CNCS SIF Evaluation Guidance 8 5 2014

8/9/2019 CNCS SIF Evaluation Guidance 8 5 2014

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2/68

Xfd bmssmag ai tfd @arparltmag iar Gltmaglk lgh @abbugmty Pdrvm`d (@G@P) ms tambpravd kmvds, strdgetfdg `abbugmtmds, lgh iastdr `mvm` dgeledbdgt tfrauef sdrvm`d lgh vakugtddrmge.

L idhdrlk ledg`y, @G@P dgeleds bard tflg imvd bmkkmag Lbdrm lgs mg sdrvm`d tfrauef Lbdrm@arps, Pdgmar @arps, Pa`mlk MggavltmagIugh, Yakugtddr Edgdrltmag Iugh, lgh atfdr praerlbs, lgh kdlhs tfd Zrdsmhdgts gltmaglk `lkk ta sdrvm`d mgmtmltmvd, Tgmtdh Ud Pdrvd.

Iar bard mgiarbltmag, vmsmtGltmaglkPdrvm`d.eav.

Xfms ha`ubdgt ms mg tfd punkm` hablmg. Lutfarmzltmag ta rdprahu`d mt mg wfakd ar mg plrt ms erlgtdh.Tpag rdqudst, tfms bltdrmlk wmkk nd blhd lvlmklnkd mg lktdrgltmvd iarblts iar pdapkd wmtf hmslnmkmtmds.
http://www.nationalservice.gov/http://www.nationalservice.gov/http://www.nationalservice.gov/http://www.nationalservice.gov/


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Xlnkd ai @agtdgts

Eumhlg`d Avdrvmdw ................................................................................................................................................................................ 4

Y. Fublg Punod`ts Zratd`tmag ............................................................................................................................................................. >=

YM. ^dpartmge Ptrltdey, Xmbdkmgd, lgh Nuhedt .................................................................................................................................. 0:

YMM. Dvlkultar \ulkmim`ltmags lgh Mghdpdghdg`d ............................................................................................................................. 08

Lppdghmx L? ^didrdg`ds ..................................................................................................................................................................... L.-8 pleds)

L.

^dsdlr`f \udstmags. Mbpkdbdgtltmag

N. @agtrmnutmag ai tfd Ptuhy

MY. Ptuhy @abpagdgts (dstmbltdh -8 pleds)

YMMM. Erlgtdd/Punerlgtdd akd lgh Mgvakvdbdgt (dstmbltdh :.4-< pled)


8/68

DYLKTLXMAG ZKLG ETMHLG@D PA@MLK MGGAYLXMAG ITGH

gltmaglksdrvm`d.eav/PMI 4

Hdtlmkdh Eumhlg`dDxdùtmvd Pubblry

Mg`kuhd lg avdrvmdw ai tfd praerlb, tfd agtdxt ai tfd dvlkultmag lgh tfd dvlkultmag lppral`f yau mgtdgh ta

usd. Ls wmtf lgy Dxdùtmvd Pubblry, tfd purpasd ms ta prdsdgt tfd rdlhdr wmtf tfd fmefkmefts ai tfd iukk

haùbdgt, dmtfdr ta nrmdi vdry nusy rdlhdrs ar ta sdrvd ls lg avdrvmdw ta ndttdr prdplrd rdlhdrs iar tfd iukk

haùbdgt.

Ppd`mim` Eumhlg`d? Dxdùtmvd Pubblry

Xfd Dxdùtmvd Pubblry sfaukh agtlmg tfd iakkawmge?

Glbd ai arelgmzltmag3

L agd-plrlerlpf sygapsms ai tfd praerlb lgh wflt mt mgtdghs ta flged/mbpl`t3

L nrmdi sygapsms (agd ta twa sdgtdg`ds) ai prmar rdsdlr`f hagd ag tfd praerlb3

L nrmdi hds`rmptmag ai tfd bdlsurds/mgstrubdgts ta nd usdh, lgh tfd typds ai hltl ta nd àkkd`tdh irab

tfdb3

L nrmdi hds`rmptmag ai tfd prapasdh lglkysms lppral`f(ds)3

L subblry ai tfd cdy tmbdkmgd dkdbdgts/hltds (d.e., hltds tflt plrtm`mplgt rd`rumtbdgt lgh hltl

àkkd`tmag gddh ta stlrt/dgh, lgh wfdg lglkysms lgh rdpartmge wmkk tlcd pkl`d)3

Xfd dstmbltdh nuhedt3 lgh

L nrmdi hds`rmptmag ai tfd dvlkultmag tdlb lgh bdbndrs dxpdrmdg`d rdkltdh ta tfd diiart.


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M. Mgtrahu`tmag

Xfd mgtrahu`tmag ta yaur dvlkultmag pklg dstlnkmsfds tfd agtdxt ai tfd dvlkultmag tflt yau lrd prapasmge. Mt

sfaukh iurtfdr hds`rmnd tfd praerlb nl`ceraugh lgh prankdb hdimgmtmag, lgh emvd lg avdrvmdw ai prmar

rdsdlr`f ag tfd praerlb. L praerlb hds`rmptmag lgh avdrvmdw ai prmar rdsdlr`f lrd `ru`mlk ta sdttmge up tfd

avdrlkk dvlkultmag hdsmeg. Xfdy pravmhd l stlrtmge pamgt iar lssdssmge autàbd bdlsurdbdgt mg tfd ùrrdgt

praerlb. Lt tfd slbd tmbd, tfdy lksa pravmhd lg ughdrstlghmge ai faw tfd praerlb fls warcdh mg tfd plstlgh wflt dvmhdg`d ai diid`tmvdgdss bly nd dxpd`tdh, ls wdkk ls mgiarbltmag ag patdgtmlkàgtrakaràbplrmsag

eraups.

Zraerlb Nl`ceraugh lgh Zrankdb Hdimgmtmag

L strage hds`rmptmag ai tfd praerlb lgh mts armemgs agtdxtulkmzds tfd dvlkultmag. Xfd rdkltmagsfmp ai tfd

praerlb ta tfd prankdb mt ms hdsmegdh ta lhhrdss ms lksa mbpartlgt taughdrstlgh tfd avdrlkk dvlkultmag hdsmeg.

Ppd`mim` Eumhlg`d? Zraerlb Nl`ceraugh lgh Zrankdb Hdimgmtmag

Xfd Zraerlb Nl`ceraugh lgh Zrankdb Hdimgmtmag sd`tmag hds`rmnds tfd prankdb ar mssud tfd praerlblhhrdssds. Ls plrt ai tfms hds`rmptmag, tfd dvlkultmag pklg sfaukh nrmdiky hmsùss tfd praerlb tfdary lgh kaem`

bahdk. Xfms sd`tmag sfaukh lksa mg`kuhd mgiarbltmag ag`drgmge praerlb abpagdgts,mgtdrvdgtmag kdvdk,

ndgdim`mlrmds, lgh cdy autàbds.

Avdrvmdw ai Zrmar ^dsdlr`f

PMI-iughdh praerlbs lrd dxpd`tdh ta bddt lg dvmhdg`d tfrdsfakh ta nd iughdh lgh bust numkh upag tfms

dvmhdg`d ls l rdqumrdbdgt ai tfd erlgt. Mg edgdrlk, mt ms mbpartlgt ta mhdgtmiy wflt rdsdlr`f fls nddg hagd lgh

faw tfd pklggdh dvlkultmag wmkk agtrmnutd ar numkh upag tfms dxmstmge rdsdlr`f nlsd. Mg tfms sd`tmag, haùbdgt

tfd prdvmaus rdsdlr`f tflt fls nddg abpkdtdh lgh agtdxtulkmzd tfd dvlkultmag pklg.

Ppd`mim` Eumhlg`d? Avdrvmdw ai Zrmar ^dsdlr`f

Hds`rmnd lgy dvlkultmags ar atfdr rdsdlr`f ag tfd praerlb, lgh mg`kuhd tfd iakkawmge iar dl`f?

Ufdg tfd stuhy wls hagd3

Ufa aghu`tdh tfd stuhy3

Xfd praerlb papukltmag (gubndr lgh nrmdi hds`rmptmag) mgvakvdh mg tfd stuhmds3

Lgy abplrmsag ar agtrak eraup mgvakvdh (gubndr lgh nrmdi hds`rmptmag)3

Xfd dvlkultmag lppral`f ar bdtfahs usdh (d.e., rlghabmzdh agtrakkdh trmlk, qulsm-dxpdrmbdgtlk

hdsmeg, lsd stuhmds, mbpkdbdgtltmag stuhy)3

L nrmdi hds`rmptmag ai tfd imghmges3 lgh

Xfd kdvdk ai dvmhdg`d lttlmgdh (d.e., bahdrltd, strage).

Mg`kuhd tfd slbd mgiarbltmag kmstdh lnavd iar lgy rdkdvlgt rdsdlr`f ar dvlkultmag imghmges ag smbmklr

praerlbs (d.e., praerlbs usmge tfd slbd mgtdrvdgtmag mg atfdr ka`ltmags ar smbmklr mgtdrvdgtmags wmtf dmtfdr tfd

slbd ar hmiidrdgt papukltmags).

Gatd? Mi tfd ùrrdgt praerlb fls l klred prd-dxmstmge dvmhdg`d nlsd ar mi tfdrd ms dxtdgsmvd rdsdlr`f ag smbmklr

praerlbs, mt bly nd bard prl`tm`lk ta mg`kuhd mgiarbltmag irab cdy dvlkultmag stuhmds ar lgy lvlmklnkd bdtl-


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lglkysds, subblrmzmge tfd nukkdtdh mgiarbltmag lnavd. Iar praerlbs tflt flvd dxtdgsmvd rdsdlr`f, yau bly

wlgt ta put tfms mgiarbltmag mg tlnuklr iarb (sdd Lppdghmx @ iar l slbpkd tlnkd). Zkdlsd lksa mg`kuhd

rdidrdg`ds ta tfd saur`d ai tfd prmar rdsdlr`f ar dvlkultmag.


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MM. Zraerlb Xfdary lgh Kaem` Bahdk

Xfd dvlkultmag pklg sfaukh mg`kuhd lg avdrvmdw ai yaur praerlbs tfdary

lgh l kaem` bahdk tflt eumhds tfd dvlkultmag lgh pravmhds tfd rdlhdr wmtf l

ndttdr ughdrstlghmge ai faw yaur praerlb ms dxpd`tdh ta l`fmdvd mts tlredtdh

autàbds lgh mbpl`ts.

L hds`rmptmag ai praerlb tfdary, aupkdh wmtf lg mgiarbltmvd kaem` bahdk,

irlbds tfd dvlkultmag hdsmeg. Tghdrstlghmge tfd tfdary lgh lssubptmags

ndfmgh faw l praerlb ms hdsmegdh ms lg mbpartlgt prdùrsar upag wfm`f lkk

sunsdqudgt dvlkultmag l`tmvmtmds iughlbdgtlkky rdst (âssm, Kmpsdy, &

Irddblg, >::8). L praerlb kaem` bahdk usulkky mg`kuhds natf l erlpfm`

hmspkly lgh l glrrltmvd hds`rmptmag ai tfd rdsaur`ds/mgputs, tfd praerlb

l`tmvmtmds tflt agstmtutd tfd mgtdrvdgtmag, lgh hdsmrdh plrtm`mplgt

autàbds/rdsukts.

Kaem` bahdks, wfm`f lrd eraughdh mg ltfdary ai `flged,usd warhs lgh erlpfm`s ta hds`rmnd tfd sdqudg`d ai

l`tmvmtmds tfaueft ta nrmge lnaut flged lgh faw tfdsd l`tmvmtmds lrd kmgcdh ta tfd rdsukts tfd praerlb msdxpd`tdh ta l`fmdvd. Xfms pra`dss mg`kuhds sdqudgtmlkky tfmgcmge tfrauef lgh lkmegmge tfd iakkawmge lrdls?

^dsaur`ds/Mgputs? Mg`kuhd rdsaur`ds tflt lrd lvlmklnkd lgh hmrd`tky usdh iar tfd praerlb l`tmvmtmds,

mg`kuhmgefublg, imglg`mlk, arelgmzltmaglk, lgh abbugmty rdsaur`ds3

Mgtdrvdgtmag?Mg`kuhd praerlb l`tmvmtmds (m.d., wflt àgstmtutds tfd praerlb mgtdrvdgtmag) wmtf tfd

rdsaur`ds yau kmstdh prdvmausky tflt kdlh ta tfd mgtdghdh praerlb rdsukts/autàbds3 lgh

Autàbds/^dsukts? Mg`kuhd flgeds tflt a`ùr nd`lusd ai tfd praerlb mgtdrvdgtmag prdvmausky hds`rmndh

usmge tfd rdsaur`ds prdvmausky hds`rmndh. Xfdsd lg nd lgy ai tfd iakkawmge?

l) Pfart-tdrb autàbds (autputs) bly mg`kuhd tfd lbaugt ai mgtdrvdgtmag (m.d., tfd qulgtmty lgh

typd(s) ai praerlb l`tmvmtmds l plrtm`mplgt l`tulkky tlcds plrt mg) lg mghmvmhulk rd`dmvds ar spd`mim``flgeds mg cgawkdhed ar scmkks3

n) Mgtdrbdhmltd autàbds bly mg`kuhd `flgeds mg mghmvmhulks ndflvmars ar lttmtuhds3 lgh

`) Kage-tdrb autàbds (mbpl`ts) bly mg`kuhd tfd flgeds a`ùrrmge mg àbbugmtmds ar systdbs ls l

rdsukt ai praerlb mgtdrvdgtmags.

Lg dxlbpkd ai l kaem` bahdk `lg nd iaugh mgLppdghmx @(Dxlbpkds lgh Xdbpkltds) sd`tmag ai tfms eumhd.

Ppd`mim` Eumhlg`d? Zraerlb Xfdary lgh Kaem` Bahdk

Xfd praerlb tfdary lgh kaem` bahdk l`àbpkmsf tfd iakkawmge?

. Dgsurd lkmegbdgt lbage tfd kaem` bahdk dkdbdgts. Iaùs ag cdy il`tars mg tfd `lusd-lgh-diid`t

rdkltmagsfmp. Xfmgc lnaut lgh hds`rmnd faw tfd rdsaur`ds/mgputs kmgc ta tfd mgtdrvdgtmag lgh tfdg kmgc

ta tfd hdsmrdh autàbds/rdsukts3

0. Hdtlmk tfd dkdbdgts ai tfd rdsaur`ds/mgputs lgh lrtmùkltd tfd pltfs tfrauef wfm`f tfd sdrvm`ds

pravmhdh liid`t mghmvmhulk autàbds (d.e., dbpkaybdgt, fdlktf, dhu`ltmag). Blcd surd tflt tfd l`tmvmtmds

hmrd`tky kdlh ta tfd dxpklgltmag ai sfart-tdrb autàbds/autputs (d.e., mg`rdlsdh stuhdgt lttdghlg`d)

Lhhmtmaglk dsaur`ds

Xfd Cdkkaee Iaughltmags >::8

Kaem` Bahdk Hdvdkapbdgt

Eumhd

(fttp?//www.wcci.are/cgawkdhed-

`dgtdr/rdsaur`ds/>::9/:>/wc-

cdkkaee-iaughltmag-kaem`-bahdk-

hdvdkapbdgt-eumhd.lspx)

pravmhds lhvm`d lgh dxlbpkds

iar àgstru`tmge l kaem` bahdk.
http://www.wkkf.org/knowledge-center/resources/2006/02/wk-kellogg-foundation-logic-model-development-guide.aspxhttp://www.wkkf.org/knowledge-center/resources/2006/02/wk-kellogg-foundation-logic-model-development-guide.aspxhttp://www.wkkf.org/knowledge-center/resources/2006/02/wk-kellogg-foundation-logic-model-development-guide.aspxhttp://www.wkkf.org/knowledge-center/resources/2006/02/wk-kellogg-foundation-logic-model-development-guide.aspxhttp://www.wkkf.org/knowledge-center/resources/2006/02/wk-kellogg-foundation-logic-model-development-guide.aspxhttp://www.wkkf.org/knowledge-center/resources/2006/02/wk-kellogg-foundation-logic-model-development-guide.aspxhttp://www.wkkf.org/knowledge-center/resources/2006/02/wk-kellogg-foundation-logic-model-development-guide.aspx


12/68


gltmaglksdrvm`d.eav/PMI =

lgh mgtdrbdhmltd-tdrb autàbds (d.e., mbpravdh rdlhmge sàrds) tflt waukh nd gd`dsslry ta l`fmdvd tfd

praerlbs kage-tdrb autàbds/mbpl`ts (d.e., fmef s`faak abpkdtmag, akkded rdlhmgdss)3

8. Dbpflsmzd tfd autàbds tflt tfd prapasdh dvlkultmag wmkk bdlsurd3 lgh

4. Mg`kuhd agky mgiarbltmag tflt ms hmrd`tky rdkltdh ta tfd tfdary ai flged. Cddp tfd kaem` bahdk smbpkd ta

bmgmbmzd lttdgtmag ta tfmges tflt `lggat nd àgtrakkdh.

