CO2 Emission

SAE International - June 2014

Cost-EffECtivE Co2 REduCtionMobility Industry, Vehicle Engineers Respond to the Challenge to Lower Emissions

An SAE IntErnAtIonAl WhItE PAPEr

The ChallengeOne of the biggest challenges currently facing the automotive, aerospace, and commercial vehicle industries is cost-effective CO2 reduction.

In August 2012, the U.S. announced new fuel efficiency standards that mandate a 54.5 miles-per-gallon fleet average in the 2025 model year. The regulations also established an emissions standard of 144 grams of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) per mile for passenger cars, and 203 grams of CO2 per mile for trucks, an estimated 45-50% reduction in CO2 emissions per mile.

1SAE International - June 2014

The European Union had previously announced regulations limiting CO2 emissions from new cars to an average of 130 grams per kilometer by 2015.

Since CO2 emissions move in lockstep with fuel consumed, regulations reducing CO2 also increase fuel efficiency, wrote Nic Lutsey, Program Director for the International Council on Clean Transportation, in the Fall 2012.

Automakers are diligently working to meet these standards, which Lutsey called the boldest actions ever taken to reduce oil consumption and carbon emissions in the U.S. Engineers are exploring multiple solutions, ranging from alternative fuels, to valvetrain and transmission innovations, to more aerodynamic designs via lighter materials, to increased emphasis on hybrid and electric vehicle technology. Similarly, there has been a parallel push to reduce CO2 emissions from commercial aviation. In the U.S., the Obama administration set targets for a 17% reduction by 2020 (from 2005 levels). The European Union set a 21% reduction target compared to 2005 levels.

In response, the aerospace industry is pursuing solutions including the use of new lightweight materials, alternative jet fuels, new engine technology, and more efficient flight procedures.

SoluTionS Through ParTnerShiPS While undertaking efforts individually on these fronts and more, companies throughout the global automotive, truck, and aerospace industries also collaborate to develop voluntary, consensus-based standards to facilitate solutions to such non-competitive issues.

Standards establish common practices, processes, and products throughout the industry, creating consistent and clear expectations for product quality, performance, and reliability. When standards are agreed upon, the entire industry reaps the benefits. Because industry can rely on standards for globally


harmonized solutions to common issues, individual companies can devote more time and resources to advance their proprietary technology and differentiate their products.

By working together on common engineering challenges in a neutral, technical environment, such as through a standards development organization (SDO), industry stakeholders are able to reach consensus on solutions that move industry towards ever-more efficient, safe, and forward-looking products and practices.

There has been significant collaborative work done by industry via SDOs on numerous issues that help the mobility industry achieve fuel efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions. The fruits of these industry standardsfacilitated by SAE International, a leading mobility engineering SDOare being seen in vehicles on the road today, and in plans for the vehicles of the future.

eSTabliShing eleCTriC VehiCle TeSTing ProCedureSDeveloped by industry technical experts participating in SAEs Hybrid EV Committee, an important standard on the pathway toward the increasing move toward electric vehicles was the 2010 publication of J1711, which specifies the recommended practices for developing fuel economy and exhaust emissions test procedures for hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs) and plug-in electric vehicles (PHEVs). The standard established uniform chassis dynamometer test procedures for HEVs that are designed to be driven on public roads.

Prior to this standard, fuel economy claims for these vehicles were based on different testing procedures, making it hard to establish viable comparisons between vehicles. This consensus standard has since been cited in EPA documents regarding the reporting of fuel economy of PHEVs. The committee worked to keep existing California Air Resources Board (CARB) and ISO standards on these test procedures compatible with J1711.

...fuel economy and

exhaust emissions test

procedures for hybrid-

electric vehicles

More reliable interoperability between vehicles and charging equipment is the goal of a SAE Intel project. (ECOtality) From an article previously published by SAE Magazines Online15-Jul-2013 03:54 EDT.


