cmyk 57 GkFktK ftu fszB whbh:B s' finkdk S`g u`[ehnK jB ... · PDF fileFirst Punjabi edition 2003 Revised edition 2007 ISBN-13: 978-81-7362-511-4 ISBN-10: 81-7362-511-5 Published by

vkH fouov B/ nkgD/ ihtB dh Fo[ n{ ks fJe gbB? o d/ og{ ftu ehsh ;h. gVkJh eod/ jJ' / fouov dk ;kjwDk ihtB gfotofss eoB tkb/ gowF/ o d/ Bkb jf' Jnk. Bshi/ ti' _ T;[ B/ nkgDh Be" oh s_ ' n;shck d/ fdsk ns/ nwohek ftu fJe pkJhpb dk nfXnB eoB d/ bJh ub/ rJ./

fouov ns/ vo' Eh dk ftnkj 1958 ftu jf' Jnk, ns/ Tj[ dt' _ / gowF/ o dh ;t/ k eod/ jB fJ; s_ 'fJbktk vo' Eh no" sK ftu ;t/ k th eodh j.?

fgSb/ ;kbK ftu fouov ns/ vo' Eh dh ;t/ ekJh be' K d/ ftu eKBc;_? q K d/ og{ ftu finkdk jJ' hnK ;B. di{ / dF/ K ftu nksfwe pd/ koh d/ ewz ~ eod/ jJ' / TB[ KQ ~ yF[ h jJ' h id TB[ KQ B/ be' K dh nksfwe Gy[` ~ tf/ ynk. gosz T{ B[ KQ dh yF[ h dy[ ftu fwb rJh id TB[ KQ B/ be' K ~ rohph ns/ Gy[ ftu gJ/ tf/ ynk. gowF/ o d/ bJh fgnko B/ fijVk Tj[ be' K d/ Bkb eodk j? fouov ns/ vo' Eh ~ be' K dh wdd eoB d/ bJh ekfJb ehsk.

eM[ th jt' ,/ Bk et/ b TB[ KQ dF/ K d/ gsq h fiBKQ ftu ;X[ ko j' fojk j,? gosz T{ d[ wh dF/ K d/ gsq h th pB? N id gowF/ o d/ Bkb be' K d/ foFs/ d/ ;X[ ko ~ ty/ dk j? sK Tj[ yF[ j' iKdk j.? nfij/ pjs[ ;ko/ be' K B/ ;tkb ehsk j.?

;G s_ ' wjstgo{ D ;tkb j? fe eh ihtB d/ gsq h Go;' w/ dz itkp jB< fouov pB? N B/ Go;' k dtkfJnk j? fe gowF/ o nkg fJBKQ ;tkbK d/ itkp fddz k j.? fJj' ekoB j? fe T;[ B/ @@gowF/ o d/ gsq h sj[ kvh yi' ##feskp fbyh j.?

fJj nfijh feskp j? fi; d/ bJh w+ 20 ;kb gkq oEBk ehsh j.?ikoi toto

ckTB[ vo voe? No, UHnw?

Your Quest for God (Panjabi)

cmyk

cmyk

ISBN-13: 978-81-7362-511-4

57 GkFktK ftu fszB whbh:B s'_ finkdk S`g u`[ehnK jB

fouov J/H p?BN

fouov J/H p?BN

gow/Fo d/ bJh s[jkvh

y'i

gow/Fo d/ bJh s[jkvh

y'i

gow/Fo d/ bJh

s[jkvh

y'i

9 7 8 8 1 7 3 6 2 5 1 1 4 05200

ISBN 81-7362-511-5ISBN-10: 81-7362-511-5

gow/Fo d/bJh s[jkvh

y'i

i/eo w/oh gsBh v'oEh d/ d[nkok j';b/, fgnko, e[opkBh ns/gqkoEBk Bk ehsh iKdh sK fJ; feskp ~ fbyDk pj[s jh n"yk;h. fi; soKQ g"b[; chpk d/ fty/ nkydk j? T[;/ soKQ w+ th

nkydk jK fe HHHfi; soKQ T[j pj[fsnK d/ bJh ;jkfJe ojh j?HHHns/ w/o/ bJh th

gow/Fo d/bJh s[jkvh

y'ifouov J/Hp?BN

nB[tkde L gk;No :{;[c tho f;zx

Parmeshwar De Lye Tuhaidi Khoj(Punjabi)

Your Quest for Godby Richard A.Bennett

Copyright © 1985, 1988, 1997, 1998, 2003Cross Currents Internatinal Ministries

First Punjabi edition 2003Revised edition 2007ISBN-13: 978-81-7362-511-4ISBN-10: 81-7362-511-5

Published by Authentic India

www.ccim-media.com

Bev

Typewritten Text

Bev

Typewritten Text

ftF/ ;{uhftF/ ;{uhftF/ ;{uhftF/ ;{uhftF/ ;{uh

G{fwek 7gq;sktBk 9

nfXnkfJ 1eh tk;st ftu jh gow/Fo j?< 15

nfXnkfJ 2eh s[jkvk nksfwe nr{nk ftFtk;:'r j?< 23

nfXnkfJ 3gow/Fo fej' fijk j?< 39

nfXnkfJ 4b'eK ~ fejVh rb tyok eodh j?< 49

nfXnkfJ 5n;bh ;wf;nk eh j?< 63

nfXnkfJ 6eh ekoB j? fe b'e nfij/ GNe/ fcod/ jB< 73

nfXnkfJ 7eh tk;st ftu gow/Fo w+~ fgnko eodk j?< 87

nfXnkfJ 8w+ ihtB feE/ gqkgs eo ;edk jK< 113

nfXnkfJ 9gow/Fo d/ gfotko dk w+ fet/_ ;d; pD ;edk jK< 127

nfXnkfJ 10fJ; d/ pknd eh< 139

ftFtk; d/ gqsh w/ok ;wogD 150

7

G{fwek

w+ fdb s'_ fJ; feskp dk fi; dk BK @gow/Fo d/ gqsh ;tkb#j? g`y eodk jK, ns/ g`y eoB d/ d' ekoB jB. gfjbk fJjj? fe fJ; d/ b/ye ~ ikDdk jK. T[j ftFtk; d/ ftu g[soj?, ns/ fJ; Bkb'_ w+~ t`vk nBzd e'Jh Bjh__ i' w+ ;[Dk GJh w/o/ pkbe ;funkJh T[s/ u`bd/ jB (3:{jzBk 4).

d{ik ekoB j'o th finkdk nBksw (tk;sfte) j?.vkeNo fouv p?BN B/ FpdK ~ ;ckJh d/ Bkb, ;zy/g ftu, ns/Go';/ :'r sohe/ d/ Bkb T[ukoD eoB ftu wjkos gqkgs ehshj? fijVk fe fJe wB[y d/ bJh gow/Fo d/ Bkb foFsk i'VBd/ bJh io{oh j?.

pkJhpb ;k~ d`;dh j? fe gow/Fo B/ ;dhge nBzd ~T[BQK d/ wB ftu ekfJw ehsk j? H H H(;o/FN rhs 3L11). T[jftu n`r/ fJ; soKQ d`f;nk frnk j?, fe fJ; bJh, feT[_fe wB[y~ ;dhge ekb d/ bJh pDkfJnk frnk j? fJ; bJh fJj i[rdhnK t;sK T[; ~ ;zs[FN Bjh_ eo ;edhnK. fJe nfijkykbhgB j? fi; ~ e/tb gow/Fo jh Go ;edk j?. ;zsnr;fNB B/ fpbe[b ;jh fejk j? fe, @@j/ gow/Fo, s{z ;kvhouBk nkgD/ bJh ehsh j? ns/ ;kvk gqkD T[; t/b/ se p/u?Bofjzdk j? id se fJj s/o/ e'b Bjh_ gjz[u iKdk j?.## id sen;h_ nkgD/ ;dhge gow/Fo d/ gqsh nkgD/ foFs/ ~ Bjh_ ;wMd/

8 gow/Fo d/ bJh s[jkvh y'i

fJj feskp ;kvh ;jkfJsk eodh j? fe n;h_ T[; ;tkb dkitkp gqkgs eo bJhJ/.

w/oh fJj fdb s'_ gqkoEBk j? fe fJe feskp ~ fJe t`vhGhV gV/ ns/ gow/Fo dh wfjwk ns/ T[; dh ;dhgesk dkfijVk ;zd/F fJ; feskp ftu j? T[; ~ ;theko eo bt/.

vkeNo ;NhcB n?c Ubcov

9

gq;sktBk

;kvh ft;fss :ksok ftu, w/oh gsBh ns/ w+ jkfJt/ s/ pj[s ;ko/fwsoK ~ fwbd/ jK ns/ T[BKQ d/ e'b_' j' e/ r[io iKd/ jK. T[BKQ dh;z;feqsh, nkofEe fgS'eVk ns/ F?fFe ;so tyok j?.

n;h_ fJj wzBD ~ fsnko Bjh_ jK fe fJBKQ b'eK d/ Bkb ;kvhnukDe w[bkeks j'Jh j? ns/ Bk jh ;k~ fJ; rb s'_ j?okBrh j[zdhj? fe fJj j[D s[jkv/ jE ftu j?.

fJBQK ;ko/ ;kbK ftu fijVh tkoskbkg ;kvh nkgD/ pj[s ;ko/fwsoK d/ Bkb j'Jh j? T[BQK dk w[y nXko gow/Fo d/ gqsh ;tkbK d/ ukou[c/o/ ojh j?. T[BQK d/ Bkb n;h_ fijV/ ftuko tzv/ ;B T[BKQ ftu'_ e[MfJ; feskp ftu ftnes ehs/ rJ/ jB.

gow/Fo d/ gqsh s[jkv/ ;tkb dh gfjbh Skg fi; d/ ftù'_d{i/ Skg fsnko ehsh rJh j?, T[j XzBtkd d/ fJe G/_N d/ o{g ftufsnko ehsh rJh ;h. id w+ ns/ v'oEh nkgD/ ftnkj dh 25th_po;h ftù gj[zuh sK n;h_ ftuko ehsk fe n;h_ T[BQK ;kohnKGfbnkJhnK d/ bJh gow/Fo ~ fet/_ XzBtkd d/ ;ed/ jK fijVhnKT[; B/ ;kv/ gqsh ehshnK jB.

;kv/ wB ftu fJe nB'yk ftuko nkfJnk fe n;h_ feT[_ Bk n;h_fJe nfijh feskp fbyhJ/ ns/ Skg 25000 b'eK ftu tzv dJhJ/ fi; ftunk; ns/ FKsh dk ;zd/F j't/. T[j ;kv/ fttkfjs ihtB d/ jo ;kb d/bJh 1000 ekghnK d/ o{g ftu j't/rh.

9


gow/Fo B/ fJ; S'Nh e'fFF ~ fijVh gq/w d/ ti_' fbyh rJh;h poes fdsh ns/ ;z;ko Go ftu fJj gj[zu rJh. fJj 25000ekghnK nv n`v d/FK ftu f;`X/ b'eK d/ jÈK ftu fd`shnK rJhnK;h. ;kv/ nBzd dh e'Jh EK T[; t/b/ Bk ojh id n;h_ b'eK d/ okjh_fJ; soKQ d/ ys gqkgs ehs/ fe ;kv/ okjh_ fbyh rJh feskp, @@gow/Fo d/ gqsh s[jkv/ ;tkb## B/ T[BKQ d/ ihtB ~ fJe BtK wkorftykfJnk j?.

;kv/ e'b nDfrDs ys nkJ/ fe T[BQK dh GkFk ftu fJ;feskp dk nB[tkd eotkfJnk ikt/. fJ; bJh, n;h_ gqkoEBk d/ BkbfJj c?;bk ehsk fe n;h_ fJ; feskp dh d{ih Skg fsnko eoKr/ sK i'ftFt Go ftu fijV/ b'eK d/ gow/Fo d/ fty/ ;tkb jB T[BKQ dh;jkfJsk ehsh ikt/. T[; dk Bshik fJj j'fJnk ftFt dhnK 50 GkFktKftu byK dh frDsh ftu feskp fdsh rJh j?. j[D ;kvh gqkoEBkfJj j? fe fJ; feskp dh gzith Skg j'o pj[s ;ko/ b'eK d/ bJhpoes dk ekoB j' ikt/.

fJ; feskp d/ gfjb/ d' nfXnkfJ j' ;edk j? fe jo gkme d/bJh bkGekoh Bk j'D. gfjbk nfXnkfJ T[BKQ b'eK d/ bJh fbfynk frnkj? fijV/ j' ;edk j? fe gow/Fo d/ ti{d d/ gqsh jh ;tkb oyd/ jB.d{ik nfXnkfJ yk; eoe/ T[BKQ b'eK d/ bJh bkGekoh j't/rk fijV/ jorb d/ bJh jh ;tkb eoBk g;zd eod/ jB, tk;st ftu fJj ;ko/gkmeK d/ bJh bkGekoh j? fe fJ; ~ gV e/ jo ftnesh nkgD/ftFtk; ns/ toskT[ dk fBohyD eo ;edk j?.

fJBKQ gqkozfGe nfXnkfJnK ftu brGr jo ftFk j? fi; s'_pkeh rbK dh ikDekoh gqkgs j[zdh j?. fszB nfXnkfJ s'_ d;nfXnkfJ ftu w[YbhnK ;funkJhnK dk toDB ehsk frnk j? fiBKQftu gow/Fo d/ gqsh fijV/ s[jkv/ ;tkb jB T[BKQ dk itkp s[jk~fwb/rk. fJ; bJh n;h_ gqkoEBk d/ bJh fJ; Skg ~ gow/Fo d/ jEftu fdzd/ jK fe T[j nkgD/ sohe/ d/ Bkb fJ; ~ poes d/t/.

11

v'oEh ns/ w+ gow/Fo ~ T[BKQ b'eK d/ gqsh XzBtkd d/Dk ukj[zd/jK fiBKQ B/ nkgD/ fgnko, gqkoEBktK ns/ gow/Fo d/ Bkb nkgD/ftneshrs nB[Gt ~ ;kv/ Bkb tzfvnk j?. nfij/ b'eK dh fJe tvh;{uh j?. fJBKQ ;ko/ fwsoK ~ n;h_ @@XzBtkd## nkyd/ jK.

gq;sktBk

gow/Fo d/ bJhs[jkvh y'i

d{ihnK ;kohnK ihtBhnK d/ tKr G{-ftfrnkBXosh dh nksw eEk iK ihtBh j?, fJj nkozG tb

tkg; Bjh_ ik_dh j?.

;o ukob; b':b

nfXnkfJ 1

eh tk;st ftu jh gow/Fo j?<

j' ;edk j? fe s[jkv/ ihtB ftu ed/ e'Jh nfijk t/bk nkfJnk j't/fi; ftu s[;h_ Bk e/tb gow/Fo d/ g/qw d/ gqsh Fe ehsk j't/ gozs{T[; dh w"i{drh iK ti{d d/ fty/ th s[jkv/ wB ftu ;tkb g?dkj'fJnk j't/.

pkJhpb d/ ftu, gow/Fo d/ w"i{drh dk toDB Bjh_ ehskfrnk j? l ns/ Bk jh fJ; ~ ;kps ehsk frnk j?. fJ; ~ ;kXkoDs"o s/ ;theko eo fbnk frnk j?. pkJhpb dk gfjbk tke fJ;soKQ fpnkB eodk j? fe, nkd ftu gow/Fo B/ nekF ns/ Xosh ~T[sgs ehsk (T[sgs 1L1) fJj pj[s jh fGnkBe fpnkB j? fijVkfe fJe nkw fpnkB th j? ns/ v{zxk th j?. fJj x'FDk eodk j?fe gow/Fo j? ns/ T[j ;koh ;foFNh dk ouBkeosk j?.

pj[s ;kb j'J/ :[o'g ftu w/oh gsBh v'oEh ~ fJe wFj{ofdwkrh j;gskb ftu Bo; dk T[uk n"jdk fwfbnk. fJe fdB fJewFj{o fdwkrh vkeNo B/ fijVk nkgD/ nkg ~ Bk;fse j'D dk dktkeodk ;h T[; B/ v'oEh ~ T[; d/ ftFtk; d/ fty/ ;tkb ehsk. T[; B/itkp fdsk, @@vkeNo ;kfjp, eh s[;h_ fJj ikDd/ j' fe w+ fJe nfXekohd/ o{g ftu s[jkvk nkdo eodh jK. s[;h_ :[fBto;Nh d/ fJe T[swgq'c?;o j', ns/ w?vheb ftGkr ftu d{o d{o se s[jkvh tfvnkJh j[zdhj?. fJ; s'_ gfjbK fe w[V ed/ s[;h_ nkgD/ nkg ~ Bk;fse nky' w+ s[jk~;[MkT[ d/Dk ukj[zdh jK fe s[;h_ pkJhpb ~ T[;/ T[s;kj d/ Bkb gV' fi;d/ Bkb s[;h_ fdwkr dk nfXnB eoe/ wjkos gqkgs ehsh j?.##

15


fJ; d/ Bkb jh T[; ~ T[BKQ phwkoK d/ fty/ T[; ~ u/s/eokfJnk fijV/ jkb d/ ftu jh T[; pkov ftu'_ uzr/ j' e/ rJ/ ;BfijV/ pkov ftu pj[s T[BKQ o'rhnK ~ ofynk iKdk j? fiBKQ d/ puDdh nk; xN j[zdh j? ns/ gow/Fo B/ T[BKQ d/ ihtBK ftu tvk ezwehsk j?. T[; B/ vkeNo ~ d' fszB phwkoK d/ BK u/s/ eokJ/ fijV/jh fiBKQ d/ ihtBK ftu BkNfe: gfotosB j'fJnk ;h ns/ T[jszdo[;sh dk ihtB pshs eo oj/ ;B. v'oEh B/ fJ; wFj{o vkeNo~ fpnkB ehsk fe fet/_ fJBKQ o'rhnK B/ gow/Fo ~ ikfDnk ns/ gow/Fo B/ T[BQK d/ ihtBK ftu ezw ehsk. vkeNo th fJBKQ o'rhnK d/pko/ ikDdk ;h fe T[BQK ~ nfijh rzGho o'r ftu fe;/ th soKQ dknX[fBe fJbki Bjh_ fdsk frnk ;h. Bk sK fJe Bk;fse sohe/ d/Bkb ns/ Bk jh fJe fdwkrh vkeNoh fJbki d/ Bkb, eh T[j fJBKQd/ ihtBK ftu j'Jh gfotosB d/ fty/ ftuko eo ;edk ;h.

fJj vkeNo v'oEh ~ e/tb fJj nky fojk ;h fe T[j fe;/soKQ gow/Fo ftu ftFtk; Bjh_ eodk j? ns/ T[; B/ fJ; rbpks~ fJj nkyd/ j'J/ ysw ehsk, @@v'oEh s{z w/o/ bJh gqkoEBk eo.##T[; B/ fJj th tk:dk ehsk fe, nkgD/ ihtB ftu gfjbh tko v{zxho{uh d/ Bkb pkJhpb gVBh F[o{ eo/rk.

;s jcs/ fXnkB d/ Bkb pkJhpb gVB d/ pknd, T[; fdwkrhvkeNo B/ v'oEh ~ fejk, fe j[D T[j fe;/ soKQ d/ Bkb Bk;fse Bjh_fojk j?. jkbKfe, jkb/ th T[; ~ e[M ;wf;nk ;h, T[; ~ fJetks;fte gfotosB dh b'V ;h sK i' T[j nkgD/ ihtB F?bh ftu;[Xko fbnk ;e/. @@T[; B/ fJ; rb dk fJeoko ehsk fe T[; dh;wf;nk p[Xh d/ gqsh Bjh_ ;h, go T[; B/ fJj fJeoko th ehsk few+ T[; ;funkJh ~ ;theko eoB d/ bJh fijVh fJe ftFtk;h d/ihtB ftu nkT[_dh j? T[; ~ ;theko Bjh_ eo fojk jK.##

d; ;kb nkgD/ vkeNo fwso d/ bJh gqkoEBk eoB d/pknd, ;k~ T[; vkeNo s'_ fJe ys fwfbnk fi; ftu T[; B/ fJ;

17

soKQ fpnkB ehsk fe T[; ~ BtK ftFtk; fwb frnk j? ns/ T[; B/nkgD/ nkg ~ gow/Fo d/ nr/ ;wofgs eo fdsk j?. n;h_ nBzd d/Bkb Go rJ/, gozs{ ;k~ e'Jh finkdk j?okBrh Bjh_ j' ojh ;hfeT[_fe n;h_ ikDd/ ;h fe, ftFtk; ;[DB d/ Bkb, ns/ ;[DBk w;hjd/ tuB s'_ nkT[_dk j? (o'whnK 10L17).

gow/Fo ~ ikDB d/ bJh ;kvh ;kfonK dh wdd fJ; s'_fwbdh j? fe gow/Fo B/ ;kv/ nzdo T[; d/ ti{d ~ ;wM d/ bJhfJe v{zxh u/sBk fdsh j?.

e[M b'e fJj u'D eo ;ed/ jB fe T[j gow/Fo d/ T[s/ ftFtk;Bjh_ eoDr/, gozs{ fJe Xosh d/ T[s/ e'Jh th nfijk gqkDh Bjh_ j'fJnkj? fi; d/ bJh gow/Fo d/ T[s/ ftFtk; eoBk n"yk j'fJnk j?.

fJE/ se fe ;ohfoe y/so ftu th gow/Fo B/ nkgDh w"i{drhd/ pj[s ;ko/ gqwkD fds/ jB. 21th ;dh ftu idfe ftfrnkB ;foFNhd/ fty/ pj[s jh v{zxh y'i eodk ik fojk j? gozs{ T[j fJj th ;wM fojkj? fe fJ; ;G d/ fgS/ fJe o{gkeDeko io{o j?. e'Jh th ed/ nfijkftuko jh Bjh_ eo ;edk fe nkekF wzvb ftu T[uh T[vkD Goh ik;edh ;h, Xosh d/ T[s/ rqfjwkor pD ;ed/ ;B, ns/ fpBk fe;/ouBkeko d/ Xosh d/ T[s/ fJj ;G ezw ;jh sohe/ d/ Bkb ub ;ed/jB. T[;/ soKQ ;{oi dk uVBk, w";w dk nkT[Dk ikDk, nkekF rzrk ns/nD{ (n?Nw) ns/ Xosh dh r[o{stnkeoFD Fesh, ns/ fgnko dh Fesh;foFNh dh ouBk eosk (gow/Fo) d/ tr?o ;zGt Bjh_ j?.

fJ; ftu e'Jh Fe Bjh_ j? fe fJBKQ ;kohnK rbK d/ T[s/ftFtk; eoB d/ bJh pj[s finkdk ;wK brdk j? fe io{o fJewjkB ;foFNh eosk j? feT[_fe i/eo e'Jh fvikJhBno Bk j[zdk sKfJj ;G e[M fet/_ pD ;edk ;h.

