,,terima kasih …thank you..masih bertahan? Bagus….kembali ke lap top.
√
32
Untuk Pasha, by the way udah ada penggantinya Oki belum di hatimu? Ato ingin kembali sama Oki supaya jangan hampa ni?
√
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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No Utterances Types of Code-Switching D SCS MCS CCS SW IL
33 Kelihatanya lebih bagus back to family.
√
34 Waktunya break. √
35 Mari kita cooling down dengan penampilan Rosa dan Pasha….
√
36 Terimakasih-terimakasih itu dari unique community.
√
37 OK sekarang waktunya it’s Facebook time.
√
38 OK sekarang waktunya it’s Facebook time.
√
39 Ada apa? what’s wrong? what do you want Pep? Speak! Speak Pep!
√
40 Ada apa? what’s wrong? what do you want Pep? Speak! Speak Pep!
√
41 Ada apa? what’s wrong? what do you want Pep? Speak! Speak Pep!
√
42 Sampai sekarang masih single ya….jadi umur 25 tahun sampe sekarang masih single?
√
43 Sampai sekarang masih single ya….jadi umur 25 tahun sampe sekarang masih single?
√
44
Di film “I love You” om kamu jadi orang yang stress karena di putusin pacar, tunjukkin lagi dong gesture tubuh kamu, coba ceritanya saya ini yang mutusin kamu.
√
45
Lauraku yang imut kamu kan wajah baru di dunia infotainment, apa yang berubah dalam hidup kamu setelah jadi artis?
√
46
Kalo tipe-tipe face Laura itu ya cocoknya model-model melankolis peran-peran yang selalu disakiti cowok. Seneng kaya gitu ato semuanya?
√
47 Jadi first kissnya di film “Gara-gara Bola?”
√
48 Jadi first kissnya di film “Gara-gara Bola?”
√
49 Pe, acting kamu bagus, kita beri tepuk tangan untuk Ape.
√
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No Utterances Types of Code-Switching D SCS MCS CCS SW IL
50 Nyambung soal first kiss tadi gimana rasa first kiss di film sama first kiss dalam kenyataannya?
√
51 Nyambung soal first kiss tadi gimana rasa first kiss di film sama first kiss dalam kenyataannya?
√
52 Nyambung soal first kiss tadi gimana rasa first kiss di film sama first kiss dalam kenyataannya?
√
53 Kamu jealous? √
54
Untuk Karenina my darling, Karenina my hone bunny Katanya kalo kamu stress sukanya nonton film India
√
55
Untuk Karenina, my darling , Karenina my honey bunny Katanya kalo kamu stress sukanya nonton film India.
√
56 Untuk Bang Niam, abang ini Who is that? Abang ini siapa sih kok bisa bikin orang ketawa?
√
57 Never mind, never mind kembali ke laptop
√
58 Never mind, never mind kembali ke laptop.
√
59 Dukung temen kamu untuk back to girlfriend.
√
60 Canggih…import.
√
61 Untuk semuanya, for all, kalian pernah ngga ke Spa hanya untuk ngilangin stress?
√
62 Untuk semuanya, for all, kalian pernah ngga ke Spa hanya untuk ngilangin stress?
√
63 My beautiful Bella, …apanya…ini bintang tamu permintaan audience.
√
64 My beautiful Bella, …apanya…ini bintang tamu permintaan audience.
√
65 Ow..very-very nice…delicious. √ 66 Ow..very-very nice…delicious. √
67 For Ami Kanita, mamanya Rafi Ahmad, informasi nya gara-gara
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No Utterances Types of Code-Switching D SCS MCS CCS SW IL
sifat mama dan bela mirip, mama jadi deket banget sama bela sampe-sampe sering jogging bareng, monggo.
√
68
For Ami Kanita, mamanya Rafi Ahmad, informasi nya gara-gara sifat mama dan bela mirip, mama jadi deket banget sama bela sampe-sampe sering jogging bareng, monggo.
√
69 Ow…jelas welcome….menantu come here!
√
70 Ow…jelas welcome….menantu come here!
√
71
For my brother Andrew White, Gimana cara kamu ngedeketin Bang Jamal sebagai calon mertua? Pake sogokan martabak ga?
√
72 Thank you…thank you……..penonton.
√
73 Thank you…thank you……..penonton.
√
74 For all my guests, gimana pendapat kalian mengenai BBM yang turun lagi?
√
75
Pemirsa, cara ngedekatin mertua itu hard to hard easy, alias susah susah gampang yang penting kita harus sopan tau unggah-ungguh, etika dan karamtika di jamin calon mertua pasti suka.