Xfd kaem` bahdk sfaukh uktmbltdky nd usdh ta eumhd tfd àkkd`tmag ai hltl ta mgiarb lg lssdssbdgt ai praerlb

diid`tmvdgdss. Xfd kaem` bahdk sfaukh dbpflsmzd hdtlmks ai tfd praerlb tflt hmrd`tky rdkltd ta tfd ard lspd`ts

ai tfd dvlkultmag.


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gltmaglksdrvm`d.eav/PMI ::6l)

Xd`fgm`lk Bdtfahs dpart?

Eumhdkmgds iar Buktmpkd

Xdstmge mg Mbpl`t Dvlkultmags

(G@DD >::6-8:


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gltmaglksdrvm`d.eav/PMI


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MY. Ptuhy @abpagdgts

Avdrvmdw

Xfd Ptuhy @abpagdgts sd`tmag pravmhds eumhlg`d ag tfd hdsmeg dkdbdgts ai mbpl`t lgh mbpkdbdgtltmag

dvlkultmags, lgh mssuds tflt gddh ta nd lhhrdssdh rdelrhmge stuhy bdlsurds, slbpkmge, lgh hltl akkd`tmag. Mt

lksa hdtlmks tfd rmtdrml iar hds`rmptmags ai stltmstm`lk lglkysds ai hltl lgh lppral`fds ta bmssmge hltl. Mg tfmssd`tmag ai tfd eumhdkmgds, mgiarbltmag, spd`mim` eumhlg`d, lgh rmtdrml iar hmiidrdgt hdsmeg typds lrd prdsdgtdh

sdplrltdky. Pmg`d yaur dvlkultmag pklg bly lhhrdss agd ar bard typds ai mbpl`t/autàbd dvlkultmag hdsmegs

ls wdkk ls mbpkdbdgtltmag dvlkultmag ar idlsmnmkmty stuhmds, pkdlsd rdvmdw tfd eumhlg`d sd`tmags iar tfd hdsmegs

lgh atfdr stuhy àbpagdgts sfawg mg tfd tlnkd ndkaw.

Ptuhy @abpagdgt

-

-

-

-

-

-

Iakkaw tfd eumhlg`d iar tfms sd`tmag?

Mbpl`t Dvlkultmag-Hdsmeg Xypds,

mg`kuhmge?

]ds (Lg dvlkultmag pklg wmkk typm`lkky

`faasd agd ar bard typds ai

Mbpl`t/Autàbd Dvlkultmag hdsmegs)

^lghabmzdh Ndtwddg Eraup Hdsmeg Mi lppkm`lnkd

Eraups Iarbdh ny Blt`fmge Mi lppkm`lnkd

Eraups Iarbdh ny @utaii Pàrd Mi lppkm`lnkd

Pmgekd Eraup Hdsmeg Mi lppkm`lnkd

Mgtdrruptdh Xmbd Pdrmds Hdsmeg Mi lppkm`lnkd

Zrd-dxpdrmbdgtlk Hdsmeg (m.d., ga

àbplrmsag eraup/àugtdril`tulk)

Mi lppkm`lnkd

- Mbpl`t Idlsmnmkmty Ptuhy Mi lppkm`lnkd

Mbpkdbdgtltmag Dvlkultmag Mi lppkm`lnkd

Plbpkmge, Bdlsurds, lgh Hltl

@akkd`tmag

]ds (Lkk dvlkultmag pklgs sfaukh

mg`kuhd)

Ptltmstm`lk Lglkysms ai Mbpl`ts ]ds (Lkk dvlkultmag pklgs sfaukhmg`kuhd)

Zraerlb dvlkultmags bly flvd buktmpkd abpagdgts, mg`kuhmge mbpkdbdgtltmag lglkysms, autàbd lglkysms,

mbpl`t lglkysms, lgh ast-ndgdimt, ast-diid`tmvdgdss ar atfdr àst mg`kusmvd lglkysds.


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gltmaglksdrvm`d.eav/PMI mg

Lppdghmx @ (Dxlbpkds lgh

Xdbpkltds).


17/68




18/68




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gltmaglksdrvm`d.eav/PMI ::>3 assm, Kmpsdy, & Irddblg, >::8). Fawdvdr, blt`fmge

mg lhvlg`d ai tfd trdltbdgtwmtf vlrmlnkds tflt lrd dmtfdr prd-mgtdrvdgtmag

bdlsurds ai lg autàbd ar lrd fmefky àrrdkltdh wmtf tfd autàbd wmkk

bmgmbmzd tfd flg`d ai hmiidrdg`ds ndtwddg tfd trdltbdgt lgh abplrmsag

eraup. Hamge sa kdssdgs tfd passmnmkmty tflt ansdrvdh hmiidrdg`ds lrd mg il`t

hud ta dxtrlgdaus hmiidrdg`ds ndtwddg tfd trdltbdgt lgh abplrmsag eraups,

rltfdr tflg hud ta praerlb plrtm`mpltmag.

Bdtfahs iar blt`fmge pdapkd ar smtds ta eraups hmiidr mg tfdmr diid`tmvdgdss.Zrapdgsmty sàrmgebdtfahs, arstltmstm`lk lssdssbdgts ai smbmklrmty lbage plrtm`mplgts, lrd prdidrrdh wfdg eraups lrd blt`fdh wmtf buktmpkd

prd-mgtdrvdgtmag bdlsurds. Fawdvdr, tfd typd ai blt`fmge lkearmtfb usdh ta mbpkdbdgt tfd prapdgsmty

sàrmge sfaukh nd lrdiukky sdkd`tdh nlsdh ag smbukltmag stuhmds, prdvmaus rdsdlr`f tflt hdbagstrltds tfd

vlkmhmty ai tfd lkearmtfbs, lgh tfd ealks ai tfd dvlkultmag. Pdd Page lgh Fdrblg (>:::8) iar l edgdrlk

avdrvmdw ai rdsdlr`f hdsmeg mg

dvlkultmag.

Pdd Pflhmsf, @aac, lgh@lbpndkk (>::>) iar hdtlmks ag

dxpdrmbdgtlk rdsdlr`f hdsmeg.

Iar bard mgiarbltmag ag

qulsm-dxpdrmbdgtlk dvlkultmag

hdsmegssdd?

fttp?//ssbag.`fn.ctf.sd/slidnc

/@fpQ8.phi
http://ssmon.chb.kth.se/safebk/Chp_4.pdfhttp://ssmon.chb.kth.se/safebk/Chp_4.pdfhttp://ssmon.chb.kth.se/safebk/Chp_4.pdfhttp://ssmon.chb.kth.se/safebk/Chp_4.pdfhttp://ssmon.chb.kth.se/safebk/Chp_4.pdf


20/68


gltmaglksdrvm`d.eav/PMI ::6), lvlmklnkd

fdrd?

fttp?//il`ukty.sbu.dhu/bmkkmbd

t/`klssds/d`a5055/plpdrs/mbnd

gs%>:kdbmdux.phi)

L`kdlr autkmgd ai tfd bdtfah

ms lksa emvdg fdrd?

fttp?//www.sa`mlkrdsdlr`fbdt

fahs.gdt/cn/qulsmrh.pfp
http://faculty.smu.edu/millimet/classes/eco7377/papers/imbens%20lemieux.pdfhttp://faculty.smu.edu/millimet/classes/eco7377/papers/imbens%20lemieux.pdfhttp://faculty.smu.edu/millimet/classes/eco7377/papers/imbens%20lemieux.pdfhttp://faculty.smu.edu/millimet/classes/eco7377/papers/imbens%20lemieux.pdfhttp://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/quasird.phphttp://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/quasird.phphttp://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/quasird.phphttp://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/quasird.phphttp://faculty.smu.edu/millimet/classes/eco7377/papers/imbens%20lemieux.pdfhttp://faculty.smu.edu/millimet/classes/eco7377/papers/imbens%20lemieux.pdf


21/68


gltmaglksdrvm`d.eav/PMI ::6).

Xfd mgtdrruptdh tmbd sdrmds hdsmeg fls nddg bast irdqudgtky lgh diid`tmvdky

usdh wfdg tfd mgtdrvdgtmag ms l praerlb ar pakm`y ai smegmim`lgt sàpd, su`f ls

àbbugmty mgtdrvdgtmags ta mbpravd fmkh-rdlrmge prl`tm`ds ar blghltary

sdlt ndkt klws mg l stltd. Xfd sa`mlk dvlkultmag rdsdlr`f kmtdrlturd mg`kuhds

blgy hds`rmptmags lgh dxlbpkds ai tfd hdvdkapbdgt lgh mbpkdbdgtltmag ai

tfms hdsmeg lgh tfd lglkysms ai hltl edgdrltdh ny mt (Nm`cblg & âe, >::=3

Cflghcdr, Caakwlk, & Plblh, >:::83 Pflhmsf, @aac, & @lbpndkk, >::>).

Lhhmtmaglkky, lktfauef tfms hdsmeg ms kmstdh ls l smgekd-eraup hdsmeg, l àbplrmsag eraup ms usulkky gddhdh ta

lhhrdss tfd passmnmkmty tflt dxtrlgdaus dvdgts kmgcdh ta faw hltl wdrd àkkd`tdh ar autàbds wdrd hdvdkapdh

Lhhmtmaglk dsaur`ds

Xfd Hdplrtbdgt ai

Dhu`ltmags Uflt Uarcs

@kdlrmgefausd(ltfttp?//mds.dh.eav/g`dd/ww`/)

pravmhds blgy rdsaur`ds

rdkltdh ta dvlkultmag hdsmeg.

Lhds`rmptmag ai mgtdrruptdh

tmbd sdrmds hdsmegsms emvdg ny

Mbndgs lgh Kdbmdux (>::6),

(lvlmklnkd fdrd?

fttp?//ilùkty.sbu.dhu/bmkkmbd

t/`klssds/dà5055/plpdrs/mbnd

gs%>:kdbmdux.phi)

Pdd Nm`cblg lgh âe (>::=)

iar mgiarbltmag ag blgy

hmiidrdgt dvlkultmag hdsmegs.

Pdd Cflghcdr, Caakwlk, lgh

Plblh (>:::>) iar mtltmags

ai stuhmds tflt flvd usdh tfd

mgtdrruptdh tmbd sdrmds hdsmeg.
http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/http://faculty.smu.edu/millimet/classes/eco7377/papers/imbens%20lemieux.pdfhttp://faculty.smu.edu/millimet/classes/eco7377/papers/imbens%20lemieux.pdfhttp://faculty.smu.edu/millimet/classes/eco7377/papers/imbens%20lemieux.pdfhttp://faculty.smu.edu/millimet/classes/eco7377/papers/imbens%20lemieux.pdfhttp://faculty.smu.edu/millimet/classes/eco7377/papers/imbens%20lemieux.pdfhttp://faculty.smu.edu/millimet/classes/eco7377/papers/imbens%20lemieux.pdfhttp://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/


22/68




23/68


gltmaglksdrvm`d.eav/PMI >:

Ppd`mim` Eumhlg`d? Idlsmnmkmty Ptuhmds

Hds`rmnd tfd nlrrmdrs ta mbpkdbdgtmge l iukk-s`lkd stuhy ymdkhmge bahdrltd ar strage dvmhdg`d lgh pravmhd l

àbpkdtd hds`rmptmag ai tfd idlsmnmkmty stuhy ta nd àghu`tdh, mg`kuhmge, ls lppraprmltd, stuhy dkdbdgts rdkltdh

ta l hds`rmptmag ai tfd praerlb, dgeledbdgt wmtf stlcdfakhdrs, ar lssdssbdgts ai hltl lvlmklnmkmty lgh

qulkmty. Xfd dvlkultmag pklg sfaukh lhhrdss tfd pklgs ta tdst tfd prl`tm`lkmty ai tfd usd ai l àgtrak ar

àbplrmsag eraup ar atfdr augtdril`tulk. Hds`rmnd faw tfd idlsmnmkmty stuhy prdplrds tfd praerlb lgh tfd

dvlkultars iar pklggmge, mbpkdbdgtmge, lgh abpkdtmge l bard rmearaus dvlkultmag.

@abnmgltmag ai Hdsmegs lgh/ar Lglkysds

Mg sabd smtultmags, usmge l abnmgltmag ai sdvdrlk stuhy hdsmegs bly nd usdiuk ta `lpturd tfd dvmhdg`d ai

diid`tmvdgdss ai tfd praerlb. Iar dxlbpkd, l sblkk s`lkd ^@X bly nd usdh lkagesmhd l klredr blt`fdh

àbplrmsag stuhy wmtf eraups iarbdh ny prapdgsmty sàrd blt`fmge.

Ppd`mim` Eumhlg`d? @abnmgltmag ai Hdsmegs lgh/ar Lglkysds

Mi buktmpkd stuhy hdsmegs ar lglkysds lrd abnmgdh, tfd prapaslk sfaukh pravmhd kdlr hdtlmks ai lkk

àbpagdgts, mg l`àrhlg`d wmtf tfd spd`mim`ltmags pravmhdh lnavd. Iurtfdr, tfd prapaslk sfaukh pravmhd lrltmaglkd iar usmge l àbnmgltmag lppral`f, wmtf l iaùs ag faw usmge buktmpkd lglkysds aiisdts tfrdlts ta

mgtdrglk lgh dxtdrglk vlkmhmty.

Gatd tflt tfd hdsmeg typds hmsùssdh lnavd lrd gat mgtdghdh ta nd l iukk kmst, lgh atfdr hdsmeg typds lgh

àbnmgltmags ai hdsmeg typds lppraprmltd ta yaur praerlb lgh dvlkultmag ealks lrd wdkàbd.

Mbpkdbdgtltmag Dvlkultmag

Mbpkdbdgtltmag dvlkultmag ms lg lssdssbdgt ai faw wdkk l praerlb hads wflt

mt sdts aut ta ha. ^ltfdr tflg iaùsmge ag tfd autàbds, fawdvdr,

mbpkdbdgtltmag dvlkultmags iaùs ag tfdpra`dssny wfm`f l praerlb pravmhds

sdrvm`ds ar atfdrwmsd l`àbpkmsfds mts bmssmag. Mbpkdbdgtltmag stuhmds dgtdr

ag hms`drgmge faw kasdky tfd l`tulk ruggmge ai tfd praerlb blt`fds tfd

tfdary tflt edgdrltdh natf tfd praerlb mg edgdrlk, ls wdkk ls tfd plrtmùklr

àbpagdgts tflt plrtm`mplgts dxpdrmdg`d.

Ppd`mim` Eumhlg`d? Mbpkdbdgtltmag Dvlkultmag

Mbpkdbdgtltmag stuhmds lrd strageky dgàurledh ls plrt ai lgy dvlkultmag pklg. Xfd praerlb tfdary lgh kaem`

bahdk sfaukh eumhd tfd mbpkdbdgtltmag dvlkultmag. Lg mbpkdbdgtltmag dvlkultmag dxlbmgds natf faw wdkk

tfd praerlb blt`fds tfd tfdary ndfmgh mts `rdltmag, lgh wflt tfd praerlb l`tulkky hads ag tfd eraugh. Mglhhmtmag, lg mbpkdbdgtltmag dvlkultmag strmvds ta ugàvdr tfd dxl`t pra`dssds tflt kdlh ta autàbds. Xfd pklg

sfaukh bdlsurd vlrmltmag mg mbpkdbdgtltmag wmtfmg tfd praerlb ls wdkk ls l`rass praerlb smtds, ls wlrrlgtdh

Xfd pklg sfaukh lssdss natf tfd qulgtmty lgh qulkmty ai sdrvm`ds hdkmvdrdh ta tfd tlredt papukltmag.