fJE/ se fe T[j ;oeko fijVh gow/Fo d/ ti{d j'D dkfJzBeko eodh j? T[j th ;foFNh dhnK t;sK ftu Go';k eodh j?ns/ fJe fB:w d/ nzsqrs T[j jw/Fk nkekF wzvb ftu g[bkV :ksqh



xbdh j?. ns/ fJj g[bkV :ksqh T[BKQ fB:wK d/ nzsqrs ftu;[ofyns Xosh s/ tkg; nk gkT[_d/ jB. eh fJj nDj'Dh rb Bjh_brdh, fe T[j b'e fijV/ gqkfeqfse fB:wK dh gkbBk eod/ iK T[BKQ~ ;theko eod/ jB gozs{ T[BQK fB:wK dh ouBk eosk dk fsq;ekoeod/ jB, fijVk fe ns wjkB :'iBk eosk j?<

e[M th j't/ id n?Nw pzp cNdk j? sK T[; d/ okjh__ fijVhspkjh j[zdh j? T[; s'_ n;h_ ;ko/ ikD{ jK. fJ; rb d/ fty/ pj[sjh B}dheh d/ Bkb nfXnB ehsk frnk j? fe ;{oi jo ;+fevfijVh Fesh Svdk j? T[j 5000 fpbh:B nN'fwe pzp d/ pokpoj[zdh j?. ns/ fJ; d/ Bkb jh d{ihnK FeshnK dh s[bBk ftufijVhnK skfonK d/ okjh_ ikoh ehsh iKdh j?, id fe ;{oi jkb/finkdk tvk Bjh_ j?, go n;h_ c/o th fJ; rb ~ ;jh sohe/ d/ BkbBjh_ ikDd/ fe nkekF wzvb ftu skfonK dh frDsh fezBh j?.jkbKfe fpbh:B dh frDsh ftu wB`[y T[BKQ ~ t/y ;edk j?, go c/o th fJj nDfv`m frDsh ftu skfonK dh pkjoh Mkbo j?. nijkbKfe yr'b ftfdnk d/ wkjo fJj wzDd/ jB fe fijVh FeshnkekF rzrk ftu Svh iKdh j? T[; s'_ eJh r[Dk finkdk tvh T[jFesh j? fijVh ;kvk ;{oi Svdk j?. sK c/o nfijh Fesh fet/_ ofj;edh j? eh fJj T[; ;foFNh eosk d/ bJh Bjh_ j? fi; dh FeshfJ; s'_ pj[s jh finkdk j?<

fJ; ftu e'Jh Fe Bjh_ j? fe ;foFNh ;k~ T[; ouBk eoskd/ fty/ ikDekoh fdzdh j?, fijVk fB:w dk gow/Fo, ns/ fi; dhFesh p/ nzs j?. pkJhpb d;dh j?, fe L

nekF gow/Fo dh wfjwk dk toBD eod/ jB, ns/ nzpoT[; dh d;sekoh ftykbdk j?. fdB fdB Bkb p'bhp'bdk j?, ns/ oks oks ~ frnkB d;dh j?. T[BKQ dh Bke'Jh p'bh j? Bk Fpd jB, Bk T[BKQ dh ntk} ;[Dhdh j?.;koh Xosh ftu T[BQK dh sko gjz[udh j?, ns/ ;z;ko dhnK

19

jdK she[o T[BQK d/ p'b. T[BKQ ftu T[; B/ ;{oi bJh v/ok bkfJnk j?, fijVk bkV/ tKC[ nkgDh e'mVh ftu'_fBebdk j?, ns/ ;{ow/ tKC[ nkgD/ ueo ftu d"V bk e/y[F j[zdk j?. (ip{oK dh g'Eh 19L1-4).feT[_fe irs d/ T[sgs j'D s'_ T[j dk nDfvm ;[GkT[noEks T[j dh nBkdh ;woEk ns/ JhF[oskJh T[j dhouBk s'_ uzrh soKQ fd; g+dh j?. fJ; eoe/ T[BKQ d/ bJhe'Jh T[}o Bjh_ (o'whnk 1L20).fJ; bJh fe;/ d/ bJh th, ns/ fes/ th e'Jh pjkBk Bjh_ j?

fe T[j gow/Fo dh w"i{drh s'_ fJzBeko eo ;e/.gow/Fo dh wjkBsk ns/ ;foFNh dh ouBk dh ;kwoE d/

T[s/ fXnkB eoB d/ okjh_ pj[s ;ko/ b'eK B/ nkgD/ nkg ~ fpbe[bS'Nk ns/ F[B: wfj;{; ehsk j?.

fJ;okJ/b dk gksFkj dkT{d B/ th nfijk jh wfj;{; ehskns/ fJ; soKQ T[; ~ gqrN ehsk L

id w+ s/o/ nekF ~ t/ydk jK, fijVk s/oh d;sekoh j?, Bkb/uzd no skfonK ~ fijV/ s+ ekfJw ehs/ jB, sK fJB;kBeh j?, i' s{z T[; ~ u/s/ ftu fbnkt/_, ns/ nkdwh ikfJnk eh,i' s{z T[; dh ;[X bt/_< (ip{oK dh g'Eh 8L3-4).ni ;[or d/ fty/ ;kvk frnkB pj[s jh finkdk tX frnk j?

ns/ :zsqoK dh ;jkfJsk d/ Bkb n;h_ fJBKQ ;kohnK t;sK ~ pj[s jhfinkdk pkoheh d/ Bkb t/y ;ed/ jK fe fJj ;G e[M Xosh d/ T[s/fJe pkjoh Mkbo d/ o{g ftu j?. fJ; dk Bshik fJj j' ;edk j?fe n;h_ th dkT{d gksFkj d/ tKr fJj ;tkb eoB dh gqhfynk ftug? ;ed/ jK L @@fJj fet/_ j' ;edk j? fe fi; gow/Fo B/ fJj ;Gofunk j? T[; w/o/ fij/ S'N/ ftnesh ftu fdbu;gh bt/<##

y[Ffe;wsh dh r`b j? fe N?bh;e'g (d{ophB) dk i[ry[odphB (wkJheq';e'g) dk th i[r j?. ni n;h_ fJj th ikDd/ jK



fe fJj bx{ o{g dk th i[r j?, fijVk e/tb y[odphB d/ okjh_ jht/fynk ik ;edk j?, ns/ fJj T[;/ soKQ Bk ftFtk; ehs/ ikD tkbhrb j? fit/_ pkjoh Mkbo dk tvk y/so j?. fJE/ se fe fJ; y/sodh v{zxkJh ~ gqrN eoB d/ bJh i'sh th pj[s jh yo{tk wkX:w j?.i/eo e'Jh uh} fJe ftfrnkfBe dh ny' pu iKdh j? sK fJjy[odphB dh ;jkfJsk d/ Bkb cVh ik ;edh j? fi; dh ;jkfJsk d/Bkb c/o T[; dh y[p;{osh, nkeko, fB:w ns/ Fesh ~ nkgD/ S'N/;z;ko ftu t/yd/ jK.

fJ; bJh, i/eo s[jk~ ed/ j?okBrh j[zdh j? iK s[jkv/ fdwkrftu nfijk ;tkb nkT[_dk j? fe gow/Fo e'b e'Jh nfijh S'Nh uh}j?, fijVh s[jkv/ ftuko ftu j? sK s[;h_ nD{ ;zpzXh ftfrnkfBe d/ okjh_;[D' fe T[j eh nkydk j? S'Nh s'_ S'Nh uh} th fJ; g{o/ ftFt ~;zGkbD d/ bJh fezBh wjstg{oD j?. fJe n?Nw d/ fJe fBT{No'B ns/go'N'B ~ 12 fjf;nK ftu tzzv' sK T[; d/ okjh_ ftFt ftu fJe tvkXwkek ehsk ik ;edk j?. jK, gow/Fo dh ;foFNh ftu S'Nh uh} T[;/soKQ wjstg{oD j? fit/_ tvh uh}.

;k~ fJj fBFfus eo b+Dk ukjhdk j? fe id n;h_ nfij/;tkb eod/ jK fe L wB`[y eh j? fe s{z T[; dk ftuko eo/<## fJjwB[`y dk nkeko Bjh_ fi; s'_ T[; dh wjs`tsk ikDh iKdh j?. fJ;dh ftgohs gow/Fo d/ ;kjwD/ ;kvh wjs`tsk e[M j'o jh r`bK d/nXkfos j?. ns/ gow/Fo B/ ;kv/ T[`s/ fJj gqrN ehsk j? fe feT[_n;h_ T[; d/ bJh wjstg{oD ns/ T[; d/ fBrkj ftu pj{w[b jK.

jkbKfe ;foFNh nkg jh gow/Fo d/ o{g, fB:w ns/ Fesh ~gqrN eodh j?, gozs{ gow/Fo B/ nkgD/ j"_d, fgnko, ns/ feogk ~gqrN eoB d/ bJh fJe j'o sohe/ dk u'D ehsk j?, fe T[j ;kE'_j'o e[M Bjh_ ukj[zdk gozs{ ;kvh wjkB GfbnkJh ukj[zdk j?. gozs{ i/eo s[jk~ nfij/ gow/Fo dh Gkb eoB dh fJSk j? sK fJj pj[sjh io{oh j? fe s[jkvk nksfwe rkJhv g{oh soKQ Go';/ :'r j't/.

21

ftuko eoB bJh mfjo'1H i/eo s[;h_ jtk ftu b'j/ dh fJe S'Nh fijh uh} ;[N', sK id T[j tkg; nkt/rh sK eh s[;h_ nk; eod/ j' fe T[j ;th; xVh j't/rh<2H eh ftFt dhnK fJj ;kohnK ndG[s ns/ g/uhdh t;sK fpBK fe;/ ;foFNh eosk d/ pD rJhnK<3H id fe ;foFNh s[jkvk fXnkB fJe ouBk eosk gow/Fo tb b? e/ iKdh j? fi; B/ nkgD/ nkg ~ nkeko, fB:w ns/ ;kwoE d/ o{g ftu gqrN ehsk j? ns/ fJj th gqrN ehsk j? fe T[j s[jk~ fgnko eodk j? ns/ s[jkv/ T[s/ feogk eodk j?<


nzXeko Goh r[ck ftu nzXeko dk ;kjwDk T[jftnesh n;kBh d/ Bkb eodk j? fijVk i'sh d/ Bkb

T[; ftu gqt/F eodk j?gb?N'

r[ck d/ F[o{ ftu gqkfeqfs dh o'FBh fJe wXw o'FBhj[zdh j? l i'sh gow/Fo dk tuB j?.

J/Hn?uH;No'_r

22

nfXnkfJnfXnkfJnfXnkfJnfXnkfJnfXnkfJ 22222

eh s[jk~ nksfwe nrtkJh d/Deh s[jk~ nksfwe nrtkJh d/Deh s[jk~ nksfwe nrtkJh d/Deh s[jk~ nksfwe nrtkJh d/Deh s[jk~ nksfwe nrtkJh d/Dtkbk ftFtk;:'r j?<tkbk ftFtk;:'r j?<tkbk ftFtk;:'r j?<tkbk ftFtk;:'r j?<tkbk ftFtk;:'r j?<

e[M ;wK gfjbK nypkoK B/ ysoBke ;ukJh d;h fe jtkJh ijk}d/ fGnzeo Bk; Bkb wB[yh ikB dk B[e;kB ovko d/ f;rBb ftuB[e; g?D d/ ekoD j'fJnk . ns/ c/o th T[j fGnzeo n?e;hv?_Npj[s S'Nk j? id'_ T[; dh s[bBk T[BQK b'eK d/ Bkb ehsh ikt/fijV/ nkgDk Go';k @@nksfwe ovko dh gqDkbh## T[s/ eod/ jBfijVk T[BKQ ~ nksfwe x'o ;zeN t`b Xe/b fdzdk j?.

ni ;z;ko ftu pj[s ;kohnK wsG/d ns/ T[bMD tkbhnKntk}K jB, jo/e gow/Fo tb nrtkJh eoB dk dkntk eoojh j?. s[;h_ fet/_ ikD ;ed/ j' fe fe; T[s/ Go';k ehsk ikt/< gow/Fo bJh s[jkvh y'i ftu s[;h_ rbs ntk} dh nrtkJhftu Bjh_ ik ;ed/ feT[_fe fJj wkwb/ ;dhge jB.

fpqN/B d/ gqXkB wzsoh vpfbT[HJhHrb?v;N'B B/ fbfynk L@@pkJhpb T[s/ ftF/F r[D d/ nkozG dh w'jo brh j'Jh j?, ns/ fJep/nzs ;w/_ dh d{oh fJ; ~ fJ; d/ ;ko/ gqsh:'rhnK Bkb'_ nv eodhj?.##

fJe tko nwohek d/ go?}hv+N npokjkw fbzeB B/ fejkL w+ ftFtk; eodk jK fe pkJhpb ;G s'_ t`vk T[gjko j? fijVkgow/Fo B/ wB[y ~ fd`sk j?.##

p/Fe fJsjk; d/ t`v/ t`v/ wB[yK B/ tk;st ftu fJ; d/p/i'V j'D dh rtkjh fd`sh j?, pkJhpb tk;st ftu fJ; d/nkgD/ foekov d/ f;XKs s/ ekfJw j?.

23


okik dkT{d nkgD/ nrtkJh eoB tkb/ d/ Go';/:'r j'Dpko/ ;gFN ;h. T[; B/ nkfynk L s/ok tuB s/o/ g?oK bJh dhgens/ w/o/ okj dk ukBD j? (ip{oK dh g'Eh 119L105).

ni se b'eK ~ fJj gsk j? fe pkJhpb T[`s/ Go';kehsk ik ;edk j? fe T[j gow/Fo t`b T[BQK dh nrtkJheodh j?. T[BKQ d/ pkti{d fiBKQ B/ fJ; dh ftFtk;:'rsk ~Bk; eoB dh e'fFF ehsh, pkJhpb nì sè th T[;/ soKnNb ns/ Go';/:'r j? fit_/_fJj fg`Sb/ fdBK ftu ;hl fJj;z;ko dh fbysK ftu'_ tk;st ftu p/i'V j?.

feT[_fe b'eK ~ fJ; fBFfuzssk dh b'V j? fe pkJhpb d't/_p/i'V ns/ ;ùh j?, gow/Fo B/ fJ; ~ w[jopzd eoe/ m`gk bkfJnkj'fJnk j? fijVk fJ; d/ n;fs`st ~ s;dhe eodk j? @gow/Fo dk tuB.# tuB d/ gzfBnK ftu'_ ns/ n;zgqdkfJe fJsjk;d/ foekov ftu'_ th d't/_ soK Bkb, fJe JhwkBdko iKu gVskbeoB tkbk pj[s finkdk gqwkD ;ukJh dk ;woEB eoB bJhb`G bt/rk fe L ;koh fbys gow/Fo d/ nkswk s'_ j?(2fsw'fET[; 3L16).

i/ pkJhpb fJe' jh b/ye okjh_ fbyh iKdh, ;k~ fJ; d/ftfFnK dk f;bf;b/tko ns/ nrKj tX{ Yzr Bkb ftek; j[zd/ t/y e/ j?okBh Bk j[zdh. c/o th fJj feskpK dh feskp, fJeftnesh okjh_ Bjh_ fbyh rJh ;h, go pj[s ;ko/ coe coe b/yeK okjh_ fijV/ fGzB fGzB ;fGnkuko s'_ ;h ns/ pj[s ;kohnKFskpdhnK d/ fJe bzw/ no;/ d/ dofwnkB fbyh rJh, c/o th fJ;ftu gow/Fo pko/ fJe fB:fws, f;bf;b/eko ns/ ;ukJh dk p/i'Vftek; j?. fijVk nkgD/ nkg ftu jh pj[s nB'yk j?, n;kXkoDBkb_' th finkdk - uwsekoh j?.

fJ; s'_ fJbktk, g[okss`t-ftfrnkB dk y[dkJh okjh_

25

nfXnB th brksko Bt/_ gqwkD b`G oj/ jB fijV/ pkJhpbfoekov d/ fJsjkf;e :EkoEsk ~ j'o th finkdk gqwkD eod/jB. xNBktK fijVhnK fJe ;w/_ wBxVs r`b efj e/ wy"bftu T[vk fd`shnK iKdhnK ;B j[D nkX[fBe iwkB/ d/ y[dkJheoB tkfbnK d/ ckT[fVnK okjh_ gqwkfDs eo fd`s/ rJ/ sK.## jK,;ùw[u pkJhpb gow/Fo dh feskp j? ;kfonK b'eK bJh fJ;ftu gow/Fo dk ;zd/F j?.

fJ; ;funkJh d/ pkti{d fe pkJhpb gow/Fo dh feskpj?, e[M b'e jkb/ th fJ; ~ gVQD s'_ w[V/ j'J/ jB feT[_fe T[BKQ~ fJj gqufbs Gow j? fe ;z;ko d' torK ftu tzfvnk j'fJnkj? L ;kfJz;dkB fijV/ ;ukJh dk ;kjwDk eod/ jB, ns/ ;ù/ftFtk;h fiBQK B/ nkgDhnK n`yK T[BKQ bJh pzd ehshnK j'JhnKjB. Gkt fJj j? fe fJe ;ùk ;kfJz;dkB fJe ;ùk ftFtk;hBjh_ j' ;edk. nì c/o th fezB/ t`v/ ;kfJz;dkB jB fijV/ fJ;XkoDk dk fJBeko eod/ jB. p/Fe pkJhpb fJe ;kfJz; dhfJe gkm g[;se Bjh_ j?, fiÈ/ fes/ th fJj fJBQK y/soK d/ ;zgoeftu nkT[_dh j? fJ; ~ ftfrnkB dh ekfJw ehshnK j'JhnK;ukJhnK okjh_ ed/ th n;theko Bjh_ ehsk frnk. pikJ/ fJ;d/, fJ; d/ T[d/F ns/ gq:'iB ftu pkJhpb ;kfJz; dhnK ;hwktKs'_ fes/ go/ iKdh j?.

T[dkjoD d/ s"o s/, ;kfJz; fJj ;gFN Bjh_ eo ;edhfe n;h_ feT[_ fJ; rqfj Xosh s/ jK, Bk jh fJj ;k~ fJj d`;;edh j? fe Xosh T[s/ nkgDk ihtB ysw eoB d/ pknd n;h_feÈ/ ik oj/ jK. Bk jh ;kfJz; ;k~ d`; ;edh j? fe ihtB dkw{b we;d eh j?, iK n?E'_ se th fe fJe ftnesh dhtk;sfte ehws eh j?. fJ; ftu e'Jh rb Bjh_ fe fJe ftneshGkt/_ fezBK th ubke (iK ;kXkoD) j't/, jo fJe ~ fJFtoh:;jkfJsk dh b'V gow/Fo d/ pku/ ;ukJh ~ ikDB bJh j[zdh j?.

eh s[jk~ nksfwe nrtkJh d/D tkbk ftFtk;:'r j?<


fNgDh L T[dkjoD d/ s"o s/ 1868 ftu iowBh dk fJe :ksohfi; dk BK eb/B ;h T[; B/ w'nkp d/ g[okD d/F ftu ik e/fBofyD ehsk, fi; ~ nì @@i'ovB## fejk iKdk j?. T[E/ T[;B/ gÈo dk fJe ;wkoe fuzB t/fynk fi; T[s/ w'nkp d/ okik,w/Fk okjh_ u"___sh bkJhBK fbyhnK j'JhnK ;B. fJj fbys fJ;okJ/b d/ fto[X T[; dh prkts dh :kdrko ftu foekov ehsh j'Jh;h. d'_t/_ nkwoh ns/ njkp dk f}eo 2 okfinK d/ 1 nfXnkfJftu ehsk frnk j? ns/ T[; ;wkoe fuzB T[s/ th. d'B'_ jkbsKftu ;k~ d`f;nk frnk j? fe fJj fJ;okJ/bh oki/ w'nkp d/;skT[D tkb/ ;B. nì pj[s ;kohnK nfijhnK y'iK pkJhpb d/foekov dh fJsjkf;e ;ukJhnK dh g[FNh eodhnK jB. :ehBhs"o s/ feT[_ cqK;h;h fcb';co ns/ fj;kpdkB pb/} gk;eb B/fejk, @@oh}B (soe eoB dh ;o/Fm ;cbsk ;k~ fJj ftykT[_dh j? fe soe eoB bJh fJè gkpzdh j?.@@ ;k~ ihtB d/ pj[swjs`tg{oD gqFBK dk ed/ Go';/:'r itkp Bk fwbdk i/ fJjgow/Fo dh feskp d/ bJh Bk j[zdk (j't/).

nkT[ j[D n;h_ d' }'odko ;[MkT[ s/ ;'u ftuko eohJ/fe pkJhpb tk;st ftu gow/Fo dh feskp j?.

gfjbh :EkoE r`b fi; s'_ ftFtk; Bjh_ ehsk ik ;edkT[j fJj j? fJ; dh g?rzpoh Gft`ypkDhnK. d{ih ;kwoEFkbh ns/;ekokswe gqGkT[ j? fi; B/ T[BQK b'eK d/ ihtBK ftu e'fFFehsh j? fiBKQ B/ fJ; d/ ;zd/F ~ rzGhosk Bkb fbnk j?.

pkJhpb dh GftypkDhnK dh :EkoEsk;kv/ ftu'_ finkdkso b'eK ftu fJj T[s;[esk pDh j'Jh

j? fe fJj ikDhJ/ fe Gft`y ftu ;kv/ bJh eh o`fynk j?. ns/pkJhpb Gfty d/ e[M pj[s ;ko/ fttoD ifNb ns/ fdb fyut/_ jB. j[D s[;h_ g[S ;ed/ j' L @@s[;h_ fet_/ gèh soK efj ;ed/j'<##

