Coastal Mudflat Saline Soil Amendment by Dairy …downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ija/2017/4635964.pdfand green manuring can effectively amend mudflat saline soil remains unclear. This

Research ArticleCoastal Mudflat Saline Soil Amendment by Dairy Manure andGreen Manuring

Yanchao Bai123 Yiyun Yan1 Wengang Zuo1 Chuanhui Gu4 Weijie Xue1 Lijuan Mei1

Yuhua Shan15 and Ke Feng15

1College of Environmental Science and Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 China2State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008 China3Institute of Biotechnology Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanjing 210014 China4Department of Geology Appalachian State University Boone NC 28608 USA5Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization Nanjing 210095 China

Correspondence should be addressed to Yanchao Bai byc529gmailcom and Yuhua Shan shanyuhuaoutlookcom

Received 18 December 2016 Revised 23 January 2017 Accepted 2 February 2017 Published 21 February 2017

Academic Editor Mathias N Andersen

Copyright copy 2017 Yanchao Bai et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licensewhich permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

Dairy manure or green manuring has been considered as popular organic amendment to cropland in many countries Howeverwhether dairymanure combinedwith greenmanuring can effectively amendmudflat saline soil remains unclearThis paperwas oneof first studies to fill this knowledge gap by investigating impact of dairy manure combined with green manuring on soil chemicalproperties of mudflat saline soil Dairy manure was used by one-time input with the rates of 0 30 75 150 and 300 t haminus1 to amendmudflat saline soil Ryegrass Sesbania and ryegrass were chosen as green manures for three consecutive seasons successivelyplanted and tilled and maize was chosen as a test crop The results indicated that one-time application of dairy manure enhancedfertility ofmudflat saline soil and supported growth of ryegrass as the first season greenmanure By the cycles of the greenmanuringit rapidly improved the chemical properties of mudflat saline soil by decreasing soil salinity and pH and increasing soil organiccarbon and available N and P which promoted growth of maize Dairy manure combined with green manuring can be applied formudflat saline soil amendment which provides an innovative solution for mudflat saline soil reclamation dairy manure disposaland resource recycling

1 Introduction

Coastal mudflats located in the interaction zone betweenland and sea are found in many parts of the world [1]According to statistics there are 10000 km2 coastal mud-flat along the east coast of China More than 6500 km2and 3500 km2 mudflat mainly located in the Yangtze RiverEstuary of western Yellow Sea and the Yellow River Deltaof western Bohai Sea respectively The mudflats can beimportant alternative sources for arable lands after beingamended by large amount of organic fertilizers About 11sim12million ha mudflats have been reclaimed to croplands in thepast 50 years [2] It is estimated that additional 2000 km2mudflats will be reclaimed to cropland in 2020s according

to the policy of coastal development planning in Jiangsuprovince in China and another 4400 km2 in the YellowRiver Delta are under discussion [3] The newly reclaimedmudflats as typical saline soils are not suitable for cultivationdue to high salinity and macronutrient deficiencies whichhinder the germination and growth of plants [4] The key toimprove the newly reclaimed mudflats is to increase the soilorganic matter (OM) content for fertility enhancement andsalinity reduction [5ndash7] which is usually achieved throughinstantaneous application of a great amount of organicmatterbecause soil natural organic matter formation is extremelyslow

Dairy manure generated in dairy industry is richin OM and inorganic nutrients and has caused serious

HindawiInternational Journal of AgronomyVolume 2017 Article ID 4635964 9 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520174635964

2 International Journal of Agronomy

environmental pollution and ecological safety concernTherefore mudflat saline soil that needs organic amendmentmay become a potential land source for safe disposal ofmassive dairy manure which also has a great incentivein view of mudflat saline soil amendment and nutrientrecycling and reuse including OM nitrogen (N) phosphorus(P) and other plant nutrients Moreover it is well known thatcultivation of green manures plays an important role in soilquality and sustainability of agricultural systems and has beenused to increase the soil fertility as it adds organic carbonand nutrients to the soil [8] Green manures were tilledinto soil to increase soil OM content which improved soilbulk density soil porosity soil structure and water holdingcapacity [9 10] Input of biomass of green manures canfacilitate mineralization which enhanced soil fertility [11] Toamend saline agricultural soils different green manure suchas straw cotton andmaize have been applied to increase soilOM [12 13]

Past research on the application of dairy manure for soilamendment has mainly focused on farmlands [14ndash16] whichshowed that land application of dairy manure increasedsoil OM [17] yield of plants [18 19] However the mudflatsaline soil amended by dairy manure and green manurehas received no attention The effect and mechanism ofdairy manure amendment on mudflat saline soil can bequite different because farmlands are different frommudflatsin soil structure nutrient microbial flora and so forth[1 20]

In this study we aimed to assess the method for mudflatsaline soil amendment by dairy manure and greenmanuringDairy manure was used by one-time application to amendinfertile mudflat saline soil and to support growth of greenmanure at the first season Then green manure tilled intomudflat saline soil can be decomposed and converted into soilOM By the cycles of planting and tilling green manures OMin mudflat saline soil would rapidly increase through build-up added organic matter However whether dairy manureand green manuring can effectively amend mudflat salinesoil remains unclear This paper was one of first studiesto fill this knowledge gap by assessing the effects of dairymanure combined with green manuring on the change oforganic carbon salinity pH and N and P of mudflat salinesoil as well as the yield and metal uptake of maize (Zeamays L) as a test crop Our goals are to assess the effectsof dairy manure combined with green manuring on mudflatsaline soil chemical properties and crop yield and to assureenvironmental safety for heavy metals in crops grown inmudflats

2 Materials and Methods

21 Study Area and Experimental Materials The experimentwas conducted at the farm of Senmao Company Ltd locatedin Rudong county Jiangsu Province China (E 121∘2410158400410158401015840N 32∘2010158400010158401015840) The land as reclaimed from coastal mudflatsby building an artificial seawall in 2007 to prevent seawaterintrusion is under amendment since 2011 The distance fromthe site to the new Yellow Sea coastline (the artificial seawall)is approximately 12 km The experimental mudflat soil was

Table 1 Basic chemical properties of the mudflat saline soil at thestart of the experiment and dairy manure used in this study

Parameters Mudflat saline soil Dairymanure

pH 892 774Salinity (permil) 882 1161Organic matter (g kgminus1) 316 4157Total N (N g kgminus1) 0209 323Total P (P g kgminus1) 0565 531Alkaline N (Nmg kgminus1) 1748 3581Available P (Pmg kgminus1) 1786 1119Total Cd (mg kgminus1) 0451 215Total Cr (mg kgminus1) 1308 417Total Cu (mg kgminus1) 1589 7694Total Mn (mg kgminus1) 1528 1339Total Ni (mg kgminus1) 304 180Total Zn (mg kgminus1) 499 1467

typic saline soil which belonged to the halaquepts groupof aquepts in inceptisols based on US soil taxonomy Theexperimental dairy manure was collected from the DairyFarm of Rudong County in September 2011 The chemicalproperties of mudflat soil and dairy manure were shown inTable 1