Lhhmtmaglkky, tfd pklg sfaukh dxlbmgd mi tfd praerlb ms mghddh sdrvmge tfd pdapkd iar wfab mt wls mgtdghdh,

lgh mi lppraprmltd, mi tfdrd ms l àgtrak ar àbplrmsag eraup wfa bly ar bly gat nd rd`dmvmge smbmklr sdrvm`ds

tfrauef lgatfdr praerlb ar praerlbs.

Lhhmtmaglk ^dsaur`ds

Pdd Udmgdr (>::8) iar

mgiarbltmag ag

mbpkdbdgtltmag dvlkultmag

rdsdlr`f hdsmeg.


24/68


gltmaglksdrvm`d.eav/PMI >::4).

Ppd`mim` Eumhlg`d? Plbpkmge Zklg lgh Zawdr Lglkysms

Plbpkmge Zklg

Imrst, hds`rmnd tfd papukltmag ta wfm`f tfd stuhy rdsukts wmkk nd edgdrlkmzdh - tflt ms, tfd eraup ai mghmvmhulks

ta wfab tfd stuhy rdsukts waukh lppky. Xfms bmeft mg`kuhd hdtlmks su`f ls tfd sa`mlk, d`agabm`, ar

hdbaerlpfm` flrl`tdrmstm`s (rl`d, edghdr, dt`.), lt-rmsc stltus, ar edaerlpfm` ka`ltmag ai tfd papukltmag.

Mbpartlgtky, tfd dvlkultmag pklg sfaukh hdbagstrltd tflt tfd slbpkd tflt wmkk nd hrlwg wmkk nd rdprdsdgtltmvd

ai tflt papukltmag.


Bard hdtlmks, lgh mgstru`tmags

iar `lk`ukltmge stltmstm`lk

pawdr, `lg nd iaugh ag tfd

T@KL stltmstm`lk abputmge

saitwlrd wdnsmtd?

fttp?//www.lts.u`kl.dhu/stlt/h

ld/

Pdd Nkaab (>::4) iar bard

mgiarbltmag ag slbpkd smzd

lgh BHDP mg dvlkultmag

rdsdlr`f.
http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/dae/http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/dae/http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/dae/http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/dae/http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/dae/


25/68


gltmaglksdrvm`d.eav/PMI >>

Xa ha tfms, hds`rmnd dxl`tky faw tfd plrtm`mplgts wfa wmkk nd mg tfd slbpkd wmkk nd sdkd`tdh irab tfd dgtmrd

passmnkd papukltmag ai plrtm`mplgts. Xflt ms, plrtm`mplgts bmeft nd sdkd`tdh tfrauef agd ai sdvdrlk td`fgmquds?

smbpkd rlghab slbpkmge, strltmimdh rlghab slbpkmge, agvdgmdg`d slbpkmge, ar sabd atfdr slbpkmge

pra`dhurd. Xfd slbpkmge pklg, wfm`f hds`rmnds tfd td`fgmqud lgh mg`kuhds tfd smzd lgh àbpasmtmag ai tfd

slbpkd, sfaukh rdikd`t tfd nuhedt lgh tmbdkmgd ai tfd praod`t.

Zawdr Lglkysms lgh Bmgmbub Hdtd`tlnkd Diid`t Pmzd

Xfd dvlkultmag pklg sfaukh mg`kuhd l pawdr lglkysms lgh BHDP lkùkltmags iar tfd prapasdh rdsdlr`f hdsmeg

lgh dstmbltdh slbpkd smzds. Xfdsd lkùkltmags sfaukh lpturd wfdtfdr tfd slbpkd usdh mg tfd dvlkultmag wmkk

nd klred dgauef iar tfd mbpl`t lglkysms ta pravmhd bdlgmgeiuk rdsukts. L pawdr lglkysms lgh BHDP

`lkùkltmag sfaukh nd prdsdgtdh iar dl`f lglkysms mg tfd dvlkultmag pklg, mg`kuhmge lkk sun-erauplglkysds.

Zawdr lglkysds `lg nd àghu`tdh usmge tfd irdd praerlbs ^ lgh E*Zawdr, ls wdkk ls PZPP, PLP lgh PXLXL.

Iar hdsmegs tflt flvd buktmpkd kdvdks ai lglkysms ar lssmeg trdltbdgt lgh agtrak lt tfd eraup, rltfdr tflg

mghmvmhulk kdvdk, tfd irddAptmblk Hdsmeg Paitwlrd(fttp?//smtdblcdr.ubm`f.dhu/eraup-

nlsdh/aptmblkQhdsmegQsaitwlrd) `lg nd usdh ta dstmbltd pawdr lgh BHDP.

Plbpkd dtdgtmag

Xa dgsurd tflt tfd dvlkultmag ms ls strage ls passmnkd, mt ms mbpartlgt ta try ta blxmbmzd tfd gubndr ai

plrtm`mplgts (ar eraups ar smtds) wfa tlcd plrt mg tfd stuhy. Xfms bdlgs gat agky rd`rumtmge plrtm`mplgts, nut

lksa blcmge surd tflt ls blgy pdapkd ls passmnkd lrd plrt ai hltl àkkd`tmag diiarts hurmge tfd stuhy, ls wdkk ls

mg lgy iakkaw-up pdrmah. Xfms ms trud iar praerlb plrtm`mplgts, ls wdkk ls iar lgy àgtrak ar àbplrmsag eraup

bdbndrs.

Ppd`mim` Eumhlg`d? Plbpkd dtdgtmag

Xfd dvlkultmag pklg sfaukh hds`rmnd faw tfd stuhy wmkk cddp trl`c ai plrtm`mplgts lgh tfdmr hltl (mhdlkky,

wfdg edgdrltmge tfd slbpkd spd`mim`ltmags lgh hltl akkd`tmag strltdey). Xfms pklg sfaukh mg`kuhd bd`flgmsbs

iar bagmtarmge, trl`cmge, lgh traunkdsfaatmge mssuds rdkltdh ta cddpmge plrtm`mplgts mg tfd stuhy.

Xfdsd prl`tm`ds bmeft mg`kuhd systdbltm` fd`cs ai hltl àkkd`tmag prl`tm`ds ta dgsurd tflt hltl lrd ndmge

àkkd`tdh ag l rdeuklr nlsms irab lkk plrtm`mplgts, tfus fdkpmge mhdgtmiy lgy plrtm`mplgts wfa flvd gat nddg

àgtl`tdh mg l emvdg pdrmah ai tmbd. Xfms àukh lksa mg`kuhd flvmge strltdemds mg pkl`d iar iakkawmge up wmtf

plrtm`mplgts wfa lrd gat rdspaghmge ar plrtm`mpltmge mg dmtfdr praerlb ar hltl akkd`tmag l`tmvmtmds. Mt ms

mbpartlgt ta rdbdbndr tflt mghmvmhulks wfa kdlvd l praerlb prmar ta tfd abpkdtmag ai lkk abpagdgts stmkk

gddh ta nd trl`cdh ls plrt ai tfd hltl akkd`tmag diiarts. Lkk plrtm`mplgts, lgh agtrak ar abplrmsag eraup

bdbndrs, lrd mhdlkky trl`cdh lgh pravmhd hltl hurmge tfd dgtmrd stuhy pdrmah, rdelrhkdss ai praerlb

plrtm`mpltmag, ka`ltmag, ar dlsd ai l``dss.

Bdlsurds

Dgsurmge tflt tfd bdlsurds sdkd`tdh lrd rdkmlnkd, vlkmh, lgh lppraprmltd ta usd iar tfd stuhy ms l cdy wly ta

rdhu`d tfrdlts ta mgtdrglk vlkmhmty lusdh ny tfd stuhy mtsdki. Pdkd`tmag ai paarky vlkmhltdh ar ugrdkmlnkd

bdlsurds lg kdlh, iar dxlbpkd, ta lg diid`tmvd praerlb sfawmge ga rdsukts.

^dkmlnmkmty rdidrs ta tfd edgdrlkmzlnmkmty ai l plrtmùklr bdlsurd. Xflt ms, mi l bdlsurd ms usdh avdr lgh avdr

lelmg ag tfd slbd eraup ai pdapkd, mt sfaukh ymdkh tfd slbd rdsukts. Ylkmhmty rdidrs ta tfd dxtdgt ta wfm`f l

bdlsurd lhdqultdky rdikd`ts tfd ag`dpt ughdr agsmhdrltmag3 mi l bdlsurd blt`fds tfd ag`dpt mg qudstmag,
http://sitemaker.umich.edu/group-based/optimal_design_softwarehttp://sitemaker.umich.edu/group-based/optimal_design_softwarehttp://sitemaker.umich.edu/group-based/optimal_design_softwarehttp://sitemaker.umich.edu/group-based/optimal_design_software


26/68


gltmaglksdrvm`d.eav/PMI >0

bast rdspaghdgts wmkk mgtdrprdt mt mg smbmklr wlys. Lppraprmltdgdss rdidrs ta

blt`fmge bdlsurds ta tfd papukltmag ar s`lkd ai l stuhy. Xa mkkustrltd,

bdlsurds tflt rdqumrd kmtdrl`y sfaukh gat nd usdh wmtf yauge `fmkhrdg ar

ughdr-dhu`ltdh papukltmags. Buktmpkd wlys dxmst ta tdst vlkmhmty lgh

rdkmlnmkmty ai bdlsurds3 sdd Bly dt lk. (>::=) ar tfd Tgmvdrsmty ai Kddhs (>:::

=:


27/68



Ppd`mim` Eumhlg`d? Bdlsurd Ylkmhmty, ^dkmlnmkmty, lgh Fmstary ai Tsd

Hds`rmnd vlkmhmty, rdkmlnmkmty, lgh fmstary ai usd iar lkk bdlsurds usdh mg hltl

àkkd`tmag l`tmvmtmds. Lt l bmgmbub, dl`f survdy, tdst ar mgtdrvmdw bdlsurd

usdh sfaukh flvd dvmhdg`d ai tfd iakkawmge?

^dkmlnmkmty (d.e., tdst-rdtdst rdkmlnmkmty iar bdlsurds wmtf mghmvmhulk

mtdbs, @ragnl`fs lkpfl iar tdsts/s`lkdh survdys)3 Il`d vlkmhmty (d.e., pmkat tdstmge wmtf lppraprmltd papukltmags, rdvmdw

ny sdrvm`d pravmhdrs)3 lgh,

@agtdgt vlkmhmty (d.e., rdvmdw ny agtdgt dxpdrts, systdbltm` lkmegbdgt wmtf cdy lrdls ta nd bdlsurdh).

Mg lhhmtmag, survdys ar tdsts tflt usd s`lkds ar edgdrltd sàrds sfaukh pravmhd hdtlmks ai dxpkarltary il`tar

lglkysms (Zdtt, Kl`cdy, & Pukkmvlg, >::0), àgimrbltary il`tar lglkysms (Nrawg, >::9), lgh vlkmhltmag lelmgst

autàbds, ls wdkk ls fmstary ai usd, mi lvlmklnkd.

Mi rdkmlnmkmty lgh vlkmhmty ai bdlsurds flvd ydt ta nd hdtdrbmgdh, lg lglkysms pklg iar hamge sa sfaukh nd

prdsdgtdh. Mi gag-vlkmhltdh, sdki-hdvdkapdh bdlsurds ai cdy autàbds lrd ta nd usdh, pravmhd l oustmim`ltmag iar

tfd usd ai tfms bdtfah avdr lgy prd-dxmstmge lgh prd-vlkmhltdh bdlsurds.

Hltl @akkd`tmag L`tmvmtmds

L systdbltm` pklg iar àkkd`tmge hltl iar tfd dvlkultmag bust nd mg pkl`d ta dgsurd strage rdsukts. Xfd bdlsurds

mghm`ltdh mg tfd dvlkultmag pklg hm`tltd tfd hltl akkd`tdh. Hltl iar plrtm`mplgts lgh iar àgtrak ar abplrmsag

eraup bdbndrs bly àbd irab l vlrmdty ai saur`ds, gat lkk ai wfm`f bly nd plrt ai tfd praerlb.

Hltl àkkd`tmag mhdlkky stlrts prmar ta praerlb plrtm`mpltmag ta ndst `lpturd plrtm`mplgts nlsdkmgd stltus. Mg tfd

slbd vdmg, mhdgtm`lk hltl irab natf plrtm`mplgts lgh agtrak ar abplrmsag eraups sfaukh nd akkd`tdh

wfdgdvdr passmnkd. Hltl akkd`tmag aitdg agtmguds dvdg litdr plrtm`mplgts lrd ga kagedr plrt ai tfd praerlb. Mt

ms mbpartlgt ta blp aut tfd tmbmge ai hltl àkkd`tmag ta dgsurd tfd ndst passmnkd dvlkultmag.

Ppd`mim` Eumhlg`d? Hltl @akkd`tmag L`tmvmtmds

Mhdgtmiy hltl saur`ds iar lkk bdlsurds, ls wdkk ls tfd typd ai hltl ta nd àkkd`tdh lkage wmtf faw tfdy wmkk nd

àkkd`tdh. Hds`rmptmags sfaukh àvdr hltl iar praerlb plrtm`mplgts ls wdkk ls àgtrak ar àbplrmsag eraup

bdbndrs.

Dstlnkmsf l nlsdkmgd stltus iar praerlb plrtm`mplgts lgh agtrak ar àbplrmsag eraup bdbndrs. Nlsdkmgd hltl

lrd mbpartlgt iar lssdssmge flged mg plrtm`mplgts avdr tmbd. Hds`rmnd wfdg tfd àkkd`tmag ai nlsdkmgd hltl wmkk

a`ùr. Lksa, hmsùss wfdtfdr tfd nlsdkmgd bdlsurds ndmge usdh lrd abplrlnkd iar natf praerlb plrtm`mplgts

lgh agtrak ar abplrmsag eraup bdbndrs.

Hltl bly nd àkkd`tdh ny tfd dvlkultmag tdlb, ny praod`t stlii, ar ny sabd atfdr plrty. Mghm`ltd wfa wmkk àkkd`t

lkk hltl usdh mg tfd dvlkultmag. Gatd tfd rakd ai praod`t stlii bdbndrs mg rdkltmag ta tfd hltl àkkd`tmag pra`dss.

Mi lhbmgmstrltmvd hltl wmkk nd usdh, spd`miy tfd saur`d(s) lgh lvlmklnmkmty ai tfd hltl, lgh tfd dvlkultmag tdlbs

dxpdrmdg`d warcmge wmtf tflt typd ai mgiarbltmag.

Hds`rmnd tfd wly mg wfm`f hltl lrd ta nd àkkd`tdh. Ppd`miy mi hltl wmkk nd àkkd`tdh tfrauef lhbmgmstrltmvd

rdàrhs, praerlb systdbs, ar tfrauef mgstrubdgts spd`mim`lkky rdltdh iar tfd purpasd. Iar dxlbpkd, wmkk


Pdd Zdtt, Kl`cdy lgh Pukkmvlg

(>::0) iar l hmsùssmag ai

dxpkarltary il`tar lglkysms.

Pdd Nrawg (>::9) iar bard

mgiarbltmag ag àgimrbltary

il`tar lglkysms.


28/68



plrtm`mplgts abpkdtd survdys, wmkk praod`t stlii blmgtlmg rdàrhs tflt wmkk nd usdh, ar wmkk lhbmgmstrltmvd hltl

su`f ls l`lhdbm` trlgs`rmpts nd usdh1 Mt ms kmcdky tflt sabd àbnmgltmag ai diiarts wmkk nd rdqumrdh ta `lpturd

lkk tfd hltl tfd bdlsurds wlrrlgt.

Xfd wly mg wfm`f hltl lrd àkkd`tdh bly gat nd mhdgtm`lk iar natf praerlb plrtm`mplgts lgh àgtrak ar

àbplrmsag eraup bdbndrs, nut mhdlkky tfd slbd hltl wmkk nd akkd`tdh l`rass natf eraups. Mghm`ltd lgy

hmiidrdg`ds mg hltl akkd`tmag ndtwddg tfd twa eraups, mg`kuhmge saur`ds, bdlgs ai hltl akkd`tmag, lgh wfa

wmkk akkd`t tfd hltl.

Imglkky, mg`kuhd l tmbdkmgd autkmgmge tfd hltl ta nd àkkd`tdh lt vlrmaus pamgts (iar dxlbpkd, wflt hltl lrd

àkkd`tdh prmar ta praerlb plrtm`mpltmag, hurmge, lgh litdr). Mghm`ltd dxpd`tdh slbpkd smzds lt vlrmaus pamgts mg

tmbd mg tfd hltl akkd`tmag pra`dss.