27

fJ; gqFB dk itkp d/D bJh nkT[ n;h_ ebgBk eohJ/fe s[;h_ d/F ftu fiÈ/ s[;h_ gfjbK ed/ Bjh_ rJ/, T[E/ x[wzDfcoD bJh S[Nh b? oj/ j'. s[jkv/ jÈ ftu fijVk BeFk j? e/tb T[jh s[jkvh nrtkJh eoB tkbk j?. e`b jh s[jk~ fJjBeFk fwfbnk fijVk g{oh soK Bkb s[jkv/ bJh Go';/:'r j?,fit/_ fJ; ftu d`f;nk frnk ;h, T[;/ soK s[;h_ T[; Bdh e'bnkJ/ ns/ c/o T[; fgzv ftu fiÈ/ fgSbh oks s[;h_ ;[s/ ;h. nìs[;h_ BtK okj b?D bJh c?;bk eoBk j?. s[jkv/ ;kjwD/ fJenDikD fJbkek j?, go s[jkvk BeFk fJFkok eodk j? fe i/s[;h_ y`p/ gk;/ w[V' sK s[;h_ izrb ftu'_ E'Vk ok;sk gko eoe/nfijh EK gj[zu'r/ sK T[E/ s[jk~ fJe t`vh Mhb fwb/rh. j[Ds[;h_ T[; Mhb ~ t/yDk ukj'r/, sK s[;h_ eh eo'r/< w+ ;'udk jKfe s[;h_ BeF/ ftu d`;h rJh fdFk d/ nB[;ko u`b'r/ ns/ yp/gk;/ w[V'r/. fBFfus s"o s/, nfijk eoB bJh s[jkv/ Go';/ dkw[y ekoD T[j ;funkJh j't/rh fijVh e`b s[jkv/ BeF/ B/ fJenDikB gqd/F ftu s[jkvk fpbe[b ;jh nrtkJh eoB tkbk j'e/ ;kfps ehsk. fJj s[jk~ d`;/rk fe T[E/ s[jk~ eh fwb/rkfJ; s'_ gfjbK fe s[;h_ T[E/ gj[zu'_, ns/ fJj mhe ;h.

gqwkDK ftu'_ fJe nB'yk gqwkD fe pkJhpb gow/Fo dktuB j? T[j fJ; dh nB'yh :EkoEsk j? id fJj Gft`y dhxNBktK dh Bp{ts eodh j?. fJ; d/ gzfBnk ftu n;h_ pj[s;kohnK Bp{tsK gVQd/ jK fijVhnK, nì d/ ntb'eB s'_ n;h_ikDd/ jK fe fit/_ ;?_eV/ ;kb gfjbK T[j Gft`ypkDhnK j'JhnK;B fpbe[b mhe T[;/ soK g{ohnK j'JhnK jB.

fJj GftypkDhnK fJe n;kXkoD ft;Eko Fkfwb eodhnKjB, fi; ftu Xosh d/ ;ko/ b'eK ~ ;theko eodhnK jB, fJ;s'_ fJbktk fJ;okJ/b ns/ nop d/ w[beK pko/ pj[s ftfF;NfttoD Fkwb eodhnK jB. fJ; s'_ th t`X wjs`tg{oD ;?_efVnK



dh sdkd ftu Bp{tsK w;hjk d/ nkT[D pko/ jB. feT[_fe w;hjkd/ pko/ pj[s ;kohnK Bp{tsK j[D fJsjk; jB, n;h_ ikDd/ jKfe w;hjk d/ iBw, ihtB ns/ w"s pko/ e[M fttoD pj[sfinkdk n;zGt ns/ fezB/ ;jh ;B fiBQK s/ ftFtk; th Bjh_ ehskik ;edk.

nfijh y'i d/ foekov d/ nkXko T[s/, fJj ;ù wzB b?Dk,T[fus (ns/ ;jh) j? fe Gft`y fpbe[b mhe fJ; ~ fpnkB eo/rk fit/_ pkJhpb ftu GftypkDhnK ehshnK rJhnK jB. ns/jo ;kb, pkJhpb dh Gft`ypkDhnK d/ j'o th ;jh gqwkD ;kvhnKnyK d/ ;kjwD/ gqrN ehs/ ikDr/. tk;st ftu, pkJhpb ~gVBk e`b d/ nypko ~ gVBk j?.

vkeNo ftbpo ;fwE ihtB Go pkJhpb dk fJe ftfdnkoEhfojk j?. T[; B/ pkJhpb dh GftypkDh d/ ;jh fttoD tbfXnkB fdtkT[D bJh yk; nBzd gqkgs ehsk j?. g[okD/ fB:wdhnK pj[s ;kohnK GftypkDhnK fijVhnK w;hjk pko/ rbeodhnK jB T[BQK dh s[bBk d{finK dh f;fynktK Bkb eoe/fijV/ nkgD/ e'b ;ukJh j'D dk dkntk eod/ jB, ftbpo ;fwEB/ fXnkB ehsk fe, @@w[jzwd ~ wzBD tkb/ w[jzwd d/ iBw s'_ ;?_eV/;kb gfjbK T[; ~ nkT[D pko/ fe;/ th Bp{ts tb fJFkok Bjh_eo ;ed/. Bk jh fe;/ th g{ik ftXh d/ F[o{ eoB tkb/ ;jh sohe/Bkb fet/_ th g[okD/ Xow rzqE ftu'_ T[dkjoD d/ ;ed/ jB fijVkyk; s"o s/ T[BKQ d/ nkrwB pko/ g{ot ;{uBk d/ ;e/.

j[D ;k~ ;ukJh ;theko eoBh ukjhdh j? fe :ehBh s"oBkb e[M Bp{ts nfijhnK nytkT[_dhnK jB fizBK ~ ;jh j'DbJh nzso gq/oDk dh e'Jh b'V Bjh_ j?.

ezwfgT[NoK dh ;jkfJsk, u'D d/ fdB d/ fJzNoftT[ ns/fJsjkf;e nzkefVnK dh ;jkfJsk Bkb, fBT{} whvhnK eJh tkofJb?eFD d/ fi`sD tkb/ pko/ ikD ;edh j? fJ; s'_ gfjbK fe

29

t'NK tkbk pe;k pzd j't/. nzefVnK ;zpzXh frnkB fijVk T[BKQe"b T[gbpX j[zdk j?, fJ; ftu e'Jh pj[s nB'yh rb Bjh_ j? idT[j ;w/_ s'_ gfjbK jh fti/sk ~ @;d b+d/# jB ns/ c/o th eJhtkoh n;cb j' iKd/ jB.

c/o th, fe;/ th fBT{} fog'oNo ~ g[SD dh e'fFF eo' fej[D s'_ thj s'_ gzih ;kb pknd T[; T[whdtko dh gSkD eoBfijVk fJb?eFB bV/rk. T[; ~ g[S' e"D fis/rk, ns/ c/o T[BKQEKtK d/ fttoD pko/ g[S' fiÈ/ T[j fti/sk iBw b?Dr/, T[BQK d/Gft`y ftu ihT[D dk sohek fej' fijk j't/rk, ns/ n?E'_ se feT[j jkbks fijV/ T[BQK dh w"s d/ t/b/ j'Dr/. fJ; s'_ th nr/tX e/ fB:[} fog'oNo~ fJj g[S' fe j[D s'_ 1000 ;kb pknd nop d/ w[beK ftu Go';/:'r ;{uBk d/D fe T[E/ eh j't/rk. T[BKQ ~ fJj th g[S' fe T[BQKFfjoK pko/ fBFfus o{g Bkb fpnkB eoB fijV/ T[; bzp/ no;/d/ ;w/_ ftu g{oh soKQ BFN j' ikDr/.

fBFfus o{gBkb s[;h_ fJ; r`b ftu ;fjws j't'r/ fe jotko id th T[; fB:[} fog'oNo s'_ fJe nfsfoes Bp{ts dh wzrehsh ikt/rh T[; dh Bp{ts d/ ;jh j'D d/ ftgohs nftFt;Bh:;zGktBktK pj[s tX ikDrhnK. T[j th, nzs ftu, id senBzsekb dk gow/Fo T[; ~ Gfty d/ pko/ Bk d; fojk j't/l f;ocT[s/ jkbs ftu n;h_ T[; fog'oNo s'_ nk; eo ;ed/ jK fe nzs~ F[o{ s'_ ikD bt/. ns/ T[BKQ tKC[ fJ; soKQ dhnK tkodksK Bkbj'o th pj[s ;kohnK r[zMbdko xNBktK d/ fttoD pko/ n;h_nkgD/ fBT[} fog'oNoK ~ ;{fus ehsk j? ns/ fJ; s'_ bzp/ ;w/_ dh ntXh pko/ pkJhpb ftu Gft`ypkDhnK ehshnK j'JhnK jB.

T[dkjoD d/ s"o s/, g[okD/ Ffjo skfJo (Tyre) nw{okjd/ pko/ gow/Fo B/ eh Bp{ts ehsh fe T[; Bkb eh j't/rk T[jfe; soK g{oh j'Jh fJ; r`b s/ ftFtk; eoBk n"yk j?.



i/ s[;h_ o{uh o`yd/ j', gfjbK T[BQK Gft`ypkDhnK ~ gV'QfijVhnK fj}ehJ/b 26 nkfJsK 3-21 ftu foekov ehshnKrJhnK jB, ns/ c/o n?B;kJheb'ghvhnK pohN?Bhek (Encyclo-pedia Britannica) ns/ fJsjk; d/ d{i/ foekov t/y'. d'jKftu s[;h_ fJè' ejkDh gV'r/, gfjbh Bp{ts ehsh j'Jh, ns/ d{ihfJsjk; tKC[.Bp{ts L xNBktK d/ j'D s'_ ekch ;wK gfjbK, gow/Fo B/ F[o{d/ Ffjo bJh spkjh wukT[D tkb/ Gft`y dh Bp{ts eo fd`sh;h. T[; B/ fejk L

t/y, w+ HHHpj[s ;kohnK e"wK ~ s/o/ T[s/ uVk fbnktKrk,T[j F[o{ dhnK ezXK ~ Ykj d/Dr/ ns/ T[j d/ p[oiK ~ s'V d/Dr/. ns/ w+ T[j dh fwNh sheo y[ou ;[NKrk ns/ T[j ~ BzrhuNkB pDk SvKrk. fJj th gfjbK df;nk frnk ;h fe fJjgqf;Xh dk Ffjo fi; EK s/ pfDnk ;h T[j y[ofunk ik e/ BzrhuNkB pDk fdsk ikt/rk. fJ; s'_ th tX, fJj GftypkDh ehshrJh ;h fe T[j HHHs/o/ gEo, ekm ns/ s/oh fwNh ;kro ftu ;[Nd/Dr/ go fJBQK Bp{tsK dk nftFt;Bh: fttoD fJE/ jh yswBjh_ j[zdk. gow/Fo B/ g[okD/ F[o{ d/ pko/ fejk L HHHs{z ikbk d/fybkoB dh EK pD/rk (fj}ehJ/b 26L3,4,12,14). fJsjk; id'_ s[;h_fJsjk; d/ foekov ~ gV'Q, s[;h_ s;dhe eo'r/ fe id Bp{edB;oB/ F{o d/ g[okD/ Ffjo (wjkdhg) ~ Bk; ehsk, sK tk;st ftuT[; B/ T[; dhnK ezXK ~ Ykj fdsk ns/ T[j d/ p[oiK ~ s'V;[fNnk fit/_ GftypkDh ehsh rJh ;h. ns/ pknd ftu f;ezdowjkB d/ fJzihfBnoK d/ g[okD/ Ffjo ;{o dh fwNh ~ y[ou ;[fNnkns/ T[; ~ Bzrh uNkB pDk fdsk.

id T[BQK B/ T[; dh o'Vh, gÈo nkd d/ N[eV/ ;kroftu ;[`N fd`s/ sK i' T[; Nkg{ T[`s/ fJe g[`b pDk d/D, fJjT[;/ soKQ ;h fi; soK Gft`ypkDh ehsh rJh ;hl gÈo ns/ ekm

31

ns/ fw`Nh tk;st ftu gkDh ftu ;[`N fd`s/ rJ/ ;B. jK, nìd/ fdB she[o g[okD/ ;{o dh popkdh d/ fBFkB ;w[zdo d/ gkDhj/m d`p/ rJ/ jB. gow/Fo B/ fejk, fJj j't/rk ns/ fJjj'fJnk.

p/Fe nì th w`X g{ot d/ fJbke/ ftu fJe gqf;`X Ffjo;{o j?, go fJj T[j g[okDk Ffjo ;{o Bjh_ j? fijVk nkyoeko1291 ftu Bk; eo fdsk frnk ;h.

i/ s[;h_ g[okD/ F[o{ dh EK dk ik e/ fBohyD eo ;e', s[;h_ikD ikT[r/ fe fJj nftFtk;fB: Gft`ypkDhnK fe; soK g{ohnKj'JhnK jB. T[E/ s[;h_ e[M w`Sh cVD tkfbnK e'gVhnK dk fdqFfJe S'N/ fgzv ftu t/y ;ed/ j', T[E/ dh s[;h_ w`Sh cVB tkbhnKfeFshnK ;w[zdo ftu trdhnK ns/ w`Sh cVD tkb/ ikb BzrhnKuNkBK T[s/ ;[ed/ j'J/ t/y ;ed/ j'. wB[yh p[X fJ; soK d/ tXd/c[bd/ tgkoe Ffjo fi; soK dk g[okDk ;{o Ffjo ;h T[; d/fJ; n;zGt Gfty ~ fet/_ ikD ;edh ;h<

ghNo ;N'Bo d/ g[okD/ ;{o Ffjo pko/ ;`s Gft`ypkDhnKdh s[bBk fJsjkf;e foekov Bkb ehsh. fj;kp ;zpzXh ;zGktBkdh ftT[_s pDkT[D s'_ pknd fe fj}ehJ/b dh Bp{tsK g{ohnKj'DrhnK, T[; B/ fBFfus ehsk L

@@i/ fj}ehJ/b B/ nkgD/ fdBK ftu ;{o s/ fXnkB fd`sk,ns/ fJj ;`s Gft`ypkDhnK wB[yh p[X Bkb ehshnK j[zdhnK, fJBKnB[wkBK dk noE fJj j[zdk fe 75,000,000 ftu'_ fJe'_ ;zGktBkj[zdh fe T[j ;kohnK ;jh fBèbdhnK.@@

nkT[ j[D f;oc fJe Gft`ypkDh s/ fXnkB d/JhJ/ fijVhfJe pù/ d/ iBw d/ ;zpzX ftu j?.

w`sh, fJe N?e; b?D tkfbnK dk foNkfJo j'fJnk ;oekohnc;o pj[s ;kohnK nB'yhnK Gft`ypkDhnK ftu'_ uko ~ :kdeodk j? fijVhnK T[; t/b/ g{ohnK j'JhnK id f:;{ dk iBw



j'fJnk ;h. T[BQK ftu'_ fJe ftu w`sh whekj Bph dk jtkbkfdzdk j?, fi; B/ nkgD/ ;w/_ d/ finkdk p'bD tkb/ jkewK d/fto[X roiD tkbh fBzdk ehsh. whekj dk fdb N[N frnk ;h.feT[_fe id T[j ihfts ;h T[; d/ d/F ftu yoh nrtkJh eoBtkb/ nfXekoh dh xkN ;h. c/o th, whekj B/ fJe g[o T[whdGft`y t/fynk id gow/Fo B/ T[; ~ ftykfJnk fe fJe fdB fJejkew g?dk j't/rk. n?E'_ se fe T[; B/ fJ; nkT[D tkb/ bhvod/ ;jh iBw ;EkB dk th mhe toDB ehsk.

go j/ p?sbjw ncokEkj, s{z i' :j{dkj d/ j}koK ftu'_ S'Nkj+, s+E'_ fJe w/o/ bJh fBeb/rk i' fJ;okJ/b ftu jkew j't/rk. fijdk fBebDk gokuhD ;w/_ s'_ ;r'_ nBkdh s'_ j? (whekj 5L2).

gow/Fo B/ gqrN ehsk fe fJ;okJ/b ftu nkT[D tkbkjkew p?sbjw ncokEkj ftu g?dk j't/rk.

fit/_ whekj B/ Gft`ypkDh ehsh, f:;{ g?dk j'fJnk, nkgD/gfotko d/ Bro Bk;os d/ xo ftu Bjh_, go p?sbjwncokEkj ftu, fJe o'wh ;wqkN d/ j[ew d/ ekoD wksk fgskfJe oki nkfrnk dk j[ew wzB oj/ ;B. T[; d/ nB[;ko, T[jxo S`v e/ p?sbjw ~ rJ/. fBFfus s"o s/ e'Jh th S'N/p?sbjw s'_ jkew dh sbkF Bjh_ eo/rk, fijVk fe :j{dkj d/pj[s ;ko/ BroK ftu'_ e/tb fJe ;h. T[E/ iBw b?D dh ;zGktBknftFtk;Bh: ;h. c/o th fJj' j'fJnk fit/_ whekj B/ Gft`ypkDhehsh ;h. ns/ f:;{ d/ ihtB pko/ fJj' fijhnK ;+eV/ j?okB eoBtkbhnK Gft`ypkDhnK ftu'_ fJj fJe ;h.

n;h_ gVQd/ jK fe gow/Fo B/ x'FDk ehsh Lw+ nkd s'_ nzs ~ ns/ w[Y s'_ i' nì/ Bjh_ j'fJnk d`;dk

jK, w+ nkydk jK, @w/oh ;bkj ekfJw oj/rh, ns/ w+ nkgDh;koh fJ`fSnk ~ g{oh eoKrk, (:;k:kj 46L10).w+ gfjbhnK r`bK g[okD/ ;w/_ s'_ d`;hnK T[j w/o/ w{zj'_

33

fBèbhnK, ns/ w+ T[BQK ~ ;[DkfJnk. s[os c[os w+T[jBK ~ eo fd`sk, ns/ T[j j' rJhnK. HHH w+ s+~g[okD/ ;w_/s'_ d`f;nk, T[BKQ d/ nkT[D s'_ gfjbK w+ s+~;[DkfJnk (:;k:kj 48L3,5).fJsjk; B/ fJj ;kfps eo fd`sk j? fe fJj Bp{tsK, gow/

Fo okjh_ fdshnK rJhnK ns/ pkJhpb ftu foekov ehshnKrJhnK jB, fJj 100 gqshFs ;jh jB.

pkJhpb dk ;kwoEhFkbh gqskT[d{ik ;kwoEFkbh ;p{s fe pkJhpb gow/Fo dk tuB j?

T[j gqGkt j? fijVk ezw ftu fbnkfJnk frnk j?. ;kwkfie,;fGnkuko ns/ ftneshrs s"o s/ pkJhpb d/ ;zd/F B/ wB[yhtor ~ ;BwkfBs ehsk j? id th ns/ fiÈ/ fes/ th fJjf;ykfJnk frnk j? ns/ fJ; T[s/ ftFtk; ehsk frnk j?.

fJ; feskp d/ gfjbh d[jokJh d/ fgqzN j'D ikD s'_ E'VkgfjbK fJe BtK d';s ;kv/ xo fwbD bJh nkfJnk fJem/ n;h_fJ; jE Bkb fbyh g[;se dk fBohyD ehsk. p/Fe GktBk ~ fJedw gqrN Bjh_ ehsk frnk, T[; B/ nkgD/ jzM{nK s/ fit/_ n;h_nfXnkfJ ;s gV oj/ ;h ekp{ gk fbnk. d' tko n;h_ gqkoEBkftu f;o M{ekT[D bJh ns/ gow/Fo dh T[;ss eoB bJh o[e/fi; d/ fgnko pko/ n;h_ gVQ oj/ ;h. fJem/ n;h_ d'jK B/ gow/Fo dk XzBtkd T[; d/ Xhoi, T[; dh d:k ns/ ;kv/ n:'r ihtBKftu T[; d/ fgnko d/ jo/e gqwkD bJh ehsk. fit/_ n;h_ ihftsgow/Fo dh wjstg{oD T[g;fEsh wfj;{; ehsh, ;k~ ezpDh fSVgJh n;h_ nBzd Bkb Go rJ/.

T[j fdB yk; eoe/, w/o/ d';s bJh wjstg{oD ;h.fpbe[b mhe fJe ;kb gfjbK, T[j fJebk ftbk; t;s{nK tkb/ewo/ ftu fJebk p?mk ;h fijVk T[; fBwqsk tkbh fojkfJF s'_fpbe[b jh coe ;h fiE/ n;h_ j[D p?m/ ;h.



go T[; t/b/ fijVh ;[zdosk T[; d/ uko'_ gk;/ ;h T[; B/T[; ~ e'Jh th y[Fh Bjh_ fd`sh ;h. tk;st ftu nzdo{Bh s"os/ T[j pj[s jh fBokFkiBe ;fEsh ftu ;h fe ;ùw[u T[; ~ihT[D dh e'Jh fJfSnk Bjh_ ;h. nkgDh ftneshrs y[Fh jh y'iftu T[j nkgDh wodkBrh dhnK ;kohnK b'VK dh w"i ftu;zs[FN j' frnk. e'e/B dh nkds dk w[y T[; dh ;cbsk ;h.@fv`r/ j'J/# ns/ @t`v/ b'e# poKvh ns/ ft;eh ;G T[; d/ o'}d/ n?ytkJh Bkb u`bd/ ihtB d/ fj`;/ jB. ;kbK se :'og ftuns/ ;z;ko d/ uko u[c/o/, nwho s'_ th nwho Bkb T[; dkGkJhtkb ;h, go T[; oks T[j fJèbk ;h. nkgD/ fJe`b/gBftu, T[; dh ;woD-Fesh ~ gqGkfts eoB tkbh T[dk;h j[Dpj[s finkdk j' rJh fi; d/ pko/ T[; B/ ftuko ehsk fe ;z;kod/ ;ko/ jkbksK s'_ vokT[Dh ns/ fGnkBe ;h. T[; ~ j'o e'Jhok;sk B}o Bjh_ nk fojk ;h.

fGnkBe fJokd/ Bkb T[; B/ nkgDh d'Bkbh fg;s'b r'bhnKGohnK, nkgDh eBgNh s/ oyh ns/ pzd{e dk eke T[uk eo e/ x'V/s/ jE oy fdsk, @@f;oc fJe fJzu d/ 1$8 fj;/ G[b ikD dh ;fEshs'_ go/,## T[; B/ ;'funk, @@c/o w/oh ;koh ghVk jw/Fk bJh ysw j'ikt/rh.## T[;/ ;+ev d/ fj;/ ftu (w/o/ d';s ~ gsk Bk brk fefJj fet/_ j'fJnk) N?bhftiB dk gq'rokw pdb frnk. T[; B/nkgD/ nkg ~ pkJhpb fJe ;zd/F ;[Dd/ j'J/ gkfJnk fijVk Gftydh nk; pko/ d; fojk ;h. fit/_ nXh oks dk t/bk j'fJnk ns/T[j fpbe[b fJebk ;h, T[j coF s/ ihfts gow/Fo d/ ;kjwD/T[; dh w[nkdh ns/ d:k gkT[D bJh M[e frnk.

feT[_fe gow/Fo dh ;kwoE B/ w/o/ d';s d/ ihtB ~p[fBnkdh s"o s/ pdb fdsk, fijVk wB[y w/o/ ;kjwD/ ;h T[j T[;dh pj[s E'Vh ;wkBsk ftu ;h fi; dk w+ ;zy/g ftu toDB ehskj?. T[; d/ iBw s'_ gfjbK, T[; d/ wkfgnK B/ T[; bJh gqkoEBk

35

ehsh ;h, ns/ p/Fe itkB wB[y j' e/ T[; B/ pkJhpb dk nfXnBehsk ;h, T[; B/ fJ; d/ ;zd/F ~ rzGhosk Bkb wBQk eo fdsk ;h.nkgD/ XB d"bs dh pj[skfJs ns/ ;[y ;[ftXk tkb/ ;z;ko ftu'_,T[; B/ gow/Fo d/ fto[X prkts ehsh ns/ nftFt;Bh: B?fsentkorh ftu ;zs[FN j' frnk.