The members of the Hybrid EV Committee have also developed standards on HEV and EV terminology, the measurement of hydrogen gas emissions during battery charging, energy transfer system requirements for electric vehicles, and test procedures for PEV interoperability with electric vehicle supply equipment.

SAE Internationals standards development committee members are also assisting in the management of an interoperability project, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, for plug-in electric vehicles. Representatives from OEMs and electric vehicle supply equipment manufacturers will develop industry standards and testing procedures for plug-in electric vehicles and charging stations.

As manufacturers seek greater acceptance of plug-in vehicles, they face the challenges of creating a reliable, easy-to-use infrastructure for recharging and uniform testing procedures. The development of uniform standards and procedures will increase public confidence and acceptance of plug-in electric vehicles by ensuring that the vehicles are able to accept a charge from charging stations manufactured by multiple manufacturers.

The uniform testing procedures will be developed for SAE Internationals standard, J1953/2 - Test Procedures for the Plug-In Electric Vehicle (PEV) Interoperability with Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE).

Plugging inTo The SmarT gridUnder a measure of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, the Department of Energy was charged with overseeing the modernization of the United States electrical power grid. Referred to as the smart grid, the project identified SAE International as a leading standards organization for Interoperability Standards to Support Plug-In Electric Vehicles.

SAE committees are working with other organizations and companies in the development of specifications and standards to address the requirements of the

...development of a Smart Grid strategy

...testing procedures forplug-in electric vehicles and charging stations

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Boulder Electric Vehicle is one of the companies supplying EVs for the V2G project at Fort Carson Army Base in Colorado. From an article previously published in SAE Vehicle Electrification Magazine, 2013


SmartGrid strategy. Additionally, SAE International is a voting member of the Smart Grid Interoperability Panel, an organization created to provide an open process for stakeholders to participate in providing input and cooperating with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the ongoing coordination, acceleration, and harmonization of standards development for the Smart Grid.

SAE Information Report J2836 establishes use cases for communication between plug-in electric vehicles and the electric power grid, for energy transfer and other applications. Additionally, in December 2013, SAEs Hybrid Electric Vehicle Committee published J2847/3 (Communication for Plug-In Vehicles as a Distributed Energy Resource), which covered communication between PEVs and the utility grid for reverse power flow.

The J1772 Combo CouPler In October 2012, SAEs J1772 Standards Task Force published a game-changing standard for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and electric vehicles (EV). Developed in a consensus environment by more than 190 global experts representing the automotive, charging equipment, and utilities industries, as well as national laboratories, J1772, SAE Electric Vehicle and Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Conductive Charge Coupler enables charging time to be reduced from as long as eight hours to as short as 20 minutes.

The standard is the basis for the Combined Charging System (CCS) which allows for multiple types of charging, including both AC and DC, using just one plug. The standard opened the door for automakers and other companies involved in the development and production of plug-in electric vehicles to use the same vehicle charge port for both traditional home chargers and new fast chargers,

...Conductive Charge Coupler enables charging time to be reduced from as long as eight hours to as short as 20 minutes

AC/DC Combo Coupler and Receptacle based on SAE 1772TM courtesy of REMA USA LLC. REMA recently received UL certification to build J1772 equipment.


which allow plug-in electric vehicles to fully charge in minutes (compared to the hours it takes with traditional chargers).

The needs of electric vehicle users are varied. For example, some owners may wish to charge their vehicles at home using the household electricity supply. For longer trips these same motorists may also want to take advantage of the quicker charging time provided by high-speed public charging stations. The SAE Combined Charging System lets them plug into either type of charger using the same compact inlet, which fits into the space a fuel tank cap would occupy in a conventional car.

A central element of this standard is the actual Combo Coupler, which consists of a revised connector and the vehicle receptacle. The connector specified in the standard maintained the previously-used base connector, which is used for charging with AC power, while adding two extra pins for the optional delivery of DC current for fast charging.