Ptltmstm`lk Lglkysms ai Mbpl`ts

Xa dgsurd tfd stragedst passmnkd dvmhdg`d rdsukts irab tfd dvlkultmag, tfd arrd`t stltmstm`lk lglkysms td`fgmquds

bust nd dbpkaydh. Xfd stltmstm`lk td`fgmqud fasdg wmkk hdpdgh ag tfd typds ai rdsdlr`f qudstmags lgh

autàbds ar mbpl`ts spd`mimdh mg tfd rdsdlr`f hdsmeg3 tfdy wmkk lksa hdpdgh ag tfd typd(s) lgh qulgtmty ai hltl

àkkd`tdh. Iar dxlbpkd?

Ptuhmds tflt àkkd`t hltl l`rass tmbd wmkk gddh ta usd stltmstm`lk bahdks tflt lrd lppraprmltd iar su`f

hltl (d.e., imxdh diid`ts bahdks)3

^dsdlr`f hdsmegs wmtf abplrmsag eraups bly gddh ta stltmstm`lkky agtrak iar lttrmnutds ai eraup

bdbndrs (d.e., rderdssmag bahdks)3 lgh

Hdsmegs tflt mgvakvd gdstdh hltl, su`f ls stuhdgts wmtfmg `klssraabs wmkk gddh bahdks tflt flghkd tflt

typd ai mgtdrl`tmag (d.e., fmdrlr`fm`lk kmgdlr bahdks).

Hmiidrdgt typds ai hltl wmkk lksa gd`dssmtltd hmiidrdgt stltmstm`lk bahdks. Iar dxlbpkd, hdtdrbmgmge mi sabdagd

usds bard ar kdss sdrvm`d litdr praerlb plrtm`mpltmag mbpkmds tflt tfd autàbdbdlsurd vlrmds lkage l agtmguaus spd`trub (m.d., gubndr ai vmsmts ar sdrvm`d

utmkmzltmags). Xfms typd ai qudstmag waukh rdqumrd tfd usd ai l bahdk tflt imts

tfms typd ai hltl lgh tflt lg lksa lhdqultdky tlcd mgta l`àugt atfdr il`tars

ndsmhds praerlb plrtm`mpltmag (mhdlkky) ta ls`drtlmg tfd mbpl`t ai praerlb

plrtm`mpltmag ag tfd gubndr ai vmsmts (d.e., l kmgdlrrderdssmagar rdkltdh

bahdk). @agvdrsdky, mi tfd autàbd ai mgtdrdst ms wfdtfdr ar gat l stuhdgt

dgrakkdh mg akkded, tfd autàbd fls agky twa ltdearmds (dgrakkdh ar hmh gat

dgrakk), lgh tfd stltmstm`lk bahdk bust nd lppraprmltd iar tflt typd ai

`ltdearm`lk hltl (d.e., l kaemstm` rderdssmag ar rdkltdh bahdk).

Bard hdtlmks ag spd`mim`, abbagky usdh stltmstm`lk bahdks lrd hdtlmkdh mg Xlnkd < mg Lppdghmx @ (Dxlbpkdslgh Xdbpkltds) ai tfms haùbdgt.

Mgtdgt ta Xrdlt (MXX) lgh Xrdltbdgt ag Xrdltdh (XAX) Lglkysms Irlbdwarcs

Xwa blmg pdrspd`tmvds dxmst iar eumhmge lglkysms mg dvlkultmags. Mi tfd prapasdh stuhy fls l rlghabmzdh

ndtwddg-eraups hdsmeg, lgmgtdgt-ta-trdlt(MXX) irlbdwarc ms sueedstdh (tfauef gat rdqumrdh). Xfms

irlbdwarc stlrts wmtf tfd prdbmsd tflt lglkytm`lkky, dvlkultars lrd lssdssmge autàbds nlsdh ag praerlb

àbpagdgts rltfdr tflg plrtm`mplgt dxpdrmdg`d. Xfms irlbdwarc ms usdiuk nd`lusd mt (::=) iar mgiarbltmag ag

`luslk mgidrdg`d lgh

mgstrubdgtlk vlrmlnkds

irlbdwarc mg XAX

rlghabmzdh `kmgm`lk trmlks.


29/68



ta abplrd tfd autàbds ai plrtm`mplgts (ar eraups ai plrtm`mplgts) ndtwddg

tfasd wfa wdrd lssmegdh ta rd`dmvd praerlb sdrvm`ds lgh tfasd wfa wdrd gat

lssmegdh ta tfd praerlb, lgh (>) edgdrltds lg ugnmlsdh dstmbltd ai tfd

lvdrled praerlb diid`t iar plrtm`mplgts aiidrdh tfd praerlb. Xfd MXX

irlbdwarc ms aitdg usdh nd`lusd tfd mbpl`t dstmbltd ms tfd agd tflt ms aitdg ai

bast mgtdrdst ta pakm`yblcdrs (Nkaab, >::4).

Fawdvdr, mg prl`tm`d, mgtdrvdgtmags lrd bard kmcdky ta nd mbpkdbdgtdh wmtfvlrymge hderdds ai imhdkmty ta tfd mgtdghdh mbpkdbdgtltmag pklg. Pmbmklrky,

kdvdks ai plrtm`mpltmag lg rlged irab plrtm`mplgts gat tlcmge plrt lt lkk ta

tfasd abpkdtmge lkk lspd`ts ai l praerlb. Xfd ugnmlsdh dstmbltd irab lg MXX lglkysms irlbdwarc wmkk rdikd`t

tfms rlged. Iar tfms rdlsag, tfd mbpl`t dstmbltd irab tfd MXX ms aitdg agsmhdrdh tfd bast pakm`y rdkdvlgt

nd`lusd mt ms nlsdh ag tfd dxpdrmbdgtlk stru`turd ai tfd hltl (m.d., rdsukts hdpdgh upag dmtfdr plrtm`mpltmge, lt

lgy kdvdk, ar gat lt lkk).

Xfdtrdltbdgt-ag-trdltdh(XAX) lglkysms, wfm`f ms nlsdh ag wflt plrtm`mplgts l`tulkky dxpdrmdg`d, bust

typm`lkky nd antlmgdh irab lg dxtdgsmag ai tfd gag-dxpdrmbdgtlk stru`turd ai tfd hltl (Nkaab, >::4). Bardavdr,

tfd ugnmlsdh dstmbltd ai l praerlbs diid`t ag lg autàbd `lg nd àbprabmsdh ny gag-rlghab bmssmge hltlag tfd autàbd. Xfms passmnmkmty, lgh faw mt wmkk nd flghkdh mi mt a`ùrs, sfaukh nd lhhrdssdh mg tfd dvlkultmag

pklg ughdr bmssmge hltl.

@agvdrsdky, XAX lglkysms typm`lkky rdqumrds tfd dvlkultar ta lglkyzd hltl akkd`tdh ag mghmvmhulks nlsdh ag

tfdmr kdvdk ai praerlb plrtm`mpltmag. Nd`lusd praerlb plrtm`mplgts sdki-sdkd`t tfdmr kdvdk ai praerlb

plrtm`mpltmag, lglkysds tflt dstmbltd praerlb mbpl`ts l`àrhmge ta tfdsd kdvdks lrd ny glturd qulsm-

dxpdrmbdgtlk.

Ppd`mim` Eumhlg`d? Hltl Lglkysms

Apdg tfd stltmstm`lk lglkysms sd`tmag ai tfd dvlkultmag pklg ny hds`rmnmge tfd MXX lglkysms irlbdwarc lgh tfdghds`rmnmge mi tfms irlbdwarc wmkk nd suppkdbdgtdh wmtf lgatfdr irlbdwarc, su`f ls XAX. Iar hdsmegs tflt

iarb eraups tfrauef atfdr lppral`fds, su`f ls blt`fmge, tfd prmg`mpkd ai ndemggmge wmtf lg MXX irlbdwarc

stmkk lppkmds lgh sfaukh nd rdikd`tdh mg tfd dvlkultmag pklg. Iar dxlbpkd, wfdg blt`fmge ms usdh ta iarb

eraups prmar ta praerlb hdkmvdry, mghmvmhulks (ar eraups ai mghmvmhulks) sfaukh nd lglkyzdh mg tfd eraups

tfdy wdrd mg lt tfd tmbd ai blt`fmge.

Zravmhd kdlr hdtlmks ai tfd hltl lglkysms usdh ta hdtdrbmgd praerlb diid`ts. Hds`rmnd tfd typds ai stltmstm`lk

lglkysms ta nd ughdrtlcdg, spd`miymge hds`rmptmvd lglkysms lgh/ar mgidrdgtmlk lglkysms ls lppraprmltd. Mg`kuhd

hds`rmptmags ai stltmstm`lk bahdks. Gatd tfdàvlrmltdstfd `flrl`tdrmstm`s ar vlrmlnkds tflt wmkk nd usdh mg tfd

bahdk mg tfd hmsùssmag, lgh kdlrky hdkmgdltd tfd slbpkd (iukk ar plrtmlk3 mg`kuhmge lgtm`mpltdh smzd) ta nd

usdh iar dl`f lglkysms.

Kmst lgh hds`rmnd tfd stltmstm`lk pra`dhurds ta nd usdh mg lglkysms (iar dxlbpkd, hds`rmnd tfd AKP rderdssmag,

kaemstm` rderdssmag, LGAYL, ar wfltdvdr bahdk imts tfd lglkysms pklg ndst). Xlnkd < (mg tfd Dxlbpkds lgh

Xdbpkltds sd`tmag SLppdghmx @R lt tfd dgh ai tfms haùbdgt) kmsts abbag stltmstm`lk bahdks usdh mg

dvlkultmag hdsmeg lkage wmtf dxlbpkds ai tfdmr lppkm`ltmag. Xfd rdlsags wfy pra`dhurds wdrd sdkd`tdh,

mg`kuhmge tfd stuhy hdsmeg lgh autàbd(s) agsmhdrdh, sfaukh lksa nd hds`rmndh. Mbpartlgtky, tfd stltmstm`lk

pra`dhurds prapasdh bust lkmeg wmtf tfd rdsdlr`f qudstmags, lgh arrdspagh ta tfd pawdr lglkysms usdh ta

hdtdrbmgd tfd bmgmbub slbpkd smzd.


Bard mgiarbltmag ag lgh

dxlbpkds ai stltmstm`lk

lglkysms `lg nd iaugh ag tfd

T@KL stltmstm`lk abputmge

wdnsmtd?

fttp?//www.lts.u`kl.dhu/stlt/dxlbpkds/hdilukt.ftb.
http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/examples/default.htmhttp://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/examples/default.htmhttp://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/examples/default.htmhttp://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/examples/default.htmhttp://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/examples/default.htm


30/68



Xfd dvlkultmag pklg sfaukh nd `kdlr ag tfd kdvdk ai stltmstm`lk lglkysms (d.e., mghmvmhulk ar smtd) lgh tfms lglkysms

sfaukh nd lt tfd slbd kdvdk ls tfd rlghab lssmegbdgt ar blt`fmge (d.e., mghmvmhulk ar smtd). Xfd lglkysms gddhs

ta blt`f tfd kdvdk ai lssmegbdgt mg arhdr ta dgsurd tflt dvlkultars ha gat blcd lg drragdaus mgidrdg`d lnaut

tfd stltmstm`lk smegmim`lg`d ai tfd praerlb diid`t (m.d., ls`rmnmge l trdltbdgt mbpl`t ag mghmvmhulks wfmkd

lglkyzmge praerlb smtds mg leerdeltd). Iurtfdr, tfd dvlkultmag pklg sfaukh mg`kuhd tfd spd`mim`ltmag ai tfd

stltmstm`lk bahdk usdh ta dstmbltd tfd praerlb diid`t, mg`kuhmge tfd lhhmtmag ai lgy avlrmltds, wdmefts, ar

atfdr lhoustbdgts. Zravmhd tfd lssubptmags blhd mg tfd bahdk lgh mghm`ltd wfdtfdr lgy ai tfdsd lssubptmags

lrd kmcdky ta nd vmakltdh. Iar qulsm-dxpdrmbdgtlk lgh prd-dxpdrmbdgtlk stuhmds, tfd dvlkultmag pklg sfaukh lksa

mg`kuhd l hdtlmkdh hmsùssmag ai tfd stltmstm`lk bdtfahs usdh ta agtrak iarsdkd`tmag nmlsag ansdrvdh

`flrl`tdrmstm`s arrdkltdh wmtf tfd autàbds ai mgtdrdst.

Bmssmge Hltl

Mt ms ta nd dxpd`tdh tflt sabd plrtm`mplgts (ar àgtrak ar àbplrmsag eraup bdbndrs) bly hrap aut ai tfd

stuhy, tfd praerlb, ar atfdrwmsd ndàbd mbpassmnkd ta àgtl`t. Xfms `rdltds bmssmge hltl, ar fakds mg tfd

àkkd`tdh hltl, tflt gddh ta nd hdlkt wmtf mg arhdr iar l stltmstm`lkky saugh lglkysms ta tlcd pkl`d. Ufdg

rdsdlr`fdrs lgh dvlkultars rdidr ta bmssmge hltl, tfdy edgdrlkky lrd rdidrrmge ta mgiarbltmag tflt wls gat

àkkd`tdh, nut àukh flvd nddg.

Bmssmge hltl `lg nd l prankdb wfdg trymge ta ughdrstlgh tfd diid`ts ai l praerlb. Iar dxlbpkd, mi agky flki ai

lkk plrtm`mplgts abpkdtd lg dgtmrd praerlb, nut lkk ai tfdb sfaw pasmtmvd flged, mt rdblmgs ug`kdlr mi tfd

mbpl`t ms hud ta tfd praerlb ar mi mt ms hud ta tfd `flrl`tdrmstm`s ai tfd pdapkd wfa àbpkdtdh tfd praerlb. Mi

gatfmge ms cgawg lnaut tfd pdapkd wfa hmh gat àbpkdtd tfd praerlb, mt waukh nd hmiimùkt ta sly wmtf

`drtlmgty tflt lgy flged iaugh lbage plrtm`mplgts wls hud ta praerlb plrtm`mpltmag.

Ppd`mim` Eumhlg`d? Bmssmge Hltl

Xfd dvlkultmag pklg sfaukh hds`rmnd faw lttrmtmag rltds wmkk nd `lkùkltdh, natf iar tfd stuhy ls l wfakd (mg

edgdrlk, tlcmge mgta l`àugt tfd gubndr ai plrtm`mplgts wfa wdrd agtmguausky plrt ai tfd stuhy vdrsus tfdgubndr ai plrtm`mplgts wfa wdrd plrt ai tfd stuhy agky hurmge l plrtmùklr, trug`ltdh pdrmah ai tmbd). Pmbmklr

ta tfd avdrlkk lttrmtmag rltd, hmiidrdgtmlk lttrmtmag rltds, ar tfd rltds lt wfm`f plrtmùklr suneraups (d.e., bdg

vdrsus wabdg) àgtmgud ta tlcd plrt mg tfd stuhy ar gat, sfaukh lksa nd lhhrdssdh mg tfd pklg. Xfd pklg sfaukh

hds`rmnd faw rukds wmkk nd àgstru`tdh iar hd`mhmge faw kage plrtm`mplgts flvd nddg mg tfd praerlb mg arhdr

iar tfdb ta àugt ls flvmge abpkdtdh tfd praerlb ar gat, ar, mi lppraprmltd, wflt agstmtutds tfd vlrmaus

lbaugts ai praerlb dxpasurd ar àbpkdtmag.

Xa mkkustrltd, mt bly pravd usdiuk ta abplrd plrtm`mplgts wfa abpkdtdh lg dgtmrd praerlb wmtf plrtm`mplgts

wfa abpkdtdh plrt ai tfd praerlb, ls wdkk ls tfd agtrak ar abplrmsag eraup ta ndttdr ughdrstlgh faw

hmiidrdgt lbaugts ai dxpasurd ar plrtm`mpltmag liid`t autàbds. Cddpmge trl`c ai natf lnsakutd lgh hmiidrdgtmlk

lttrmtmag lg lksa nd fdkpiuk iar mbpkdbdgtltmag dvlkultmag, taa. Xflt ms, cgawmge wfdg plrtm`mplgts kdlvd lpraerlb bly fdkp mhdgtmiy lgy strdgetfs ar wdlcgdssds ai tfd praerlb.