;skoK ;kb gfjbK T[; :kd oyD tkbh oks id T[; B/nkfyoeko gow/Fo ~ gk fbnk, w/o/ d';s B/ fJe ;z[do uwV/dh fibd tkbh feskp yohdh. fJ; d/ ftu fpBK fby/ j'J/ ;c/d ;fcnK tkbh feskp ;h. T[; dk fJokdk T[; B/ ihtB dh jo/e wjs`tg{oD xNBk ~ T[; fdB s'_ foekov eoB dh ;h. ns/c/o th T[BKQ ;skoK ;kbK d/ nz;iwh ns/ T[ikV{ ihtB ftu fJetko th e'Jh ;/qFm r`b Bjh_ fbyh.

tk;sftesk fJj j? fe T[BKQ ;ko/ ;kbK ftu w/o/ d';s B/nkgDh fg`m ihfts gow/Fo t`b eo e/ o`yh, ns/ fJe p/rkBkns/ n;zs'FiBe Bebh nksfwe ;co ehsk. fJ; B/ fJ; ~o'}kBk d/ N/t/ ns/ ;zrhs Bkb M{bD ns/ ;zrhs d/ gq'rqkw BkbM{bD dh X[D Bkb F[o{ ehsk. S/sh jh T[j ikd{-Goh r`bK ftuFkwb j' frnk. S/sh jh :'r Bkb T[; d/ nkeoFD (;zw'jD)B/ T[j ~ fjzd{ fcbk;ch d/ rzGho nfXnB t`b g/qfos ehsk ns/nkfyoeko g{oph oj`;tkd Bkb Fkfwb j' frnk. i' e[M T[; B/T[BQK ;kbK ftu nB[Gt ehsk T[BKQ ftu'_ T[; G{o/ ozr dh uwV/dh fi`bd tkbh feskp (B'Np[e) ftu fJe tko th e'Jhwjs`tg{oD r`b foekov Bjh_ ehsh rJh. T[; d/ gzB/ ykbhgBdh sVg Bkb ;c/d jh oj/ id se T[; :kd oyD tkbh oksftu id T[; dh w[bkeks gow/Fo Bkb j'Jh.

T[; oks w/o/ d';s B/ gfjbh tko e[M fbyD :'r r`bT[; ftu foekov ehsh. i' e[M T[; B/ fbfynk T[j gV e/ w+~y[Fh j'Jh. fJj fJe b'V wzd wB[y dh gft`so ns/ nksfwe



fj;kp feskp j? fijVk fJe fgnko eoB tkb/ gow/Fo okjh_pukfJnk frnk ;h. fJj tk;st ftu pj[s ;z[do ;h. nkgDhwjkB d:k ftu, gow/Fo B/ T[; ~ fBokFkiBe ;fEsh ns/ w"ss'_ nkgDh Bk pdbD tkbh ;ukJh ns/ j?okB eoB tkb/ fgnkodh o'FBh okjh_ S[Nekok fd`sk.

feT[_fe fJj wB[y dh nksfwe T[bMD j? fit/_ w/o/ d';sdk nzBkgB fe gow/Fo B/ nkgD/ nkg ~ fJe feskp ftu fijVhpkJhpb ejkT[_dh j? gqrN ehsk j?. i/ s[;h_ pkJhpb, fijVh e/tb fJe' Go';/:'r nksfwe nrtkJh eoB tkbh j? s'_ w{zj w'V'sK, s[;h_ nkgD/ nkg ~ Gow ns/ rbs ftuko ftu pzd eobt'r/. go i/, gow/Fo bJh nkgDh y'i ftu, f;`yD tkb/ wBBkb pkJhpb e'b nkT[ sK fi; nksfwe i'sh ns/ nrtkJh dhs[jk~ b'V j? T[j ;G s[jk~ T[; ftu fwb/rk.

f;oc gow/Fo d/ tuB okjh_ n;h_ gow/Fo dh ;gFNikDekoh gk ;ed/ jK, fit/_ T[; B/ nkgD/ nkg ~ gqrN ehskj?. fJ; feskp ftu, ;k~ nkgD/ nkg ;ukJh dh gow/Fo d/tuB dh ;z;ko dh i'sh dh ikD gSkD eotkJh rJh j?.

gqG{ s/ok tuB ;EkJh j?ns/ ;kv/ edwK dh nrtkJh eodk j?fijVk fJ; dh ;ukJh T[s/ ftFtk; eodk j?i'sh ns/ nBzd gqkgs eodk j?.

37

ftuko eoB bJh mfjo'1H eh e'Jh j'o jE dhnK fbysK iK @gftso fbysK# jBfizBK dh s[bBk pkJhpb Bkb Gfty dhnK xNBktK

dh GftypkDh dh :EkoEsk Bkb ehsh ik ;edh j?<2H eh s[;h_ ftneshrs o{g Bkb b'eK ~ ikDd/ j' fiBKd/ ihtB pdb rJ/ jB feT[_ fe T[BKQ B/ pkJhpb d/;zd/F T[s/ fXnkB fdsk j?<

3H eh s[;h_ ed/ pkJhpb dh f;fynktK ~ s[S mfjokfJnkj? idfe T[;/ ;w/_ s[;h_ fBFegN wB Bkb fJ; ~

gVB ftu bkgotkjh ehsh j?<


;[or ns/ Xosh dh ;wf;nktK p/Fe T[BKQ B/ fJèm/ns/ fJe' tko ;kvk fto'X eoBk ;h, T[BQK dh s[bBkgow/Fo dh Bk dpD :'r ;wf;nk Bkb Bjh_ j't/rh L feT[j j? l T[j fe; d/ tork j? l ns/ ;k~ B?fse ftneshj[zd/ j'J/ T[; pko/ th eoBk ukjhdk j?.

J/HvpfbT[HN'}o

38


gow/Fo fej d/ tork j?<gow/Fo fej d/ tork j?<gow/Fo fej d/ tork j?<gow/Fo fej d/ tork j?<gow/Fo fej d/ tork j?<

ihtB ftu fe;/ t/b/ pj[s b'eK B/ g[fSnk j't/rk @@gow/Fo fejd/tork j?<## p/Fe gow/Fo B/ fJj gqFB dk itkp fdsk j'fJnk j?,c/o th j'o pE/o/ jB fijV/ nkgDhnK ebgBk ns/ nkgD/ nB[wkBKs/ tX/o/ eoe/ Go';k oyDr/ pikJ/ fJ; d/ fe pkJhpb ftu gVQB fegow/Fo nkgD/ pko/ eh nkydk j?.

fJj b'e tk;st ftu pkJhpb d/ fJe wjstg{oD eEB ~T[bNk eod/ jB. idfe gow/Fo nkydk j?L n;h_ nkdwh ~ nkgD/;o{g T[s/ pDkJhJ/ (T[sgs 1L26), T[j nkyd/ jBL @@n;h_ gow/Fo ~nkgD/ ;o{g T[s/ pDkJhJ/.## ns/ fJ; bJh T[BKQ B/ npBkFh gow/Fod/ goskg ~ Bk;tkB wB[y d/ o{g dh w{os Bkb tNk fdsk (o'whnK1L23). jo/e @d/tsk# fijVk wB[y okjh_ roG ftu mfjokfJnk T[j g{ohsoK Bkb FeshjhD j? ns/ ed/ ed/ T[BQK jh p/Yzrk.

fJ; ftu e'Jh rb Bjh_ fe ftnesh Gkt/_ fezBK jh us[o feT[_Bk j't/, T[j ed/ th ihfts gow/Fo ~ ;z;kfoe p[XhwkBh Bkb Bjh_y'i ;edk HHH ;z;ko B/ nkgDh p[Xh d/ okjh_ gow/Fo ~ Bk ikfDnk(1e[fozEhnK 1L21). i/ gow/Fo wB[y dh p[Xhwsk Bkb y'fink ik;edk, sK T[j gow/Fo j'D bJh pj[s S'Nk j't/rk. f;oc fJj' jhBjh_, go i/ gow/Fo ~ bGD bJh wB[yh p[XhwkBh dh b'V j[zdh, sKT[j b'e fijV/ T[sB/ p[XhwkB Bjh_ jB T[j T[; bJh nkgDh y'i ftuxkN/ ftu jh ofjzd/. ns/ ;fEsh fJj' (gow/Fo) fijh Bjh_ j?.

fJ; d/ ftgohs, nksfwe p[Xh jo/e bJh T[gbpX j?. fizBhQfJj fJe @@ncoheB w{VQ n"os## bJh T[gbpX j? T[sBh jh fJe

39


:{Bhtof;Nh d/ gq'c?;o bJh th j?, feT[_ fe nksfwe p[Xh gVQD gVkQD;zpzXh gqfeqnk okjh_ gqkgs Bjh_ ehsh iKdh. fJj T[BKQ ;kfonK b'eKbJh T[gbpX j? fijV/ fJj wzB b?D bJh pj[s fBwq jB fe gow/Fo bJh y'i ftu T[BQK ~ gow/Fo dh ;jkfJsk dh b'V j?.

go i/ s[jkv/ ftu'_ fe;/ ~ p[Xh dk xkNk j't/, sK T [ jgow/Fo e'b'_ wzr/ fijVk ;GBK ~ y[b/Q fdb Bkb fpBK T[bKG/ d/ fdzdkj? (:ke{p 1L5).

fJ; soK dh p[Xh ;z;kfoe Bjh_ go ;[orh j?. fJj T[jfrnkB j? fij ~ fJ; i[r d/ jkewK ftu'_ (noEks, T[j jkew fijV/fJ; ;z;ko dh gqDkbh okjh_ ekotkJh eod/ jB. fe;/ B/ Bk ikfDnkHHH irs dk nkswk Bjh_ ;r'_ T[j nkswk fijVk gow/Fo s'_ j?, sKi' ;k~ pyF/ jB (1e[fozEhnK 2L8,12).

pkJhpb f;oc fJe Xkofwe Fk;sqkoE dk ftFk Bjh_l fJj w[ys"o s/ T[j foekov j? fe fet/_ gow/Fo B/ nkgD/ nkg ~ wB[y s/gqrN ehsk. ns/ nksfwe p[X s[jk~ e/tb gow/Fo d/ ;edk j? sKi' s[;h_ ikD bt' fe T[j e"D j? ns/ T[j s[jkv/ ihtB ftu eh eoBkukj[zdk j?.i/ s[;h_ T[; s'_ wzr', sK gow/Fo nkgD/ nkg ~ nkgD/ gft`so tuBd/ okjh_ s[jkv/ T[s/ }kfjo eo/rk.

;kvh :ksoktK ftu n;h_ pj[s finkdk nksfwe o{uh ns/nzso fdqFNh fi; pko/ e[M ftuko eo ;ed/ jB fit/_ ftobh EktKs/ ns/ fGzB soK d/ b'eK d/ ftu gqkgs ehsh j?. T[dkjoD d/ s"os/, fJe fdB ehBhnK dh MkVh ftu n;h_ ncohek d/ itkBK d/ ;w{jBkb fwb/ fijV/ f;oc nkgD/ ftFtk; pko/ tzvD ns/ gow/Fo dhnKuh}K d/ pko/ finkdk ikDB ftu fdbu;gh oyd/ ;B.

fJe bzp/, ftn;s fdB ~ ysw eoB bJh, S/sh jh ;{oifyfsi d/ Bhu/ S[g frnk. fit/_ w+ nkokw eoB bJh ehBhnk dh fJeX{V Goh rbh d/ feBko/ fJe uNkB s/ p?mk, w+ MkVh ftu e[M ubD

41

fcoD dh nktk} ;[Dh. w+ t/yD bJh w[fVnk ns/ g{oD uzB dh wXwo'FBh ftu fJe ncohek d/ w[zv/ dh tvh tvh ekbhnK nyK ~ t/fynk. S/sh jh fJj 10 ;kb dk w[zvk uNkB T[s/ w/o/ e'b p?m frnkln;h_ S/sh jh uzr/ d';s pD rJ/. d{i/ w[zfvnK B/ ;kvhnK ntk}K;[DhnK ns/ J/Xo'_ T[Xo'_ fBeb e/ ;kv/ e'b ;[DB bJh nkT[D br/fe n;h_ eh rbK eo oj/ ;h. pkJhpb pko/ T[BKQ dh ikDekoh B/w+~ pj[s finkdk gqGkfts ehsk.

@@gow/Fo B/ w{;k ~ nkgDk fujok feT[_ d/yD Bjh_ fdsk<##w/o/ S'N/ d';s B/ g[fSnk.

nfij/ gqFB s'_ nkeofFs j' e/, w+ itkp fdzd/ j'J/ S'N/ }'J/b ~ g[`fSnk eh T[j w{;k dh gqkoEBk :kd eo ;edk j? fJ; s'_gfjbK fe gow/Fo B/ T[; ~ nkfynk, s{z w/oh fg`m t/y/_rk go w/ok w{zj Bk t/y/rk (e{u 33L23).

}?v w{;k ~ gsk Bjh_ ;h fe gow/Fo dh wfjwk ~ t/yDk fezBk}pod;s j't/rk. c/o th, feT[_fe gow/Fo nkgD/ nkg ~ gqrN eoBtkbk gow/Fo j? fijVk wB[y ~ nkgD/ tb fyuDk ukj[zdk j?, T[; B/nkgD/ nkg ~ T[zBKQ ftykfJnk fizBK Bph podkFs eoB d/ :'r ;h.i/ gow/Fo B/ nkgD/ nkg T[; ~ finkdk ftykfJnk j[zdk, sK w{;k T[;dh T[g;fEsh dh uwe okjh_ g{oh soK Bkb BFN j' frnk j[zdk. p/Fe gow/Fo B/ w{;k s'_ nkgDh wfjwk dh gfog{oDsk S[gkJh, c/o thid gow//Fo w{;k d/ nfrT[_ fiÈ/ w{;k ;h bzfxnk T[; t/b/ w{;k ~fJe uNkB dh doko ftu FoB d/Dh gJh (e{u 33L23).

G{wX o/yk s/ ofjzd/ j'J/, w/o/ S'N/ d';s fJ; rb s'_ ikD{ ;Bfe d'fgjo d/ t/b/ ;{oi dh uwedh j'Jh o'FBh tb nkgDh nyK ~Ye/ fpBK Bjh_ t/y ;ed/ ;B. T[j fJj th ikDd/ ;B fe gqekFjhDoks ftu gszr/ o'FBh d/ ;o's d/ finkdk B/V/ ub/ ikD sK eh j[zdkj?, T[BKQ dk fJefmnK dk itkp ;h L @@T[j wo iKd/ jB.## T[j gqrNo{g Bkb o'FBh d/ finkdk gqrNheoD d/ yso/ ~ ikDd/ ;B.

gow/Fo fej d/ tork j?<


w+ fJe j'o T[dkjoD ;'uD dh e'fFF ehsh fijVk T[BKQ d/gqFB d/ itkp ~ ;wMD ftu T[BKQ dh ;jkfJsk eo ;e/. w/o/ ;ko/ Bt_/S'N/ d';s ikDd/ bg/ND tkb/ egfVnk d/ p+v pko/ ikDd/ ;B fiBQK BkbT[BKQ d/ S'N/ GoktK ns/ G?Dk ~ T[BKQ dh wktK d/ fdb d/ B/V/ fgnkons/ fdnkb{sk d/ bJh egV/ Bkb bg/N e/ ;[ofyns ofynk iKdk ;h.c/o w+ T[BQK ~ bg/ND tkb/ egfVnK pko/ df;nk (n:{p 38L9) fi;Bkb gow/Fo B/ Xosh ~ uko'_ gkf;U bg/N ofynk j?.

(;kfJz;dkB fJ; ~ T[}'B dh gos nkyd/ jB. fJj Bk}[en?b'No'fge nke;hiB dk ezpb ;{oi s'_ nkT[_dhnK B[e;kB d/DtkbhnK nbNoktkJhb/N dhnK feoBK ~ SkD fdzdk j?. ;{oi s'_ pr?oXosh d/ rqfj T[s/, p/Fe, e'Jh th ihtB Bk j't/rk, go gow/Fo dhd:kb{sk tkbh d/yGkb ;k~ ;{oi dh T{oik dh finkdk y[oke s'_ ns/fJ; d/ e+;o eoB tkb/ gqGkT[ s'_ ;[ofyns ofynk j?).

w/o/ S'N/ fwso yk; s"o s/ gow/Fo d/ bg/ND tkb/ p+v ftu yk;eoe/ fdbu;gh b? oj/ ;B fit/_ ;kXkoD FpdK ftu w+ T[BQK ~;wMkT[D dh e'fFF eo fojk ;h fe fJj ;k~ fGnkBe ibD s'_;[ofyns oydk j?. w+ Bjh_ ikDdk fe T[BQK B/ T[j ;G ;wM fbnk i'e[M w+ nkfynk, go T[BKQ d/ S'N/ fdbK B/ e'wbsk Bkb gow/Fo d/fgnko ns/ wfjwk bJh gqsheow ftykfJnk ns/ n;h_ T[j ehwsh ;wKfJem/ gqkoEBk eoB ftu fpskfJnk. T[j ftneshrs o{g Bkb gqrNs"o s/ ikDd/ ;h, fe T[BKQ B/ T[;/ ;[ofynk dk nBzd T[mkfJnk fijVkw{;k ~ gow/Fo bJh T[; dh y'i d/ ;w/_ fdsk frnk ;h. ns/ ;kvhnkgDh ;wM d/ nkXko s/ fe gow/Fo fej d/ tork j?, pkJhpb ;k~d;dh j? fe @@:j'tkj ;kvk gow/Fo fJe' jh :j'tkj j?## (fpt;Ek ;ko6L4). T[; d/ ftneshst dh J/esk p[fB:kdh ;funkJh j?.

go, ;k~ g{oh soK ;wMkT[D bJh fe T[j fej d/ tork j?,gow/Fo B/ ;k~ nkgD/ Bkw th d;/ jB.

pkJhpb ftu, Bk; jw/Fk wjstg{oD frD/ rJ/ jB feT[_fe

43

T[BKQ d/ noE Xkoe d/ ;[Gkn d/ yk; gy ~ gqrN jB. jo/e BkwfijVk gow/Fo d/ pko/ rbpks eoB bJh fJ;s/wkb ehsk iKdk j?T[; dk pVk yk; noE j? ns/ T[; d/ fdt: ftnesh d/ fJe ndG[sgjb{ ~ gqrN eodk j?.

g[okD/ fB:w ftu fszB w[y Bkw jB fijV/ gow/Fo bJhfJ;s/wkb ehs/ rJ/ jBL :j'tkj fJb'fjw ns/ nd'BkJh. jo/e dkfJe yk; wjst j?. fJb'fjw fJ;s/wkb j'D tkbk gfjbk Bkw j?,ns/ fJ; dk f}eo d' j}ko tko s'_ th f}nkdk j?. p/Fe :j'tkjBkw ;G s'_ T[uk j?, sK th T[; d/ Bkw fJb'fjw pko/ gqrN o{g Bkbwjst ns/ noE j? fijVk gow/Fo Bjh_ ukj[zdk fe n;h_ ;wM BkgkJhJ/. fJj eh j' ;edk j?<

nzro/}h GkFK ftu, id n;h_ fJeb/ pko/ rb eod/ jK n;h_fJe dh rb eod/ jK ns/ id n;h_ nB/e dh rb eod/ jK n;h_fJe s'_ f}nkdk d/ pko/ rbpks eod/ jK. c/o th, p/Fe n;h_ nB/e dh rb eohJ/ id n;h_ @fJe# s'_ f}nkdk dh rb eod/ jK, w{bfJpokBh f}nkdk ;jh j?. fJj @d' dk# gq:'r eodk j? id fJj @d'pko/# rbpks eodk j? - fJj Bk sK fJe j? Bk jh d' go fJ; d/ftu nB/e jB.

@@nkd ftu gow/Fo B/ fJb'fjw) B/ nekF s/ Xosh ~ T[sgsehsk## (T[sgs 1L1). fJ; soK, n;h_ t/yd/ jK, fe pkJhpb ;G s'_gfjbh nkfJs ftu fijVk gow/Fo dk nkgD/ nkg dk foFsk wB[yBkb j? - fJ; ftu fJe ftu fszB ns/ fszB ftu fJe ftuko dh;{uBk j? fe gow/Fo e"D j?. fJ; fsqw{osh ~ ed/ ed/ fszBK dk ;w{jth fejk frnk j?.

gow/Fo dh fsqw{osh dh gfjbh ;{uBk s'_ pknd n;h_ wB[y dhouBk d/ gow/Fo d/ foekov s/ nkT[_d/ jK. @@ns/ gow/Fo B/ nkfynkfe n;h_ nkdwh ~ nkgD/ ;o{g T[s/ pDkJhJ/ j?## (T[sgs 1L26). e'Jhth rbsh Bjh_ eo ;edk j? fe T[j d't/_ @n;h_# (us) @;kv/# (our)



nzro/}h GkFk ftu nB/e gVBKT[ jB. go j?okB eoB tkbh rbnrb/ jh tke ftu n;h_ gVd/ jK L @@Bo Bkoh T[; B/ T[BKQ ~T[sgs ehsk.## (T[sgs 1L27). J/E/, fJj gqrN j? fe @@T[j## fJe'ftnesh d/ pko/ rb pks eo ;edk j?. fJ; bJh gow/Fo d/ pko/fJBQK jtkfbnK ftu'_ jo fJe @fJe# ns/ @fJe Bkb'# finkdk# tKrj? T[; gow/Fo bJh fi; B/ nkgD/ nkg dk gfou? gfjbK jh fJb'fjwtKr fdsk j?.

nfijk gow/Fo ;z;kfoe p[Xh dh :'rsk dh ;wM s'_ fes/ go/j?. fJ; bJh, ;kvh ikDekoh ftu ;kvh ;jkfJsk eoB bJh, gow/Fo B/ feqgkbsk Bkb @@T[j nkswk fijVk gow/Fo s'_ j? sK i' n;h_T[BKQ gdkoEK ~ ikDhJ/ fijV/ gow/Fo B/ ;k~ pyF/ jB## fdsk j?(1e[fozEhnK 2L12). fJBQK F[o{ dhnK ;{uBktK s'_ F[o{ eoe/ fe gow/Fofej d/ tork j?, pkJhpb j"bh j"bh T[; dh oj;wJh fsqw{osh ~gqrN eodh j?. fJ; fJe ftu fszB ns/ fszB ftu fJe ftneshst~ ;wMD bJh fe gow/Fo e"D j?, fit/_ s[;h_ ;st/_ nfXnkfJ ~ gVQd/j' s[jkv/ bJh T[; d/ n;uoi-iBe fgnko ~ j'o th finkdk gqz;;keoB bJh s[jkvh ;jkfJsk eo/rk.