76 Terima kasih untuk semua bintang tamu, mari kita sambut performance dari RAN.
√
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Appendix 2 The Observation Form of Possible Reasons
No Utterances
Possible Reasons Topic Under Discussion
Building Intimate Relationship
Efficiency
1 Ok! ketemu lagi di “Bukan Empat Mata”. √
2 Good…good luar biasa ya? √ 3 Good…good luar biasa ya? √
4 Malam ini bukan hanya Ungu yang hadir, tapi juga fansnya Ungu alias clickers.
√
5 Malam ini bukan hanya Ungu yang hadir, tapi juga fansnya Ungu alias clickers.
√
6
Untuk Onci yang digelari “the young one” wua…! semua personil Ungu sudah menikah kecuali Onci ni. Kapan ni mau nyusul?
√
7 Untuk anda, Enda, sorry say pake ejaan English British jadi agak salah, “The lucky guy”.
√
8 Untuk anda, Enda, sorry say pake ejaan English British jadi agak salah, “The lucky guy”.
√
9 Untuk anda, Enda, sorry say pake ejaan English British jadi agak salah, “The lucky guy”.
√
10 Lucky itu adalah beruntung, fortune. √ 11 Lucky itu adalah beruntung, fortune. √
12 Masih suka belanja sepatu di mall ga? Kan sepatu kamu ada ratusan. √
13 Kamu just friend, just friend team. √ 14 Kamu just friend, just friend team. √
15 Untuk Maki alias the philosoper, ngga nyangka ya tampang kaya kamu ternyata lulusan S2 dari Amerika.
√
16 Sebel..sebel…kamu buka kartu aja…please deh. √
17
Untuk Rohman Akid yang digelari The family man , wow keren, family man, familiar, ayo ngaku masih mau berusaha tetep ngeksist ga setelah
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
50
No Utterances
Possible Reasons Topic Under Discussion
Building Intimate Relationship
Efficiency
kamu jatuh nimpa drum waktu show di Gorontalo? √
18
Untuk Rohman Akid yang digelari The family man , wow keren, family man, familiar, ayo ngaku masih mau berusaha tetep ngeksist ga setelah kamu jatuh nimpa drum waktu show di Gorontalo?
√
19
Untuk Rohman Akid yang digelari The family man , wow keren, family man, familiar, ayo ngaku masih mau berusaha tetep ngeksist ga setelah kamu jatuh nimpa drum waktu show di Gorontalo?
√
20
Untuk Rohman Akid yang digelari The family man , wow keren, family man, familiar, ayo ngaku masih mau berusaha tetep ngeksist ga setelah kamu jatuh nimpa drum waktu show di Gorontalo?
√
21
Untuk Rohman Akid yang digelari The family man , wow keren, family man, familiar, ayo ngaku masih mau berusaha tetep ngeksist ga setelah kamu jatuh nimpa drum waktu show di Gorontalo?
√
22 Untuk Rosa atau Pasha gimana ni kerja sama diva dan vokalis band populer?
√
23
Gimana ni ada kendala gak misalnya ngatur schedule recordingnya yang susah banget kan sama-sama super sibuk ne? monggo
√
24
Untuk Rosa , menurut news birds ato kabar burung , news bird ghost kabar burung hantu in the airland kabar burung di udara. Sejak lagu terlanjur cinta kalian jadi deket ya? Bahkan beritanya sampai infotainment….banyak infotainment lo.
√
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
51
No Utterances
Possible Reasons Topic Under Discussion
Building Intimate Relationship
Efficiency
25
Untuk Rosa , Menurut news birds ato kabar burung , news bird ghost kabar burung hantu in the airland kabar burung di udara. Sejak lagu terlanjur cinta kalian jadi deket ya? Bahkan beritanya sampai infotainment….banyak infotainment lo.
√
26
Untuk Rosa , Menurut news birds ato kabar burung , news bird ghost kabar burung hantu in the airland kabar burung di udara. Sejak lagu terlanjur cinta kalian jadi deket ya? Bahkan beritanya sampai infotainment….banyak infotainment lo.
√
27
Untuk Rosa , Menurut news birds ato kabar burung , news bird ghost kabar burung hantu in the airland kabar burung di udara. Sejak lagu terlanjur cinta kalian jadi deket ya? Bahkan beritanya sampai infotainment….banyak infotainment lo.
√
28
Untuk Rosa , Menurut news birds ato kabar burung , news bird ghost kabar burung hantu in the airland kabar burung di udara. Sejak lagu terlanjur cinta kalian jadi deket ya? Bahkan beritanya sampai infotainment….banyak infotainment lo.
√
29
Untuk Imelda sweet heart, kalo menurut ini anak-anak Ungu selain pasha gimana pribadinya dan fisiknya? Monggo.