Pabdtmbds, nut gat mg dvdry `lsd, lhoustbdgts lrd blhd ta hltl ta lhoust iarnmlsdsrdkltdh ta bmssmge hltl.

Hds`rmnd lgy pra`dhurds pklggdh iar lhoustmge hltl ta lssdss lgh/ar hdlk wmtf tfdsd nmlsds mg tfd hltl. Mg

plrtmùklr, lgy usd ai buktmpkd mbputltmag, tfd rdpkl`dbdgt ai bmssmge hltl wmtf sunstmtutdh vlkuds, sfaukh nd

dxpklmgdh iukky lgh kdlrky. Hltl ag autàbds ai mgtdrdst sfaukh gdvdr nd mbputdh, fawdvdr.


31/68



Ppd`mim` Eumhlg`d? Buktmpkd Autàbd Bdlsurds

Hds`rmnd tfd wlys mg wfm`f tfd dvlkultmag hdsmeg wmkk tlcd mgta l`àugt tfd

usd ai, lgh patdgtmlk prankdbs rdkltdh ta tfd usd ai, buktmpkd autàbd

bdlsurds. Ufdg buktmpkd autàbd bdlsurds lrd spd`mimdh, dvlkultars gddh ta

nd `lrdiuk ai drrars tflt bly hdvdkap mg àbplrmge tfdb. Mi tfdrd lrd buktmpkd

rdkltdh agimrbltary qudstmags, ar l smgekd agimrbltary qudstmag dvlkultdh

usmge buktmpkd autàbds, hdtlmk tfd lhoustbdgts ta nd blhd ta lglkysds tardhu`d tfd kmcdkmfaah ai l Xypd-M drrar (mgàrrd`tky rdod`tmge l fypatfdsms tflt

ms mg il`t àgimrbdh) a`ùrrmge. Xd`fgmquds tflt `lg nd usdh ta lhoust iar su`f l passmnmkmty lrd tfd arhdrmge ai

buktmpkd autàbds (prmblry, sdàghlry, dt`.) lgh l`àrhmgeky lhoustmge tfdp-vlkudsiar dl`f autàbd, tfd usd

ai l stltmstm`lk pra`dhurd su`f ls l Nagidrragm lhoustbdgt, ar usmge BLGAYL mi tfdrd lrd buktmpkd autàbds.


Pdd Nklcdsky, dt lk. (>::=) ag

buktmpkd autàbd bdlsurds mg

dvlkultmaglt

fttp?//www.g`nm.gkb.gmf.eav/

pb`/lrtm`kds/ZB@0:84644/.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3045855/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3045855/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3045855/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3045855/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3045855/


32/68


gltmaglksdrvm`d.eav/PMI >=

Y. Fublg Punod`ts Zratd`tmag

Mg edgdrlk, PMI-iughdh dvlkultmags (lgh atfdr idhdrlkky-iughdh dvlkultmags) wmkk rdqumrd dmtfdr Mgstmtutmaglk

^dvmdw Nalrh (M^N) lppravlk, ar lg dxpklgltmag ai wfy M^N lppravlk ms gat gddhdh/lppraprmltd iar tfd

prapasdh stuhy. Dvlkultmag pklgs edgdrlkky gddh ta nd hdsmegdh ta bddt stlghlrhs iar fublg sunod`ts

pratd`tmag mi tfdy usd mghmvmhulk kdvdk hltl akkd`tdh irab pdapkd (wfdtfdr plrtm`mplgts, agtraks ar

àbplrmsag eraups) tflt àukh nd pdrsaglkky mhdgtmimlnkd. Mi tfd dvlkultmag àkkd`ts gdw hltl irab fublgsunod`ts, mt ms kmcdky tflt tfd dvlkultmag pklg wmkk gddh ta mg`kuhd faw tfd praerlb ar dvlkultar wmkk antlmg

lppravlk iar tfd hltl àkkd`tmag pra`dss irab lg M^N. Mi tfd hltl fls lkrdlhy nddg àkkd`tdh, iar dxlbpkd, irab

l prdvmausky dxmstmge survdy, M^N lppravlk bly gat nd gddhdh. Fawdvdr, mt ms lkwlys l eaah mhdl ta antlmg l

wlmvdr irab lg M^N stltmge tflt fublg sunod`ts pratd`tmag wls gat gddhdh. Xfms ms plrtmùklrky usdiuk mi, mg

tfd iuturd, tfd rdsukts wmkk nd sunbmttdh ta `drtlmg pddr-rdvmdwdh oaurglks. M^N lppravlk ms gat gddhdh iar hltl

tflt ms gat àkkd`tdh lt tfd kdvdk ai tfd mghmvmhulk pdrsag. Iar dxlbpkd, imglg`mlk hltl, fausmge àbpkdtmags, ar

oans `rdltdh lt lg arelgmzltmag waukh gat gddh M^N lppravlk ta nd àkkd`tdh ar lglkyzdh.

Xfd spd`mim` mgiarbltmag rdqumrdh ny lg M^N bly vlry, fawdvdr. Edgdrlkky, tfd lppkm`ltmag wmkk mg`kuhd l

hds`rmptmag ai tfd stuhy, slbpkmge bdtfahs, hltl akkd`tmag bdtfahs lgh mgstrubdgts, lgh typds ai lglkysms ta

nd àghu`tdh. Mi gddhdh, mt bly mg`kuhd tfd oustmim`ltmag iar àkkd`tmge hltl irab vukgdrlnkd papukltmags. Mi

mgiarbdh agsdgtms rdqumrdh, tfd M^N lppkm`ltmag wmkk kmcdky lsc iar tfd typd ai àgsdgt, ls wdkk ls pra`dhurds

lgh haùbdgts ta nd usdh mg antlmgmge mgiarbdh àgsdgt. Imglkky, tfd M^N wmkk nd mgtdrdstdh mg faw tfd

pdrsaglkky mhdgtmimlnkd hltl wmkk nd flghkdh lgh sdùrdky stardh, ls wdkk ls wfdg lgh faw tfd hltl wmkk nd

hdstraydh.

Ppd`mim` Eumhlg`d? Fublg Punod`ts Zratd`tmag

Ptltd faw Fublg Punod`ts Zratd`tmag wmkk nd dgsurdh lgh wfdtfdr ar gat M^N lppravlk wmkk nd gd`dsslry. Mi

M^N lppravlk wmkk gat nd saueft, dxpklmg wfy.

Mi tfd dvlkultmag mg`kuhds pdrsaglkky mhdgtmimlnkd hltl, tfdg tfd dvlkultmag pklg sfaukh mg`kuhd tfd iakkawmge?

Xfd glbd ai tfd M^N tflt wmkk nd usdh3

Xfd typd ai lppravlk saueft3

Xfd pra`dss usdh ny tfd glbdh M^N iar sdùrmge tfd lppravlk3

Uflt hltl wmkk nd sunod`t ta mgiarbdh àgsdgt3 lgh

Lg avdrvmdw ai faw mgiarbdh agsdgt wmkk nd antlmgdh.

Mg lhhmtmag, M^N lppravlk edgdrlkky klsts iar l spd`mim` pdrmah ai tmbd, lgh tflt tmbd sfaukh nd hds`rmndh lgh

àgiarb ta tfd dvlkultmag tmbdkmgd sunbmttdh.

Xfd M^N lppravlk pra`dss hads tlcd tmbd lgh tfdrd bly nd lssa`mltdh àsts ls wdkk. @fd`c wmtf tfd M^N yau

pklg ta usd hurmge yaur dvlkultmag pklg hdvdkapbdgt ta imgh aut mts tmbdkmgd lgh wfdtfdr tfdrd lrd àsts.

Mg`kuhd tmbmge lgh ast mgiarbltmag mg tfd dvlkultmag pklg tmbdkmgd lgh nuhedt.


33/68


gltmaglksdrvm`d.eav/PMI 0:

YM. ^dpartmge Ptrltdey, Xmbdkmgd, lgh Nuhedt

Avdrvmdw

Xfd rdpartmge strltdey, tmbdkmgd, lgh nuhedt lrd rmtm`lk abpagdgts ai tfd dvlkultmag pklg. Xfd pra`dss ai

lkmegmge tfdsd abpagdgts wmtf tfd td`fgm`lk lspd`ts ai yaur dvlkultmag hdsmeg wmkk fdkp yau hdtdrbmgd

wfdtfdr yaur dvlkultmag ms l`tulkky idlsmnkd. Mg lhhmtmag, tfdy pravmhd tfd rdlhdr wmtf cdy mgiarbltmagrdelrhmge faw tfd pklg wmkk l`tulkky nd mbpkdbdgtdh lgh bagmtardh.

^dpartmge Ptrltdey

Xfd iaùs ai lg dvlkultmag rdpartmge strltdey ms ta dgsurd tflt tmbdky mgiarbltmag ms lvlmklnkd iar hd`msmag

blcmge lt cdy pamgts mg tfd praerlbs praerdss. Xfdsd cdy pamgts wmkk kmcdky lkmeg wmtf tfd praerlb kaem`

bahdk. Ufmkd tfd sd`tmags lnavd flvd autkmgdh faw tfd praerlb wmkk antlmg lgh lglkyzd mgiarbltmag rmtm`lk

iar lssdssmge tfd mbpkdbdgtltmag lgh autàbds ar mbpl`ts ai tfd praerlb, tfd rdpartmge strltdey wmkk dxpklmg

faw tfd mgiarbltmag wmkk nd hmssdbmgltdh.

Mg hdvdkapmge tfd rdpartmge strltdey, iaùs ag wflt cdy mgiarbltmag ms gddhdh ny hd`msmag blcdrs mg`kuhmgearelgmzltmag stlii, ls wdkk ls iughdrs, nalrh bdbndrs lgh atfdrs mgvdstdh mg tfd autàbd ai tfd praerlb.

Xfdg, hdvdkap l sdrmds ai rdparts tflt bddt tfdsd mgiarbltmag gddhs lgh lrd lkmegdh wmtf tfd dvlkultmag

tmbdkmgd (m.d., wflt hltl ms lvlmklnkd lt tfasd pamgts). Mi tfd kaem` bahdk pdrbmts, mt ms aitdg usdiuk ta lkmeg tfd

dvlkultmag tmbdirlbd wmtf tfd tmbmge ai mgiarbltmag gddhs. Xflt wly, tfd dvlkultmag lg nd tfd bast usdiuk. Mt

ms kmcdky tflt lt kdlst l nlsdkmgd lgh imglk rdpart wmkk nd gddhdh. Mgtdrbdhmltd rdparts lrd vlkulnkd mi tfdrd lrd

smegmim`lgt bagmtarmge ar hltl akkd`tmag pamgts lkage tfd wly. Mi tfd dvlkultmag ms buktm-ydlr, tfdg lg lggulk

rdpart bmeft mg`kuhd tfd smegmim`lgt bmkdstagds iar tflt ydlr lgh àukh augt ls tfd mgtdrbdhmltd rdpart.

Pmg`d praerlbs aitdg lrd rdqumrdh ta rdpart ta iughdrs lgh nalrhs ag buktmpkd dvlkultmag l`tmvmtmds, mt ms eaah

prl`tm`d iar dvlkultars ta àbpkdtd rdparts ai dl`f àbpagdgt ai tfd stuhy ls tfdy a`ùr (iar natf

mbpkdbdgtltmag lgh mbpl`t dvlkultmag). Xfms sfaukh nd plrt ai tfd dvlkultars sàpd ai warc lgh wmkk lkkaw

yau ta flvd tfd bast rd`dgt mgiarbltmag lvlmklnkd iar hd`msmag blcmge, ta bagmtar tfd dvlkultmag, lgh ta nd

prdplrdh iar rdpartmge ta erlgtars. Dvlkultmag l`tmvmty rdparts aukh mg`kuhd tfd iakkawmge?

^dpart subblrmzmge tfd hdsmeg3

Pubblry ai mgstrubdgt hdvdkapbdgt3

Hdtlmkdh hds`rmptmag ai faw slbpkmge wls hagd, mg`kuhmge gubndrs ai àgtraks lgh plrtm`mplgts lgh

lgy mssud(s) dgàugtdrdh3

^dpart ag dl`f hltl àkkd`tmag, mg`kuhmge dl`f mgstrubdgt usdh, faw blgy wdrd àkkd`tdh, irab wfab

(smtds, agtraks, plrtm`mplgts, gubndr abpkdtdh), lgh wfdg3 lgh

Hdtlmkdh rdpart ai hltl lglkysms aghu`tdh, mg`kuhmge lgy mssuds tflt lrasd ar hdvmltmags irab tfdarmemglk lglkysms pklg lgh subblrmds ai rdsukts ta hltd.

Ppd`mim` Eumhlg`d? ^dpartmge

Kmst lkk rdparts tflt wmkk nd prahu`dh lkage wmtf hltds. Ppd`miy faw dl`f rdpart lkmegs wmtf tfd dvlkultmag pklg

(d.e., nlsdkmgd, mgtdrbdhmltd, imglk) lgh wflt smegmim`lgt l`tmvmtmds wmkk nd mg`kuhdh (d.e., iakkaw up hltl

àkkd`tmag). Kmst tfd bloar sd`tmags ai tfd rdpart lgh wflt tfdy wmkk àvdr. Nd surd ta rdpart ag mbpkdbdgtltmag

ls wdkk ls mbpl`t dvlkultmags.


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Ppd`mim` Eumhlg`d? Nuhedt

Xmbd Irlbd

Xfd dvlkultmag nuhedt sfaukh rdikd`t natf tfd tmbd lgh àsts tflt mt wmkk tlcd ta l`fmdvd tfd dvmhdg`d ealks

autkmgdh. Mi ùrrdgt eulrlgtddh iughmge ms agky iar plrt ai tflt tmbd, mhdgtmiy wfm`f partmags ai tfd nuhedt lrd

iughdh lgh wfm`f lrd praod`tdh.

Nuhedt @abpagdgts

Xfd dvlkultmag nuhedt sfaukh agtlmg faurs lgh asts ny pdrsag ar pasmtmag iar dl`f bloar stdp mg tfd

dvlkultmag, lgh iar lgy atfdr sdrvm`ds tfd dvlkultar ms pravmhmge, su`f ls td`fgm`lk lssmstlg`d iar praod`t stlii.

]aur nuhedt sfaukh lksa mhdgtmiy lgy atfdr hmrd`t àsts lssa`mltdh wmtf tfd dvlkultmag mg`kuhmge trlvdk,

prmgtmge, bltdrmlks lgh suppkmds, lgh abbugm`ltmags. Mghmrd`t lgh avdrfdlh asts sfaukh nd mg`kuhdh, dmtfdr

ny pravmhmge sdplrltd kmgds iar tfdb, ar ny kalhmge tfdb agta hmrd`t àsts. ]aur nuhedt sfaukh gatd wfm`f ai

tfdsd lppral`fds yau wmkk tlcd.

Mt bly nd usdiuk, plrtmùklrky mi yaur dvlkultmag pklg fls blgy àbpagdgts, ta hdvdkap (lgh mg`kuhd ls lg

lppdghmx) l Kdvdk ai Diiart (KAD) `flrt tflt mhdgtmimds faurs ny tlsc lgh sun-tlsc, ny pdrsag. Hdvdkapmge lhdtlmkdh KAD `flrt `lg tlcd tmbd, nut mt pravmhds l vlkulnkd taak ta `fd`c tflt yaur pklg ms idlsmnkd. Iar

dxlbpkd, lg KAD `flrt `lg tdkk yau wfdtfdr yaur praod`tdh gubndr ai hltl àkkd`tars wmkk flvd dgauef faurs

lvlmklnkd ta àkkd`t prd-mbpkdbdgtltmag hltl ndiard yaur praerlb stlrts, ar mi yau wmkk gddh ta flvd bard hltl

àkkd`tars warcmge lt tfd slbd tmbd.

L gatd lnaut nuhedtmge iar dvlkultmags?

Xfd lbaugt ai lg dvlkultmag nuhedt wmkk vlry hdpdghmge ag tfd spd`mim` hdsmeg sdkd`tdh, tfd gubndr ai smtds

lgh plrtm`mplgts, tfd bdlsurds prapasdh, tfd tmbdirlbd iar bdlsurdbdgt, tfd typd ai lglkysms prapasdh, tfd

gubndr lgh typd ai rdparts, lgh atfdr il`tars. Nuhedts irab l eraup ai 5: PMI dvlkultmags rd`dmvdh lvdrled

::


36/68



`lggat `aghu`t lg dvlkultmag tflt tlredts l bahdrltd kdvdk ai dvmhdg`d ls hdimgdh ny tfd PMI iar kdss tflg

$54,::: pdr ydlr.