T[; d/ fgnko dh wjkBsk ftu'_ e[M ;wMD ftu ;kvh;jkfJsk eoB bJh, gow/Fo B/ pkeh dh ;koh pkJhpb ftu f;bf;b/tko nkgD/ nkg ~ gqrN ehsk j?. T[E/ ;kvk gfou? gow/Fo fgsk,gow/Fo g[so, ns/ gow/Fo gftso nkswk Bkb eokfJnk frnk j?.c/o th T[j nkgD/ nkg ~ e/tb, ns/ brksko fJe gow/Fo eoe/gqrN eodk j?. ;kv/ wB[yh fdwkr nfij/ ftuko dh f;oc ezBh jhgeV ;ed/ jB. fJ; bJh, feT[_ fe wB[y bJh fJj n;zGt ;h feT[go gj[zu e/ ;u/ ns/ ihfts gow/Fo dh y'i eo/, T[; B/ nkg jhgfjb eoe/ nkgDk gfou? wB[y ~ fdsk.

gow/Fo dh wfjwk ns/ gftsosk dk g{ok gqekFB w{;k dhnyK s'_ S[fgnk j'fJnk ;h. c/o th, gow/Fo g[so d/ ftneshst ftu,

45

fJb'fjw B/ wB[y s/ nkgDk nkg T[sBk gqrN ehsk fizBkQ podkFs eo;edk ;h.

fJ; d/ nB[;ko n;h_ Bt/_ fB:w ftu gVd/ jK Lgow/Fo fij B/ nkfynk ;h i' nB/QfoU ukBD uwe/ T[j ;kfvnK

wBK ftu uwfenk GJh gow/Fo d/ s/} dk frnkB w;hj d/ (f:;{) d/w[y ftu goekF eo/ (2e[fozEhnK 4L6).

fJ; d/ pko/ ;'u'L id :{jzBk B/ NeNeh bk e/ f:;{ w;hj d/fujo/ ~ t/fynk, T[; B/ n?bkB ehskL n;h_ T[; dk s/} fgsk d/fJeb"s/ d/ s/} tork fv`mk##(:{jzBk 1L14)

pknd ftu :{jzBk B/ gow/Fo Bkb nkgD/ ftneshrs Nkeo/ftu fJ; d/ pko/ fbfynk, ns/ e/tb fJ; bJh feT[_fe f:;{ d/ftnesh ftu T[j fJb'fjw Bkb fwfbnk ;h, T[j fJj ejkDh d;DbJh ihfts fojk. c/o th, T[; B/ fJj fpbe[b ;gFN eo fdsk feT[; dk Nkeok tk;st ftu nBzsekb d/ gow/Fo, ouBk eoB tkb/gow/Fo, w{;k d/ gow/Fo Bkb j'fJnk ;h.

n;uoi iBe fit/_ fJj ;h, :{jzBk ns/ T[; d/ ouBk eoBtkb/ gow/Fo Bkb fJj ftneshrs w[bkeks ;[Dh ik ;eD tkbh,fd;D tkbh ns/ ;goF eoB ik ;eD tkbh ;h.

i' nkd s'_ ;h, fij ~ n;h_ ;[fDnk j?, (T[; dk ;[fDnk ik;eD tkbk Nkeok) fij ~ n;h_ nkgDh n`yh_ t/fynk j? (T[; dkfd;D tkbk Nkeok) HHH ns/ nkgD/ jEh N'fjnk (T[; dk ;goFefonk ik ;eD tkbk Nkeok) (1:{jzBk 1L1).

Bjh_, T[j foekov fijVk n;h_ :{jzBk dh gsqh ftu gVd/ jKT[j r?o;yFh Xow Fk;so Bk toDB eoB tkbk Bjh_ j?. fJjihfts gow/Fo Bkb T[; d/ nkgD/ Nkeo/ s'_ fpBK o[ektN trdk j?.

@@fJj ;G ni w/oh ;jkfJsk fe; soK eodk j?<## s[;h_ g[S;ed/ j'. :{jzBk T[; gqFB dk itkp d/D ftu c[oshbk j?.

fJj rbK n;h_ fJ; bJh s[jk~ fbyd/ jK GJh s[jkvk nBzd g{ok



j't/ (1:{jzBk 1L4). ns/ T[;/ soK fJj feskp fijVh s[;h_ j[D gV oj/ j's[jkv/ jEK ftu j? feT[_fe fJe fwso B/ bkb;k ehsh fe fit/_ s[;h_ ihftsgow/Fo Bkb w[bkeks eod/ j' s[jkvk nBzd, th, g{ok j' ikt/.

jK, fij ~ n;h_ t/fynk ns/ ;[fDnk j? T[j dk ;wkuko s[jk~Gh ;[DkT[_d/ jK, GJh s[jkvh th ;kv/ Bkb ;zrs j't/L ns/ ;kvh fijVh;zrs j? T[j fgsk d/ Bkb, ns/ T[j d/ g[so f:;{ w;hj d/ Bkb j?.ns/ fJj rbK n;h_ fJ; bJh fbyd/ jK, GJh s[jkvk nBzd g{ok j't/(1:{jzBk 1L3-4)

jK fit/_ o'FBh fJe nzXekowJh oks ftu nkeoFe brdh j?,fJ;/ sok gow/Fo dh wfjwk dk ukBD j[D th wB[yK ~ nkgD/ tbfyudk j?. ni fJj ikDB dh s[jkvh fJSk fe gow/Fo fej d/ torkj?, s[;h_ th w{;k Bkb gqkoEBk eo ;ed/ j' L nkgDh wfjwk w+~ftyk.#

47

ftuko eoB bJh mfjo'1H gow/Fo bJh s[jkvh y'i ftu eh s[;h_ fXnkBftu wrB j' e/ pkJhpb gVd/ j'<

2H eh s[;h_ fit/_ pkJhpb gVd/ j' gow/Fo s'_gqkoEBk eo'r/ fe T[j nkgD/ nkg ~ s[jkv/T[s/ gqrN eo/<fJe ;[MkT[ tkbh gqkoEBk L @@j/ gow/Fo, i/ s{zT[j gow/Fo j? fi; B/ fJ; f;qFNh ~ ofunkj? ns/ fijVk w+~ fgnko eodk j?, feogk

eoe/ nkgD/ nkg ~ w/o/ T[s/ gqrN eo ns/w+~ ftyk i' f:;{ w;hj s/ok g[so j? gqfsfrnkehsk j'fJnk w;hjk.##3H eh s[;h_ ;BwkD eod/ j' fe i/ s[;h_ tk;st ftugow/Fo dh nkokXBk eoBh j? sK T[j ~

wB[yh y'i okjh_ T[j dh y'i eoB dh s[jkvh:'rsk s'_ wjkB j'Dk ukjhdk j? nkgD/ wB[yhfdwkr ftu T[; ~ g{oh soK ;wMD dhs[jkvh :'rsk s'_ wjkB j'Dk ukjhdk j?<


w+ ;'udk jK fe w+ wB[y d/ fJB;kBh ;[GkT[~ ikDdk jK, ns/ w+ s[jk~ d;dk jK fe g[oksBsk d/

BkfJe fJB;kB jh ;B, ns/ w+ th fJe wB[yjK, gozs{ e'Jh th T[; tork Bjh_ j? Lf:;{ w;hj fJe wB[y s'_ tX j?.

fBg'fb:b

48


b'eK ~ tk;st ftu eh n`v n`vb'eK ~ tk;st ftu eh n`v n`vb'eK ~ tk;st ftu eh n`v n`vb'eK ~ tk;st ftu eh n`v n`vb'eK ~ tk;st ftu eh n`v n`veodk j?<eodk j?<eodk j?<eodk j?<eodk j?<

ni d/ ;z;ko dk toDB ftFkb fgzv d/ tKr ehsk iKdk j?. c/o th,

feT[_fe fJj d[FwDh tkb/ r[nKYhnK d/ okjh_ nkpkd j'fJnk j?, fJj

ftFt ftnkgh fgzv ofjD d/ bJh fJe ysoBke EK pDdk ik fojk

j?.

pkjob/ gkf;U, fJj fJzM brdk j? fe ;wf;nktK fijVhnK

wkBt iksh ftu n;zwsh g?dk eodhnK jB T[j d{o d{o se c?b/ j'J/

oki B?fse, nkofEe, nKsfoe ns/ T[d:'fre wkwfbnK ~ Fkfwb

eodhnK jB. Gkt/_ fJj ;wf;nk y/so tXhe ns/ d[yh eoe/ b'eK d/

ftyzvB eod/ jB, go pj[s tX e/, ns/ xN gSkDB :'r, p/o[yh d/

ekoD jB fijV/ ;kv/ ;z;ko ftu w"i[d jB.

nkT[, gfjbK n;h_ b'eK ftu ftGkiB d/ }kfjoh ekoBK s/ ;zy/

g ftu ftuko eohJ/, ns/ c/o w[y ekoD T[s/ fXnkB eoKr/.

gqs`y ftGkiB

f;nk;heoD eoBk L f;nk;sdkB fJe d{i/ dk ;kjwDk vo ns/ Fe

Bkb eod/ jB. id nkg;h fto'Xh ftukoK dk ;kjwDk eod/ jB T[j

nk; eod/ jB fe c"ih skes T[BKQ d/ d/F dh Gfty dh ;[ofynk dh

rkozNh d/t/rh.

T[; d"okB, o{uh b?D tkb/ Bkrfoe nkgDhnK nktk}K ~ FKsh

ns/ nD{ ;zpzXh fBF;sqheoD d/ ;woEB ftu p[bzd eod/ jB.

ftnzrkswe o{g Bkb, T[BQK ftu'_ n;h_ fiBK B/ T[BKQ d/ @FKsh# d/

49


ftykt/ ~ N?bhft}B T[s/ t/fynk j? rtkjh fdsh j? fe T[BQK d/ toskT[

ftu, Gkr b?D tkfbnK d/ ed/ ed/ fJ; soK d/ wB'GktBktK dk

gqrNktk ftykfJnk j? fi; Bkb :[X j' ;edk j?.

nkofEe L - e[dosh fpgsk fit/_ bzp/ ;w/_ se toyk dk Bk j'Dk,

nekb, G[ywoh ns/ G[ukb jw/Fk tXD tkbh ;wf;nk j?, yk; eoe/

shi/ ;z;ko ftu. fJBQK ;zeNK Bkb dod j'o tX iKdk j? fijVk

nwho ns/ rohp d/FK d/ ftueko finkdk nkofEe coe okjh_ g?dk

j' iKdk j?. pj[s b'eK dh F[G fJSk ns/ e[opkBh d/ pkpi{d fijV/

;jkfJsk eoB dh e'fFF eod/ jB, fJj fJe T[dk; eoB tkbk eEB

j? fe finkdkso nwho j'o nwho ns/ rohp j'o rohp pD iKd/

jB.

nKsfoe L fJj e'Jh b[eh j'Jh rb Bjh_ j? ni ftnkj ns/

gfotkfoe ihtB dk N[Ndk wjkwkoh dh jd se gj[zu frnk j?.

nkgDhnK jzM{nK GohnK nyK Bkb, b'N;'Jb/ B/ nkfynk L @@w/ok xo

N[N frnk j?.## w+ ;'funk fe T[; dk noE fJj j? fe T[; dh uko

dhtkoh tkbh ncoheB M"gVh BkF j' rJh j?, go S/sh jh w+~ d;D

dk Gkt[e sohek fJj ;h fe T[; dh gsBh B/ T[; ~ Sv fdsk ;h.

ni, pj[s ;ko/ @xo# @N[N# oj/ jB, feT[_fe ihT[D d/ ;[nkoEh Yzr

fgnko Go/ foFfsnK ~ BkF eo oj/ jB. (c/o th, fit/_ n;h_ pknd

d/ fJe nfXnkfJ ftu t/yKr/, gow/Fo dk gq/w jo fJe i'V/ tk;s/

T[gbpX j? fijVk nkgD/ ftnkj ~ fJe ;EkJh J/esk ftu gek

pDkT[Dk ukj[zdk j?.)

T[d:'fre L ezw eoB dh EK s/ n;h_ n;zs[FNh ns/ sDkT[ d/ pko/

;[DB d/ nkdh j' iKd/ jK. 1985 d/ F[o{ ftu fpqN/B ftu phjth_

;dh d/ ;G s'_ n"y/ fttkd ~ ysw ehsk frnk. p/Fe jVskb ns/

;Ve s/ fjz;e fto'X ysw j' frnk, bzp/ ;w/_ se ofjD tkbh

Bok}rh ns/ eVtkjN b/po w?B}w+N ns/ T[d:'fre ;wki d/ nzdo

51

fJè y[`b/ i]w tKC[ pfDnk fojk. b/po - w?Biw+N dh sDksDh d/

Bshi/ s'_ fJj ;fEsh fezBh coe ;h fijVh t/b} dh e'fJb/ dh ykD

ftu 1904 ftu T[;/ soK dh T[d:'fre nFKsh s'_ pknd t; ftu

eo bJh rJh ;h. i'B g?oh B/ w+~ fJj ejkDh nkgD/ gqs`y nB[Gt

s'_ d`;h ;h.

id w+ i'B ~ gfjbh tko fwfbnk ;h, T[j fJe e'fJb/ dh

ykD ftu ezw eoB tkbk 91 ;kb dk foNkfJo p}o{r ;h, g{oh soK

nzBkQ ns/ fJe g[okDh c/cV/ dh ;wf;nk s'_ go/FkB ;h fi; ~ ykDK

ftu ezw eoB tkfbnK dh phwkoh nkyd/ jB. id ed/ th ;zGt

j'fJnk, w/oh gsBh ns/ w+ T[; fBwq ykD eowukoh dh T[so t/b}

dh e[NhnK ftu fwbD iKd/. fdbh jk;/ ns/ ezpD tkbh gq;zBsk Bkb,

i'B y[Fh Bkb ;k~ d;dk fe 1904 ns/ 1905 dh p/dkoh d/ d'okB

gow/Fo B/ t/b} ftu T[; Bkb eh ehsk id T[j fdqV ftFtk; ns/

;woEk ftu g/qfos j'fJnk. T[; t/b/ d'_t/_ ykD eowukoh ns/ T[BKQ d/

wkbe ihfts gow/Fo Bkb fwb/. fi; dk Bshik fJj j'fJnk fe T[BQK

~ nkg; ftu tk;sfte J/esk, go;go Go';k ns/ fJis fwbh.

1905 ns/ 1985 d/ ftueko fezBK coe ;h.

i'B T[bk;g{oD nBzd Bkb p'bdk frnk fit/_ T[j T[BKQ fdBK

d/ ftukoK ~ GkFK okjh_ ftnes eodk ;h. T[; B/ T[BKQ pj[s

finkdk @;oekoh GktBK# ~ :kd ehsk fijV/ ezw Bk j'D eoe/ pzd

j' rJ/ feT[_fe nukBe Fokp dh wzr xN rJh. T[; B/ fJj th :kd

ehsk fe nkgD/ Bkb d/ ykD eowukohnK Bkb rfYnK ftu iKd/ j'J/

fit/_ T[j fJem/ fwb e/ gow/Fo dh gqFz;k rk oj/ ;B. T[j fwzBKQ

fwzBKQ jf;nk fit/_ T[j ftuko eodk ;hL @@b'e jkb/ th w+~ t/yD

nkT[_d/ jB ns/ g[Sd/ jB fe p/dkoh feE/ nkJh ;h## nkgDh Sksh s/

w[ek wko e/ T[j itkp fdzdk L @@w+ T[BKQ ~ d;dk fe n?E/ j/mK j?

ns/ fJj j[D th j?.@@

b'eK ~ tk;st ftu eh nv nv eodk j?<


tk;sfte ftGkiB

fit/_ fJj ftGkiB pj[s v{zx/ j' ;ed/ jB, e[M nfijk j?

fijVk wB[y iksh ~ pj[s jh finkdk fsqGekT[D ns/ ;EkJh o{g Bkb

ftGkfis eodk j?. fJj fJe ysok j? fijVk ni d/ fJ; ;w/_ ftu

pj[s ;ko/ d/FK dh FKsh ~ Bk; eoB dh Xweh fdzdk j?. nkfyoeko

b'e gow/Fo pko/ T[BKQ dh T[bMB Goh ;wM d/ ekoD XotheoB jz[d/

iKd/ jB.

wB[y iksh ~ nkgD/ gqekFB ftu, gow/Fo B/ nkgD/ fJFtoh:

j'D dh ;ukJh Bkb ed/ ;wM'sk Bjh_ ehsk. f:;{ w;hj d/ g?dk j'D

s'_ gfjbK, gow/Fo B/ gqfsfrnk ehsh fe T[j fJe t`vk gqekF x`b

e/ b'eK dh ;jkfJsk eo/rk fe T[j T[; ~ ikDB i' T[j tk;st

ftu j?. T[; B/ fejk L fijV/ b'e nB/Qo/ ftu u`bd/ ;B T[BKQ B/

t`vk ukBD t/fynk (:;k:kj 9L2). gow/Fo B/ fJj ;ko/ fttoD th

fd`s/ fe fet/_ T[j fJ; ukBD ~ gSkDBr/ l ;kv/ bJh sK fJj

pkbe izfwnk H H H ;k~ fJe g[`so p]fFnk frnk (:;k:kj 9L6).

fBFfus s"o s/, T[; eEB pko/ nfijk e[M yk; wjstg{oD

Bk j[zdk i/ gow/Fo B/ e/tb fJj fejk j[zdk fe pkbe g?dk j't/rk.

nkfyoeko, pu/ sK jw/Fk g?dk j[zd/ jB. tk;st ftu fJj foekov

wjstg{oD j[zdk fe fJe g[so p]fFnk ikt/rk. ns/ j[D fJj fe

fJe tko fijVh GftypkDh ;h j[D fJsjk; j?, feT[_fe fi; d/ pko/

gow/Fo B/ fejk fJj j't/rk T[j j'fJnk. Xosh s/ fJe pkbe g?dk

j'fJnk ;[or s'_ fJe p/Nk fdsk frnk. fJe pkbe d/ g?dk j'D d/

okjh_ fijVk fe fJe p/N/ dk T[gjko ;h, gow/Fo B/ b'eK bJh i'sh

G/ih fijV/ fe nB/Qo/ ftu jE g?o wko oj/ ;B. n?E/ se fe j[D

d/ fdB se T[j i'sh nzXeko ns/ Fe ~ fwNk ojh j? fijVh fe

Bjh_ sK gow/Fo ~ ;kvhnK nyK s'_ S[gk fdzdh.

gow/Fo d/ ndG[s pkbe d/ iBw d/ coe ~ ;wMkT[D bJh

ns/ T[; ~ j'o d{finK s'_ tyok eoB bJh gow/Fo B/ gqfsfrnk ehsh

53

fe T[; d/ g[so dk iBw fJe uwsekoh @fBFkB# d/ okjh_ gqwkfDs

eo/rkL t/y', fJe e[nkoh roGtsh j't/rh ns/ g[so iD/rh ns/ T[j

T[; dk Bkw fJzwkB{J/b oy/rh (:;k:kj 7L14).

fezBk ndG[s j? fe T[; d/ tk;sfte Bkw fJzwkB{J/b dk noE j?

@gow/Fo ;kv/ Bkb.# ns/ fJ; Bkw d/ d[nkok i' e[M ;{fus ehsk

frnk, n;h_ gqFz;k eoBk F[o{ eo ;ed/ jK fe fJj ypo fezBh uzrh

j?, fit/_ fe fJj pkJhpb ftu foekov ehsh rJh j?, fJj d{i/ ;ko/

XowK dh f;fynktK s'_ ftF/F j?. id fe M{m/ Xow fJj ftykT[D dh

e'fFF eod/ jB fe wB[y fet/_ gow/Fo se gj[zu ;edk j?, pkJhpb

gow/Fo dk foekov j? fe fet/_ T[j j/mK wB[y se gj[zfunk.

fit/_ pkJhpb ftu foekov ehsk frnk id gow/Fo B/ Xosh

d/ rqfj T[s/ phu j?v ;Ekfgs ehsk, fJe e[nkoh roGtsh j'Jh. ns/

T[; fdB id ;foFNh dk ouBtkbk nkgD/ nkg ~ BhtK eoe/ ;w_/ns/

nekF dk fJe fj;k pfDnk T[j j[D fJsjk; dk fJe wkwbk j? L gqG{

d/ fJe d{s B/ ;[cB/ ftu T[j ~ doFD d/ e/ fejk, @@j/ :{;[c, dkT{d

d/ g[so, s{z nkgDh gsBh wfo:w ~ nkgD/ xo fbnkT[D s'_ Bk vol

feT[_fe fijVk T[j dh e[y ftu nkfJnk j? T[j gftso nkswk s'_ j?##

(wsh 1L20). ns/ pknd ftu f:;{ d/ g?dk j'D s'_ ns/ g{oh soK

ftef;s j' e/ wodkBrh jkf;b eoB s'_ pknd, T[; B/ j'o th nkgD/

gow/Fo j'D dk nfXeko fto'Xg{oD ;fEsh dh T[g;fEsh ftu fJj nky

e/ iskfJnk L w+ ns/ fgsk fJe' jK (:{jzBk 10L30).

ng'b' d/ nzsfoeF :ksqh fi; fJoftB gzdoK B/ fbfynkL

@@Xosh s/ ubdk fcodk gow/Fo uzB T[s/ s[od/ fcod/ nkdwh Bkb'_

finkdk wjstg{oD j?.## fBFfus s"o s/ e'Jh th n;kXkoD ezw Bjh_

fijVk wB[y B/ nkekF ftu g{ok ehsk fi; dh s[bBk T[j gb d/

uwseko Bkb ehsh ik ;e/ id'_ gow/Fo B/ nBzsekb s'_ pkjo ihtB

ekb ftu edw ofynk.