The Chevrolet Spark, which is available in California and Oregon, and the BMW i3 are the first electric vehicles in the United States to offer the SAE J1772-based fast-charge connector as a vehicle option. Audi, BMW, Daimler, Chrysler, Ford, GM, Porsche and Volkswagen have announced they will adopt the SAE combo fast charge connector standard for both the US and European markets.

In September 2013, two events showed the impact of J1772. In San Diego, a new SAE Combo Fast Charging station for electric vehicles opened. Located at the Fashion Valley Mall and constructed by NRG, it is the first public charging station that complies with J1772.

Rob Healy, EV Infrastructure Manager for BMW, charges the BMW i3 at the NRG eVgo Freedom Station in San Diego. From an article previously published in SAE Update, Dec 2013.


Additionally, Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) announced that it deployed the first electric-vehicle aggregation system using the J1772 standard. The system, part of the Smart Power Infrastructure Demonstration for Energy Reliability and Security (SPIDERS) Phase II program, is controlling five fast-charge stations at the Fort Carson Army Base in Colorado Springs, Colorado.

The alTernaTiVe WireleSS ChargingWhile SAE J1772 establishes the wired charging standard, in order to give EV customers an option to safely charge their vehicles wirelessly, a new standard J2954 (Wireless Charging of Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles) is now in development. Adoption of a standard for wireless power transfer based on charge level is expected to enable selection of an appropriate charging based on vehicle requirements, thus allowing for better vehicle packaging, reduced cost, and ease of customer use.

The advantages of wireless charging include the ability to charge without having to physically connect, Smart Grid programmability, and wireless vehicle-to-grid communications.

J2954 will establish minimum performance and safety criteria for wireless charging, develop related testing protocol, and develop a common interface for vehicle side charging to assist in interoperability of wireless charging. The committee working on J2954 includes participation from over a dozen automotive OEMs, plus numerous Tier 1 suppliers and global governmental organizations, including the U.S. Department of Transportation, Department of Energy, and Environmental Protection Agency.

...minimum performance and safety criteria for wireless charging

Qualcomm/Halo envisions electric avenues that power EVs en route. From an article previously published by SAE Magazines Online, 04-Dec-2013 01:57 EST.


Fuel CellSThe work of SAEs Fuel Cell Standards Committee has been an integral factor in the impending rollout of a hydrogen fueling infrastructure and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). As the industry progressed from hydrogen vehicle demonstrations to actual commercialization, a fueling protocol was needed to enable universal usage of stations. Historically, protocols had been established through individual agreements between OEMs and station providers. The committee believed that a standardized approach to hydrogen fueling was as necessary as the standardized approach we have regarding inserting electrical appliances into outlets.

J2601 (Fueling Protocols for Light Duty Gaseous Hydrogen Surface Vehicles) was created by a multinational team of automakers, fuel providers, and government entities working toward a common goal of making a harmonized world hydrogen fueling protocol. This standard, originally published in 2010 and revised in 2014 is considered to be one of the key standards required for the commercialization of fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen stations.

The protocols described in the standard were created based on the fueling of actual OEM tanks in extreme conditions. Providing guidance for hydrogen fueling within a reasonable time, without exceeding temperature and pressure limits, this standard establishes a table-based approach which allows OEMs to safely fuel vehicles within a few minutes. A number of hydrogen stations worldwide have been built in accordance with J2601.

A related standard developed by the Fuel Cell Standards committee, J2799 (70 MPa Compressed Hydrogen Surface Vehicle Refueling Connection Device and Optional Vehicle to Station Communication) standardizes wireless communication between the FCEV and the hydrogen station. The advantage of using this optional communication standard, when coupled with J2601 fueling, is that the state of charge can be further improved to 95-100%, allowing for slightly more driving range.

Fast fueling, enabled in part by SAE J2601, will improve vehicle throughput at hydrogen stations such as the AC Transit hydrogen station in the San Francisco Bay area, which dispenses fuel at 70 MPaone of two pressure levels specified in J2601. From an article previously published by SAE Magazines Online, 19-Mar-2014 08:31 EDT.

...a harmonized world hydrogen fueling protocol

...wireless communication between the FCEV and the hydrogen station


The Fuel Cell Standards committee, with participants from OEMs, suppliers, consulting firms and governmental agencies has also developed J2579 (Standard for Fuel Systems in Fuel Cell and Other Hydrogen Vehicles), which defines design, construction, operational, and maintenance requirements for hydrogen storage and handling systems in on-road vehicles. The committee has also issued standards on HEV battery systems crash integrity testing, fuel cell vehicle safety, and fuel cell systems testing. The committee has also been working with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory to support the coordination and development of hydrogen-related standards for fuel cell powered vehicles.

baTTerieSThe development of consensus standards has been very important in the vehicle electrification sector. Standards on batteries and electrified systems ensure increased safety and reduce costs. When automakers agree on a standard battery module or cell size, it results in economies of scale.

A great deal of standards development has been undertaken under the auspices of SAEs Battery Standards Steering Committee and its 20 sub-committees. The Battery Standards Electronic Fuel Gauge Committee is developing J2946 (Battery Electronic Fuel Gauging Recommended Practice.) Because range and fuel economy (among other criteria) rely on fuel gauge details, a clearly defined fuel gauge requirement will improve vehicle safety and customer satisfaction. This standard will describe the recommended practices for reporting the vehicles battery pack performance details (specifically the amount of stored energy available for use by the vehicles hybrid or pure electric drive system) to the vehicle user.

Another method being implemented to improve fuel economy is the use of stop-start technology, in which the vehicles engine automatically shuts down when the car is idling (for example, stopped in traffic or at a light), and then restarts when the driver releases the brake pedal or presses the accelerator. Stop-start systems use energy from the battery, as opposed to the engine, to power a vehicles electrical system. Estimates are that stop-start systems can reduce fuel consumption by 3-10 percent, and by eliminating idling, reduce emissions.

Johnson Controls 12-cell battery module consisting of its PL27M 3.65-V, 27A.h lithium-ion cells using NMC/graphite chemistry. From an article previously published in SAE Vehicle Electrification Magazine, February 11, 2014.

...recommended practices for reporting the vehicles battery pack performance details


Recent advances in high-power Lithium-Ion battery technology present the opportunity to develop an improved starter/storage energy system in place of the conventional vehicle battery (usually lead-acid). The members of SAEs Stop-Start Battery Committee are currently working on the development of a standard that will define the key functions of a stop-start battery vs. a regular storage battery.

J3012, Storage Batteries (Lithium-Ion Type) will focus on product and functional definitions that describe the similarities and differences of lithium-based versus conventional technology, and establish procedures for performance and life-cycle evaluation testing. The goal is that the test methods will also be adaptable to additional battery technologies other than lithium-ion.

alTernaTiVe FuelSThe use of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) vehicles lowers emissions, compared with vehicles fueled by conventional gasoline or diesel fuels. SAEs Fuels Technical Committee is preparing a revision of its standard which describes the most important physical and chemical characteristics of compressed natural gas vehicle fuel, and describes the most pertinent test methods for defining and evaluating those properties.

Using biodiesel as a fuel also reduces tailpipe emissions compared to gasoline or diesel, because carbon dioxide released from biodiesel combustion is balanced by the CO2 captured by plants from which it is produced. The Fuel Systems Standards Committee is working on revising a number of existing standards in order to incorporate information on biodiesel.

The recent increase in the use of diesel fuels derived from biomass feedstock has created the need to develop and specify surrogate fluids for materials

...key functions of a stop-start battery vs. a regular storage battery

..similarities and differences of lithium-based vs. conventional technology

...physical and chemical characteristics of compressed natural gas vehicle fuel

...biodiesel

At present, storing electrons on board vehicles is less practical and consumes more space and weight than either gasoline or diesel or hydrogen or CNG. (General Motors). From an article previously published by SAE Magazines Online, 05-Aug-2013 08:31 EDT.


compatibility testing. Because commercial fuels can vary significantly between manufacturers (and even geographic locations), standardized fluid tests are necessary to limit this variability. Thus, J1681 (Gasoline, Alcohol, and Diesel Fuel Surrogates for Materials Testing) is currently being updated.

The SAE information report Alternative Automotive Fuels, issued by the Fuels Technical Committee is an overview of fuels that are being used or have been suggested as alternatives to gasoline or diesel fuel.

engine oilS inCreaSing Fuel eConomyThe use of lower viscosity lubricants is another factor in helping vehicles meet Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAF) regulations, and help vehicle owners reduce costs. Lower viscosity oils reduce hydrodynamic friction, thereby increasing fuel economy.

The SAE standard J300 (Engine Oil Viscosity Classification) is used world-wide to classify engine oils in terms of viscosity grade. OEMs recommend specific viscosity grades in the owners manuals to ensure that their engines will perform throughout the lifetime of the vehicle. Most engine oil standards set by organizations such as the American Petroleum Institute and individual OEMs include requirements for oils to meet the limits found in J300.

In 2013, a group of OEMs requested a revision to J300 to provide a new viscosity grade lower than SAE 20. SAEs Engine Oil Viscosity Task Force developed the revision, which introduced the new viscosity grade SAE 16. The new grade will be specified in the future by OEMs for cars specifically designed to use new low viscosity oils.

An unfamiliar viscosity grade SAE 16, for cars requiring low viscosity oilsjoins the familiar ones on store shelves. (Patrick Ponticel). From an article previously publishedby SAEMagazines Online, 01-Apr-2013 03:16 EDT.

...an overview of fuels that are being used or have been suggested as alternatives


lighTWeighTingNew fuel efficiency regulations are also driving automakers emphasis on vehicle weight reduction, as companies look into substituting lightweight, structurally robust materials such as aluminum and composites for traditional materials (such as steel). Because weight reduction is one of the most effective ways to increase fuel economy and reduce exhaust emissions, the use of lightweight materials will contribute to vehicles that provide better fuel economy, yet remain comparable in size, comfort and safety to existing vehicles. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, reducing an automobiles weight by 10 percent can improve fuel economy by 7-8 percent.

In 2013, the SAE Lightweight Vehicle Design, Materials and Assembly Technologies committee was formed to develop standards related to the development and use of alternate materials and assembly technologies. Representatives from vehicle manufacturers, material suppliers, parts suppliers, and test laboratories will work on standards related to material properties, assembly requirements, component testing, and other issues.

aeroSPaCe induSTry: reduCing boTh WeighT and emiSSionSIn an effort to improve fuel efficiency, the aerospace industry is also exploring innovative materials that can help remove weight and improve assembly times. The industry comes together in the membership of 32 materials-related technical committees which develop SAEs long-established line of Aerospace Materials Specifications (AMS). These groups develop standards on both metals (such as aluminum, carbon and low alloy steels, copper, specialty steels, and alloys) and non-metals (such as elastomers and polymeric and composite materials).

The use of polymer matrix composites in the aerospace industry reduces the weight of planes, thereby reducing fuel consumption. SAEs Polymer Matrix Composites committee develops standards for composite materials, including prepregs, reinforcing fibers and fabrics, matrix resins, adhesives, and core materials.

White polyacrylnitril precursor for carbon-fiber production at BMWs plant near Moses Lake, WA. From an article previously published by SAE Magazines Online, 09-May-2014 02:43 EDT.

...polymer matrix composites


To determine whether exhaust emissions from aircraft are in fact decreasing, it is first necessary to test and measure emissions effectively and accurately. Representatives from propulsion emissions measurement companies, OEMs, suppliers, and governmental organizations across the aerospace and defense industries participate in SAEs Aircraft Exhaust Emissions Measurement Committee.

This committee, responsible for standardizing measurement methods of emissions from aircraft, addresses all aspects of aircraft exhaust emissions measurement, including tools, processes, and equipment. In 2013, the committee issued the Aerospace Information Report AIR6241, which described procedures, required continuous sampling conditions, and instrumentation for the measurement of non-volatile participle number and mass concentrations from the exhaust of aircraft gas turbine engines.

Earlier in 2013, the committee revised its recommended practice for the analysis and evaluation of exhaust gas from aircraft engines. Through this procedure (described in ARP1533), measurements of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, total hydrocarbon, and the oxides of nitrogen are used to deduce emission indices, fuel-air ratio, combustion efficiency, and exhaust gas. The committee has also published standards on gas turbine emission probe factors, and nonvolatile exhaust particle measurement techniques.

Industry experts are joined by participants from a number of international regulatory agencies in the Aircraft Noise Measurement and Aircraft Noise/Aviation Emission Modeling Committee. They developed the Information Report AIR5715,

... standardizing measurement methods of emissions from aircraft

Green taxiing machines: Honeywell and Safran have developed a system that lets planes taxi without turning on their main engines. From an article previously published in SAE Vehicle Electrification Magazine, February 11, 2014.

Acoustic simulation software can depict the sound profiles of key jet-engine assemblies such as the nacelles and turbine spinner. From an article previously published by SAE Magazines Online, 10-Mar-2014 03:06 EDT.


which outlines the procedures for calculating emissions from the main engines of commercial jet and turboprop aircraft. This standard helps model developers calculate aircraft emissions in a consistent and accurate manner that can be used to address various environmental assessments.

In 2013, SAE Aerospace Standards committee members, in conjunction with a working group from EUROCAE (European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment), issued a report on hydrogen fuel cells for aircraft applications. This document, AIR6464, defined the technical guidelines for the safe integration of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell systems, fuel, fuel storage, fuel distribution, and appropriate electrical systems into the aircraft. The groups are now collaborating on a standard for hydrogen fuel cells for aircraft.

TruCk & buS induSTry eFForTS on emiSSionS and Fuel eConomyThe development of tough new fuel standards for heavy-duty trucks was announced by the U.S. government in February 2014, with the regulations expected to be completed by 2016.

Forecasts show that the demand for natural gas as a transportation fuel will grow substantially over the next six years. Currently, most natural gas fuel consumption is concentrated in the heavy-duty trucking industry. Natural gas engines result in considerably lower CO2 emissions compared to diesel engines.

In December 2013, 16 industry leaders and experts attended a Natural Gas Kick-off Meeting, which launched the effort to establish relevant SAE standards to help the heavy-duty trucking industry more quickly embrace natural gas-based technologies. The meeting was the first step towards establishing a Natural Gas Fuel Systems Task Force. The task force will identify needs surrounding standards, regulations, and specifications pertaining to natural gas, review existing standards, assess the gaps, and formulate a plan to develop a robust set of SAE standards in this field.

The accurate measurement of smoke emissions from heavy-duty trucks and buses powered by diesel engines is aided by the SAE standard J1667 (Snap-Acceleration Smoke Test Procedures from Heavy-Duty Diesel Powered Vehicles). This standard describes how the test is to be performed, provides specifications for the smokemeter and other testing instruments, and describes the algorithm for the measurement of the exhaust smoke produced during the text. A number of authorities responsible for controlling smoke emissions from heavy-duty vehicles, including CARB, refer to J1667 in their requirements.

...hydrogen fuel cells for aircraft applications

...accurate smoke emissions measurement

...standards to help the heavy-duty trucking industry more quickly embrace natural gas-based technologies


Representatives from truck manufacturers, suppliers, and governmental agencies work together via SAEs Truck and Bus Alternative Fuels Committee. The committee maintains a recommended practice for the construction, operation, and maintenance of CNG (compressed natural gas) powered medium and heavy duty trucks. CNG results in reduced CO2 emissions compared to gasoline and diesel engines. The committee has also developed a similar standard for LNG (liquefied natural gas) vehicles.

To standardize assessment of truck fuel economy, SAEs Truck and Bus Aerodynamics/Fuel Economy Committee has developed a series of fuel consumption test procedures. These recommended practices provide a standard test for comparing the fuel consumption of one vehicle to another, and one component of a combination vehicle to the same component in another. These procedures enhance a fleets or manufacturers ability to do a wide variety of fuel consumption tests on highway.

With participation from industry, academia and governmental agencies (including the California Air Resources Board), SAEs Truck and Bus Advanced and Hybrid Powertrain Steering Committee is developing a major standard regarding the measurement of emissions and fuel economy from hybrid-electric heavy-duty vehicles. This forthcoming standard (J2711) will establish accurate, uniform and reproducible procedures for simulating the use of heavy-duty HEVs, and conventional vehicles, on dynamometers to measure emissions and fuel economy.

J2711 will also provide a detailed description of state of charge (SOC) correction for charge-sustaining HEVs, and provide recommendations for calculating fuel economy and emissions for charge-depleting HEVs.

...recommended practice for CNG powered medium- and heavy-duty trucks

...fuel consumption tests

The Clemson University International Center for Automotive Research (CU-ICAR) and Beaufort, SC-based EcoDual Inc. focus combined resources on conversion of diesel engines already on the road to natural gas operation and reduction of exhaust emissions. From an article previously published by SAE Magazines Online, 07-Mar-2013 08:18 EST

...emissions measurement of hybrid-electric heavy-duty vehicles


The Truck and Bus Hydraulic Hybrid Committee develops standards for medium and heavy-duty trucks containing hydraulic hybrid drivetrains. As the use of such vehicles has increased, so has the number of terms, abbreviations, and acronyms that describe various components of these systems. To foster industry standardization of these terms, in 2012, the committee released J2898 (Hydraulic Hybrid Terminology and Definitions).

SAEs Emissions Standards Committee is currently developing a recommended practice that will identify the generally agreed-upon industry approach to testing heavy-duty diesel engines. J2942 (Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Testing for Emissions Certification) will describe the most commonly-used options through industry consensus, thus offering a single technology path EPAs certification regulations.

ConCluSionTechnology innovation will drive cost-effective CO2 reductions from passenger cars, commercial vehicles, and aircraft. Hybrid/electric vehicles are a reality, and a charging infrastructure is gradually emerging. Innovative battery technology is pushing engine efficiency, thereby reducing fuel consumption. Alternative fuels are being used and explored. And engineers are finding new ways to make vehicles lighter, yet still safe, increasing fuel economy.

In all of these areas and more, agreed-upon standards have been important and necessary in helping industry take positive steps in the quest to meet the requirements to lower CO2 emissions. One way industry is meeting these difficult but exciting challenges head-on is by bringing diverse parties that share a similar goal together to collaborate on standards which enable accurate measurement and common processes. Demonstrable progress has already been made on CO2 reduction because of industrys participation in SAEs standards development committees.

Dana is expanding tests for its hydraulic hybrid system. From an article previously published in SAEs Off-Highway Engineering Magazine, April, 2014.

...emission testing of heavy-duty diesel engines

SAE International - June 2014

With its long-standing standards development activities dating back to 1905, SAE International facilitates industry, government, and academia collaboration on standards which cover the design, engineering, manufacturing, and testing of vehicles and their components. the voluntary participation of 14,000 technical professionals from around the world serving on more than 700 technical committees has helped make SAE International the largest and most respected authority on vehicle engineering standards and their development.

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