Dvlkultmag asts lgh dvlkultmag-ta-praerlb nuhedt rltmas vlry nlsdh ag tfd stuhy hdsmeg fasdg lgh

mg`rdlsd wmtf hdsmegs tflt sddc ta dstlnkmsf luslk mbpl`t.

Xfd prm`d ai dvlkultmag eads up ls tfd kdvdk ai dvmhdg`d hdsmrdh eads up. Ptrage dvmhdg`d ms

hmsprapartmagltdky bard dxpdgsmvd. Agd hrmvmge il`tar ms wfdtfdr ar gat tfd stuhy ms aghu`tdh l`rassbuktmpkd smtds.

Lkk hdsmeg typds flvd tfd patdgtmlk ta nd dxpdgsmvd.


37/68



YMM. Dvlkultar \ulkmim`ltmags lgh Mghdpdghdg`d

Avdrvmdw

Dvlkultar qulkmim`ltmags lrd rmtm`lk ta l su``dssiuk dvlkultmag tflt wmkk strdgetfdg tfd kdvdk ai dvmhdg`d. L

smgekd dvlkultar ar l tdlb ai dvlkultars ms imgd, sa kage ls lkk tfd gd`dsslry scmkks lrd avdrdh. Ufdg sdkd`tmge

lg dvlkultar, mt fdkps mi tfd dvlkultar fls warcdh wmtf smbmklr praerlbs lgh fls hdbagstrltdh dxpdrmdg`d mgàghu`tmge tfd spd`mim` typd ai dvlkultmag hds`rmndh mg tfd dvlkultmag pklg.

Ppd`mim` Eumhlg`d? Dvlkultar \ulkmim`ltmags

Xfms sd`tmag sfaukh iaùs ag tfd praerlb dvlkultar lgh tfd dvlkultars nl`ceraugh lgh qulkmim`ltmags.

Dxpklmg wfy tfd dvlkultar wls sdkd`tdh, mg`kuhmge tfd dxtdgt ai tfd dvlkultars dxpdrmdg`d wmtf natf tfd

àgtdgt lrdl lgh tfd typd ai dvlkultmag. Xfms wmkk kmcdky mg`kuhd kmstmge tfd dvlkultars dxpdrmdg`d wmtf smbmklr

mgtdrvdgtmags lgh wmtf tfd typd ai @X ar\DHtflt tfd dvlkultmag ms usmge (d.e., lg ^@X mg wfm`f s`faaks,

rltfdr tflg stuhdgts, lrd rlghabky lssmegdh ta trdltbdgt ar agtrak). Kmst tfd cdy pdapkd hdsmegmge lgh

avdrsddmge tfd dvlkultmag lgh dgsurmge mts qulkmty lkage wmtf tfdmr dhu`ltmag/trlmgmge lgh typd lgh ydlrs ai

dxpdrmdg`d.

Ydrmiy tflt tfd dvlkultar lg flghkd tfd s`lkd lgh smzd ai tfd prapasdh dvlkultmag. Zravmhd lt kdlst agd

dxlbpkd ai lg dvlkultmag tflt ms smbmklr mg smzd, àbpkdxmty, lgh gubndr ai smtds. Hmsùss tfd dxpdrmdg`d tfd

dvlkultar fls mg blglemge smbmklr dvlkultmag prataàks (d.e., tfms typd ai slbpkmge, hltl akkd`tmag, lglkysms). Mi

rdkdvlgt, hads tfd dvlkultar flvd tfd `lpl`mty ta àghu`t lg dvlkultmag wmtf buktmpkd smtds l`rass l nralh

edaerlpfm` lrdl1

Ppd`mim` Eumhlg`d? Dvlkultar Mghdpdghdg`d

Mg`kuhd mgiarbltmag tflt hds`rmnds tfd mghdpdghdg`d ai tfd dvlkultar irab tfd praerlb. Xa l`fmdvd l fmef

qulkmty dvlkultmag, mt ms mbpartlgt tflt tfd dvlkultar flvd dgauef mghdpdghdg`d ta rdghdr lg fagdst lghugnmlsdh apmgmag ai tfd praerlbs autàbds lgh mbpl`ts. Fawdvdr, mt ms lksa mbpartlgt tflt tfd praod`t stlii

nd lnkd ta pravmhd tfd avdrsmeft gddhdh ta dgsurd tflt tfd dvlkultmag bddts dxpd`tdh stlghlrhs. Imglkky, mt ms

mbpartlgt tflt tfd dvlkultar gat flvd agikm`ts ai mgtdrdst rdelrhmge tfd dvlkultmag.

Xa lhhrdss tfdsd mssuds, pravmhd l hds`rmptmag ai tfd rdkltmagsfmp ndtwddg tfd praerlb lgh tfd dvlkultar, lgh

wflt stdps lrd ndmge tlcdg ta dgsurd mghdpdghdg`d lgh lkkdvmltd lgy lpplrdgt ar rdlk agikm`ts ai mgtdrdst. Mg

hamge tfms, mt ms mbpartlgt ta dxpklmg tfd stru`turd ai tfd rdkltmagsfmp ndtwddg tfd mgtdrvdgtmag lgh tfd

dvlkultmag, mg`kuhmge natf tfd rakd ai tfd praerlb stlii wmtf rdspd`t ta tfd dvlkultar. Xfms mg`kuhds

hdtdrbmgmge wfdtfdr tfd dvlkultar ms fmrdh ny tfd praerlb arelgmzltmag, lgh mi tflt dvlkultar ms lg dbpkaydd,

àgsuktlgt, ar autsmhd imrb. Mg lhhmtmag, wflt lrd tfd rdpartmge lgh imglg`mlk lrrlgedbdgts ndtwddg tfdpraerlb lgh tfd dvlkultar1 Ufa ms rdspagsmnkd iar emvmge hmrd`tmag lgh pravmhmge avdrsmeft1

Lhhrdss wfdtfdr ar gat tfdrd lrd àgikm`ts ai mgtdrdst rdkltdh ta tfd dvlkultmag. @agikm`ts ai mgtdrdst àukh nd

rdkltdh ta l plrt ai tfd praerlb, tfd dvlkultar, ar tfd rdkltmagsfmp ndtwddg tfd twa. Iar dxlbpkd, fls tfd

dvlkultar pklydh l rakd mg hdsmegmge tfd praerlb, ar ms tfd pdrsag supdrvmsmge tfd dvlkultar lksa rdspagsmnkd

iar praerlb mbpkdbdgtltmag lgh su``dss1 Mi tfdrd lrd àgikm`ts ai mgtdrdst, tfdy sfaukh nd hms`kasdh lgh

bdlsurds tlcdg ta bmtmeltd tfdb hmsùssdh.


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Mg tdrbs ai avdrsmeft, mg`kuhd l hds`rmptmag ai wfa, lt tfd praerlb kdvdk, ms rdvmdwmge dvlkultmag pklgs

pravmhdh ny tfd dvlkultar(s) lgh tfdmr qulkmim`ltmags ta ha sa. Mg lhhmtmag, tfd hds`rmptmag ai avdrsmeft sfaukh

hms`uss faw tfd praerlb wmkk blcd surd tflt tfd dvlkultar stlys ag s`fdhukd, prahu`ds tfd rdqumrdh

dvlkultmag prahu`ts (d.e., hdsmeg, mgstrubdgts, hltl, lglkysms, rdparts), lgh faw tfd mghmvmhulk(s) pravmhmge

avdrsmeft lg hdtdrbmgd tfd qulkmty ai tfd prahu`ts lgh wfdtfdr tfdy bddt stlghlrhs ai s`mdgtmim` dvmhdg`d

lgh agiarb ta rmearaus rdqumrdbdgts su`f ls tfasd dxpd`tdh ny tfd PMI.

Imglkky, tfd sd`tmag ag dvlkultar mghdpdghdg`d ms tfd pkl`d ta dxpklmg faw tfd imghmges wmkk nd rdkdlsdh. Ufltlrd tfd rakds ai tfd praerlb mg rdkdlsmge tfd dvlkultmag imghmges1 Hads tfd dvlkultar flvd tfd lnmkmty ta rdkdlsd

imghmges mghdpdghdgt ai tfd praerlb1 Faw wmkk lkk plrtmds dgsurd tflt imghmges lrd rdkdlsdh mg l tmbdky

blggdr1


39/68


L.::=) (Dhs.).Lppkmdh sa`mlk rdsdlr`f bdtfahs. Xfauslgh Alcs, @L? ûssdkk Pled.

Nklcdsky, ^., Blzubhlr, P., Hdw, B., Fau`c, Z., Xlge, E. ^dygakhs, @., & Nuttdrs, B. (>::=). @abplrmsags ai

bdtfahs iar buktmpkd fypatfdsms tdstmge mg gdurapsy`fakaem`lk rdsdlr`f. Gdurapsy`fakaey, >0(>)? >44-98.

Nkaab, F.P. (>::9).Xfd àrd lglkytm`s ai rlghabmzdh dxpdrmbdgts iar sa`mlk rdsdlr`f.(BH^@ Uarcmge

Zlpdr ag ^dsdlr`f Bdtfahakaey.) dtrmdvdh irab fttp?//www.bhr`.are/smtds/hdilukt/imkds/iukkQ400.phi.

Nkaab, F.P. (Dh.). (>::4). Kdlrgmge bard irab sa`mlk dxpdrmbdgts? Dvakvmge lglkytm` lppral`fds. Gdw ]arc? ûssdkk

Pled.

Naru`f, ^.I. (::9) @agimrbltary il`tar lglkysms iar lppkmdh rdsdlr`f.Gdw ]arc? Eumkiarh.

Mbndgs, E., & Kdbmdux, X. (>::6). ^derdssmag hmsàgtmgumty hdsmegs? L eumhd ta prl`tm`d. Oaurglk ai

Dàgabdtrm`s,(>), 9::8).U.C. Cdkkaee Iaughltmag kaem` bahdk eumhd.^dtrmdvdh irab

fttp?//www.wcci.are/cgawkdhed-`dgtdr/rdsaur`ds/>::9/:>/wc-cdkkaee-iaughltmag-kaem`-bahdk-

hdvdkapbdgt-eumhd.lspx

Cflghcdr, P.^., Caakwlk, E.N., & Plblh, F.L. (>:::=). Tsmge stltd tdsts mg dhu`ltmag dxpdrmbdgts?

L hmsùssmag ai tfd mssuds(G@DD >::=-:::=:::5).^lghabmzdh imdkh trmlks lgh mgtdrglk vlkmhmty? Gat sa ilst by irmdgh. Zrl`tm`lk Lssdssbdgt,

^dsdlr`f & Dvlkultmag. (::8). Dvlkultmag? L systdbltm` lppral`f (5tf dh.). Xfauslgh Alcs,

@L? Pled.

P`fa`fdt, Z., @aac, X., Hdcd, O., Mbndgs, E. Ka`cwaah, O.^., Zartdr, O., & Pbmtf, O. (>:


40/68


L.>

P`fa`fdt, Z._. (>::6l). Xd`fgm`lk bdtfahs rdpart? Eumhdkmgds iar buktmpkd tdstmge mg mbpl`t dvlkultmags (BZ^ ^didrdg`d

Ga.? 90::-::=).Ulsfmgetag, H@? Gltmaglk @dgtdr iar Dhu`ltmag Dvlkultmag lgh ^demaglk Lssmstlg`d,

Mgstmtutd ai Dhu`ltmag P`mdg`ds, T.P. Hdplrtbdgt ai Dhu`ltmag.

P`fa`fdt, Z._. (>::6n). Xfd kltd prdtdst prankdb mg rlghabmzdh `agtrak trmlks ai dhu`ltmag mgtdrvdgtmags (G@DD >::=-

8:00).Ulsfmgetag, H@? Gltmaglk @dgtdr iar Dhu`ltmag Dvlkultmag lgh ^demaglk Lssmstlg`d, Mgstmtutd ai

Dhu`ltmag P`mdg`ds, T.P. Hdplrtbdgt ai Dhu`ltmag.

P`fa`fdt, Z._., & @fmlge, F. (>::=). Dstmbltmag lgh Mhdgtmim`ltmag ai tfd @abpkmdr Lvdrled @luslk Diid`t Zlrlbdtdr mg

Dhu`ltmag ^@Xs (G@DD >::6-8:::>). Dxpdrmbdgtlk lgh qulsm-dxpdrmbdgtlk hdsmegs iar edgdrlkmzdh

`luslk mgidrdg`d.Nastag? Faueftag Bmiikmg.

Page, B., & Fdrblg, . (>:::6).UU@ pra`dhurds lgh stlghlrhs flghnaac (Ydrsmag >.:).^dtrmdvdh irab

fttp?//mds.dh.eav/g`dd/ww`/rdidrdg`ds/mha`vmdwdr/Ha`.lspx1ha`mh2


41/68


N.:::=).Plbpkmge l hmvdrsd luhmdg`d? Xmpsfddt #46.Tgmvdrsmty Zlrc, ZL? Zdgg Ptltd @aapdrltmvd

Dxtdgsmag. fttp?//dxtdgsmag.psu.dhu/dvlkultmag/phi/XP46.phi

Zmdr`d, P. (>::::).Pabd nlsm` mhdls ai slbpkmge.^dlhmge, Tgmtdh Cmgehab

fttp?//www.rdlhmge.l`.uc/ss`/g/rdsaur`ds/Ha`s/PabdQNlsm`QMhdlsQAiQPlbpkmge.phi

Dvlkultmag Lppral`f lgh Hltl @akkd`tmag

Erddgsdmh, K. (>:`-l868-==h6>i5:-8`>l-6h>8-

=l54`9=8=>4::=).Mssuds mg baugtmge rlghabmzdh dxpdrmbdgts mg dhu`ltmaglk rdsdlr`f lgh dvlkultmag.

Ekanlk Oaurglk ai Dhu`ltmaglk ^dsdlr`f, 6(), >5.

fttp?//www.ekanlkoaurglksdrmds.àb/mghdx/mghdx.pfp/eodr/lrtm`kd/vmdwImkd/4=/phi

Ckltt, O. & Xlykar-Zawdkk, D. (>::4).Pygtfdsms ai kmtdrlturd rdkltmvd ta tfd rdtraspd`tmvd prdtdst hdsmeg.Zrdsdgtdh lt

Lbdrm`lg Dvlkultmag Lssa`mltmag @agidrdg`d.

fttp?//àbb.dvlk.are/DYLK/ dsaur`ds/YmdwHaùbdgt/1HaùbdgtCdy2hh96ì05-5


42/68


43/68


N.0

Lkkmsag, Z. H. (>::=).Bmssmge hltl.Mg ^. D. Bmkkslp & L. Blyhdu-Akmvlrds (Dhs.), Xfd PLED Flghnaac ai

\ulgtmtltmvd Bdtfahs mg Zsy`fakaey(p. 5>-6=). Xfauslgh Alcs, @L? Pled Zunkm`ltmags Mg`.

fttp?//www.stltmstm`lkfarmzags.`ab/wp-`agtdgt/upkalhs/>:/:::/:), 0-


44/68


N.8

Iukk ^dvmdw @fd`ckmst

Dxdùtmvd Pubblry

Xfd iakkawmge mtdbs lrd nrmdiky hds`rmndh?

Xfd praerlb lgh mgtdghdh autàbds/mbpl`ts3

Xfd prmar rdsdlr`f3 Xfd tlredtdh kdvdk ai dvmhdg`d3

Xfd dvlkultmag hdsmeg mg`kuhmge àbplrmsag/àgtrak eraup lppral`f3

Xfd bdlsurds/mgstrubdgts3

Xfd prapasdh lglkysms lppral`fds3

Xfd dvlkultmag tmbmge/tmbdkmgd lgh nuhedt3 lgh,

Xfd dvlkultmag tdlb.

Zraerlb Nl`ceraugh lgh Zrankdb Hdimgmtmag

Xfd pakm`y mssud ar prankdb tfd praerlb ms hdsmegdh ta lhhrdss lgh wfy mt sfaukh nd lhhrdssdh ms su``mg`tky hds`rmndh.

Xfd mssud ar prankdb ms irlbdh nlsdh ag l rdvmdw ai rdsdlr`f. Xfd praerlb bahdk ms hds`rmndh nrmdiky mg tfd mgtrahu`tmag, lgh mg`kuhds cdy mgiarbltmag su`f ls wfa plrtm`mplgts wmkk nd, tfd

mgtdrvdgtmag kdvdk, lgh cdy autàbds.

Avdrvmdw ai Zrmar ^dsdlr`f

Zrmar rdsdlr`f àghu`tdh ag tfms praerlb ms su``mg`tky hds`rmndh.

Puiim`mdgt mgiarbltmag ms pravmhdh ta mhdgtmiy tfd prmar kdvdk ai dvmhdg`d lttlmgdh ny tfd praerlb .

Zrmar rdsdlr`f àghu`tdh ag smbmklr praerlbs ms su``mg`tky hds`rmndh.

Puiim`mdgt mgiarbltmag ms pravmhdh ta mhdgtmiy tfd prmar kdvdk ai dvmhdg`d lttlmgdh iar smbmklr praerlbs .

Kaem` Bahdk

Natf l glrrltmvd lgh l erlpfm`lk hmspkly tflt iakkaws tfd `flmg ai rdlsagmge lrd mg`kuhdh.

Xfd kaem` bahdk ag`dpts, mg`kuhmge lkk autàbds ta nd bdlsurdh, lrd kdlrky hdimgdh.

Faw tfd rdsaur`ds lgh l`tmvmtmds kdlh ta tfd autàbds ms hds`rmndh.

Agky lspd`ts hmrd`tky rdkltdh ta tfd tfdary ai flged lrd mg`kuhdh.

Mbpl`t \udstmags

Zraerlb mbpl`t qudstmags tflt tfd stuhy wmkk lhhrdss lrd `kdlrky stltdh.

Xfd qudstmags lrd àgsmstdgt wmtf tfd kaem` bahdks stltdh autàbds.

Mi tfdrd lrd buktmpkd qudstmags rdkltdh ta tfd slbd autàbd, àgimrbltary lgh dxpkarltary qudstmags lrd `kdlrky hdimgdh.

Xfd agimrbltary rdsdlr`f qudstmag(s) rdprdsdgt(s) tfd blmg mbpl`t qudstmag(s) iar tfd prmblry autàbd tflt tfd stuhy lg

lhhrdss wmtf l cgawg kdvdk ai stltmstm`lk prd`msmag (nlsdh ag stltmstm`lk pawdr).

\udstmags lhhrdss praerlbbltm` l`tmvmty mg tfd praerlb plrtm`mplgt eraup lgh, wfdg idlsmnkd, tfd àbplrmsag ar àgtrak eraup.

\udstmags lrd pfrlsdh su`f tflt eraups lg nd abplrdh ta ughdrstlgh gdt diid`t ai mgtdrvdgtmag lgh hmiidrdg`ds.

Mbpl`t qudstmags ha gat mg`kuhd mbpkdbdgtltmag qudstmags.


45/68


N.4

Mbpkdbdgtltmag \udstmags

Zraerlb mbpkdbdgtltmag qudstmags lrd `kdlrky stltdh.

Ufdg idlsmnkd, tfd mbpkdbdgtltmag qudstmags sfaukh lhhrdss tfd kdvdk ai praerlb-kmcd sdrvm`ds rd`dmvdh ny tfd abplrmsag

eraup.

Mbpkdbdgtltmag qudstmags ha gat mg`kuhd mbpl`t qudstmags.

Xfd àgtrmnutmag ta ughdrstlghmge tflt tfd dvlkultmag wmkk blcd ms `kdlrky stltdh.

@agtrmnutmag ai tfd Ptuhy

Xfd kdvdk ai dvmhdg`d tfd praerlb ms tlredtmge ms hds`rmndh.

Faw tfd prapasdh dvlkultmag bddts tfd `rmtdrml iar tfms kdvdk ai dvmhdg`d ms mg`kuhdh.

Mbpl`t Dvlkultmag Hdsmeg Pdkd`tmag

Xfd PDZ kdlrky mhdgtmimds tfd stuhy hdsmeg sdkd`tdh.

Xfd hds`rmptmag ai tfd hdsmeg hrlws upag prdvmaus rdsdlr`f ar kmtdrlturd, wfdrd lvlmklnkd.

Xfd PDZ prdsdgts l rltmaglkd iar tfd hdsmeg sdkd`tdh.

Xfd PDZ oustmimds tfd tlredt kdvdk ai dvmhdg`d nlsdh ag l hmsùssmag ai mgtdrglk lgh dxtdrglk stuhy vlkmhmty.

^lghabmzdh Ndtwddg-Eraups Hdsmeg (mi lppkm`lnkd)

Tgmt ai rlghab lssmegbdgt ms kdlrky mhdgtmimdh (lgh lkmegdh wmtf tfd ugmt ai lglkysms).

Zra`dhurds ta àghu`t tfd rlghab lssmegbdgt, mg`kuhmge wfa mbpkdbdgtdh tfd rlghab lssmegbdgts, faw tfd pra`dhurds wdrd

mbpkdbdgtdh, lgh pra`dhurds usdh ta vdrmiy tflt pranlnmkmty ai lssmegbdgt eraups, lrd hds`rmndh lgh edgdrltdh ny rlghab

gubndrs.

Nka`cmge, strltmim`ltmag, ar blt`fmge pra`dhurds usdhta mbpravd prd`msmag mg tfd dstmbltd ai tfd praerlb diid`t ar ta nlklg`d

eraups ag bdlsurdh flrl`tdrmstm (s)lrd hds`rmndh.

Xfd praerlb eraup lgh ta tfd dxtdgt passmnkd, tfd agtrak eraup aghmtmags lrd hds`rmndh.

Lgy ag`drgs tflt prapasdh strltdemds ar lppral`fds wmkk kdlh ta gagdqumvlkdgt eraups lrd hmsùssdh.

Tgmt ai blt`fmge ms kdlrky mhdgtmimdh (lgh lkmegdh wmtf tfd ugmt ai lglkysms).

Zra`dhurds ta `lrry aut tfd blt`fmge ta iarb l àbplrmsag eraup lrd hds`rmndh.

Ndtwddg-Eraups Hdsmeg- Iarbdh ny Blt`fmge (mi lppkm`lnkd)

L prd`dhdgt mg tfd kmtdrlturd iar mg`kuhmge tfd vlrmlnkds usdh mg tfd blt`fmge ms mg`kuhdh.

Bdtfahs usdh ta iarb tfd prapasdh abplrmsag eraup lrd hds`rmndh su`f tflt tfd vlkmhmty ai tfd blt`fmge ms dxpklmgdh.

^dlsags wfy tfd àbplrmsag eraup bmeft hmiidr irab tfd trdltbdgt eraup lgh tfrdltdg mgtdrglk vlkmhmty, lgh tfd wlys mg wfm`f

tfd prapasdh bdtfahs lhoust iar tfasd hmiidrdg`ds, lrd hmsùssdh.

Ndtwddg-Eraups Hdsmeg- Iarbdh ny @ut-aii Pàrd (^HH) (mi lppkm`lnkd)

Bdlsurd lgh utaii sàrd lrd kdlrky mhdgtmimdh (lgh lkmegdh wmtf tfd ugmt ai lglkysms).

@utaii sàrd ms `kdlrky hdkmgdltdh lgh oustmimdh.

Bdtfahs usdh ta lppky tfd utaii sàrd lrd hds`rmndh mg hdtlmk.


46/68


N.9

Pmgekd Eraup Hdsmeg (mi lppkm`lnkd)

Dl`f mgtdrvdgtmag pflsd ai tfd hdsmeg, mg`kuhmge tfd nlsdkmgd aghmtmag, ms kdlrky hds`rmndh.

Gubndr ai bdlsurds hurmge dl`f bdlsurdbdgt pflsd ms hdtlmkdh.

Gubndr ai bdlsurds hurmge dl`f bdlsurdbdgt pflsd ms suiim`mdgt ta dstlnkmsf trdgh lgh rukd aut rmvlk dxpklgltmags.

Xmbmge ai bdlsurds prd/past mgtdrruptmag ms lppraprmltd ta tfd mgtdrvdgtmag.

Mgtdrruptdh Xmbd Pdrmds Hdsmeg (mi lppkm`lnkd)

Gubndr ai bdlsurdbdgt pamgts ndiard lgh litdr tfd mgtdrvdgtmag ms hds`rmndh.

Xfd gubndr ai bdlsurds hurmge dl`f bdlsurdbdgt pflsd ms sfawg ta nd suiim`mdgt ta dstlnkmsf l trdgh lgh rukd aut rmvlk

dxpklgltmags.

Xfd tmbmge ai bdlsurds prd/past mgtdrruptmag ms sfawg ta nd lppraprmltd ta tfd mgtdrvdgtmag.

@abplrmsag lsds lrd kdlrky hds`rmndh.

Zrd-Dxpdrmbdgtlk Hdsmeg (mi lppkm`lnkd)

Iukk stuhy hdsmeg ms `kdlrky lgh abprdfdgsmvdky dxpklmgdh.

Hds`rmptmag ai tfd trdltbdgt lgh àugtdril`tulk eraups lrd mg`kuhdh.

Ufdrd lppraprmltd, lssmegbdgt ai stuhy plrtm`mplgts ta eraups ms hds`rmndh.

Lhhmtmaglk tfrdlts ta tfd mgtdrglk vlkmhmty ai tfd hdsmeg lrd hmsùssdh.

Ulys iuturd dvlkultmags lg nd hdsmegdh ta rukd aut tfdsd tfrdlts lrd hds`rmndh.

Idlsmnmkmty Ptuhy (mi lppkm`lnkd)

Iukk stuhy hdsmeg ms `kdlrky lgh abprdfdgsmvdky dxpklmgdh.

Hds`rmptmag ai tfd trdltbdgt lgh àugtdril`tulk eraups lrd mg`kuhdh.

Ufdrd lppraprmltd, lssmegbdgt ai stuhy plrtm`mplgts ta eraups ms hds`rmndh.

Xfd mgstrubdgts ar pra`dssds ta nd tdstdh mg tfd idlsmnmkmty stuhy lrd hds`rmndh.

@abnmgltmag Hdsmeg (mi lppkm`lnkd)

@kdlr hdtlmks ai lkk hdsmeg àbpagdgts lrd pravmhdh.

L rltmaglk iar usmge l àbnmgdh lppral`f tflt mhdgtmimds faw tflt lppral`f lhhrdssds tfrdlts ta mgtdrglk lgh dxtdrglk vlkmhmty ms

hmsùssdh.

Ppd`mim` pklgs iar bdlsurmge imhdkmty ai praerlb mbpkdbdgtltmag (m.d., faw wdkk tfd praerlb wls l`tulkky mbpkdbdgtdh) mg tfd

praerlb eraup lrd prdsdgtdh.

Zklgs iar bdlsurmge tfd kdvdk ai praerlb sdrvm`ds tfd praerlb eraup l`tulkky rd`dmvdh, mg`kuhmge tfd rmtdrml iar lssdssmge

wfdtfdr lg lhdqultd lbaugt lgh qulkmty ai tfd praerlb wls hdkmvdrdh ta plrtm`mplgts, lrd hds`rmndh.

Mbpkdbdgtltmag Dvlkultmag

Zklgs iar lssdssmge wfdtfdr tfd àgtrak ar àbplrmsag eraup rd`dmvdh praerlb sdrvm`ds, mg`kuhmge tfd `rmtdrml iar lssdss tfd dxtdg

ta wfm`f tfdrd wls hmiiusmag ai tfd praerlb ta tfd àgtrak ar àbplrmsag eraup lrd pravmhdh.


47/68


N.5

Plbpkmge Zklg lgh Zawdr Lglkysms Dvlkultmag

Xfd smzd lgh àbpasmtmag ai tfd slbpkd ms hds`rmndh lgh ms àgsmstdgt wmtf tfd Nuhedt sd`tmag.

Plbpkmge pklg ms hdsmegdh ta sdkd`t plrtm`mplgts tflt lrd rdprdsdgtltmvd ai tfd papukltmag irab wfm`f tfdy wdrd sdkd`tdh.

Xfd tlredt papukltmag irab wfm`f tfd slbpkd wls sdkd`tdh lgh tfd slbpkd sdkd`tmag pra`dhurds, mg`kuhmge lgy edaerlpfm`

rdemags tlredtdh lrd hds`rmndh.

Ptltmstm`lk pawdr ms dstmbltdh lgh agsmstdgt wmtf tfd stuhy hdsmeg. Xfd stltmstm`lk pawdr lglkysms usdh ta lrrmvd lt tfd slbpkd smzd ms hds`rmndh, lgh mg`kuhds tfd bmgmbub hdtd`tlnkd diid`t smzd

(BHDP) tflt fls lg 6: pdr`dgt flg`d ai ndmge stltmstm`lkky smegmim`lgt lt l spd`mim` lkpfl kdvdk.

Autàbd(s) lgh lssubptmags usdh mg tfd stltmstm`lk pawdr lkùkltmags lrd hds`rmndh.

Ufdg tfdrd lrd pklgs ta àghu`t lglkysds ai suneraups, lhhmtmaglk stltmstm`lk pawdr lglkysds lrd prdsdgtdh ta dstmbltd tfasd

BHDP.

Plbpkd ^dtdgtmag

Ptrltdemds ta rd`rumt stuhy plrtm`mplgts lrd hds`rmndh.

Lktdrgltmvd strltdemds tflt lg nd mbpkdbdgtdh mi tfd mgmtmlk strltdey ms ugsu``dssiuk lrd autkmgdh.

Zklg hds`rmnds strltdemds lgh mg`dgtmvds ta rd`rumt lgh rdtlmg stuhy plrtm`mplgts (d.e. rdbugdrltmag iar lkk plrtm`mplgts).Oustmim`ltmag ms emvdg iar lbaugt ai rdbugdrltmag.

L blgledbdgt pklg ta bagmtar, trl`c, lgh traunkdsfaat mssuds tflt lrmsd mg rdtlmgmge tfd stuhy slbpkd hurmge praerlb

mbpkdbdgtltmag ms hds`rmndh.

Bdlsurds

Faw dl`f autàbd ms lkmegdh wmtf tfd kaem` bahdk.

Mi tfdrd lrd buktmpkd autàbds, ls mghm`ltdh ny tfd kaem` bahdk lgh tfd rdsdlr`f qudstmags, tfd pklg hmiidrdgtmltds ndtwddg

àgimrbltary lgh dxpkarltary autàbds àgsmstdgt wmtf tfd kaem` bahdk lgh rdsdlr`f qudstmags.

Faw dl`f vlrmlnkd irab tfd kaem` bahdk wmkk nd bdlsurdh ms hdtlmkdh.

Iar dl`f bdlsurd, wfdtfdr tfd bdlsurd wmkk nd hdvdkapdh ar fls lkrdlhy nddg hdvdkapdh (m.d., l abbdr`mlkky lvlmklnkd, aii-tfd-sfdki bdlsurd) ms dxpklmgdh.

Mi tfd autàbd bdlsurd hmiidrs l`rass smtds ar eraups/sun eraups ai slbpkd bdbndrs, faw tfd hmiidrdgt bdlsurds wmkk nd

àbnmgdh ms hds`rmndh.

Bdlsurd Ylkmhmty, ^dkmlnmkmty lgh Fmstary ai Tsd

Mgiarbltmag rdelrhmge dl`f bdlsurds rdkmlnmkmty lgh vlkmhmty (d.e., @ragnl`fs lkpfl), lgh vlkmhltmag lelmgst autàbds ls wdkk ls

fmstarm`lk usd, mi lvlmklnkd, ms pravmhdh.

Mi rdkmlnmkmty lgh vlkmhmty ai bdlsurds flvd ydt ta nd hdtdrbmgdh, lg lglkysms pklg iar hamge sa ms prdsdgtdh.

Hltl @akkd`tmag L`tmvmtmds (iar dl`f hltl saur`d tfd PDZ mg`kuhds)

L hds`rmptmag ai nlsdkmgd bdlsurds ms pravmhdh.

Xfd tmbmge ai nlsdkmgd akkd`tmag rdkltmvd ta stlrt ai tfd mgtdrvdgtmag ms hds`rmndh. Ufdtfdr nlsdkmgd bdlsurds lrd lhdqultd iar lssdssmge nlsdkmgd dqumvlkdg`d ms dxpklmgdh.

L hds`rmptmag ai wfa wmkk àkkd`t tfd hltl ms mg`kuhdh .

L hds`rmptmag ai tfd rakd ai stlii bdbndrs hdkmvdrmge tfd mgtdrvdgtmag wmtf rdelrh ta hltl àkkd`tmag ms hds`rmndh. Xfd tmbmge ai tfd hltl àkkd`tmag, rdkltmvd ta hdkmvdry ai tfd praerlb ms dxpklmgdh. Hmsùssmag ai faw tfd hltl wmkk nd àkkd`tdh ms mg`kuhdh.


48/68


N.6

Hmsùssmag ai wfdtfdr tfd bahd ai hltl àkkd`tmag ms tfd slbd iar tfd mgtdrvdgtmag lgh àgtrak eraups ms mg`kuhdh. Mi lhbmgmstrltmvd rdàrhs (d.e. s`faak l`lhdbm`/trulg`y rdàrhs3 ugdbpkaybdgt mgsurlg d hltl) wmkk nd usdh, tfd saur`d lgh

lvlmklnmkmty ai tfdsd hltl ls wdkk ls tfd dvlkultars dxpdrmdg`d usmge tfdsd hltl saur`ds lrd hds`rmndh. Dxpd`tdh slbpkd smzds lt dl`f hltl àkkd`tmag pamgt lrd mg`kuhdh.

Ptltmstm`lk Lglkysms ai Mbpl`ts

Mi l ndtwddg-eraups hdsmeg ms pklggdh, lg Mgtdgt-ta-Xrdlt (MXX) lglkysms ms hds`rmndh, wfm`f abplrds autàbds ndtwddg tfasd

lssmegdh praerlb sdrvm`ds lgh tfasd gat lssmegdh.

L kdlr hds`rmptmag ai tfd stdps ai tfd lglkysms ms pravmhdh.

Faw tfd stltmstm`lk lglkysms ai tfd hltl ms lkmegdh wmtf tfd rdsdlr`f qudstmags ms dxpklmgdh.

Faw tfd stltmstm`lk lglkysms ms lkmegdh su`f tflt tfd ugmt ai lglkysms arrdspaghs ta tfd ugmt ai lssmegbdgt ms hds`rmndh.

Xfd stltmstm`lk bahdk usdh ta dstmbltd tfd praerlb diid`t ms iukky spd`mimdh lgh lkk vlrmlnkds mg tfd bahdk (lgh tfdmr adiim`mdgts)

lrd hdimgdh.

Lssubptmags ai tfd bahdk lrd kmstdh.

Xfd praerlb diid`t bahdk ms sfawg ta nd àgsmstdgt wmtf tfd stltmstm`lk bahdk usdh iar tfd stltmstm`lk pawdr lglkysms hurmge tfd

hdsmeg stled.

Bahdk dstmbltmag pra`dhurds lrd mg`kuhdh. Mi lppkm`lnkd, avlrmltd lhoustbdgts ta dstmbltdh praerlb diid`ts, lhoustbdgts iar bmssmge hltl, dstmbltmag ai stlghlrh drrars, lgh

àrrd`tmags iar buktmpkd àbplrmsags lrd hds`rmndh.

Mi usmge l gag-rlghabmzdh ndtwddg-eraups hdsmeg, stltmstm`lk bdtfahs tflt lhdqultdky agtrak iar sdkd`tmag nmls ag ansdrvdh

`flrl`tdrmstm`s lrd hds`rmndh.

Plbpkd ^dtdgtmag lgh Bmssmge Hltl

Faw avdrlkk lgh hmiidrdgtmlk lttrmtmag wmkk nd `lkùkltdh lgh lssdssdh ms hdtlmkdh.

Lg autkmgd ai spd`mim` pra`dhurds pklggdh iar lssdssmge lgh lhoustmge iar patdgtmlk nmlsds, hud ta gag-àgsdgt lgh hltl gag-

rdspagsd, ms mg`kuhdh.

Lgy mgtdgtmags ta usd buktmpkd mbputltmag iar bmssmge hltl lrd hmsùssdh. Xfms mbputltmag sfaukh blt`f tfd lglkysms ta ndàghu`tdh (tfd mbputltmag bahdk sfaukh usd buktm-kdvdk pra`dhurds mi tfd lglkysms ms buktm-kdvdk3 mi tfd stltmstm`lk lglkysms usds

blxmbub kmcdkmfaah ar Nlyds ta mgàrparltd bmssmge hltl plttdrgs, tfdg tfms sfaukh lksa nd gatdh).

L nrmdi hds`rmptmag ai faw tfd pklg ms hdsmegdh ta bmgmbmzd bmssmge hltl wmtf plrtmùklr iaùs ag bmgmbmzmge hmiidrdgtmlk lttrmtmag

ms pravmhdh.

Buktmpkd Autàbd Bdlsurds

Mi tfd prapaslk fls buktmpkd rdkltdh àgimrbltary rdsdlr`f qudstmags, ar l smgekd àgimrbltary qudstmag dvlkultdh usmge buktmpkd

autàbds, lhoustbdgts blhd ta rdhu`d tfd flg`d ai l Xypd-M drrar lrd hds`rmndh.

Fublg Punod`ts Zratd`tmag

Mi tfd rdsdlr`fdrs wmkk warc wmtf pdrsaglkky mhdgtmimlnkd hltl, pra`dhurds ta sdùrd M^N lppravlk lrd hmsùssdh. Zklgs rdqumrmge

M^N lppravlk sfaukh mg`kuhd?

M^N(s) tflt wmkk rdvmdw tfd sunbmttdh lppkm`ltmag3

Xypd ai lppravlk saueft lgh pra`dss iar sdùrmge tfms lppravlk3

Hurltmag tflt tfd lppravlk wmkk nd mg diid`t, lgh dxpd`tdh lppravlk hltd3 lgh,

Xmbdkmgd iar wfdg lgh faw tfms lppravlk wmkk nd sdùrdh.

Zklgs tflt ha gat rdqumrd M^N lppravlk dxpklmg wfy tfdy ha gat tfmgc lppravlk ms gd`dsslry.


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N.=

^dpartmge

Xfd rdpartmge strltdey kmsts tfd rdparts tflt wmkk nd sunbmttdh, tfdmr tmbmge lgh agtdgt.

^dparts mg`kuhd lt kdlst l nlsdkmgd lgh imglk rdpart.

Iar buktm-ydlr dvlkultmags, lg lggulk rdpart ms mg`kuhdh.

Xfd agtdgt ai tfd rdparts avdrs lkk tfd bloar dvlkultmag dvdgts/l`tmvmtmds, tfdmr rdsukts/imghmges, lgh rdàbbdghltmags.

Xmbdkmgd

Xfd tmbdkmgd gatds tfd pdrmah iar hdsmeg (mg`kuhmge M^N kdlrlg`d mi gddhdh), nlsdkmgd hltl akkd`tmag, prdtdstmge, rlghab

lssmegbdgt, mgtdrvdgtmag mbpkdbdgtltmag, past-tdstmge, lgh dl`f iakkaw-up pdrmah, mi lppkm`lnkd.

L tmbdkmgd iar hltl àkkd`tmag, iakkaw-up, lglkysms, lgh rdpartmge ms mg`kuhdh.

P`fdhukd iar àkkd`tmge lgh rdpartmge ag mgtdrbdhmltd autàbds tflt lrd lkmegdh wmtf kaem` bahdk lgh dvlkultmag hdsmeg ms

mg`kuhdh.

M^N lppravlk ms mg`kuhdh mg tfd tmbdkmgd.

Nuhedt

L kmst ai cdy dvlkultmag lgh praerlb stlii/àgsuktlgts, mg`kuhmge rakds lgh tatlk gubndr ai faurs, ms pravmhdh.

Lppraxmbltd asts ny bloar abpagdgts ai tfd stuhy (d.e., pklggmge lgh praod`t lhbmgmstrltmag, mgstrubdgt hdvdkapbdgt, M^N

lppravlk, slbpkmge, hltl akkd tmag, hltl lglkysms, rdpart wrmtmge, prdsdgtltmags), ny ydlr, lrd mg`kuhdh. Zkdlsd rdidr ta tfd

Dxlbpkds ai Nuhedtmg Lppdghmx @.

Tgiughdh, nut lgtm`mpltdh, dvlkultmag ydlrs lrd mg`kuhdh ls dstmbltds.

M^N àsts lrd mg`kuhdh mg tfd nuhedt.

Xfd nuhedt ms lkmegdh wmtf tfd rdsdlr`f hdsmeg lgh tlredt kdvdk ai dvmhdg`d.

Dvlkultar \ulkmim`ltmags

Xfd dxtdgt ta wfm`f tfd dvlkultar/tdlb fls suiim`mdgt `lpl`mty ta àghu`t tfd prapasdh dvlkultmag, mg tdrbs ai td`fgm`lk

dxpdrmdg`d lgh tfd smzd/s`lkd ai tfd dvlkultmag, ms hds`rmndh.

Xfd dvlkultar/tdlbs prmar dxpdrmdg`d wmtf smbmklr dvlkultmags ms hds`rmndh.

Dvlkultar Mghdpdghdg`d

Ptdps tflt wmkk nd tlcdg ta dgsurd tfd mghdpdghdg`d ai tfd dvlkultmag lrd dxpklmgdh.

Xfd rakd tflt tfd praerlb wmkk pkly mg avdrsddmge tfd dvlkultmag ms hds`rmndh.

Xfd pra`dss ta dgsurd tflt tfd dvlkultars imghmges lrd rdkdlsdh mg l tmbdky ilsfmag, lgh, wfdg tfd dvlkultmag ms abpkdtdh, tfd

dxtdgt ta wfm`f tfd dvlkultar wmkk nd lnkd ta rdkdlsd tfd imghmges wmtfaut prmar lppravlk ny tfd praerlb/arelgmzltmag ms hds`rmndh

Faw tfd mgmtmlk rdkdlsd ai tfd rdsukts wmkk nd flghkdh ny tfd dvlkultar lgh wflt tfd praerlb/arelgmzltmag rakd wmkk nd mg

hmssdbmgltmge tfd imghmges ms dxpklmgdh.

Hmsùssmag ai tfd rdvmdw pra`dss tflt wmkk nd usdh ta dgsurd tflt tfd dvlkultmag bddts stlghlrhs ai s`mdgtmim` dvmhdg`d ms mg`kuhdh.

Lgy patdgtmlk dvlkultar ar praerlb àgikm`ts ai mgtdrdst lrd dxpklmgdh.


50/68


@.

Zrmar Dvmhdg`d ai Zraerlb Diid`tmvdgdss- Plbpkd Xlnkd

Xmtkd, Lutfar,

Zunkm`ltmag ]dlr lgh

Paur`d ai Ptuhy

Zddr

^dvmdw

(]/G)

Hltd ai

Hltl

@akkd`tmag

Ptuhy Xypd

(^@X, \DH,

Autàbds

agky)

Plbpkd

Pmzd

Plbpkd

Hds`rmptmag

Autàbd

Bdlsurds Cdy Ptuhy dsukts Diid`t Pmzds

Pmbmklrmty ta

Zrapasdh Zraerl

Diid`ts ai Litdr P`faak

@flrl`tdr Dhu`ltmag ag

^dlhmge Pàrds, Pbmtf,

^.K. lgh Had, O.B. >::>

Zrmvltd dvlkultmag

lvlmklnkd lt

www.dvlk.are G ::: ^@X

8:: X

0:: @

Dkdbdgtlry

P`faak stuhdgts

erlhds >-4, mg l

hmstrm`t wmtf 94%

Fmsplgm`

papukltmag.

@XNP,

Zlrtm`mplgt

lgh Zlrdgt

Purvdys

Zlrdgts ai plrtm`mplgts

wdrd bard kmcdky tflg

gag-plrtm`mplgts ta

rdpart tflt tfdmr `fmkhrdg

flh mbpravdh rdlhmge

scmkks.

Ga smegmim`lgt hmiidrdg`d

wls iaugh ag tdst sàrds.

.> iar plrdgt

eraup

hmiidrdg`ds

G/L iar

`fmkhrdg

Xfms stuhy iaùs

ag tfd slbd

mgtdrvdgtmag lt l

hmiidrdgt smtd, wm

l hmiidrdgt

papukltmag.

Aur Lggdx >::=

Zraerlb Dvlkultmag

^dpart, >::= G >: erlhd

kdvdks ag tfd XAU^D Gat `lkùkltdh

Ptuhy ai tfd slb

mgtdrvdgtmag

àghu`tdh lt tfd

slbd praerlb sm


52/68

DYLKTLXMAG ZKLG ETMHLG@D PA@MLK MGGAYLXMAG IT

@.0

Kaem` Bahdk Dxlbpkd

Plbpkd Kaem` Bahdk? Plbpkd Zraerlb, @akkded Zrdplrltmag Ea @akkded!

Mgputs L`tmvmtmds Autputs Autàbds Mbpl`ts@akklnarltmge s`faaks lgh stlii

Ea @akkded! nalrh

Ea @akkded! kdlhdrs lgh gltmaglkstlii

Imglg`mlk suppart iar Ea @akkded!

irab iaughltmags, prmvltd

mghmvmhulks, nusmgdssds, lgh

eavdrgbdgt

Hltl systdb ta trl`c stuhdgts

praerdss lgh pravmhd ageamge

iddhnl`c

\ulrtdrky kdlhdrsfmp warcsfaps

iar pddr kdlhdrs

Xlmkardh praidssmaglk

hdvdkapbdgt iar tdl`fdrs lghàugsdkars

]dlr-kage `klss iar sdgmars ag

àkkded/ pastsdàghlry pklggmge

Ea @akkded! praerlb iar gmgtf

tfrauef dkdvdgtf-erlhdrs

0: Zddr kdlhdrs trlmgdh

0: Xdl`fdrs lgh àugsdkarsrd`dmvd 8: faurs ai praidssmaglk

hdvdkapbdgt

>:: sdgmars lttdgh tfd ydlr-kage

`klss

9:: gmgtf tfrauef dkdvdgtf

erlhdrs plrtm`mpltd mg tfd Ea

@akkded! praerlbbmge

Ptlii lgh stuhdgts mg`rdlsd

dxpd`tltmags iar stuhdgts fmef

s`faak l`lhdbm` l`fmdvdbdgt

Ptlii lgh stuhdgts mg`rdlsddxpd`tltmags iar pastsdàghlry

dhu`ltmag

Pdgmars elmg cgawkdhed lnaut

tfd àkkded lppkm`ltmag lgh

dgrakkbdgt pra`dss

P`faak-wmhd akkded-eamge

ùkturd tflt kaacs ndyagh fmef

s`faak erlhultmag

Mg`rdlsd mg abpkdtdh akkdedlppkm`ltmags lgh mg atfdr

bmkdstagds mg tfd àkkded

lppkm`ltmag pra`dss

Mg`rdlsd mg fmef s`faak

lttdghlg`d, pdrsmstdg`d, lgh

erlhultmag

Mg`rdlsd mg akkded dgrakkbdgt

lgh su``dss


53/68

DYLKTLXMAG ZKLG ETMHLG@D PA@MLK MGGAYLXMAG IT

@.8

Dxlbpkds ai Xmbdkmgds

Plbpkd Dvlkultmag Xmbdkmgd mg Erlpfm` Iarb

Zklggmge

M^N

Plbpkmge

Hltl @akkd`tmag Mgstrubdgt @rdltmag

Hltl @akkd`tmagLglkysms

Mgtdrvmdws wmtf Cdy Ptlii

^dpart Urmtmge

^dpart Hdlhkmgds

Bddtmges wmtf Zraerlb Ptlii

< > 0 8 4 9 5 6 = -0 Bagtf ? Dvlkultmag Nuhedt

Xfd tdbpkltd ndkaw ms lgatfdr lppral`f ta pravmhmge l hdtlmkdh Dvlkultmag Nuhedt.

@ast ny Dvlkultmag @abpagdgt? Dvlkultar, Zraod`t Ptlii, lgh Atfdrs

Xfd tdbpkltd ndkaw ms iar ]dlr < nut tfd imglk dvlkultmag nuhedt sfaukh `avdr tfd iukk kdgetf ai

tfd dvlkultmag (d.e. ]dlr >, ]dlr 0, dt`.).


56/68


@.5

]dlr

Documents

CNCS SIF Evaluation Guidance 8 5 2014