T[; Gft`ypkDh s'_ pknd fe fJè pkbe g?dk j't/rk ns/



fJè p/Nk pyfFnk ikt/rk, fJ; ndG[s ftnesh d/ pko/ finkdk

fttoD T[; d/ g?rzpoh @;zy/g# dk nB[;oD eoBk j?L @@ns/ T[j dk

Bkw fJT[_ ;fdnk ikt/rk, nuoi ;bkj{, FeshwkB gow/Fo, nBkdh

fgsk, FKsh dk oki e[wko. T[j d/ oki dh soeh ns/ ;bkwsh dh

e'Jh jd Bk j't/rh## (:;k:kj 9L6,7). fBFfus s"o s/, nfijh

fGnkBe ;kwoE ns/ T[d/F d/ fwFqD dh b'V j't/rh i/ e'Jh ;z;ko

dk ;cb jkew pDBk ukj[zdk j?. ni d/ ;z;ko ftu th, n;h_ nfij/

nkr{nK dh Gkb eod/ jK fiBKQ e'b f;oc ;jh ezw eoB dk frnkB

jh Bjh_, go T[; ~ eoB dh ;kwoE th j't/. e[M nkr{nK B/ gsk

j' ;edk j? fe fejVh ekotkJh eoBh ukjhdh j?, go fJsjk; ftu

fe;/ th nkr{ e'b fuo;EkJh FKsh pDkJ/ oyD dh ;kwoE ns/

p[XhwkBh ed/ Bjh_ j'Jh.

FKsh d/ okie[wko e'b fJ; ;z;ko ftu ;EkJh FKsh fbnkT[D

dk frnkB ns/ ;kwoE d't/_ jB. fJe fdB f:;{ fJ; Xosh rqfj T[`s/

je{ws eoB bJh tkfg; nkt/rk. id T[j fdB nozG j't/rk, jo/

e jfEnko tkbh c?eNoh pzd j' ikt/rhl jo/e ft;c'N Bk j'fJnk

j'fJnk gowkD{ pzp gqGkT[jhD eo fdsk ikt/rk, ns/ pkovo d/ jo/

e rkov ns/ f;gkjh GfbnkJh bJh xo G/i fds/ ikDr/.

wB[y B/ gfjbK jh fJj gqwkfDs eo fdsk j? fe Fk;B eoB

bJh fezBk fBokF ns/ ngfonkgs j?. T[; gb se ;kfonK bJh

FKsh ns/ fBnK ~ fJzs}ko eoBk j? id FKsh dk okie[wko nkg

;koh d[BhnK dh ;bsBs T[s/ oki dzv Bkb je{ws eo/rk. sd T[j

b'e nkgDhnK sbtkoK ~ eN e/ ckb/ pDkT[Dr/, ns/ nkgD/ pofSnK

~ dks. e"w e"s T[s/ sbtko Bjh_ ue/rh, ns/ T[j c/o edh th

bVkJh Bk f;yDr/ (:;k:kj 2L4). T[; FKsh tkb/ fdb L Xosh sK

:j'tkj d/ goskg d/ frnkB Bkb Go ikt/rh, fit/_ ;w[zdo gkDh Bkb

Gog{o j' (jpe{e 2L14). fJsjk; bJh j'o e'Jh f;Nk Bjh_ j' ;edk

fijVk gow/Fo d/ nBzsekb d/ Fe d{o eo/.

55

go gqG{ f:;{ dh nrtkJh j/m T[; ;otftnkge FKsh d/ fdB

s'_ gfjbK, b'eK ftu pj[s finkdk ns/ n;bh ftGkiB ;gFN t/yD

~ fwb/rk ns/ nkT[D tkbk wsG/d wkBt f:;{ w;hj d/ fJod frod

e/_fdqs j't/rk.

fJ; bJh fJj pj[s jh wjstg{oD j? fe s[;h_ FzeK ofjs oj'

fe f:;{ e'D j?, T[j feT[_ nkfJnk, ns/ id T[j fJE/ ;h sK T[;

B/ s[jkv/ bJh eh ehsk.

T[sgs dh feskp ns/ :{jzBk dh feskp fwbd/ i[bd/

sohfenK Bkb F[o{ j[zdhnK jB. T[sgs dh feskp ftù n;h_ gVd/

jKL nkd ftù gow/Fo B/ nekF ns/ Xosh ~ T[sgs ehsk (T[sgs

1L1). :{jzBk ftù n;h_ gVd/ jKL nkd ftu Fpd ;h HHHFpd gow/

Fo ;h HHH;`G' e[M T[; s'_ ofunk (:{jzBk 1L1,3). gow/Fo, fijVk

T[sgs ftu fJb'fjw nytkT[_dk j?, T[j :{jzBk dh fJzihb ftu T[;

dk f}eo @Fpd# j?. fJb'fjw Fpd j?, ns/ T[; B/ nkgD/ nkg ~

wB`[y iksh d/ egV/ X[nk e/ nkgDh pDkJh ;foFNh d/ ftueko

s[fonk fcfonk. Fpd d/j Xkoh j'fJnk ns/ ;kv/ ftu tk; ehsk.

fJ; d/ g{oD w{b-gkm ftu'_ fJj gqGktg{oD eEB fJ; soK fbfynk

frnk j?.

nkd ftu Fpd ;h no Fpd gow/Fo d/ ;zr ;h ns/

Fpd gow/Fo ;h. fJj' nkd ftu gow/Fo d/ ;zr ;h.

;G'_ e[M T[; s'_ ofunk frnk, ns/ ouBk ftu'_ fJe t;s{

Gh T[; s'_ fpBK Bjh_ ouh rJh HHHT[j irs ftu ;h, ns/

irs T[; s'_ ofunk frnk, go irs B/ T[; ~ Bk

gSksk. T[j nkgD/ xo nkfJnk, no fijV/ T[; d/ nkgD/

;B T[BQK B/ T[; ~ ep{b Bk ehsk. go fizfBnK B/ T[;

~ ep{b ehsk T[; B/ T[BQK ~ gow/Fo d/ g[so j'D dk

je fdsk, noEks fiBQK B/ T[; d/ BK T[s/ fBjuk ehsh,



HHHns/ Fpd d/j Xkoh j'fJnk ns/ ;kv/ ftu tk; ehsk

(ns/ n;h_ T[; dk s/i fgsk d/ fJeb"s/ d/ s/i tork

fvmk), feogk ns/ ;funkJh Bkb Gog{o HHH (:{jzBk 1L1-

3, 10L12,14).

fcfbg[; B/ f:;{ s'_ yk; p/Bsh ehsh id T[; B/ fejk, gqG{

ih fgsk dk ;k~ doFD eok (:{jzBk 14L8). pj[s j?okBh Bkb, f:;{

B/ itkp fdsk, fiB w+~ t/fynk T[; B/ fgsk ~ t/fynk j? (:{jzBk

14L9). nfij/ n;uoi-iBe itkp d/D tkbk f:;{ fJe wzdp[Xh

ftnesh brdk ;h iK fJe X'yk d/D tkbk, id se fe T[j nkgD/

nkg jh gow/Fo ;h e'Jh th T[; T[s/ gfjb/ d'jK ftu'_ fe;/ bJh th

rzGhosk g{ote nko'g Bjh_ brkJ/rk. i/ T[j gow/Fo Bk jz[dk, sK

T[j ;G s'_ tvk gkyzvh j[zdk fi; ~ ;z;ko B/ ed/ Bk ikfDnk j[zdk.

fJ; bJh ;k~ fJj ;theko eoBk ukjhdk j? fe id n;h_ f:;{ ~

t/yd/ jK n;h_ gow/Fo ~ t/yd/ jK.

fJj fJ; ;EkB s/ j? - fJ; rb dh x'FDk fe f:;{ e"D j?

- fe b'e db d/ fj;/ eoD/ F[o{ eod/ jB. fJe soK Bkb, fJj

j?okBh tkbh rb Bjh_ j? fe id f:;{ B/ fejk, w+ no fgsk fJe'

jK (:{jzBk 10L30). eJhnK B/ T[; ftu gow/Fo bJh nkgDh y'i ftu

nkgDk itkp bG fbnk j?. c/o th, d{finK B/ fijV/ fJ; ;zGktBk

dh ebgBk Bjh_ eo ;e/ fe gow/Fo B/ nkgD/ nkg ~ fJ; soK BhtK

ehsk T[BQK B/ fto'X g{oD Yzr Bkb gqfsfeq:k ftykJh. f:;{ B/ e[M

b'eK ftu o[uh g?dk ehsh, go j'oK Bkb p/o[yh ftykJh, p/Fe T[E/

fezB/ ;B fijV/ T[; d/ fgS/ j' s[o/, go T[E/ j'o th eJh ;B fiBKQ

B/ T[; dh w"s dh :'iBk pDkJh.

nkgD/ ihtB d/ ;w/_ ftu th f:;{ B/ b'eK ~ nv nv ehsk.

T[; B/ ;gFNsk Bkb nkfynk,

i' w/o/ Bkb Bjh_ ;' w/o/ fto[X j? (wsh 12L30).c/o th, fJj

57

io{oh Bjh_ fe F[o{ dh gqfsfeqnk fJe ;EkJh gqfseow j't/.

nkT[ fJe wB[y pko/ ftuko eohJ/ fijVk f:;{ dk d[FwD j[zd/

j'J/ w[fVnk ns/ T[; dh nB[:kJh j' frnk. nkgD/ F[o{ d/ fdBK ftu

;"b[;, fJe :j{dh oph, f:;{ d/ nB[:kJhnK fJsBh finkdk Bcos

eodk ;h fe T[j T[BKQ ~ geVtk fdzdk ;h ns/ fJE'_ se fe T[BQK

dh w"s ftu ;fjws j[zdk ;h, go pdb ikD s'_ pknd, T[; B/ nkgD/

pkeh ;kb f:;{ dk nkdo nkgD/ gqG{ ns/ ;[nkwh d/ o{g ftu eoe/

r[}ko/. fJE'_ se fe T[; B/ w;hj Bkb nkgDh tckdkoh eoe/ y[Fh

y[Fh pj[s finkdk szrh ~ th ;fjD ehsk. fe; rb Bkb fJe coe

fgnk<

id ;"b[; dzfwFe dh okj s/ ik fojk ;h, T[; d/ u[c/o/ fJe

@@tvh i's## uweh. T[j o'FBh fJsBh s/} ;h fe T[j e[M fuo tk;s/

nzBKQ j' frnk. ;"b[; c/o th nzso g/qoDk okjh_ ikDdk ;h fe T[j gow/

Fo dh T[g;fEsh ftu ;h.

:j'tkj bJh :{BkBh Fpd dk fJ;s/wkb eod/ j'J/T[; B/

g[fSnk, gqG{ ih s{z e"D j?< gow/Fo B/ itkp fdsk, w+ f:;{ jK fij ~

s{z ;skT[_dk j+ (o;{bK d/ eosp 9L5). T[; fdB ;"b[; B/ ikD fbnk

fe :j'tkj ns/ f:;{ fJe' jB.

fJ; gqekFB B/ ;"b[; ~ f:;{ dk d[FwD j'D s'_ pdb e/

g"b[; g/qfos pDk fdsk. T[; fdB s'_ T[; B/ g{oh soK Bkb nkgDk

ihtB gqG{ f:;{ w;hj ~ ;"_g fdsk. p/Fe nkgD/ fJ; ftFtk; bJh T[;

B/ pj[s d[y c?bkT[_d/ j'J/fpskfJnk fe gow/Fo fJ; rqfj Xosh d/

T[s/ nkfJnk ;h. g"b[; d/ ihtB ftu f:;{ w;hj dh ;funkJh B/ T[;

~ ;ko/ ;fwnK d/ fwFBohnK ftu'_ fJe wjkB fwFBoh ftu pdb

fdsk. T[; dhnK gqshnK T[; d/ fdqV ftFtk; Bkb GohnK j'JhnK jB

fe ;kohnK t;sK gqG{ f:;{ w;hj d/ okjh_ ns/ T[; d/ bJh T[sgs

j'JhnK jB (e[b[;hnK 1L16).



fit/_ n;h_ t/fynk j?, pkJhpb x'FDk eodh j? fe Bk;os dk

f:;{ gow/Fo g[so j?, f;oc gow/Fo dk fJe g[so Bjh_ fit/_ wow'B}

:j'tkj ftNB?; tkb/ ns/ j'o d{i/ ftFtk; eod/ jB. Bk jh T[j

gow/Fo dk fJe Bph ;h fit/_ fJ;bkw f;fynk fdzdk j?. pj[fsnK B/

nfij/ ;w{jK dh M{mh f;fynktK ~ Fkfwb eoB dh e'fFF ftu T[;

gqekFB ~ fijVk gow/Fo B/ T[BKQ ~ nkgD/ pko/ fuzsk tb fXnkB

Bk d/D dk u[Dkt ehsk j?. fJj, fGzB fGzB Xkofwes ohsK ~ fJemk

fwbkT[Dk## eoe/ ikfDnk iKdk j?, fi; dk ;gFN noE t?p;No}

fveFBoh d/ nB[;ko @@coe coe ftFtk; ~ fJemk eoB dh e'fFF

eoBk j?.##

T[dkjoD d/ s"o s/, fjzd{ @f:;{# dh ;ukJh Bkb fJ; soK

;fjws j[zd/ jB fe nkgD/ j'o pj[s ;ko/ d{i/ @d/tfsnK# Bkb

nbwkoh ftu f:;{ dh s;tho th oy b+d/ jB. ;k~ uzrh soK :kd

j? fe id J/bh:kj d/ gow/Fo, ;u/ ns/ ihfts gow/Fo B/, ftXowh

pnkb dh w{osh dk ;kjwDk ehsk, sK T[; B/ ;N wko e/ T[; ~

w[X/ w{zj nkgD/ ;kjwD/ }whB s/ v/r fdsk. fJ;/ soK jo/e wB[y d/

d[nkok pDkfJnk frnk ns/ wB[y d/ d[nkok ebgBk ehsk frnk d/

tsk gqG{ f:;{ w;hj d/ ;kjwD/ fvr/rk feT[_fe T[j gow/Fo g[so j?,

fgsk d/ Bkb ns/ gftso nkswk d/ Bkb fJe ;dk ofjD tkbk j?.

fJe tko id n;h_ ;wM iKd/ jK fe f:;{ w;hj gow/Fo j?

sK ;k~ eztkoh bVeh okjh_ T[; d/ g?dk j'D T[; d/ pj[s ;ko/

uwseko, T[; dh w"s ns/ ih T[mD T[; d/ ;[or ftu u[e/ ikD ns/

;woEk ns/ wfjwk ftu S/sh Xosh s/ tkg; nkT[D ftu ftFtk;

eoB ftu e'Jh th w[Feb Bjh_ j'Dh ukjhdh. feT[_fe f:;{ w;hj

@tk;sfte gow/Fo# j? ;foFNh dk fJ; d/ ;ko/ fB:wK ns/ ihtB

;zGkbD dh ;koh gqDkbhnK ;w/s fJ; ~ ouB tkbk T[j jo/e fB:w

s'_ T[go T[fmnk fijV/ T[; B/ nkgD/ fgnko ns/ S[Neko/ d/ T[d/FK

bJh nkg ou/.

59

Bk;os d/ f:;{ d/ ftneshst fJod frod ;z;ko tzfvnk

j'fJnk j?. fJj nv ehs/ j'J/ ;w{j fJ; rb T[s/ ekfJw Bjh_ jB fe

T[BQK B/ eh gqkgs ehsk ik rztkfJnk, Bk jh fJ; rb T[s/ fe T[j

okiBhfse s"o s/ fezB/ w}p{s iK ewi'o jB, Bk jh fJ; rb s/ fe

d/FK d/ nv nv ftuko XkoBktK jB. tk;sfte ftGkiB fijVk w"i{d

j? fijVk T[; t/b/ g?dk ehsk id gow/Fo fJ; Xosh s/ nkfJnk, T[j

j'o d{i/ ;ko/ fttkd d/ ftfFnK s'_ pj[s finkdk io{oh j? fijVk wB[ysk

ftu nz;wsh g?dk eodk j?.

fJj fBFfus fpnkB T[BQk ;ukJhnK dk tkX{ BkNeheoD Bjh_

j? feT[_fe gqG{ f:;{ B/ nkg fejk L

i/ gow/Fo s[jkvk fgsk j[zdk, sK s[;h_ w+~ fgnko eod/

fJ; bJh i' w+ gow/Fo s'_ fBefbnk ns/ nkfJnk jK

feT[_fe w+ nkg s'_ nkg Bjh_ nkfJnk go T[j B/ w+~

xfbnk j?. s[;h_ w/o/ p'b feT[_ Bjh_ ;wMd/< fJ;/ bJh i'

w/ok tuB ;[D Bjh_ ;ed/. s[;h_ nkgD/ fgT[ FskB s'_ j',

ns/ nkgD/ fgT[ dhnK ekwBK d/ nB[;ko eoBk ukj[zd/ j'.

T[j sK w[Y'_ wB[y xkse ;h, ns/ ;funkJh T[s/ fNfenk

Bk fojk, feT[_fe T[; ftu ;funkJh j? Bjh_. id T[j M{m

p'bdk j?, sK T[j nkgDhnK jh jedk j?, feT[_fe T[j

M{mk j?, ns/ M{m dk gszdo j?## (:{jzBk 8L42-44)

eh fJj ikDBk s[jk~ j?okBh tkbh r`b b`rdh j? fe fit/

_ ftFtk;hnK dk fJe gfotko j? fi; dk fgsk gow/Fo j?, T[;/

soK nftFtk;hnK dk th fJe gfotko j? fi; dk fgsk FskB j?<

jo e'Jh gow/Fo dh ;zskB Bjh_ j?. gow/Fo d/ gfotko ftu j'Dk

iK FskB d/ gfotko ftu j'Dk fJÈ/ s[jkv/ bJh ns/ w/o/ bJh

;EkJh ftebg jB.

fXnkB fds/ fpBKQ gow/Fo pko/ s[jkvk ftFtk;h fezBk th

fBFegN feT[_ Bk j't/, c/o th @tk;sfte# s"o s/ s[;h_ rbs j' ;ed/



j'. fJj efjDk M{m j? fe fJ; ftu e'Jh coe Bjh_ g?_dk fe fJe

ftnesh eh ftFtk; eodk j? pFos/ fe T[j ;uk j?. T[;/ soK s[;h_

;ukJh Bkb fJj ftFtk; eod/ j'J/ fe fJj dtkJh j? }fjo yk ;ed/

j', go c/o th s[;h_ wo ikT[r/.

tk;st ftu, wB`[yh tor d' gfotkoK ftu tzfvnk j'fJnk

j?. jo/e ftnesh fJBKQ d'jK gfotkoK ftu'_ fJe Bkb ;zpzX o`ydk

j? L gow/Fo dk gfotko iK FskB dk gfotko. fJj pj[s wjstg{oD

j? fe s[;h_ ikD' fe s[jkvk ;zpzX fe; gfotko Bkb j?. ns/ gow/Fo

d/ gfotko dk ;d; pDB ftu gfjbk edw fJj j? fe fJj ;wMDk

fe gow/Fo e"D j? ns/ nkgD/ g[so, f:;{ ;k~ d/D ftu T[; B/ eh

ehsk.

@@f:;{## BK dk noE j? @:j'tkj w[esh j?.# fJ; bJh ;[or

d{s B/ :{;[c ~ fejk L s[z T[j dk BK f:;{ oyh feT[ i' T[j nkgD/

b'eK ~ T[BKQ d/ gkgK s'_ pukt/rk (wsh 1L21).

61

ftuko eoB d/ bJh1H fizBh d/o se s[;h_ ;u/ j', fe tk;st ftufJ; dk e[M wjst j? fe s[;h_ gow/Fopko/ eh ftFtk; eod/ j'<

2H b'eK ftu ftGkiB dk w{b ekoD eh j?<eh fJj okiBhfse, nkofEe, xo/b{ iKT[d:'fre j?< iK eh fJj nksfwe ns/;EkJh j?<3H gqG{ f:;{ B/ fiBKQ d' gfotkoK dk f}eoehsk T[BQK ftu'_ s[;h_ fe; Bkb ;zpzX oyDkukj[zd/ j'<


B?fse p[okJh d/ pko/ ;u/s j' e/, ns/ j'o fe;/th uh} s'_ tX, gow/Fo d/ pukT[D tkb/

frnkB dh gkbBk eo'.vkeNo noB'bv

(j?vwk;No orph gpfbe ;e{b)

62


tk;sfte ;wf;nk eh j?<tk;sfte ;wf;nk eh j?<tk;sfte ;wf;nk eh j?<tk;sfte ;wf;nk eh j?<tk;sfte ;wf;nk eh j?<

ph;th_ ;dh d/ F[o{ ftu pE/o/ b'e fJ; ;z;ko d/ Gfty pko/ pj[snkFktkdh ;h. T[BQK dk ftFtk; ;h fe FKsh ns/ y[Fjkbh d/ ;[Bfjo/:[r ftu T[j dkyb j'D ik oj/ ;B. pj[fsnK B/ ;'funk fe fJ;Bt/_ }wkB/ dhnK poesK jo fJe d/F ftu t/yD ~ fwbDrhnK fJE'se fe T[BQk d/FK ftu th fiE/ fBokFk phwkoh ns/ pj[s finkdkrohph B/ Bk d;D :'r d[y Bkb eFN fdsk ;h. go 1914 ftu :[Xd/ ;kfJoB ;ko/ :{o'g ftu o"bk gkT[D br gJ/.

ns/ ni, fit/_ fJe;th_ ;dh gqrN j'D brh, nftFtk;Bh:ftfrnkBe S[Neko/ d/ pkpi{d fi; dh n;h_ rtkjh fdsh j?, b'ejkb/ th g[o T[whd eb pko/ rb eod/ Bjh_ fdyd/. fJ; d/ pikJ/byK b'e jkb/ th ;z;ko d/ nD{-;zpzXh jfEnkoK d/ F;sqxoK dh pj[sfinkdk wko d/D dh :'rsktK pko/ fuzsk eod/ jB. d'_t/_ nzso okFNqhnkszetkd ns/ okFNoh ;wf;nktK dh r[zMbK pj[s ;ko/ ftukoFhbfBohyeK ~ fJ; f;N/ s/ gj[zukT[dhnK jB. fe n;h_ wB[yh fJsjk;d/ pj[s rzGho ns/ ;zGkfts ysoBke ;kbK ftu ofjzd/ jK. n;h_gfjbK jh ni d/ ;z;ko ftu b'eK d/ g{otheoB s'_ ftuko ehsk j?.;G: ;wki dh tk;sfte ouBk fsyh nb'uDk d/ Eb/ j?.

fJ; ;tkb d/ itkp dh e'fFF ftu, ;z;ko d/ wjstg{oDrbpks eoB bJh fJem/ j'J/. fit/_ T[BQK B/ rbpks F[o{ ehsh ns/fJe d{i/ dh ;ehwK ns/ f;XKsK ~ ;[fDnk, ;z;ko fJe ;zeN s'_ d{i/ftu ubk frnk. fezBhQ th finkdk Fesh ns/ g?;k T[BQK B/ fJ; ftubrkfJnk, go e'Jh th T[; fdFk ~ pdbD d/ :'r Bjh_ ;h fi; ftu

63


;z;ko nr/ tX fojk ;h. nkdo:'r oki-B/sk okiBhfsr, p[XhwkBftfrnkBh ns/ gzfvs, f;nkD/ tgkoh ns/ p+eK ftu o[fgnk iwK eoBtkb/, ;seko:'r vkeNo ns/ ;wki ftfrnkBh ;kfonkK B/ nkgDhyk; ikDekoh Bkb :'rdkB fdsk. ns/ fJBKQ frnkBh wB[yK B/, ed/edkJh_ i/ ed/ e'Jh f}eo ehsk fe gow/Fo B/ wB[y dh tk;sfte;wf;nk bJh eh n?bkB ehsk - T[j p[fBnkdh ;wf;nk fi;dh gSkDeoBh ukjhdh j? fJ; s'_ gfjbK fe T[; dk jb bfGnk ik ;e/. e/tb gow/Fo jh ;kvh tk;sfte ;wf;nk s'_ ;k~ ikD{ eotk ;edkj?. ns/ fJ;/ w"e/ s/ n;h_ ne;o ;theko eo b+d/ jK fe T[BQK ftufijV/ tk;st ftu gow/Fo dh Gkb eod/ jB ns/ T[j fijV/ f;ocXkofwe T[s;[esk oyd/ jB ftu eh coe j?.

gow/Fo B/ fejkL n;h_ nkdwh ~ nkgD/ ;o{g ftu pDkJhJ/(T[sgs 1L26). s[;h_ g[`S ;ed/ j', @@fe fejV/ sohe/ Bkb wB`[ygow/Fo d/ ;o{g T[s/ ofynk frnk<## fBFfus o{g Bkb ;ohoe s"os/ Bjh_, feT[_fe gqG{ f:;{ B/ nkfynk, gow/Fo nkswk j? (:{jzBk4L24). gow/Fo e"b ;kv/ torhnK pkjK ns/ bsK ns/ nyK Bjh_jB. ns/ fJj gow/Fo nDg[i i's ftu ofjzdk j? ns/ wB[yK ftu'_fe;/ B/ T[; ~ Bjh_ t/fynk (1fsw'fET[; 6L16). nDfvm wB[y ed/j'_d ftu Bjh_ ;h. fJ; bJh b'eK pko/ e[M j'o pj[s ehwsh j? pikJ/T[BKQ ;ohoK d/ fiBQK ftu T[j ofjzd/ jB. fJj T[j tk;sfteftnesh j? fijVk ihT[_dk ofjzdk j? id T[BKQ d/ ;oho Sv iKd/ jB- T[j @ftnesh# fijVk gow/Fo d/ ;o{g tork ofunk frnk ;h.

pkJhpb d;dh j? fe gow/Fo e'b fJe wB, Gkt ns/ fJefJSk j?. ns/ fJj fJBKQ fszB y/soK ftu j? fe wB[y gow/Fo d/ ;o{gftu pDkfJnk frnk ;h. feT[_fe T[j gow/Fo j?, T[; dh p[Xh, Gktns/ fJSk Fesh, fezBh jh p/nzs j?, d{i/ FpdK ftu fi; dh e'Jh ;hwkBjh_. nfijk T[; dk ;to{g j? fJE'_ se fe p[XhwkB nkfJB;N/B dk;hfws fdwkr ;h. e'Jh wB[y ;G e[M Bjh_ ikD ;edk, e'Jh wB[y

65

n;hfws fgnko Bjh_ eo ;edk, ns/ fBFfus s"o s/ wB[y dh fJSk;foFNh ftu Bjh_ j?, Bk jh T[j nkgDh sedho dk e?gNB j?.

d{i/ gk;/, wB[y d/ ftneshst ftu nksfwe s"o s/ ;wK b?Ddh :'rsk j? sK i' T[j ikD ;e/ gow/Fo Bkb ;zrsh oy/. fJ;/ bJhpkJhpb fJ; ~ ;gFN eodh j? fe wB[y nkswk ns/ iht ns/ ;ohoj? (1E;b[BhehnK 5L23).

nkswk d/ okjh_, wB[y ftu gow/Fo dh fdsh nzso Fesh j?sK i' firoh s"o s/ nkgD/ ;foFNheosk Bkb ;zpzX oy/. nkgD/ ;ohod/ okjh_, wB[y ftneshst (iK iht, iK T[; dh ;'uD, u[Dkt eoBns/ fgnko eoB dh :'rsk) G"fse ;z;ko Bkb ;zpzX oydh j?.

fizBhQ d/o se n;h_ pkJhpb d/ foekov dh gqkEfwesk ~ fXnkBftu oy e/ nkswk ~ gfjb/, iht ~ d{i/ ns/ ;oho ~ shi/ EK s/ oyd/jK, ;G e[M mhe mke j?.

go e[M rbs j' iKdk j?. fi; d/ f;N/ ti'_ pj[s b'eK bJh,fJj fBod/F T[bNk j' iKdk j?, ;oho gfjbh gqkEfwesk s/ nk iKdkj?, iht th gqkEfwesk d{i/ Bzpo s/ ns/ nkswk shi/ Bzpo s/.pdfe;wsh Bkb ni d/ ;z;ko ftu, pj[s ;ko/ b'eK d/ ;ohoe,gdkoEe ns/ fJzdoht; F'e T[BKQ d/ ;'u ftuko, T[BQK d/ c?_;b/ ns/T[BKQ d/ fgnko ~ fB:zsqB ftu oyd/ jB, id fe T[BKQ dh nksfwe:'rsk ;[gs ns/ woh j'Jh nt;Ek ftu j[zdh j?. fJ; bJh, pikJ/ gow/Fo ~ nB[wsh d/D d/ fe T[j nksfwe ihtB ~ g[Bo ;Ekfgs eo/ ns/tk;sfte ftnesh fi; ~ T[; B/ ofunk j? fB:zsqB ftu oy/, T[; ~xN wjst fdsk iKdk j?, iK fJE'_ se fe wB ftu'_ eY fdsk iKdkj?, fJBhQ finkdk jd se fe fJBQK e[okj/ gJ/ j'J/ b'eK ns/ T[BKQ d/;foFNheosk d/ ftueko e'Jh nkdkB gqdkB Bjh_ ofj ;edk. fi;ftnesh bJh gow/Fo Bebh j? T[j tk;st ftu nksfwe s"o s/wfonk j'fJnk j? (d{i/ gk;/, T[j ftnesh fijVk gow/Fo Bkb ;zrshdk nBzd T[mkT[_dk j? T[j tk;st ftu g{oh soK Bkb ihfts j?.

tk;sfte ;wf;nk eh j?<


gozs{ gow/Fo B/ fijVk d:k dk XBh j?, nkgD/ T[; tv/gq/w eoe/ fi; s'_ T[j B/ ;kv/ Bkb g/qw ehsk, id'_ n;h_ngokXK d/ ekoD w[od/ jh ;h, sd'_ ;k~ w;hj d/ Bkbfitkfbnk (nc;hnK 2L4-5).fJ; ;z;ko dh ;wf;nktK ;G wB[y dh fJSk ftu F[o{

j'JhnK. gow/Fo B/ b'eK ~ emg[sbhnK dh soK Bjh_ pDkfJnk ;h,fijVhnK d{i/ dh fJSk fpBKQ fjbD ftu n;woE j[zdhnK jB.XkfonK ~ fyuD okjh_, emg[sbh tkbk emg[sbh d/ jo fjbD ~ i'T[j eodh j? fB:zsqB ftu eodk j?. d{i/ gk;/, gow/Fo B/ ;k~nk}kd wo}h fdsh j? fe fi; soKQ n;h_ u[DkT[ eohJ/ T[;/ soKposkT[ eohJ/. go T[; fJSk d/ todkB Bkb, n;h_ B?fse s"o s/ thT[BKQ c?;fbnK bJh i' n;h_ eod/ jK fizw/tko pD iKd/ jK. (fJj w[FebBkb fijVk s[;h_ pj[s ;ko/ wB'fufes;eK s'_ ;[D'r/ fijV/ pkJhpb dh;funkJh tb fXnkB Bjh_ fdzd/.)

fJe pVh nc;';Bke d[oxNBk wB[yh iksh Bkb wB[y dhouBk s'_ pknd gfjb/ j[ew d/ pko/ ftu xNh. ndB d/ pkr ftudoysK d/ ftukb/ d' yk; fpoS ;B. fJe ihtB dk fpoS nytkT[_dk;h, d{ik Gb/ p[o/ dh f;nkD d/ fpoS s'_. T[BKQ ~ fJj u[Dkt d/Dd/ d[nkok, nkfrnkgkbD ns/ ntfrnk d/ ftueko u[Dkt, gow/Fo B/fJj ;gFN eo fdsk fe T[; B/ wB[y nkdwh ns/ n"os dh ouBkT[BKQ ~ n}kd wo}h d/ e/ ehsh j?. fJj T[BKQ d/ T[go ;h Gkt/_ sKgow/Fo dh wo}h ~ wzBD iK Bk wzBD fJj T[BKQ dk nkgDkftneshrs c?;bk ;h.

nc;'; dh rb j?, nkdw ns/ jtkj B/ T[; pj[s uzr/ d/fybkc prkts ehsh fijVk gow/Fo B/ wB[y iksh bJh T[gbpXehsk ;h. gow/Fo gfjbK s'_ jh ikDdk ;h fe T[BKQ dk nDnkfrnkekohskdk c?;bk T[; d/ bJh Bk d;D :'r d[y ~ fbnkt/rh ns/ fJj ;kohwB[y iksh T[s/ dod fbnkt/rh. go, nkgDh ;foFNh bJh T[; d/

67

fgnko ftu ns/ fJj ikDd/ j'J/ fe wfjwk fijVh pknd ftu T[BKQbJh T[gbpX j't/rh fijV/ ;jh u[Dkt eoBr/, gow/Fo B/ jo/eftnesh ~ u[Dkt eoB dh n}kdh fdsh j?.

FskB, M{m/ B/, nkgDk g/qoDkwJh gqGkt fJ;s/wkb eo e/ nkdwns/ jtkj ~ rbs u[Dkt eoB bJh n}wkfJnk. T[; B/ wBQk ehs/j'J/ cb fJ; ;[Mkt d/ okjh_ finkdk nkeofFs pDkfJnk fe i/ T[jfJ; ~ ykDr/ T[j gow/Fo tor/ j' ikDr/. (FskB jkb/ th ;[Mktfdzdk j? fe wB[y nkg nkgDk gow/Fo j' ;edk j?. go fit/_ gow/Fogow/Fo j? ns/ ed/ th gow/Fo Bkb'_ xN Bjh_ j' ;edk, T[;/ soK wB[ywB[y j? ns/ ed/ th wB[y Bkb'_ finkdk Bjh_ j' ;edk). fe;/ th soK,FskB B/ nkdw ns/ jtkj ~ nkgDh fJSk ~ ezw ftu fbnk e/ nkdwns/ jtkj ~ nkgDh fJSk d/ fto[X pfjek fdsk. fi; d/ Bshi/ ti'_,b'ek dh jo/e Bth_ ghVh T[BQK d/ ;foFNheosk dh pj[s wsjtg{oD,ftneshrs ns/ r{Vh ;zrsh s'_ d{o j' rJh j?, feT[_fe ;ko/ nkdw dh;zskB jB. fJ; bJh, fit/_ wB[y s'_ gkg ;z;ko ftu nkfJnk ns/ gkgs'_ w"s nkJh ns/ fJ;/ soK w"s ;GBK wB[yK ftu c?b rJh fJ; bJhi' ;GBK B/ gkg ehsk (o'whnK 5L12).

jo/e epo;skB, jo/e j;gskb, jo/e ;/Bk ns/ jo/e i/bfiBKQ ~ ;z;ko ikDdk j? T[j ;foFNh d/ F[o{ s'_ wB[y d/ rbs u[Dktd/ Bshi/ ti'_ j?. wB[yh iksh ftu fJj gqkDxksh p[okJh, fi; ~ n;h_gkg nkyd/ jK, iwKdo{ phwkoh fijVh ;koh wB[yiksh s/ n;o gkT[_dhj?. Bk f;oc gkg B/ gow/Fo Bkb wB[y dh ;uh ;zrsh ~ eN d/nv jh Bjh_ ehsk, gozs{ T[; B/ T[; ~ T[; d/ ;zrh wB[y Bkb' thnv eo fdsk j?.

go s[;h_ ns/ w+ Bk f;oc iwKdo{ gkgh jK, n;h_ eowK okjh_th gkgh jK.

fiE'_ se ;kv/ iBw dk ;zpzX j?, GiBeko B/ ;kv/ ;kfonK pko/fejk id T[; B/ nkfynk, t/y, w+ pdh ftu izfwnk, ns/ gkg ftu



w/oh wksk B/ w+~ e[y ftu fbnk (ip{oK dh g'Eh 51L5). go T[jfto;/ ftu fwbh gkg dh jkbw pkv/ bJh T[BQK gkg d/ ezwK bJh e'Jhwkch gqdkB Bjh_ eodh fijV/ n;h_ ;GBK B/ ehs/ jB. pkJhpb thfJj fpnkB eodh j? fe n;h_ nDnkfrnkekohsk dh ;zskB jK, ;ohons/ wB dhnK ukjtK ~ g{o/ eofdnK, nkgD/ ;oho dhnK ekwBktKftu fdB eNd/ ;h, ns/ j'oBk tKr{ nkgD/ ;[GkT[ eoe/ r}p d/ g[so;h (nc;hnK 2L2,3).

jK, n;h_ gow/Fo d/ nr/ nkgDh nDnkfrnkekohsk eoe/ d'FhjK. fe;/ j'o ~ d'F Bjh_ fdsk ik ;edk gsBh ~ Bjh_ d';s ~ Bjh_wkfgnK ~ Bjh_. n?E'_ se fe nkgDh fgm G{wh ns/ tksktoD ~ th fi;ftu n;h_ ofjzd/ jK d'Fh Bjh_ mfjokfJnk ik ;edk. s[;h_ nkgD/ nkgbJh fiw/tko j' fit/_ fe w+ nkgD/ bJh.

b'eK ftu pj[s finkdk d[FwDh ns/ ftGkiB dk tk;sfteekoD i' n;h_ t/yd/ jK T[j gkg j?. gkg fJe Bk;fse ~ fJeftFtk;h Bkb ns/ fJe noph ~ fJe :j{dh d/ Bkb pzBQDk j?. gkgshi/ ;z;ko d/ b'eK ~ T[d:'fre ;z;ko d/ b'eK Bkb pzBQdk j?. gkgfJe ;kwtkdh ftnesh ~ fJe g{zih gsh Bkb pzBQdk j?, fJeg[fb;tkb/ ~ fJe ngokXh d/ Bkb ns/ fJe n"os dh gqfeqsh tkb/~ fJe g[oF d/ Bkb fijVk d/F d/ bJh i'Fhbk j? T[; d/ Bkb pzBQdkj?. Gkt/_ b'e t/;tk dk ezw eoB tkb/ iK gqukoe j'D, Gkt_/T[j n?Fgq;sh dh T[ukJh s/ ofjzd/ j'D iK rohph dh v{zxkJh ftu, Gkt/_ T[jgV/ fby/ iK nBgV j'D ;kfonK B/ gkg ehsk j? ns/ gow/Fo d/gqskg s'_ ofj rJ/ jB (o'whnK 3L23). ns/ gkg ;ko/ wkBf;e fyukT[fijV/ wB[yK ftu w"i{d jB dk w{b ekoD j?.

gozs{ f:;{ gkgh dh nk; j?. T[; B/ nkfynk, w+ XowhnK ~ Bjh_;r'_ gkghnK ~ p[bkT[D nkfJnk jK (wsh 9L13). Gkt/_ E'Vh iK finkdkd{oh ojh j't/, s[;h_ ns/ w+ gow/Fo dh gftsoskJh d/ fBFkB/ ~ Svfdsk j?. fJ; Fpd @@gkg## dk ;kXkoD noE j? @fBFkB/ se gj[zuD

69

ftu n;cb ofjDk.# T[; ~ ;jh eoB bJh nkgD/ nkg n;h_ e[MBjh_ eo ;ed/ jK. fJj ;'uDk ftnoE dh nk; j? fe n;h_ uzr/ pDBiK uzrk eoB d/ d[nkok n;h_ gow/Fo ftu FKsh gk ;ed/ jK. fJjeoBhnK s'_ Bjh_ nfijk Bk j't/ GJh e'Jh x[wzv eo/ (nc;hnK 2L9) fJ;bJh id w[esh pko/ rb eo fojk ;h, f:;{ B/ fejk, w+ pbhdkB ~Bjh_ go d:k ~ ukj[zdk jK (wsh 9L13).

gow/Fo dh d:k dh tk;sfte ;wM b'eK ~ pj[s finkdkokjs gqdkB eodh j? fijV/ nkgD/ ftneshrs gkg dh rzGhosk dhieVD ftu jB.

gozs{ gow/Fo B/ fijVk d:k dk XBh j? (nc;hnK 2L4), ;Ge[M i' T[j nkydk j? T[j fJj j? fe s[;h_ w[esh ~ T[; dk w[cstodkB ikD e/ ro?jD eo'. feT[_ i' s[;h_ feogk s'_ fBjuk d/ okjh_pukJ/ rJ/, ns/ fJj s[jkv/ tb'_ Bjh_ fJj gow/Fo dh pyFhF j?(nc;hnK 2L8). f:;{ B/ nkg fJe gkgh d/ bJh fJe p{jk gow/Fo dhgftso T[g;fEsh ftu dkyb j'D bJh ;ot ;q/Fm pbhdkB uVkfJnk.

d:k d/ gow/Fo B/ j[D gqG{ f:;{ w;hj d/ okjh_ pj[skfJs dkihtB w[cs T[gbpX eokfJnk j?. go feT[_ fe T[; B/ s[jk~ fJe fJSkfdsh j?, gow/Fo s[jk~ w}p{o Bjh_ eo/rk fe s[;h_ T[; ihtB ftu GkrbT[. s[;h_ gow/Fo d/ fJ; w[cs todkB d/ bJh fej' fijk gqshT[sofdzd/ j' fJj fJe io{oh rb j?. gow/Fo B/ fejk, w+ wB GkT[_d/ ;w/_ ftu s/oh ;[Dh, ns/ w[esh d/ fdB s/oh ;jkfJsk ehsh (2e[fozEhnK6L2). fJj Gfty d/ fty/ Bjh_ id s[;h_ nkgDh e'fFF d/ Bkb nkgD/nkg ~ w}p{s pDkT[D ftu Ee rJ/ j'. u/s/ oy' fe gqG{ f:;{ w;hjB/ fejk, w+ XowhnK ~ Bjh_ ;r'_ gkghnK ~ p[bkT[D nkfJnk jK (wsh9L13).

nkgDh tk;sfte ;wf;nk d/ pko/ JhwkBdko pD'', fijVh gkgdh ;wf;nk, T[; ;wf;nk d/ jb dk gfjbk edw j?. s[jk~ ;thekoeoB d/ bJh f:;{ dhnK pkjK y[bQhnK j'JhnK jB, s[;h_ Gkt_/fes/ th



ns/ fe;/ th ;fEsh d/ ftu feT[_ Bk j't'. T[j s[jkE'_ e/tb fJj;[DBk ukj[zdk j? fe j/ gow/Fo w+ gkgh jK w/o/ T[s/ d:k eo (b{ek18L13).

@@;h w?e; goh;B## tb'_ fJe gso j/m fby/ fpBK;zgkdB ehs/ j'J/ jtkb/ dyDh ncohek dh pj[s finkdk ;[ofyns i/b ftu'_ fJe e?dh s'_ fwb/ ;B.

@@fJj feskp gow/Fo bJh s[jkvh y'i## HHHgow/Fo d/ tuB ~;wMD ftu w/oh ;jkfJsk ehsh j?. w/o/ efjD dk noE fJj j? fefJj feskp ihtB d/ ;u/ o;s/ ~ bGD ftu ;kvh ;jkfJsk eodh j?.w+ ftFtk; eodk jK fe s[;h_ w+~ ;wMd/ j'. w/o/ fwso B/ fJj feskpw+~ fdsh ;h HHH w+ eodk jK fe gow/Fo ;foFNh eosk j? ns/ T[;B/ ;koh ;foFNh dh ouBk ehsh j?. w+ ftFtk; eodk jK fe gow/Fow/oh ;jkfJsk eo/rk fit/_ fe w+ j[D e?d ftu jK HHH.##

- fJj fog'oN NoK; tobv o/fvT[ okjh_g/F ehsh rJh j?.