22 Experimental Design The experiment was carried outin randomized complete block design with each plot of 4 mlength and 4mwidthThe averageOMcontent in arable landssoil was about 05ndash30 of total soil weight Therefore 3075 150 and 300 t haminus1 (05 10 15 and 30 organicmatter of total soil weight resp) dairy manure amendment(DMA) rates on a dried weight basis by one-time applicationwere used The unamended soil was the control soil Each ofthe five treatments had three replicatesThedairymanurewasmixed uniformly with soil down to the depth of 20 cm bya rototiller on 20th October 2011 Ryegrass (Lolium perenneL) as a popular high-quality and salt-tolerant green manurewas chosen for the first season green manure sowed 35 g foreach plot in 25th October 2011 and tilled in 30th May 2012Sesbania (Sesbania cannabina) as the second season greenmanure was sowed 120 g for each plot in 12th June 2012 andtilled in 20th September 2012 Ryegrass as the third seasongreen manure was sowed in 30th October 2012 and tilledin 25th May 2013 Maize (Zea mays L) as one of the mostimportant grain crop in China was chosen as a test cropsowed two seeds per hole with average row spacing of 050mand plant spacing of 025m in 10th July 2013 and harvestedin 22th September 2013 Thinning was carried out 20 daysafter sowing (DAS) leaving one plant per hole Weedingwas carried out two times during the whole experiment20 and 48DAS through hand-hoeing Plants were rain-fedand no extra artificial irrigation was carried out Soil andplant samples were collected for analysis in 30th May and20th September 2012 and 25th May and 22th September2013

International Journal of Agronomy 3

23 Soil Analysis Soil samples for 0ndash20 cm depth werecollected in quadruplicate from control 30 75 150 and300 t haminus1 DMA rates For analysis of organic carbon (OC)03 g air-dried sample through 0150 mm mesh size wasmeasured by theK

2Cr2O7method Soil salinitywasmeasured

by the gravimetric method The pH of soil was measuredin suspension of 1 5 (weightvolume) by pH meter (ModelIQ150 Spectrum USA) Alkaline N was determined by alka-line hydrolysis diffusion method Available P was analyzedby sodiumbicarbonate (NaHCO

3) extraction and subsequent

colorimetric analysis The analytical methods for the abovesoil chemical properties are described in detail by the Soil andAgro-Chemistry Analysis [21]

24 Plant Analysis Thebiomasses of greenmanures for threeconsecutive seasons andmaizewere determined byweightingall biomass from each plot after harvesting For estimation ofaerial part growth 10 plants of maize were sampled randomlyfrom each plot and then washed with deionized water toremove soil particles adhering on them separated into stemleaves husk cob and grain parts deactivated at 105∘C for15 minutes and oven-dried at 80∘C until constant weightwas achieved The plant parts were then weighed separatelyand biomass accumulation was expressed as grams per plantFor extraction of metals (Cd Cr Cu Mn Ni and Zn) inmaize grain 05 g oven-dried sample was digested in 10mL triacid mixture (HNO

3H2SO4HClO

4 5 1 1) till transparent

color appeared Metal concentrations were determined afterfiltering the digested samples by using Atomic AbsorptionSpectrometer (Model SOLAAR M6 Thermo ElementalThermo Fisher Scientific Inc USA)

25 Statistical Analysis After tests of normality of datadistribution and homogeneity of variance among treatmentsanalysis of variance (ANOVA) of monofactorial (DMA) forrandomized complete block design was conducted usingSPSS version 13 softwareThen the least significant difference(LSD) method at the 005 level of significance was performedto test the significant difference between the treatments

3 Results

31 Biomass of Green Manures and Maize The DMA sig-nificantly increased biomass of ryegrass Sesbania ryegrassand maize grown in mudflat saline soil and the biomass ofall plants increased with increasing DMA rates (Figure 1)The biomass of three green manures increased by 359ndash873 562ndash1198 770ndash1697 and 1413ndash2230 at30 75 150 and 300 t haminus1 DMA rates respectively comparedto the unamended soil The dairy manure combined withgreen manuring significantly increased biomass of maize atall DMA rates (119901 lt 005) and maize biomass in the mudflatsaline soil increased with increasing DMA rate There wereincrements in maize biomass by 444 1171 1422 and2149 at 30 75 150 and 300 t haminus1 DMA rates respectivelycompared to 2935 kg plotminus1 in the unamended soil

32 Soil Chemical Properties The DMA significantly in-creased organic carbon concentration in mudflat saline

cd

c

db

cdc

cb

bc

b

b

ab

b

b

b

a

a

a

a

0

20

40

60

80

100

Ryegrass Sesbania Ryegrass Maize

CK300 t haminus1

Biom

ass (

kgpl

otminus1)

30 t haminus175 t haminus1

150 t haminus1

Figure 1 Effects of dairy manure amendment on biomass of greenmanures andmaize Vertical bars indicate standard deviations of themeans Columns with different letters show significant differencebetween dairy manure amendment rates at 119901 lt 005 by LSDrsquosmultiple range test

b

d

cc

bcd

cc

b

c

bc

c

a

b

bb

aa

a

a

0

3

6

9

12

15

2012-05 2012-09 2013-05 2013-09Date

CK300 t haminus1

Org

anic

carb

on (g

kgminus1)


150 t haminus1

Figure 2 Effects of dairy manure amendment on organic carbonin mudflat saline soil Vertical bars indicate standard deviations ofthemeans Columnswith different letters show significant differencebetween dairy manure amendment rates at 119901 lt 005 by LSDrsquosmultiple range test

soil and the OC concentration in the topsoil at all DMArates increased over time (Figure 2) The dairy manurecombined with green manuring significantly increased OCconcentration by 41ndash267 54ndash322 406ndash922and 512ndash1511 at 30 75 150 and 300 t haminus1 DMA ratesin the four experimental dates respectively compared to theunamended soil The increments of OC concentration were361 330 398 and 198 at 30 75 150 and 300 t haminus1DMA rates in September 2013 respectively compared toMay2013


aa

aa

bb

ab

b

cbc

bcc

cbccc

dccc

0

3

6

9

12

2012-05 2012-09 2013-05 2013-09Date

CK300 t haminus1

Salin

ity(0 )


150 t haminus1

(a)

a aa a

a aa

ba a b

b

a ac

c

a ad

d

5

6

7

8

9

10

2012-05 2012-09 2013-05 2013-09Date

pH

CK300 t haminus130 t haminus1

75 t haminus1

150 t haminus1

(b)

Figure 3 Effects of dairy manure amendment on salinity (a) and pH (b) in mudflat saline soil Vertical bars indicate standard deviations ofthe means Columns with different letters show significant difference between dairy manure amendment rates at 119901 lt 005 by LSDrsquos multiplerange test

c d ccc cd c

cc

bc c

c

b b b b

a

a a

a

0

40

80

120

160

2012-05 2012-09 2013-05 2013-09Date

CK300 t haminus1

Alk

alin

e N (m

g kgminus

1)


150 t haminus1

(a)

bbcc

bbcc bbc

b

a

a

ba

aaa

a

0

60

120

180

240

2012-05 2012-09 2013-05 2013-09Date

CK300 t haminus1

Avai

labl

e P (m

g kgminus

1)


150 t haminus1

(b)

Figure 4 Effects of dairy manure amendment on concentrations of alkaline nitrogen (a) and available phosphorus (b) in mudflat saline soilVertical bars indicate standard deviations of the means Columns with different letters show significant difference between dairy manureamendment rates at 119901 lt 005 by LSDrsquos multiple range test N nitrogen P phosphorus

The DMA significantly decreased salinity in mudflatsaline soil and salinity decreased with increasing DMA ratesin the four experimental dates (Figure 3(a)) However thegreen manuring did not significantly change soil salinityThe salinity decreased by 150ndash261 340ndash384 337ndash413 and 421ndash459 at 30 75 150 and 300 t haminus1 DMArates in the four experimental dates respectively comparedto the unamended soil

The application of dairy manure did not significantlyaffect pH in mudflat saline soil and the pH decreasedwith increasing biomass of tilled green manures in Mayand September 2013 (Figure 3(b)) The pH decreasedby 31ndash53 71ndash90 107ndash147 and 141ndash188

at 30 75 150 and 300 t haminus1 DMA rates in May andSeptember 2013 respectively compared to the unamendedsoil

The dairy manure combined with green manuring signif-icantly increased alkaline N and available P in mudflat salinesoil and the concentrations of alkaline N and available Pin the soil increased with increasing DMA rates at the fourexperimental dates (Figure 4) The alkaline N and available Pincreased by 28ndash387 59ndash1440 1422ndash2801 and1907ndash5442 and 63ndash1123 617ndash2647 5688ndash7070 and 6480ndash8727 at 30 75 150 and 300 t haminus1DMA rates in the four experimental dates respectivelycompared to the unamended soil


dd

c

b

a

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 30 75 150 300

Tota

l aer

ial p

art (

g pl

antminus1)

DMA application rate (t haminus1)

(a)

ed

c

b

a

0

15

30

45

60

75

0 30 75 150 300

Gra

in (g

pla

ntminus1)


(b)

cbc

bc

ab

a

0

15

30

45

60

75

0 30 75 150 300

Stem

(g p

lantminus1)


(c)

c

b b

ab a

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 30 75 150 300

Leav

es (g

pla

ntminus1)


(d)

cbc

bc

ab

a

0

3

6

9

12

15

0 30 75 150 300

Hus

k (g

pla

ntminus1)


(e)

dc

c

b

a

0

4

8

12

16

20

0 30 75 150 300

Cob

(g p

lantminus1)


(f)

Figure 5 Effects of dairy manure amendment (DMA) on dry matter for total aerial part (a) grain (b) stem (c) leaves (d) husk (e) andcob (f) of maize grown in mudflat saline soil Vertical bars indicate standard deviations of the means Columns with different letters showsignificant difference between dairy manure amendment rates at 119901 lt 005 by LSDrsquos multiple range test

33 Dry Matter of Maize Dry matter of total aerial partincreased with increasing DMA rates and was significantlyhigher at all DMA soils than the unamended soil (Fig-ure 5(a)) Grain yield of maize at 30 75 150 and 300 t haminus1DMA rates increased by 786 1416 3235 and 5622respectively as compared to 1054 g plantminus1 in the unamendedsoil (Figure 5(b)) Dry matter for stem leaves husk andcob of maize in mudflat saline soil significantly increasedwith increasing DMA rates (Figures 5(c)ndash5(f)) Stem andhusk dry matter at 150 and 300 t haminus1 DMA rates were 4786

5958 g plantminus1 and 901 1007 g plantminus1 respectively whichcorresponded to significant increases of 451 806 and788 997 compared to 3299 and 504 g plantminus1 in theunamended soilThe increments in leaves and cob drymatterwere 399 471 718 and 817 and 700 11462254 and 3545 at 30 75 150 and 300 t haminus1 DMA ratesrespectively as compared to the unamended soil

34 Metals Uptake of Grain in Maize The effect ofdairy manure combined with green manuring on metal


aa

aaa

0

6

12

18

24

30

0 30 75 150 300

Cd(120583

gkgminus

1)


(a)

a a a a a

0

30

60

90

120

150

0 30 75 150 300

Cr(120583

gkgminus

1)


(b)

c

b aba

a

00

05

10

15

20

25

0 30 75 150 300

Cu(m

gkgminus

1)


(c)

aaaaa

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 30 75 150 300

Mn(m

gkgminus

1)


(d)

aaaa

a

00

05

10

15

20

25

0 30 75 150 300

Ni(

mgk

gminus1)


(e)

cb b b

a

0

6

12

18

24

30

0 30 75 150 300

Zn(m

gkgminus

1)


(f)

Figure 6 Effects of dairy manure amendment (DMA) on heavy metals concentration for Cd (a) Cr (b) Cu (c) Mn (d) Ni (e) and Zn (f) ofmaize grain Vertical bars indicate standard deviations of the means Columns with different letters show significant difference between dairymanure amendment rates at 119901 lt 005 by LSDrsquos multiple range test Cd cadmium Cr chromium Cu copper Mn manganese Ni nickel Znzinc

concentrations in grain of maize was shown in Figure 6Cu and Zn concentrations in grain of maize significantlyincreased with increasing DMA rates The increments in Cuand Zn concentrations in grain of maize were 394 573818 and 883 and 173 173 168 and 357 at 3075 150 and 300 t haminus1 DMA rates respectively as comparedto the unamended soil Cd Cr Mn and Ni concentrationsin grain of maize showed no significant changes (119901 gt 005)between all the treatments

4 Discussion

The one-time application of dairy manure improved initialfertility formation for infertile mudflat saline soil and pro-moted growth of ryegrass as the first season green manureThe unamendedmudflat saline soil is not suitable for ryegrassgrowth due to its high salinity and low organic mattercontent [13 22] The present study showed that the one-timeapplication of dairy manure rapidly decreased soil salinity


and increased soil organicmatter inmudflat saline soil whichprovided good conditions for growth of ryegrass as firstgreen manure In addition mudflat saline soil was enrichedwith alkaline N available P and other nutrients from DMAwhich provided sufficient nutrients for ryegrass growth as thefirst green manure Previous studies also found that DMAincreased biomass of sorghum-sudangrass [23] pasture grassand ryegrass [24] grown in croplands

Biomass of ryegrass Sesbania and ryegrass as greenmanures for three consecutive seasons tilled into themudflatsaline soil can be decomposed and converted into soilorganic carbon which subsequently improved the chemi-cal properties of mudflat saline soil In the present studyOC concentration in mudflat saline soil during the 2-yearexperimental period increased over time and also increasedwith increasing DMA rates which were 36 37 52 and57-fold increase at 30 75 150 and 300 t haminus1 DMA ratesrespectively compared to 1705 g kgminus1 in the unamended soilat the beginning of this study In addition OC concentrationin the control soil also increased over time which is dueto added organic matter from green manures but to alesser extent during the 2-year experimental period by 34-fold increase compared to the control at the beginning ofthis study The OC concentrations in mudflat saline soilat all DMA rates were following the increasing trend oftilled total biomass of green manures Previous studies incropland showed that tilled green manure increased soil OCconcentration [25] and then improved soil aggregation statusand decreased the bulk density [9] increased porosity [26]and saturated hydraulic conductivity [27] Therefore salinityreduction ofmudflat saline soil might be attributed to the factthat OM enrichment by dairy manure combined with greenmanuring reduced soil bulk density broke soil capillary andsuppressed salt solution rise through soil capillary [28 29]

The pH of mudflat saline soil did not show significantvariation by one-time application of dairy manure Previousstudies also found that soil pH did not change by dairymanure application in Calcareous soil [30] and Plano soil[31] Other studies showed that dairy manure applicationincreased pH value of alum shale soil [32] and Rosholt soil[31] The various effects of DMA on soil pH might be dueto original soil pH OM content and soil buffering capacityIn this study the pH of mudflat saline soil significantlydecreased after green manuring with Sesbania and thedecrement increased with tilling total biomass of Sesbania Itmight be due to proton release from roots during cultivationof legumes and decomposition of organic N after legumesbeing tilled [33ndash35] Souza et al [36] also confirmed greenmanuring with legumes in precrops decreased soil pH

The dairy manure combined with green manuring pro-moted supply of N and P nutrients in mudflat saline soilwhich provided sufficient nutrients for the succeeding plantThe nutrients come from two sources On the one hand thereare high N and P concentrations in the dairy manure onthe other hand planting and tilling green manures mightincreaseN and P accumulation inmudflat saline soil Legumesuch as Sesbania may accumulate N through the N fixationprocess thereby supplying N for the succeeding crop after

it is tilled into soil [37 38] Previous studies also found thatgreen manuring with legumes and hairy vetch in precropssignificantly increased N and P uptake in rice and oat [3839] In the present study alkaline N and available P contentin mudflat saline soil during 2-year experimental periodincreased with increasing tilled biomass of green manuresTherefore the more dairy manure applied the more biomassof green manures tilled and the more nutrients held inamended mudflat saline soils

The dairy manure amendment increased first greenmanure growth and green manuring for three consecutiveseasonsmight have enhanced the growth of succeedingmaizeand increased grain yield of the maize Previous studiesalso confirmed that grain yield of maize was significantlyenhanced by green manuring [8 40 41] In this study the30 t haminus1 DMA with green manuring significantly increasedbiomass and grain yield of maize by 799 and 786 respec-tively The direct cause of this result was green manuringin the premaize and planting and tilling green manuresimproved physicochemical properties of mudflat soil But theultimate cause was that DMA decreased salinity and boostedinitial fertility for growth of green manures

The DMA increased Cu and Zn concentrations in grainof maize grown in the mudflat saline soil Brock et al [42]also confirmed that the application of dairymanure increasedCu and Zn uptake in maize Previous studies found that thedairy manure increased Cu and Zn concentration in wheatand barley [32] In the present study the increment of Cuand Zn concentration in grain of maize at DMA rates was394ndash883 and 173ndash357 compared with the unamendedsaline soil which can be attributed to total Cu and Znconcentrations in dairy manure used in this study being 484and 26-times higher than those in mudflat saline soil BothCu and Zn are usually added to most dairy rations as partof a mineral mix [42] Cd Cr Mn and Ni concentrationsin grain of maize did not show significant changes betweenDMA and the control which was due to the fact that CdCr Mn and Ni concentrations in the dairy manure weresimilar to the mudflat soil and addition of dairy manuredid not elevate the concentrations of these metals althoughit may increase total amount of these metals In this studyconcentrations of heavy metal in grain of maize did notexceed the safety standard for food in China (GB 2762-2012)Therefore dairy manure combined with green manuringcan improve mudflat saline soil chemical properties withoutcompromising environmental safety for heavy metals incrops grown in mudflats The high input of dairy manure didintroduce high amount of nitrogen to the mudflat soil whichmay cause environmental concerns N in dairy manure wasmostly in organic form and its release process was slower inmudflat soil than that in fertile farmland Attention shouldhowever be paid to the environmental risk in future research

5 Conclusions

One-time application of dairy manure for infertile mudflatsaline soil promoted growth of ryegrass as the first seasongreen manure Ryegrass after tilling can be decomposed andconverted into soil organic carbon By the cycles of the


planting and tilling ryegrass Sesbania and ryegrass as greenmanures for three consecutive seasons it rapidly improvedthe chemical properties of mudflat saline soil by decreasingsoil salinity and pH and increasing soil organic carbon andavailable N and P As a result dry matter of maize plantparts increased with increasing DMA rates Cu and Znconcentrations in grain of maize at DMA rates were higherthan those in the unamended soil whereas there were nosignificant differences (119901 gt 005) of Cd Cr Mn and Niconcentrations in grain of maize in the DMA soils comparedto the unamended soil Dairy manure combined with greenmanuring can be applied for mudflat saline soil amendmentwhich is a potential win-win solution with respect to newarable land creating waste disposal and resource recycling

Competing Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This study is supported by National Natural Science Founda-tion of China (31101604) Fund for Agricultural IndependentInnovation of Jiangsu Province [CX(15)1005] PostdoctoralScience Foundation of China (2016M601755) Fund for Min-istry of Science and Technology of China (2015BAD01B03)Fund for Important Research and Development of JiangsuProvince (BE2015337) Fund for State Key Laboratory ofSoil and Sustainable Agriculture (Y412201402) Fund forMinistry of Housing and Urban-Rural Department of China(2014-K6-009) Fund for Three New Agricultural Project ofJiangsu Province (SXGC[2016]277) Fund for EnvironmentalProtection of Yangzhou City (YHK1414) and ShuangchuangTalent Plan of Jiangsu Province China

References

[1] F Wang and G Wall ldquoMudflat development in JiangsuProvince China practices and experiencesrdquoOcean and CoastalManagement vol 53 no 11 pp 691ndash699 2010

[2] W Cao and M H Wong ldquoCurrent status of coastal zoneissues and management in China a reviewrdquo EnvironmentInternational vol 33 no 7 pp 985ndash992 2007

[3] D Song X H Wang X Zhu and X Bao ldquoModeling studies ofthe far-field effects of tidal flat reclamation on tidal dynamics inthe East China Seasrdquo Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science vol133 pp 147ndash160 2013

[4] KGuo andX Liu ldquoDynamics ofmeltwater quality and quantityduring saline ice melting and its effects on the infiltrationand desalinization of coastal saline soilsrdquo Agricultural WaterManagement vol 139 pp 1ndash6 2014

[5] Y Bai C Gu T Tao L Wang K Feng and Y Shan ldquoGrowthcharacteristics nutrient uptake and metal accumulation ofryegrass (Lolium perenne L) in sludge-amendedmudflatsrdquoActaAgriculturae Scandinavica Section B Soil and Plant Science vol63 no 4 pp 352ndash359 2013

[6] R J Yao J S Yang D H Wu W P Xie P Gao and X PWang ldquoCharacterizing spatialndashtemporal changes of soil and

crop parameters for precision management in a coastal rainfedagroecosystemrdquoAgronomy Journal vol 108 no 6 p 2462 2016

[7] R J Yao J S Yang P Gao J B Zhang and W H JinldquoDetermining minimum data set for soil quality assessment oftypical salt-affected farmland in the coastal reclamation areardquoSoil and Tillage Research vol 128 pp 137ndash148 2013

[8] T O Fabunmi M U Agbonlahor J N Odedina and S OAdigbo ldquoProfitability of pre-season green manure practicesusing maize as a test crop in a derived savanna of NigeriardquoPakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences vol 49 no 4 pp 593ndash596 2012

[9] M Wiesmeier M Lungu R Hubner and V Cerbari ldquoRemedi-ation of degraded arable steppe soils in Moldova using vetch asgreen manurerdquo Solid Earth vol 6 no 2 pp 609ndash620 2015

[10] R V Valadares R F Duarte J B CMenezes et al ldquoSoil fertilityand maize yields in green manure systems in northern MinasGeraisrdquo Planta Daninha vol 30 no 3 pp 505ndash516 2012

[11] L Talgre E LauringsonH Roostalu A Astover andAMakkeldquoGreenmanure as a nutrient source for succeeding cropsrdquoPlantSoil and Environment vol 58 no 6 pp 275ndash281 2012

[12] T Jun G Wei B Griffiths L Xiaojing X Yingjun and ZHua ldquoMaize residue application reduces negative effects of soilsalinity on the growth and reproduction of the earthwormAporrectodea trapezoides in a soil mesocosm experimentrdquo SoilBiology and Biochemistry vol 49 pp 46ndash51 2012

[13] T Zhang T Wang K S Liu L Wang K Wang and Y ZhouldquoEffects of different amendments for the reclamation of coastalsaline soil on soil nutrient dynamics and electrical conductivityresponsesrdquo Agricultural Water Management vol 159 pp 115ndash122 2015

[14] L Wu M Cheng Z Li et al ldquoMajor nutrients heavy metalsand PBDEs in soils after long-term sewage sludge applicationrdquoJournal of Soils and Sediments vol 12 no 4 pp 531ndash541 2012

[15] R A Blaustein R L Hill S A Micallef D R Shelton andY A Pachepsky ldquoRainfall intensity effects on removal of fecalindicator bacteria from solid dairy manure applied over grass-covered soilrdquo Science of the Total Environment vol 539 pp 583ndash591 2016

[16] P J A Kleinman P Salon A N Sharpley and L S SaporitoldquoEffect of cover crops established at time of corn planting onphosphorus runoff from soils before and after dairy manureapplicationrdquo Journal of Soil andWater Conservation vol 60 no6 pp 311ndash322 2005

[17] A NrsquoDayegamiye ldquoResponse of silage corn and wheat to dairymanure and fertilizers in long-term fertilized and manuredtrialsrdquo Canadian Journal of Soil Science vol 76 no 3 pp 357ndash363 1996

[18] F Domingo-Olive A D Bosch-Serra M R Yague R M Pochand J Boixadera ldquoLong term application of dairy cattle manureand pig slurry to winter cereals improves soil qualityrdquo NutrientCycling in Agroecosystems vol 104 no 1 pp 39ndash51 2016

[19] D H Min K R Islam L R Vough and R R Weil ldquoDairymanure effects on soil quality properties and carbon seques-tration in alfalfa-orchardgrass systemsrdquoCommunications in SoilScience and Plant Analysis vol 34 no 5-6 pp 781ndash799 2003

[20] C Mallol ldquoWhatrsquos in a beach Soil micromorphology ofsediments from the Lower Paleolithic site of rsquoUbeidiya IsraelrdquoJournal of Human Evolution vol 51 no 2 pp 185ndash206 2006

[21] S D Bao Soil and Agro-Chemistry Analysis China AgriculturalPress Beijing China 3rd edition 2000


[22] Y Bai T TaoCGu LWangK Feng andY Shan ldquoMudflat soilamendment by sewage sludge soil physicochemical propertiesperennial ryegrass growth and metal uptakerdquo Soil Science andPlant Nutrition vol 59 no 6 pp 942ndash952 2013

[23] H MWaldrip Z He and T S Griffin ldquoEffects of organic dairymanure on soil phosphatase activity available soil phosphorusand growth of Sorghum-Sudangrassrdquo Soil Science vol 177 no11 pp 629ndash637 2012

[24] D Espinosa PWG Sale andC Tang ldquoChanges in pasture rootgrowth and transpiration efficiency following the incorporationof organic manures into a clay subsoilrdquo Plant and Soil vol 348no 1-2 pp 329ndash343 2011

[25] M A Rudisill B P Bordelon R F Turco and L A HoaglandldquoSustaining soil quality in intensively managed high tunnelvegetable production systems a role for green manures andchicken litterrdquo HortScience vol 50 no 3 pp 461ndash468 2015

[26] W T Jeon B Choi S A M Abd El-Azeem and Y S OkldquoEffect of different seeding methods on green manure biomasssoil properties and rice yield in rice-based cropping systemsrdquoAfrican Journal of Biotechnology vol 10 no 11 pp 2024ndash20312011

[27] K Panitnok S Thongpae E Sarobol et al ldquoEffects of vetivergrass and greenmanuremanagement on properties ofmap boncoarse-loamy variant soilrdquo Communications in Soil Science andPlant Analysis vol 44 no 1ndash4 pp 158ndash165 2013

[28] M H Jorenush and A R Sepaskhah ldquoModelling capillary riseand soil salinity for shallow saline water table under irrigatedand non-irrigated conditionsrdquoAgriculturalWaterManagementvol 61 no 2 pp 125ndash141 2003

[29] R-J Yao J-S Yang T-J Zhang et al ldquoStudies on soil waterand salt balances and scenarios simulation using SaltMod in acoastal reclaimed farming area of eastern Chinardquo AgriculturalWater Management vol 131 pp 115ndash123 2014

[30] A B Leytem R SDungan andAMoore ldquoNutrient availabilityto corn from dairy manures and fertilizer in a calcareous soilrdquoSoil Science vol 176 no 8 pp 426ndash434 2011

[31] Z Wu and J M Powell ldquoDairy manure type application rateand frequency impact plants and soilsrdquo Soil Science Society ofAmerica Journal vol 71 no 4 pp 1306ndash1313 2007

[32] A K M Arnesen and B R Singh ldquoPlant uptake and DTPA-extractability of Cd Cu Ni and Zn in a Norwegian alum shalesoil as affected by previous-addition of dairy and pig manuresand peatrdquo Canadian Journal of Soil Science vol 78 no 3 pp531ndash539 1998

[33] F Yan S Schubert and K Mengel ldquoSoil pH changes duringlegume growth and application of plant materialrdquo Biology andFertility of Soils vol 23 no 3 pp 236ndash242 1996

[34] F Yan S Schubert and K Mengel ldquoSoil pH increase due tobiological decarboxylation of organic anionsrdquo Soil Biology andBiochemistry vol 28 no 4-5 pp 617ndash624 1996

[35] S Pocknee andM E Sumner ldquoCation and nitrogen contents oforganic matter determine its soil liming potentialrdquo Soil ScienceSociety of America Journal vol 61 no 1 pp 86ndash92 1997

[36] J L Souza G P Guimaraes and L F Favarato ldquoDevelopmentof vegetables and soil characteristics after green manuring andorganic composts under levels ofNrdquoHorticultura Brasileira vol33 no 1 pp 19ndash26 2015

[37] L O Brandsaeligter H Heggen H Riley E Stubhaug and TM Henriksen ldquoWinter survival biomass accumulation and Nmineralization of winter annual and biennial legumes sownat various times of year in Northern Temperate RegionsrdquoEuropean Journal of Agronomy vol 28 no 3 pp 437ndash448 2008

[38] Z Shah S R Ahmad and H U Rahman ldquoSustaining rice-wheat system throughmanagement of legumes I effect of greenmanure legumes on rice yield and soil qualityrdquo Pakistan Journalof Botany vol 43 no 3 pp 1569ndash1574 2011

[39] A Tarui A Matsumura S Asakura K Yamawaki R HattoriandH Daimon ldquoEvaluation ofmixed cropping of oat and hairyvetch as green manure for succeeding corn productionrdquo PlantProduction Science vol 16 no 4 pp 383ndash392 2013

[40] G S A Castro and C A C Crusciol ldquoEffects of surfaceapplication of dolomitic limestone and calcium-magnesiumsilicate on soybean and maize in rotation with green manurein a tropical regionrdquo Bragantia vol 74 no 3 pp 311ndash321 2015

[41] J-S Bai W-D Cao J Xiong N-H Zeng S-J Gao andS Katsuyoshi ldquoIntegrated application of February Orchid(Orychophragmus violaceus) as green manure with chemicalfertilizer for improving grain yield and reducing nitrogen lossesin springmaize system in northernChinardquo Journal of IntegrativeAgriculture vol 14 no 12 pp 2490ndash2499 2015

[42] E H Brock Q M Ketterings and M McBride ldquoCopperand zinc accumulation in poultry and dairy manure-amendedfieldsrdquo Soil Science vol 171 no 5 pp 388ndash399 2006

Submit your manuscripts athttpswwwhindawicom

Nutrition and Metabolism

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


Food ScienceInternational Journal of

Agronomy


International Journal of



Microbiology

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Applied ampEnvironmentalSoil Science

Volume 2014

AgricultureAdvances in


PsycheHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

BiodiversityInternational Journal of


ScientificaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

GenomicsInternational Journal of


Plant GenomicsInternational Journal of


Biotechnology Research International


Forestry ResearchInternational Journal of


Journal of BotanyHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

EcologyInternational Journal of


Veterinary Medicine International


Cell BiologyInternational Journal of


Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of



environmental pollution and ecological safety concernTherefore mudflat saline soil that needs organic amendmentmay become a potential land source for safe disposal ofmassive dairy manure which also has a great incentivein view of mudflat saline soil amendment and nutrientrecycling and reuse including OM nitrogen (N) phosphorus(P) and other plant nutrients Moreover it is well known thatcultivation of green manures plays an important role in soilquality and sustainability of agricultural systems and has beenused to increase the soil fertility as it adds organic carbonand nutrients to the soil [8] Green manures were tilledinto soil to increase soil OM content which improved soilbulk density soil porosity soil structure and water holdingcapacity [9 10] Input of biomass of green manures canfacilitate mineralization which enhanced soil fertility [11] Toamend saline agricultural soils different green manure suchas straw cotton andmaize have been applied to increase soilOM [12 13]

Past research on the application of dairy manure for soilamendment has mainly focused on farmlands [14ndash16] whichshowed that land application of dairy manure increasedsoil OM [17] yield of plants [18 19] However the mudflatsaline soil amended by dairy manure and green manurehas received no attention The effect and mechanism ofdairy manure amendment on mudflat saline soil can bequite different because farmlands are different frommudflatsin soil structure nutrient microbial flora and so forth[1 20]

In this study we aimed to assess the method for mudflatsaline soil amendment by dairy manure and greenmanuringDairy manure was used by one-time application to amendinfertile mudflat saline soil and to support growth of greenmanure at the first season Then green manure tilled intomudflat saline soil can be decomposed and converted into soilOM By the cycles of planting and tilling green manures OMin mudflat saline soil would rapidly increase through build-up added organic matter However whether dairy manureand green manuring can effectively amend mudflat salinesoil remains unclear This paper was one of first studiesto fill this knowledge gap by assessing the effects of dairymanure combined with green manuring on the change oforganic carbon salinity pH and N and P of mudflat salinesoil as well as the yield and metal uptake of maize (Zeamays L) as a test crop Our goals are to assess the effectsof dairy manure combined with green manuring on mudflatsaline soil chemical properties and crop yield and to assureenvironmental safety for heavy metals in crops grown inmudflats

2 Materials and Methods

21 Study Area and Experimental Materials The experimentwas conducted at the farm of Senmao Company Ltd locatedin Rudong county Jiangsu Province China (E 121∘2410158400410158401015840N 32∘2010158400010158401015840) The land as reclaimed from coastal mudflatsby building an artificial seawall in 2007 to prevent seawaterintrusion is under amendment since 2011 The distance fromthe site to the new Yellow Sea coastline (the artificial seawall)is approximately 12 km The experimental mudflat soil was

Table 1 Basic chemical properties of the mudflat saline soil at thestart of the experiment and dairy manure used in this study

Parameters Mudflat saline soil Dairymanure

pH 892 774Salinity (permil) 882 1161Organic matter (g kgminus1) 316 4157Total N (N g kgminus1) 0209 323Total P (P g kgminus1) 0565 531Alkaline N (Nmg kgminus1) 1748 3581Available P (Pmg kgminus1) 1786 1119Total Cd (mg kgminus1) 0451 215Total Cr (mg kgminus1) 1308 417Total Cu (mg kgminus1) 1589 7694Total Mn (mg kgminus1) 1528 1339Total Ni (mg kgminus1) 304 180Total Zn (mg kgminus1) 499 1467

typic saline soil which belonged to the halaquepts groupof aquepts in inceptisols based on US soil taxonomy Theexperimental dairy manure was collected from the DairyFarm of Rudong County in September 2011 The chemicalproperties of mudflat soil and dairy manure were shown inTable 1

22 Experimental Design The experiment was carried outin randomized complete block design with each plot of 4 mlength and 4mwidthThe averageOMcontent in arable landssoil was about 05ndash30 of total soil weight Therefore 3075 150 and 300 t haminus1 (05 10 15 and 30 organicmatter of total soil weight resp) dairy manure amendment(DMA) rates on a dried weight basis by one-time applicationwere used The unamended soil was the control soil Each ofthe five treatments had three replicatesThedairymanurewasmixed uniformly with soil down to the depth of 20 cm bya rototiller on 20th October 2011 Ryegrass (Lolium perenneL) as a popular high-quality and salt-tolerant green manurewas chosen for the first season green manure sowed 35 g foreach plot in 25th October 2011 and tilled in 30th May 2012Sesbania (Sesbania cannabina) as the second season greenmanure was sowed 120 g for each plot in 12th June 2012 andtilled in 20th September 2012 Ryegrass as the third seasongreen manure was sowed in 30th October 2012 and tilledin 25th May 2013 Maize (Zea mays L) as one of the mostimportant grain crop in China was chosen as a test cropsowed two seeds per hole with average row spacing of 050mand plant spacing of 025m in 10th July 2013 and harvestedin 22th September 2013 Thinning was carried out 20 daysafter sowing (DAS) leaving one plant per hole Weedingwas carried out two times during the whole experiment20 and 48DAS through hand-hoeing Plants were rain-fedand no extra artificial irrigation was carried out Soil andplant samples were collected for analysis in 30th May and20th September 2012 and 25th May and 22th September2013








3H2SO4HClO




3 Results



cd

c

db

cdc

cb

bc

b

b

ab

b

b

b

a

a

a

a

0

20

40

60

80

100


CK300 t haminus1

Biom

ass (

kgpl

otminus1)


150 t haminus1


b

d

cc

bcd

cc

b

c

bc

c

a

b

bb

aa

a

a

0

3

6

9

12

15

2012-05 2012-09 2013-05 2013-09Date

CK300 t haminus1

Org

anic

carb

on (g

kgminus1)


150 t haminus1




aa

aa

bb

ab

b

cbc

bcc

cbccc

dccc

0

3

6

9

12

2012-05 2012-09 2013-05 2013-09Date

CK300 t haminus1

Salin

ity(0 )


150 t haminus1

(a)

a aa a

a aa

ba a b

b

a ac

c

a ad

d

5

6

7

8

9

10

2012-05 2012-09 2013-05 2013-09Date

pH


75 t haminus1

150 t haminus1

(b)


c d ccc cd c

cc

bc c

c

b b b b

a

a a

a

0

40

80

120

160

2012-05 2012-09 2013-05 2013-09Date

CK300 t haminus1

Alk

alin

e N (m

g kgminus

1)


150 t haminus1

(a)

bbcc

bbcc bbc

b

a

a

ba

aaa

a

0

60

120

180

240

2012-05 2012-09 2013-05 2013-09Date

CK300 t haminus1

Avai

labl

e P (m

g kgminus

1)


150 t haminus1

(b)







dd

c

b

a

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 30 75 150 300

Tota

l aer

ial p

art (

g pl

antminus1)


(a)

ed

c

b

a

0

15

30

45

60

75

0 30 75 150 300

Gra

in (g

pla

ntminus1)


(b)

cbc

bc

ab

a

0

15

30

45

60

75

0 30 75 150 300

Stem

(g p

lantminus1)


(c)

c

b b

ab a

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 30 75 150 300

Leav

es (g

pla

ntminus1)


(d)

cbc

bc

ab

a

0

3

6

9

12

15

0 30 75 150 300

Hus

k (g

pla

ntminus1)


(e)

dc

c

b

a

0

4

8

12

16

20

0 30 75 150 300

Cob

(g p

lantminus1)


(f)






aa

aaa

0

6

12

18

24

30

0 30 75 150 300

Cd(120583

gkgminus

1)


(a)

a a a a a

0

30

60

90

120

150

0 30 75 150 300

Cr(120583

gkgminus

1)


(b)

c

b aba

a

00

05

10

15

20

25

0 30 75 150 300

Cu(m

gkgminus

1)


(c)

aaaaa

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 30 75 150 300

Mn(m

gkgminus

1)


(d)

aaaa

a

00

05

10

15

20

25

0 30 75 150 300

Ni(

mgk

gminus1)


(e)

cb b b

a

0

6

12

18

24

30

0 30 75 150 300

Zn(m

gkgminus

1)


(f)



4 Discussion










5 Conclusions




Competing Interests


Acknowledgments


References















































Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014































3H2SO4HClO




3 Results



cd

c

db

cdc

cb

bc

b

b

ab

b

b

b

a

a

a

a

0

20

40

60

80

100


CK300 t haminus1

Biom

ass (

kgpl

otminus1)


150 t haminus1


b

d

cc

bcd

cc

b

c

bc

c

a

b

bb

aa

a

a

0

3

6

9

12

15

2012-05 2012-09 2013-05 2013-09Date

CK300 t haminus1

Org

anic

carb

on (g

kgminus1)


150 t haminus1




aa

aa

bb

ab

b

cbc

bcc

cbccc

dccc

0

3

6

9

12

2012-05 2012-09 2013-05 2013-09Date

CK300 t haminus1

Salin

ity(0 )


150 t haminus1

(a)

a aa a

a aa

ba a b

b

a ac

c

a ad

d

5

6

7

8

9

10

2012-05 2012-09 2013-05 2013-09Date

pH


75 t haminus1

150 t haminus1

(b)


c d ccc cd c

cc

bc c

c

b b b b

a

a a

a

0

40

80

120

160

2012-05 2012-09 2013-05 2013-09Date

CK300 t haminus1

Alk

alin

e N (m

g kgminus

1)


150 t haminus1

(a)

bbcc

bbcc bbc

b

a

a

ba

aaa

a

0

60

120

180

240

2012-05 2012-09 2013-05 2013-09Date

CK300 t haminus1

Avai

labl

e P (m

g kgminus

1)


150 t haminus1

(b)







dd

c

b

a

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 30 75 150 300

Tota

l aer

ial p

art (

g pl

antminus1)


(a)

ed

c

b

a

0

15

30

45

60

75

0 30 75 150 300

Gra

in (g

pla

ntminus1)


(b)

cbc

bc

ab

a

0

15

30

45

60

75

0 30 75 150 300

Stem

(g p

lantminus1)


(c)

c

b b

ab a

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 30 75 150 300

Leav

es (g

pla

ntminus1)


(d)

cbc

bc

ab

a

0

3

6

9

12

15

0 30 75 150 300

Hus

k (g

pla

ntminus1)


(e)

dc

c

b

a

0

4

8

12

16

20

0 30 75 150 300

Cob

(g p

lantminus1)


(f)






aa

aaa

0

6

12

18

24

30

0 30 75 150 300

Cd(120583

gkgminus

1)


(a)

a a a a a

0

30

60

90

120

150

0 30 75 150 300

Cr(120583

gkgminus

1)


(b)

c

b aba

a

00

05

10

15

20

25

0 30 75 150 300

Cu(m

gkgminus

1)


(c)

aaaaa

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 30 75 150 300

Mn(m

gkgminus

1)


(d)

aaaa

a

00

05

10

15

20

25

0 30 75 150 300

Ni(

mgk

gminus1)


(e)

cb b b

a

0

6

12

18

24

30

0 30 75 150 300

Zn(m

gkgminus

1)


(f)



4 Discussion










5 Conclusions




Competing Interests


Acknowledgments


References















































Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014

























aa

aa

bb

ab

b

cbc

bcc

cbccc

dccc

0

3

6

9

12

2012-05 2012-09 2013-05 2013-09Date

CK300 t haminus1

Salin

ity(0 )


150 t haminus1

(a)

a aa a

a aa

ba a b

b

a ac

c

a ad

d

5

6

7

8

9

10

2012-05 2012-09 2013-05 2013-09Date

pH


75 t haminus1

150 t haminus1

(b)


c d ccc cd c

cc

bc c

c

b b b b

a

a a

a

0

40

80

120

160

2012-05 2012-09 2013-05 2013-09Date

CK300 t haminus1

Alk

alin

e N (m

g kgminus

1)


150 t haminus1

(a)

bbcc

bbcc bbc

b

a

a

ba

aaa

a

0

60

120

180

240

2012-05 2012-09 2013-05 2013-09Date

CK300 t haminus1

Avai

labl

e P (m

g kgminus

1)


150 t haminus1

(b)







dd

c

b

a

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 30 75 150 300

Tota

l aer

ial p

art (

g pl

antminus1)


(a)

ed

c

b

a

0

15

30

45

60

75

0 30 75 150 300

Gra

in (g

pla

ntminus1)


(b)

cbc

bc

ab

a

0

15

30

45

60

75

0 30 75 150 300

Stem

(g p

lantminus1)


(c)

c

b b

ab a

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 30 75 150 300

Leav

es (g

pla

ntminus1)


(d)

cbc

bc

ab

a

0

3

6

9

12

15

0 30 75 150 300

Hus

k (g

pla

ntminus1)


(e)

dc

c

b

a

0

4

8

12

16

20

0 30 75 150 300

Cob

(g p

lantminus1)


(f)






aa

aaa

0

6

12

18

24

30

0 30 75 150 300

Cd(120583

gkgminus

1)


(a)

a a a a a

0

30

60

90

120

150

0 30 75 150 300

Cr(120583

gkgminus

1)


(b)

c

b aba

a

00

05

10

15

20

25

0 30 75 150 300

Cu(m

gkgminus

1)


(c)

aaaaa

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 30 75 150 300

Mn(m

gkgminus

1)


(d)

aaaa

a

00

05

10

15

20

25

0 30 75 150 300

Ni(

mgk

gminus1)


(e)

cb b b

a

0

6

12

18

24

30

0 30 75 150 300

Zn(m

gkgminus

1)


(f)



4 Discussion










5 Conclusions




Competing Interests


Acknowledgments


References















































Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014

























dd

c

b

a

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 30 75 150 300

Tota

l aer

ial p

art (

g pl

antminus1)


(a)

ed

c

b

a

0

15

30

45

60

75

0 30 75 150 300

Gra

in (g

pla

ntminus1)


(b)

cbc

bc

ab

a

0

15

30

45

60

75

0 30 75 150 300

Stem

(g p

lantminus1)


(c)

c

b b

ab a

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 30 75 150 300

Leav

es (g

pla

ntminus1)


(d)

cbc

bc

ab

a

0

3

6

9

12

15

0 30 75 150 300

Hus

k (g

pla

ntminus1)


(e)

dc

c

b

a

0

4

8

12

16

20

0 30 75 150 300

Cob

(g p

lantminus1)


(f)






aa

aaa

0

6

12

18

24

30

0 30 75 150 300

Cd(120583

gkgminus

1)


(a)

a a a a a

0

30

60

90

120

150

0 30 75 150 300

Cr(120583

gkgminus

1)


(b)

c

b aba

a

00

05

10

15

20

25

0 30 75 150 300

Cu(m

gkgminus

1)


(c)

aaaaa

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 30 75 150 300

Mn(m

gkgminus

1)


(d)

aaaa

a

00

05

10

15

20

25

0 30 75 150 300

Ni(

mgk

gminus1)


(e)

cb b b

a

0

6

12

18

24

30

0 30 75 150 300

Zn(m

gkgminus

1)


(f)



4 Discussion










5 Conclusions




Competing Interests


Acknowledgments


References















































Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014

























aa

aaa

0

6

12

18

24

30

0 30 75 150 300

Cd(120583

gkgminus

1)


(a)

a a a a a

0

30

60

90

120

150

0 30 75 150 300

Cr(120583

gkgminus

1)


(b)

c

b aba

a

00

05

10

15

20

25

0 30 75 150 300

Cu(m

gkgminus

1)


(c)

aaaaa

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 30 75 150 300

Mn(m

gkgminus

1)


(d)

aaaa

a

00

05

10

15

20

25

0 30 75 150 300

Ni(

mgk

gminus1)


(e)

cb b b

a

0

6

12

18

24

30

0 30 75 150 300

Zn(m

gkgminus

1)


(f)



4 Discussion










5 Conclusions




Competing Interests


Acknowledgments


References















































Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014
































5 Conclusions




Competing Interests


Acknowledgments


References















































Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014


























Competing Interests


Acknowledgments


References















































Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014
















































Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014


























Journal of




Agronomy





Microbiology




Volume 2014
























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