√
30 It’s time to kuis. √
31
Tepuk tangan untuk penontonnya,,,terima kasih …thank you..masih bertahan? Bagus….kembali ke lap top.
√
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
52
No Utterances
Possible Reasons Topic Under Discussion
Building Intimate Relationship
Efficiency
32
Untuk Pasha, by the way udah ada penggantinya Oki belum di hatimu? Ato ingin kembali sama Oki supaya jangan hampa ni?
√
33 Kelihatanya lebih bagus back to family. √
34 Waktunya break. √
35 Mari kita cooling down dengan penampilan Rosa dan Pasha…. √
36 Terimakasih-terimakasih itu dari unique community. √
37 OK sekarang waktunya it’s Facebook time. √
38 OK sekarang waktunya it’s Facebook time. √
39 Ada apa? what’s wrong? what do you want Pep? Speak! Speak Pep! √
40 Ada apa? what’s wrong? what do you want Pep? Speak! Speak Pep! √
41 Ada apa? what’s wrong? what do you want Pep? Speak! Speak Pep! √
42 Sampai sekarang masih single ya….jadi umur 25 tahun sampe sekarang masih single?
√
43 Sampai sekarang masih single ya….jadi umur 25 tahun sampe sekarang masih single?
√
44
Di film “I love You” om kamu jadi orang yang stress karena di putusin pacar, tunjukkin lagi dong gesture tubuh kamu, coba ceritanya saya ini yang mutusin kamu.
√
45
Lauraku yang imut kamu kan wajah baru di dunia infotainment, apa yang berubah dalam hidup kamu setelah jadi artis?
√
46
Kalo tipe-tipe face Laura itu ya cocoknya model-model melankolis peran-peran yang selalu disakiti cowok. Seneng kaya gitu ato semuanya?
√
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
53
No Utterances
Possible Reasons Topic Under Discussion
Building Intimate Relationship
Efficiency
47 Jadi first kissnya di film “Gara-gara Bola?” √
48 Jadi first kissnya di film “Gara-gara Bola?” √
49 Pe, acting kamu bagus, kita beri tepuk tangan untuk Ape. √
50 Nyambung soal first kiss tadi gimana rasa first kiss di film sama first kiss dalam kenyataannya?
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51 Nyambung soal first kiss tadi gimana rasa first kiss di film sama first kiss dalam kenyataannya?
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52 Nyambung soal first kiss tadi gimana rasa first kiss di film sama first kiss dalam kenyataannya?
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53 Kamu jealous? √
54
Untuk Karenina, my darling , Karenina my honey bunny Katanya kalo kamu stress sukanya nonton film India
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55
Untuk Karenina, my darling , Karenina my honey bunny Katanya kalo kamu stress sukanya nonton film India
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56 Untuk Bang Niam, abang ini Who is that? Abang ini siapa sih kok bisa bikin orang ketawa?
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57 Never mind, never mind kembali ke laptop √
58 Never mind, never mind kembali ke laptop. √
59 Dukung temen kamu untuk back to girlfriend. √
60 Canggih…import. √
61 Untuk semuanya, for all, kalian pernah ngga ke Spa hanya untuk ngilangin stress?
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62 Untuk semuanya, for all, kalian pernah ngga ke Spa hanya untuk ngilangin stress?
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
54
No Utterances
Possible Reasons Topic Under Discussion
Building Intimate Relationship
Efficiency
63 My beautiful Bella, …apanya…ini bintang tamu permintaan audience. √
64 My beautiful Bella, …apanya…ini bintang tamu permintaan audience. √
65 Ow..very-very nice…delicious. √ 66 Ow..very-very nice…delicious. √
67
For Ami Kanita, mamanya Rafi Ahmad, informasi nya gara-gara sifat mama dan bela mirip, mama jadi deket banget sama bela sampe-sampe sering jogging bareng, monggo.
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68
For Ami Kanita, mamanya Rafi Ahmad, informasi nya gara-gara sifat mama dan bela mirip, mama jadi deket banget sama bela sampe-sampe sering jogging bareng, monggo.
√
69 Ow…jelas welcome….menantu come here! √
70 Ow…jelas welcome….menantu come here! √
71
For my brother Andrew White, Gimana cara kamu ngedeketin Bang Jamal sebagai calon mertua? Pake sogokan martabak ga?
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72 Thank you…thank you……..penonton. √
73 Thank you…thank you……..penonton. √
74 For all my guests, gimana pendapat kalian mengenai BBM yang turun lagi?
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75
Pemirsa, cara ngedekatin mertua itu hard to hard easy, alias susah susah gampang yang penting kita harus sopan tau unggah-ungguh, etika dan karamtika di jamin calon mertua pasti suka.
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76 Terima kasih untuk semua bintang tamu, mari kita sambut performance dari RAN.
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI