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7/27/2019 Cnt Polymer
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Characterization of Carbon Nanotube
Polymer Composites
Characterization of Carbon Nanotube
Polymer Composites
Peter T. Lil lehei1, Jae-Woo Kim2, Cheol Park3,Kristopher E. Wise3, Emilie J. Siochi1, and
Joycelyn S. Harrison1
1Advanced Materials and Processing Branch
NASA Langley Research Center,
2Science Technology Co.,3National Institute of Aerospace
Peter T. Lillehei1, Jae-Woo Kim2, Cheol Park3,Kristopher E. Wise3, Emilie J. Siochi1, and
Joycelyn S. Harrison1
1Advanced Materials and Processing Branch
NASA Langley Research Center,
2Science Technology Co.,3National Institute of Aerospace
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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
NIA: C. Park, Z. Ounaies, K. E. Wise, J. Rouse
STC: J-W. Kim
Lockheed Martin: R. E. CrooksOak Ridge National Lab: N. Evans, E. Kenik, J. Bentley
NASA Langley Research Center: D. Working, C.
Topping, K. Pawlowski, S. E. Lowther, M.W. Smith,
J.S. Harrison, T.L. St.Clair
Georgia Institute of Technology: L.A. Bottomley, M.A.
Poggi
NIA: C. Park, Z. Ounaies, K. E. Wise, J. Rouse
STC: J-W. Kim
Lockheed Martin: R. E. CrooksOak Ridge National Lab: N. Evans, E. Kenik, J. Bentley
NASA Langley Research Center: D. Working, C.
Topping, K. Pawlowski, S. E. Lowther, M.W. Smith,
J.S. Harrison, T.L. St.Clair
Georgia Insti tute of Technology: L.A. Bottomley, M.A.
Poggi
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Earth, Moon, Mars & BeyondEarth, Moon, Mars & Beyond
Safe, sustained, affordable human and robotic
exploration of the Earth, Moon, Mars, and beyond
for less than one percent of the federal budget
Safe, sustained, affordable human and robotic
exploration of the Earth, Moon, Mars, and beyond
for less than one percent of the federal budget
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Long Term GoalsLong Term Goals
Create a virtual presence throughout our solar system andprobe deeper into the mysteries of the universe and life on
Earth and beyond
Conduct human and robotic missions to planets and other
bodies in our solar system to enable human expansion
Provide safe and affordable space access, orbital transfer and
interplanetary transportation capabili ties to enable research,
human exploration and commercial development of space
Develop cutting edge aeronautics and space systems
technologies to support highway in the sky, smart aircraft and
revolutionary space vehicles
Create a virtual presence throughout our solar system andprobe deeper into the mysteries of the universe and life on
Earth and beyond
Conduct human and robotic missions to planets and other
bodies in our solar system to enable human expansion
Provide safe and affordable space access, orbital transfer and
interplanetary transportation capabili ties to enable research,
human exploration and commercial development of space
Develop cutting edge aeronautics and space systems
technologies to support highway in the sky, smart aircraft and
revolutionary space vehicles
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Critical Technologies Required to
Achieve Goals
Critical Technologies Required to
Achieve Goals
Vehicle primary and secondary structures
Radiation protection Propulsion and power systems
Fuel storage Electronics and devices
Sensors and science instruments
Others
Vehicle primary and secondary structures
Radiation protection Propulsion and power systems
Fuel storage
Electronics and devices
Sensors and science instruments
Others
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Why Nano?Why Nano?
There is a need for new materials tomeet the challenging requirements ofnext-generation aircraft and spacecraft,
such as the hypersonic space planeand RLVs. Materials that have beenengineered from the "bottom up" offerexciting new possibilities for these
applications.
Within 5-10 years mature self-assembled, multifunctional
nanostructured materials from TRL 2 to5 for fabrication of spacecraft enablingNASA to safely and affordably explorethe Earth, Moon, Mars and beyond inthe second and third decades of this
century.
There is a need for new materials tomeet the challenging requirements ofnext-generation aircraft and spacecraft,
such as the hypersonic space planeand RLVs. Materials that have beenengineered from the "bottom up" offerexciting new possibilities for theseapplications.
Within 5-10 years mature self-assembled, mult ifunctional
nanostructured materials from TRL 2 to5 for fabrication of spacecraft enablingNASA to safely and affordably explorethe Earth, Moon, Mars and beyond inthe second and third decades of this
century.
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Requirements for NanomaterialsRequirements for Nanomaterials
Lightweight
Actuation
Radiation Protection
Electrical Conductivity
Thermal Conductivity
Sensing, health monitoring
Self healing Energy generation
Energy storage
Lightweight
Actuation
Radiation Protection
Electrical Conductivity
Thermal Conductivity
Sensing, health monitoring
Self healing Energy generation
Energy storage
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What Materials Will Get Us
There?
What Materials Will Get Us
There?
Carbon nanotubes towards multifunctionalstructures
Boron nitride nanotubes for hightemperature multifunctional structures
Nanoporous materials for thermoelectriccooling
Solid electrolytes to enable self-repair,
energy generation and storage
Amorphous metals
Carbon nanotubes towards multifunctionalstructures
Boron nitride nanotubes for hightemperature multifunctional structures
Nanoporous materials for thermoelectriccooling
Solid electrolytes to enable self-repair,
energy generation and storage
Amorphous metals
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Challenges of Carbon NanotubesChallenges of Carbon Nanotubes
Translating excellent combination of CNTproperties on the nanoscale to structural,
multifunctional properties on themacroscale
Dispersion of carbon nanotubes
Characterization of carbon nanotubenanocomposites
Inconsistent quality of carbon nanotubesupply
Scaling down processing equipment towork around low CNT supply
Translating excellent combination of CNTproperties on the nanoscale to structural,
multifunctional properties on themacroscale
Dispersion of carbon nanotubes
Characterization of carbon nanotubenanocomposites
Inconsistent quality of carbon nanotubesupply
Scaling down processing equipment towork around low CNT supply
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Nanocomposite CharacterizationNanocomposite Characterization
Develop through the use of optical,electron and probe microscopies:
techniques, methodologies and tools tocharacterize nanostructured composite
materials.
Determine the factors that contribute to, orinhibit, the translation of the nano-physical
properties to macroscale composites. Aid in the synthesis and design of the next
generation of nanocomposites.
Develop through the use of optical,electron and probe microscopies:
techniques, methodologies and tools tocharacterize nanostructured composite
materials.
Determine the factors that contribute to, orinhibit, the translation of the nano-physical
properties to macroscale composites. Aid in the synthesis and design of the next
generation of nanocomposites.
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Computationally Guided Materials DevelopmentComputationally Guided Materials Development
ON N
O
O
(O
O
O O )CN
CNT
Extruded CNT Nanocomposite
Injection Molded CNT NanocompTensile Test Specimen
Design
Processing
Characterization
Modeling
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The ProblemThe Problem
Kinetically
stable, weeks
Kinetically
stable, weeks
Thermodynamically
stable, years
Thermodynamically
stable, years
0.02%SWNT-CP20.02%SWNT-CP2 0.02%SWNT-(-CN)A/O0.02%SWNT-(-CN)A/O
Both samples are indistinguishable by
conventional optical characterization techniques
Both samples are indistinguishable by
conventional optical characterization techniques
Composite preparation
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p p p
Optical microscopy
Is the dispersion
acceptable?
Is the lack of dispersion due to:
1. Nanotube quality
2. Fabrication process
3. Polymer composition
No
Correct issue(s) causing poor dispersion
Yes
Determine reason for lack of dispersion.
Use microscopy, spectroscopy, and other
necessary test methods.
No or Unknown
Is the reason for lack
of dispersion now
known?
Is additional microscopy
needed to determine reason
for lack of dispersion?
Yes
No
No
Electron and probe microscopy
on surface and cross-section
Yes, optically dispersed
Does the application
require a further
assessment of the
dispersion?
Yes
Process improvement / optimization
No
YesAssess the bundle size, presence of
agglomerates, and local concentration
gradients to fully characterize the
dispersion
Is the level of
dispersion
sufficient for the
application?
Yes
Design experiments to determine reason for
lack of dispersion
No
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Optical MicroscopyOptical Microscopy
OM images assessing the
dispersion quality of SWNT in
polymer composites. (a) Direct
mixing of 1 % SWNT/CP2, (b) in-
situ polymerization of 1 %
SWNT/CP2 with sonication, (c)
poor dispersion quality from 0.5
% SWNT/-CN, and (d) gooddispersion quality from 0.5 %
SWNT/ -CN. (a) and (b): aredifferent fabrication methods;results in different dispersion
quality. (c) and (d): same
procedure but different dispersion
results (different CNT quality).Samples with no visible
aggregates are labeled as
optically dispersed.
OM images assessing thedispersion quality of SWNT in
polymer composites. (a) Direct
mixing of 1 % SWNT/CP2, (b) in-
situ polymerization of 1 %
SWNT/CP2 with sonication, (c)
poor dispersion quality from 0.5
% SWNT/-CN, and (d) gooddispersion quality from 0.5 %
SWNT/ -CN. (a) and (b): aredifferent fabrication methods;
results in different dispersion
quality. (c) and (d): same
procedure but different dispersion
results (different CNT quality).Samples with no visible
aggregates are labeled as
optically dispersed .
(a) (b)
(d)(c)
(a) (b)
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Electron MicroscopyElectron Microscopy
HR-FESEM images on the dispersionquality of samples 1-4. (a) Surface
and (b) cross-section of sample 1
showing poor dispersion quality.
Optical microscopy already showed
this sample had a poor dispersion;
shown here for comparison. (c)
Surface and (d) cross-section of
sample 2 showing improved
dispersion over the direct mixingtechnique. (e) Surface and (f) cross-
section of sample 3 showing an
improved dispersion from using the
-CN polymer. Dispersion is still notideal due to poor quality of SWNT. (g)
Surface and (h) cross-section of
sample 4 showing nearly 100%
dispersion, no visible aggregates,
very small bundles, no resin r ich
areas, etc.
HR-FESEM images on the dispersionquality of samples 1-4. (a) Surface
and (b) cross-section of sample 1
showing poor dispersion quality.
Optical microscopy already showed
this sample had a poor dispersion;
shown here for comparison. (c)
Surface and (d) cross-section of
sample 2 showing improved
dispersion over the direct mixingtechnique. (e) Surface and (f) cross-
section of sample 3 showing an
improved dispersion from using the
-CN polymer. Dispersion is still notideal due to poor quality of SWNT. (g)Surface and (h) cross-section of
sample 4 showing nearly 100%
dispersion, no visible aggregates,
very small bundles, no resin richareas, etc.
(c) (d)
(h)(g)
(e) (f)
( ) ( )
Electron MicroscopyElectron Microscopy
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Electron MicroscopyElectron Microscopy
QuickTime and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Film Surface
QuickTime and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Film Surface
Direct mixing SWNT/CP2
Cross-section
In situ polymerization SWNT/(-CN)APB/ODPA
Cross-section
Siochi et al, Soc. Exp. Mech. (2003).
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Electron MicroscopyElectron Microscopy
(a)The Field Emission Scanning ElectronMicroscope (FE-SEM) is capable ofimaging SWNT with the secondaryelectron detector (SE) (a) directly or (b)indirectly in composites. Indirect
imaging is done by using the electricfield arti fact to map the disturbance onthe beam induced electric field causedby the SWNT (dark contrast). With (c) in-situ mechanical testing, visualization of
crack propagation and other failuremechanisms are possible.
The Field Emission Scanning ElectronMicroscope (FE-SEM) is capable ofimaging SWNT with the secondaryelectron detector (SE) (a) directly or (b)indirectly in composites. Indirect
imaging is done by using the electricfield arti fact to map the disturbance onthe beam induced electric field causedby the SWNT (dark contrast). With (c) in-situ mechanical testing, visualization of
crack propagation and other failuremechanisms are possible.
(b) (c)
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Electron MicroscopyElectron Microscopy
FE-SEM: (a) SE image of purif ied SWNT, (b) STEM image of same locationas a) showing additional detail (c) STEM image of ropes and catalyst
particles (d) STEM image of an individual SWNT.
FE-SEM: (a) SE image of purified SWNT, (b) STEM image of same locationas a) showing additional detail (c) STEM image of ropes and catalyst
particles (d) STEM image of an individual SWNT.
(a) (b)
(d)(c)
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Electron Energy Loss Elemental Map: Nitrogen K edge
SWNT coated with polyimide: Adhesion and wetting Assessment
DE
-100
0
100
200300
400
500
600
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Pixel
DE
Surface Plot of Nitrogen Map
Park et al.,Nanotechnology, 14 L11 (2003)Kenik et al, Proceeding of Microscopy and Microanalysis (2002)
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Probe MicroscopyProbe Microscopy(a) (b) (c)
Scanning Probe images on the dispersion quality of CNT in SWNT/polymer composites. (a)
topography, (b) current and (c) MFM image from 0.5 % SWNT/-CN. (d) topography, (e)current and (f) MFM image from 2 % SWNT/-CN.Scanning Probe images on the dispersion quality of CNT in SWNT/polymer composites. (a)
topography, (b) current and (c) MFM image from 0.5 % SWNT/-CN. (d) topography, (e)current and (f) MFM image from 2 % SWNT/-CN.
(d) (e) (f)
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Probe MicroscopyProbe Microscopy
Z Z
S SExperiment
Modeling
Modeling
1.92 pN
2.98 pN
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Microscopy SummaryMicroscopy Summary
Optical microscopy is sufficient to characterize dispersionon a >1 mm scale. Optically Dispersed
Scanning electron microscopy is able to map the electric
field in SWNT composites to asses dispersion from100s of mm down to 10s of nm.
(Scanning) Transmission electron microscopy can directlyvisualize single tubes, bundles and catalyst particles.
In-situ mechanical testing allows for visualization ofnanocomposite failure mechanisms.
Probe microscopy allows for the direct measurement of
interaction forces between SWNT and molecules orfunctional groups.
Optical microscopy is sufficient to characterize dispersionon a >1 mm scale. Optically Dispersed
Scanning electron microscopy is able to map the electric
field in SWNT composites to asses dispersion from100s of mm down to 10s of nm.
(Scanning) Transmission electron microscopy can directlyvisualize single tubes, bundles and catalyst particles.
In-situ mechanical testing allows for visualization ofnanocomposite failure mechanisms.
Probe microscopy allows for the direct measurement of
interaction forces between SWNT and molecules orfunctional groups.
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SpectroscopySpectroscopyRaman FTIR
Downshift
Upshift
Raman and FTIR Spectroscopy show that charge transfer isoccurring between the polymer and the SWNT, supported by
DFT calculations.
polymer= -5.1eV SWNT = -4.8 to -5.0eVWise, K. E.; Park, C.; Siochi , E. J.; Harrison, J. S. Donor-AcceptorStabil ization of Polymer-Carbon Nanotube Composites Chemical
Physics Letters, 391, 207, 2004.
Raman and FTIR Spectroscopy show that charge transfer isoccurring between the polymer and the SWNT, supported by
DFT calculations.
polymer= -5.1eV SWNT = -4.8 to -5.0eV
Wise, K. E.; Park, C.; Siochi, E. J.; Harrison, J. S. Donor-AcceptorStabil ization of Polymer-Carbon Nanotube Composites Chemical
Physics Letters, 391, 207, 2004.
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Polarized Raman SpectroscopyPolarized Raman Spectroscopy
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
22000
24000
26000
28000
30000
32000
34000
36000
38000
Int
155015601570158015901600161016201630
Raman shift (cm-1)
0
90
0
90
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Percolation CharacterizationPercolation Characterization
Best Fit
LCH 2.684
LCL -16.22
t 3.102
s 0.3002
PHIc 0.0006
2-parameter phenomenological percolation equation, McLachlan et al,J. Phys. C20 865 (1987), PRB 56 1236 (1998)
(1)(i1/s
m1/s
)/(i1/s
+Am1/s
) + (c1/t
m1/t
)/(c1/t
+Am1/t
) = 0A = (1) /c
=10-6 (v-vc)1.5
REQUIREMENT
FOR ANTI-STATIC
Park et al., Chem. Phys. Lett., accepted
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Volume Fraction
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000
0.7nm
2.1nm
3.5nm
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Transverse
Log10
DC
(S/cm)
SWNT concentration (wt%)
r=0.7nm
r=2.1nm r=3.5nm
Higher orientation
Analytical Modeling of PercolationAnalytical Modeling of Percolation
Ounaies et al., Composites Sci. and Technol.ASAP (2003)
2-D Resistivity Contour Mapping2-D Resistivity Contour Mapping
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Aluminum 3.45 x 105 S/cm (STD: 2.8%)
y pp g
Front & Back Sides: Uniform Conductivity &
Dispersion
y pp g
Front & Back Sides: Uniform Conductivity &
Dispersion
5% SWNT/LF
Front side5% SWNT/LF
Back side
1.38 x 10-2 S/cm
STD: 2.9%1.42 x 10-2 S/cm
STD: 0.9%
5% SWNT
(-CN)PolyimideFront side
5% SWNT
(-CN)PolyimideBack side
5.74 x 10-2 S/cmSTD: 6.6%
5.90 x 10-2 S/cmSTD: 4.9%
Effects of volume fractions of the SWNTs inEffects of volume fractions of the SWNTs in
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10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
10-1710
-1610
-1510
-1410
-1310
-1210
-1110
-1010
-910
-810-710
-610
-510
-410
-310-2
HiPCo+bCN, various volume fractions
'(cm)
-1
Frequency(Hz)
0.000% HiPCo+bCN (PC455-32-10)
0.020% HiPCo+bCN (PC427-46-13)
0.035% HiPCo+bCN (PC427-71-09)
0.050% HiPCo+bCN (PC455-24-30)
0.075% HiPCo+bCN (PC455-44-09)
0.100% HiPCo+bCN (PC379-96)0.200% HiPCo+bCN (PC455-34-11)
0.500% HiPCo+bCN (PC427-49-13)1.000% HiPCo+bCN (PC427-48-13)
2.000% HiPCo+bCN (PC427-34-11)
5.000% HiPCo+bCN (PC427-31-10)
10.00% HiPCo+bCN (PC455-37-19)
20.00% HiPCo+bCN (PC455-51-18)
Below a critical volume C, the composite materials are insulating. Some wherebetween 0.035 and 0.05%, there is an abrupt change in the conductivity, apercolation transition.
matrixmatrix
Impedance Cole Cole Plot of SWNT PolyimideImpedance Cole Cole Plot of SWNT Polyimide
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0
5 1010
1 1011
1.5 1011
2 1011
0 2 109
4 109
6 109
8 109
1 1010
Imagina
ryimpedance(Z")
Real impedance (Z')
Cole-Cole plot for (-CN)APB/ODPA
Imaginaryimpe
dance(Z")
Cole-Cole plot for 0.035% Hipco
Real impedance (Z')
Two Resonance Freq?
Impedance Cole-Cole Plot of SWNT-Polyimide
Nanocomposites
Impedance Cole-Cole Plot of SWNT-Polyimide
Nanocomposites
ec s o rea men s c reaF ti l ti )
ec s o rea men s c reaF ti l ti )
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10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
10-11
10-10
10-9
10-8
10-7
10-6
0.5% SWNT+CP2
'(cm)-1
Frequency (Hz)
0.5% SWNT(P2)+CP2 (PC455-98-05)0.5% SWNT(P3)+CP2 (LB430-71-P3)0.5% SWNT(P5)+CP2 (PC455-98-11)
The conductivity of a polymer with the same loading of SWNTs subjected to different acidtreatments (P2&3) and functionalization (P5), and therefore with different conductivities. Theshapes of the curves (presence of a flat region) indicate that all samples are conductors andtherefore above their percolation thresholds but the different SWNT properties lead to clearlydifferent conductivities.
Functionalzation)Functionalzation)
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Small Angle Neutron Scattering: SWNT/PolymerSmall Angle Neutron Scattering: SWNT/Polymer
Q-1
QuickTime andaTIFF (LZW) decompressor
areneeded to seethis picture.
QuickTime and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
areneededto see thispicture.
Well-dispersed SWNTs in surfactant solutions behave like rigid rods, as reflected in the characteristicQ-1 power law in small angle neutron scattering spectrum.
H. Wang (Michigan Tech, NIST)
Effect of CNT Reinforcement on NanocompositeEffect of CNT Reinforcement on Nanocomposite
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Effect of CNT Reinforcement on Nanocomposite
Fiber Strength
Effect of CNT Reinforcement on Nanocomposite
Fiber Strength
UltemUltem & 1% SWCNTLaRC-8515LaRC- 8515 & 1% SWCNT
UltimateStrength
YieldStrength
0
50
100
150
200
MPa
Designed to adapt for differentDesigned to adapt for different
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Designed to adapt for different
material needs
Designed to adapt for different
material needs
Wet spinning
Dry-jet spinning
Mini melt extrusion
Pultrusion
Calendering
Melt mixing
Brabender
Capillary rheometer Melt moldingDog bone
Fabrication of Building Blocks forFabrication of Building Blocks for
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CNT
Extruded CNT Nanocomposite
Injection Molded CNT NanocompositeTensile Test Specimen Molded Matrix Resin
Molded CNTNanocomposite
Not conductive Highly Conductive
Melt extrusion/injection molding provides aroute to fabricating CNT nanocomposites withcomplex shapes. Demonstrated with in-house
processing capabilities.
Demonstratedconductivityenhancements onresin transfermoldednanocomposites.Work performed in
collaboration withM&P Technologies.
Coextruded Rods
SLMFSTTechnical Status POC: Emilie J . Siochi, LaRC, Emilie.J [email protected]
Coextrusion provides a route toproducing nanocompositeswith hierarchical morphologies.
Work performed incollaboration with AdvancedCeramics Research.
Resin
CNT Nanocomposite
HierachicalHierachical structurestructure Generate > 3km fiber/hr
Wet spun ribbon (Slit die)
Multifunctional Nanocomposites - BIOSANTMultifunctional Nanocomposites - BIOSANT
Dynamic Mechanical AnalysisDynamic Mechanical Analysis
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Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
SWNT/CP2 Composite
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
SWNT/CP2 Composite
CP-2
1.0vol% SWNT-CP2
0 50 100 150 200 250
Tan
(1Hz)
1.0% SWNT Inclusion
65% increase in stiffness
20% increase in hardness
Park et al., CPL, 364 (2002) 303-308
Mechanical properties ofMechanical properties of
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Mechanical properties of
extruded fibers
Mechanical properties of
extruded fibers
SWCNT TensileModulus UltimateStrength YieldStress
(Wt%) (Gpa) (Mpa) (Mpa)
0.0 2.2 0.3 105 7 74 5
0.1 2.6 0.3 105 10 86 6
0.3 2.8 0.2 105 7 94 5
1.0 3.2 0.2 105 5 100 5
Reference: Submitted to Composites B: Engineering
SS
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SummarySummary
Spectroscopic results suggest that amphoteric doping
of carbon nanotubes by two related polyimides.
Electrical conductivity increased by a 10 orders ofmagnitude at 0.1wt% SWNT loading.
Percolation of electrical conductivity was achieved
between 0.035 and 0.050 vol%.Percolation studies allow for a rapid assessment of the
dispersion without the need for laborious microscopy
procedures.Significant increases in stiffness (65%) and hardness
(20%) were achieved at 1% SWNT reinforcement.
Spectroscopic results suggest that amphoteric doping
of carbon nanotubes by two related polyimides.
Electrical conductivity increased by a 10 orders ofmagnitude at 0.1wt% SWNT loading.
Percolation of electrical conductivity was achieved
between 0.035 and 0.050 vol%.Percolation studies allow for a rapid assessment of the
dispersion without the need for laborious microscopy
procedures.
Significant increases in stiffness (65%) and hardness
(20%) were achieved at 1% SWNT reinforcement.
S IIS II
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Summary IISummary II
Optical microscopy is a screening tool for probe and electronmicroscopy.
Both SEM and HR-SEM can visualize the CNT in a polymer
matrix and give details about the dispersion. TEM is able to visualize individual nanotubes and bundles in a
polymer matrix. Advanced techniques like EDS and EELSmapping provide additional information on nanotube polymer
interactions. Scanning probe microscopy gives complimentary data to
electron and optical microscopy. Force measurements madeby the scanning probe and give insights to polymer nanotubeinteractions.
Raman and FTIR spectroscopy give insights to polymernanotube interactions.
Physical and electronic properties of CNT polymer
composites are strongly influenced by the CNT dispersion andorientation.
Optical microscopy is a screening tool for probe and electronmicroscopy.
Both SEM and HR-SEM can visualize the CNT in a polymer
matrix and give details about the dispersion. TEM is able to visualize individual nanotubes and bundles in a
polymer matrix. Advanced techniques like EDS and EELSmapping provide additional information on nanotube polymer
interactions. Scanning probe microscopy gives complimentary data toelectron and optical microscopy. Force measurements madeby the scanning probe and give insights to polymer nanotubeinteractions.
Raman and FTIR spectroscopy give insights to polymernanotube interactions.
Physical and electronic properties of CNT polymercomposites are strongly influenced by the CNT dispersion andorientation.
Th k YTh k Y
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Thank YouThank You
R f 2002 2003References 2002 2003
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References 2002-2003References 2002-2003
Lil lehei et al., Nano Lett, 2, 827-829 (2002)
Park et al., Chem Phys Lett, 364, 303-308 (2002)
Park et al., Nanotechnology, 14, L1-L4 (2003)
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Lil lehei et al., Nano Lett, 2, 827-829 (2002)Park et al., Chem Phys Lett, 364, 303-308 (2002)
Park et al., Nanotechnology, 14, L1-L4 (2003)
Kumar et al., Macromolecues 35, 9039-9043 (2002)
Ounaies et al., Compos Sci Technol, 63, 1637-1646 (2003)Eklund et al., Nano Lett, 2, 561-566 (2002)
Odegard et al., Compos Sci Technol, 63, 1671-1687 (2003)
Rouse, Li llehei, Nano Lett, 3, 59-62 (2003)
Park et al., 5th BCC Conference Proc. (Oct 2002)
Park et al., Microscopy and Microanalysis Proc. (Aug 2002)
Park et al., ICCE/9 Proc. (2002)
Siochi et al., SEM Annual Conference Proc., MEMS/NEMS (2003)
Poggi et al., Proc. Electrochemical Soc., Fullerenes (2003)
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http://www.aerospace.nasa.gov/aero_blueprint/index.html
http://aero-space.nasa.gov/blueprint/library.htm
Optical & Electrical Properties: SWNT/CP2 CompositesUV/Vis (500 nm)
http://www.aerospace.nasa.gov/aero_blueprint/index.htmlhttp://aero-space.nasa.gov/blueprint/library.htmhttp://aero-space.nasa.gov/blueprint/library.htmhttp://www.aerospace.nasa.gov/aero_blueprint/index.html7/27/2019 Cnt Polymer
41/41
CP2 (no film)
85%
68%
100%
54%
62%
32%
UV/Vis (500 nm)
TransmissionScanned film
1 x 10-8
6.3 x 10-18
2 x 10-7
< 10-5
V (S/cm)
5 x 10-8
(1.0wt%) < 1% < 10-5Direct mixing
In situ
polymerization
under sonication
CP2: colorless polyimideV (S/cm): volume conductivityS: Siemens = ohm-1
Transmission: normalized at 34 m
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
y = 0.030728 + 0.0079404x R= 0.99275
Absorbance
Thickness (um)
Beers law