71

ftuko eoB bJh mfjo'1H eh s[;h_ wfj;{; eod/ j' fe ni ;wki ftu pj[s e[M fGnzeo p/fJB;kch j?<2H id s[;h_ phwko j', eh fJj io{oh j? fe s[jkvkvkeNo dtkJh d/D s'_ gfjbK s[jkvh phwkoh dh ;jhiKu eo/<3H pkJhpbL s[jkvh ;wf;nk dh fet/_ iKu eodh j?<s[jkvh ;wf;nk bJh fet/_ fJbki dk B[;yk fbydhj?<



go FwT{B Bkw/ fJe wB[y ;h, fijVk nr/ T[; Bro ftu ikd{eoe/ ;kwfo:k d/ b'eK ~ j?okB eodk, ns/ nkydk ;h GJh w+e'Jh wjK g[oy jKl no S'N/ s'_ b? e/ tv/ skJh_ ;G T[j d/ tbfus bk e/ nkyd/ ;B, @GJh fJj wB[y gow/Fo dh T[j Fesh

j? fijVh tvh ejkT[_dh j?.vkeNo b{ek

73nfXnkfJ nfXnkfJ nfXnkfJ nfXnkfJ nfXnkfJ 66666

b'e feT[_ fJBKQ e[okj/ gJ/ j'J/ jB<b'e feT[_ fJBKQ e[okj/ gJ/ j'J/ jB<b'e feT[_ fJBKQ e[okj/ gJ/ j'J/ jB<b'e feT[_ fJBKQ e[okj/ gJ/ j'J/ jB<b'e feT[_ fJBKQ e[okj/ gJ/ j'J/ jB<

w[zvk j[zd/ j'J/, w+ fpohfNF nkJh;b} d/ fJe fj`;/ ftu ofjzdk;h fi; d/ T[go pzpK Bkb jwbk eoB tkb/ T[vd/ ofjzd/ ;B.fJj bVkJh dk t/bk ;h, ns/ fJj pzp ;[ND tkb/ T[d:'frefwvb+v} ns/ T[soh fJzrb+v d/ nkgD/ fBFkB d/ y/soK d/ o;s/ftu ;B. w+ ns/ w/o/ fw`soK B/ pzp ;[ND tkb/ d[FwD dh fGDfGD eoB dh ntk} ns/ ;kv/ bVke{ ijkiK dh roi ftu coeeoBk f;`y fbnk ;h. id n;h_ nekF ftu d[FwD d/ ijk}T[`s/ s/} o'FBh d/D tkb/ b+g Bkb o'FBh gkT[_d/ t/fynk sK n;h_pj[s T[s/fis j' rJ/. n;h_ ikDd/ ;h fe Xosh s/, n?e n?epzd{eK dh ntk} iK jtk ftu, @vke ckfJN# dk noE E'Vh d/o ftu pzp ;[ND tkb/ ijk} ~ pzd{e dh r'bhnK Bkb j/mK v/r d/t/rh.

d[FwD d/ ijk} ~ r'bhnK wko e/ j/mK frokT[D Bkb,fJe ;zGktBk jw/Fk j[zdh ;h fe ijk} d/ e[M eowukoh g?okF{Nokjh_ pu iKd/ ;B. pù ikD tkfbnK bJh fJj w[Ffeb eoBbJh fe fes/ nkgDk o;sk b`G e/ pu ikD ns/ FkfJd c/o j'opzp b? e/ tkfg; w[VD, nfXekoh ;VeK d/ T[s/ pDkJ/ ;ze/sdhnK u'ehnK ~ Ykj fdzd/ ;B. fJ; soK ;VeK s/ eohp eohpe'Jh th ;ze/s fBFkB Bjh_ ;B.

c/o th, n;h_ wz[v/ ikDd/ ;h fe Ffjo d/ pkjo, tN{Bt{v; ftu, fe jkb/ th fJe S'Nk fijk ;ze/s fBFkB ;VeK d/

73


ftGkiB dh fJe wjs`tjhD EK s/ ;h. id n;h_ T[; ;ze/sfBFkB ~ w'V e/ rbs fdFk ftu eo fd`sk, sK tk;st ftun;h_ ;'funk fe n;h_ :[X dhnK e'fFFK ftu ;jkfJsk eo oj/;h. n;h_, ;EkfBe nfXekohnK tKr{, ;kv/ ;w[zdoh feBkfonK s/nkT[D tkb/, fe;/ th fpBKQ ;seko tkb/ wfjwkBK ~ T[bMkT[Dkukjz[d/ ;B.

c/o th, i/ nfij/ ftnesh e'b e'Jh Go';/ :'r BeFk T[jd/ jEK ftu j't/, sK tk;sftesk fJj j? fe Gkt/_ T[E/ e'Jh ;ze/s fBFkB j'D iK Bk j'D T[; d/ ;kjwD/ e'Jh w[Ffeb Bjh_nkt/rh. n?E'_ se fe ;kvk w[zfvnK dk ;ze/s fBFkB ~ g[`mkeoB dk ftuko th d[FwD ~ T[bMkJ/rk Bjh_ id se fe T[jBeF/ T[s/ fd`sh rJh ;{uBk d/ gqsh bkgotkjh fdykT[D dku[Dkt Bk eo/.

gow/Fo ;k~ nfij/ b'eK pko/ d`;dk j? fijV/ gow/FobJh nkgDh y'i ftu, fJ; soK d/ M{m/ fBFkBK okjh_ e[okj/ g?iKd/ jB.

F[o{nks d/ bJh, e'Jh th ftnesh fijVk fJ; ;ukJh t`bfXnkB Bk d/D dk u[Dkt eodk j? fe fJ; ndG[s ;foFNh dkn;fsst ;foFNheosk gow/Fo t`b fJFkok eodk j? T[jtk;st ftu e[okj/ g? iKdk j?.

T[j nkg p[XhtkB wzB e/ w{oy pD rJ/ HHH fit_/gow/Fo ~ nkgDh gSkD ftu o`yDk T[BQK ~ uzrk Bkb`rk, T[t_/gow/Fo B/ T[BKQ wzdh p[X d/ t`; eo fd`skHHH (o'whnK 1L22-23)ns/ T[j wzdh p[X tkbk ;foFNh d/ ezwK dh T[gk;Bk eo/

rk, pikJ/ fe T[; ;foFNheosk d/. d{i/ gk;/;gFN ;'uD tkbkfJe ftnesh, nkgD/ ;foFNh eosk dh T[gk;Bk eo/rk. fJ;

75

bJh, i/ s[;h_ fJj ftFtk; eoB s'_ fJBeko eo'r/ fe gow/FoB/ ;foFNh ~ pDkfJnk, sK gow/Fo s[jk~ GqFN p[`Xh d/ t`;ftu eo d/t/rk ns/ s[jk~ e'Jh th T[ìv ftuko ;'uD d/t/rkfe s[;h_ nfijk ftFtk; eo' fe ;foFNh fet/_ n;fss`t ftunkJh. fJe wzdh p[X tkbk torbkT[D tkbh p[Xh dk j[zdk j?.

gow/Fo T[BKQ b'eK ~ u/sktBh fdzdk j? fijV/ gow/Fo d/tuB ~ ;u wzBD ~ wzBk eo e/ S/sh X'y/ d/ okj T[s/ ubd/ jB,fijVk BkF tb b? iKdk j?. tk;st ftu, e'Jh th ftnesh fijVkgow/Fo d/ tuB dh ;ukJh ~ fBFfus s"o s/ ns/ gqGkT[Fkbhs"o s/ fgnko Bk eoB dk u[Dkt eodk j? T[j nkgD/ nkg ~fJe pj[s jh ysoBke ;fEsh ftu gk b+dk j?.

fJ; ekoB i' T[BKQ B/ ;funkJh d/ g/qw ~ ep{b Bkehsk fi; s'_ T[BKQ dh w[esh j' iKdh HHH ;' fJ;/ eoe/gow/Fo T[BQK T[s/ X'y/ dk n;o x`bdk j? GJh T[jM{m ~ ;ù wzBD HHH (2E;b[BhehnK 2L10-11).fJe tko id fJe ftnesh ;funkJh t`b fXnkB Bjh_

fdzdk iK o`d eo fdzdk j?, T[j T[; ~ fijVk M{m j? S/sh jh;theko eo/rk.

fJe tko w+~ uzrh soK :kd j? id eh w+ bzvB dh;zxDh X[zd ftu'_ dh xo ikD bJh nkgDk o;sk bG`D dh e'fFFehsh. f;oc ;Ve d/ feBko/ se nkgDk o;sk bG`D bJh fizBhQ;jkfJsk dh w+~ b'V ;h w+ gqkgs eo ;edk ;h. bzph pKj eoe/geVB s/ th w/oh cb?F bkJhN dh o'FBh t/yh Bjh_ ik ;edh;h. gow/Fo ;k~ d`;dk j? fe fJe }pod;s X'yk, fijVktk;st ftu wkBf;e X[zd tKr{ j? fijVk fJj rqfj Xosh d/ T[s/T[BQK r`bK dk nzs eo/rh feT[_fe gow/Fo d/ tuB dh ;funkJh~ b'e o`d eoBr/. f:;{ d/ u/fbnK B/ T[; ~ g[fSnk, s/o/

b'e feT[_ fJBKQ e[okj/ gJ/ j'J/ jB<


nkT[D ns/ i[r d/ nzs dk eh b`SD j'T[< d{ihnK r`bK d/ BkbT[; B/ itkp fd`sk L

feT[_fe M{m/ w;hj ns/ M{m/ Bph T[mDr/ no nfij/t`v/ fBFkB ns/ nuoi ezw ftykT[_Dr/, fe i/ j';edk sK T[j u[fDnk j'fJnK ~ th p[bkt/ ftu gkfdzd/ (wsh 24L24).j[D se th s[;h_ nkgD/ nkg ~ nky ;ed/ j', @@mhe j?,

w+ X'y/ ftu Bjh_ jK.## s[;h_ fJ; tk;sftesk ftu x[wzv th eo;ed/ j' fe s[;h_ fJe M{m/ w;hj ~ iK fJe M{m/ Bph ~ nk;kBhBkb gSkD ;ed/ j'. go fJe gb bJh mfjo' ns/ nkgD/ fJ;fBFeoF pko/ ;'u'. i/, feT[_fe s[;h_ ;funkJh ~ fgnko Bjh_ehsk, gow/Fo B/ FskB ~ s[jkv/ wB ~ X'yk d/D bJh nB[wshfdsh j?, s[;h_ fBFfus s"o s/ fJ; rb pko/ ikDd/ th Bjh_ j't'r/. i/ s[;h_ tk;st ftu ikDd/ ;h fe fe;/ M{m/ Bph B/ s[jk~ X'ykfdsk ;h, sK s[;h_ tk;st ftu X'yk Bjh_ ykT[r/. ;kok X'yk wBftu j'Dk ukjhdk j?, ns/ e'Jh th fijVk nkgDh p[Xh dk x[wzveodk j? T[j fJj ;theko eoB ftu w[Ffeb wfj;{; eo/rk fefJe M{m dk ftFtk; eoB bJh T[; d/ fdwkr Bkb Sb ehskfrnk j?.

tk;st ftu d' soK d/ b'e jB fijV/ id T[j pkJhpbgVd/ jB T[j ;funkJh dk fto'X eod/ jB, fJ; soK nkgD/nkg ~ T[BQK gkyzvK d/ bJh fijVk ;z;ko f;ykT[_dk j?. fJe T[jftnesh j? fijVk nkgDh p[Xh dk x[wzv eodk j? ns/ nkgD/nkg ftu ;zs[FN b`rdk j?. d{ik ftnesh T[j j? fijVk BhshnB[;ko nDnkfrnkekoh j?. go jo/e ftnesh ~ fijVktk;st ftu gow/Fo dh fJ`Sk ~ g{ok eodk j?, gqG{ f:;{ dh T[;d/ Bkb fJe yk; gqshfrnk j? L i/ e'Jh ftnesh T[j dh wo}h

77

g{oh eoBh ukj/, sK T[j ikD/rk HHH GJh fJj f;`fynk gow/Fos'_ j? iK w+ nkgD/ t`b'_ p'bdk jK HHH##(:{jzBk 7L17).

i/ s[;h_ tk;st ftu gow/Fo dh fJ`Sk g{oh eoBk ukjz[d/j', sK s[;h_ fBFfus j' ;ed/ j' fe pkJhpb d/ okjh_ gow/Fos[jk~ f;ykt/rk fe eh ftFtk; eoBk j? ns/ eh ftFtk; Bjh_eoBk j?, ns/ fet/_ ftjko eoBk j? ns/ fet_/ ftjko Bjh_ eoBkj?.

c/o th, ;k~ ;u/s ofjDk j? sK i' T[BKQ Xkofwe gVkQT[DtkfbnK d/ tuBK ~ o`d eohJ/ fijV/ nkgD/ nkg fB:[es j'J/jB, fijV/ gow/Fo d/ ;ù/ tuB ~ Bjh_ f;ykT[_d/, go pikJ/ fJ;d/ fJj eod/ jB fe s[;h_ rbs r`bK T[s/ ftFtk; eo' ns/rbs ezw eo'.

fJ; ghVhQ ftu FskB d/ e[M dbkb fijV/ b'eK dkfXnkB rbs fdFk t`b fdtkT[_d/ jB T[j pDktNh w;hjhnkokXBk f;;Nw d/ w+po jB. e'Jh th ftnesh fijVk fgskgow/Fo g[`so gow/Fo ns/ gft`so nkswk gow/Fo dh ;ukJh~ o`d eodk j? - fszB ftu fJe ns/ fJe ftù fszB T[j M{mkBph j?. p/Fe nfij/ b'e pkJhpb ftu'_ e[M coe coe EktKs'_ e[M nkfJsK d/ jtkb/ d/D, T[j gq;zr ftu'_ w{b gkm ~ g{ohsoK nb`r eo fdzd/ jB ns/ fJ; soK pkJhpb d/ pr?o Xow~ n`r/ tXkT[_d/ jB. s[;h_ jw/Fk fJe M{m/ f;`fyne dk gskfJe g[`S e/ brk ;ed/ j', @@f:;{ w;hj e"D j?<## T[j fJ;soe dk fj`;k j? feT[_fe fJj ikDBk fJzBK f}nkdk wjs`tg{oDj? fe s[;h_ ikD' fe T[j e"D j?.

id s[;h_ tk;st ftu f:;{ ~ gow/Fo g[so eoe/ ikDd/j', n?E'_ se fe r[gs ;wkfie ihtB fi; ftu nfijk fJe wjkBe?wok fJe d{i/ dh ;jkfJsk d/ bJh j[zdk j? T[j fJe j'o



nksfwe X'y/� tKr{ t/fynk iKdk j?. Gkt/_ gow/Fo dk f}eonfij/ ;wkiK ftu ehsk ik ;edk j?, fJj ;w{j f:;{ w;hj dhf;fynktK t`b fXnkB Bjh_ fdzd/, fi; B/ fejk,

e'Jh w/o/ t;hb/ fpBK, fgsk d/ e'b Bjh_ nkT[_dk (:{jzBk14L6). pkJhpb T[BKQ d/ bJh fijV/ gow/Fo pko/ rbs ns/w{oysk g{oD ftFtk; oyd/ jB em'o FpdK dk foekovoydh j?. s{z fBjuk oydk j+ i' gow//Fo fJe' j?l fJj s{zuzrk eodk j?L G{s fJj' fBjuk eod/ jB ns/ ezpd/ jB(:ke{p 2L19).

cohw?;Boh ;z;ko ftu fJe t`vh nzso okFNoh r[gs ;z;Ek j?, fJ; ;w/_ eohp 10fwfb:B b'eK dh ;ko/ ;z;ko ftu'_ ;dz;sk eoe/ nkgDh gqFz;k eodh j?. Gkt/_ fJ;d/ GkJhuko/ d/ fgnko, w[;hps ftu gJ/ b'eK dh ;jkfJsk, ns/ ;ukJh pj[fsnK ~nkeoFe b`r/, w?;Boh ;z;Ek T[sBh jkfBofjs Bjh_ j? fisBh fJj T[BQk ~ b`rdhj? fijV/ fJ; d/ w+po Bjh_ jB. w?;B pDB bJh, jo/e T[whdtko ~ fJj wzDBkg+dk j? fe T[j nzXeko ftu j? ns/ ukBD se gj[zu fojk j?. f:;{ dk fJenB[:kJh iK u/bk gfjbK jh ftFtk; eodk j? fe T[; ~ ukBD gqkgs j' frnk j?.f:;{ B/ fejk irs dk ukBD w+ jK, fijVk w/o/ fg`S/ s[odk j? nB/Qo/ ftu ed/ Bku`b/rk ;r'_ T[j d/ e'b ihT[D dk ukBD j't/rk (:{jzBk 8L12). w?;fBe r[gs ;z;Ekdh nkozfGe ;wko'j pj[s jh BkNeh ns/ ;Ke/fsesk Gfonk j[zdk j?. T[; t/b/,w?;fBe T[whdtko dk gow/Fo dh pkJhpb dh XkoBk s'_ go/ nrtkJh ehsh iKdhj? id T[; dk gfou: r'N' d/ Bkw Bkb eokfJnk iKdk j?. T[whdtko ~ df;nkiKdk j? fe r'N' gow/Fo dk r[nkfunk j'fJnk Bkw j? ns/ T[j r'N' FfoFNh dk tvkfBowksk j?. f;XKs ftu gow/Fo ftu e'Jh th ftFtk; o`yD tkbk Gkt/_ p[X Xow~ wzBD tkbk j't/, Gkt/_ fjzd{, w[;bwkB, :j{dh iK w;hjh j't/ cohw?;B pD ;edkj?. fJ; bJh r'N' (wB[y okjh_ pDkJh rJh gow/Fo dh XkoBk) T[whdtko d/ ftukoK~ f:;{ t`b_' jNk fd`sk iKdk j? fi; d/ pko/ pkJhpb ;ù/ ukBD dh x'FDk eodhj? (:{jzBk 1L9). pknd ftu, id fJj w?;B fJe f;`fyne w?;B pD iKdk j?, T[;~ gow/Fo bJh fJe j'o Bkw ikjp{b'B f;ykfJnk iKdk j?. fJj Bkw tk;st ftugow/Fo bJh :j{dh ns/ w`X g{oth BktK dk fJèm j?. fJj :j'tkj bJh ikj ftu'_e`fYnk frnk j?, pkb dk fJe o{g ns/ n"B fijVk fw;ohnK d/ ;{oi d/ d/tsk tb;ze/s eodk j?. fJj fGzB fGzB Xkofwe ohsK ~ fJe ftu fwbkT[D tkbk fJe T[ue'Nh dk T[dkjoD j?, coe coe ftFtk;K ~ fJem eoB dh ftnoE e'fFF. f:;{B/ nkg fJj fBFfus ehsk, ;' i' s/o/ nzdo dk ukBD nB/Qok j't/, sK fevk nB/Qok j't/rk (wsh 6L23).

79

ni n;h_ w`[y XowK d/ fuzskiBe tkX/ dh fefonk ~ tht/y oj/ jK fijV/ pkJhpb d/ gow/Fo dk fJBeko eod/ jB.fjzd{ Xow d/ n`v n`v fcoe/ pj[s ;ko/ Bt/_ b'eK dh o{uh ns/nB[:kJh ;w{j ~ nkeofFs eo oj/ jB. eJh d/FK ftu fijV/fJe ;w/_ T[BKQ dh pkJhpb dh ftok;s eoe/ ikD/ iKd/ ;B, T[BKQftu p[fB:kdh fjzd{ fcbk;ch nB[Gt ns/ fJzeohnK dh gj[zu s'_ go/;kXBk iK nfij/ gqeko d/ g{oth oj;tkd fit/_ :'rk ns/ ;zfBnk;g/F ehs/ iKd/ jB. coe coe g{ik dh ftXhnK fijVhnK fjzd{Xow ftu'_ c[N gJhnK jB T[j w{oysk Bkb ;foFNh ftu pj[s;ko/ d/tfsnK dh T[gk;Bk eod/ jB, pikJ/ fJ; d/ fe ;foFNh d/gow/Fo dh T[gk;Bk eoB. ns/, nc;'; Bkb efjDk g+dk j?, pj[s;ko/ torbkJ/ j'J/ fdwkr nkgD/ nkg dk wkD tXkT[D tkb/@r[o{nK# okjh_ nkeofFs ehs/ rJ/ jB pikJ/ ;foFNh d/ gow/Fod/ Bkb fi; B/ nkgD/ nkg ~ fBwq ehsk fe Xosh d/ rqfj Bkbw[bkeks eo/.

w[;fbw tor th nkgD/ ftFtk; ~ c?bkT[D ftu pj[sfinkdk i'F gqrN eo fojk j?. T[BKQ d/ s/b dh ;zgsh ns/ t`Xd/okiBhfse beF d/ e/_do T[BKQ ~ fJ; :'r pDkT[_d/ e[M ;kbgfjbK n;zGt ;h. T[BKQ dh fJe pj[s jh @gft`so# ;wkX s'_fijVh uNkB dk r[zpd nytkT[_dh j? ns/ :o{Fbw ftu wzfdodh gjkVh T[s/ ;Ekfgs j?, T[j fBvosk Bkb gow//Fo d/;[;wkuko dk fJBeko eod/ jB. nop d/F d/ f;ob/y fijV/u`NkB d/ r[zpd d/ nkb/ d[nkb/ jB fJj nkyd/ jB, @@gow/Foj'_d ftu Bjh) fbnkfJnk frnk, Bk jh T[j j'_d ftu j' ;edkj?.## b/feB pkJhpb fJj nkydh j? L

feT[_fe gow/Fo B/ irs ~ nfijk fgnko ehsk i'T[j B/ nkgDk fJeb"sk g[so p]F fd`sk, sK i' jo/



e i' T[; T[s/ fBjuk eo/ Bk; Bk j't/, go ;dhgeihtB gkt/ (:{jzBk 3L16).ns/ nksfwe X'yk Xowh ;z;ko se ;hfws Bjh_ j?. Xow

fBog/y ;z;ko B/ wB[ysktkdh fcbk;ch ~ ;theko ehsk j? fijVkfJj fXnkB ftu o`ydk j? fe wB[y ;foFNh dk e/_do j? ns/;wki dk ;G s'_ t`vk T[d/F wB[y dk ftek; eoBk j?.:{Bhtof;NhnK, nypkoK, pj[s ;ko/ okFNoh ;w{je ftuko r'FNhnK,gqufbs w+r}hB, ns/ o/vhT[ ns/ N?bhft}B T[s/ th wB[ysktkddk n?bkB ehsk iKdk j?. nkgD/ nkg T[s/ fwjopkB j'Dk,;[nkoEh gq;zr j? fijVk ftfrnkgB d/D tkb/ tor okjh_ gqufbsehsk frnk j?.

wB[ysktkd, fijVk wB[y dh nkokXBk eoB Bkb'_ finkdk Bjh_j?, fJj tk;st ftu e'Jh Bth_ fcbk;ch Bjh_ j? fit/_ e[M b'e ;'u;ed/ jB. fgS/ w[V e/ t/yhJ/ sK g"b[; d/ fdBK ftu, gow/Fo B/nkfynk, T[BKQ B/ gow/Fo dh ;funkJh ~ M{m Bkb tNk fdsk ns/eosko HHH ~ Sv e/ ;foFNh dh nkokXBk ns/ T[gk;Bk ehsh (o'whnK1L25). gqG{ wB[ysktkdhnK ~ fBFfus s"o s/ fJe fBwq gqFB g[Sdkj?, s{z feE/ ;h id w+ Xosh dh BhT[_ oyh. d; i/ s{z ;wM oydkj+ (n:{p 38L4). fJj g[okDh ejkDh j?. id FskB jtkj d/ e'bnkfJnk ;h, T[; B/ n;zGt rb dk ftyktk ;zGt rb eod/ j'J/fejk, s[;h_ gow/Fo tKC[ j' ikT[r/ (T[sgs 3L5). ;kv/ fdBK ftu thFskB Xow fBog/y wB[ysktkd Sbg{oD f;fynktK okjh_ nkgD/fxqDk:'r ezw eodk j?.

j' ;edk j? fe s[;h_ nì d/ }wkB/ d/ B"itkB j' fiBKQ T[s/okiBhfse iK Xkofwe fdqF okjh_ th e'Jh gfotosB Bjh_j'fJnk. s[jkv/ bJh okiBhfs`r Fe dh fBrkj Bkb t/y/ iKd/ jBns/ Xow n;zpzfXs j?. s[;h_ uzrk ;wMd/ j' fe nkgD/ pokpo

81

fdnK Bkb fwb e/ ftneshrs g{osh bJh fes/ j'o sbkF eo'.s[;h_ ;'u ;ed/ j' fe ihtB F?bh fi; dk toDB rhskswe d/@gze o'e# fBT[ t/t fwT[fie, j?th w?Nb, iK j'o th fe;/ soK d/BkNeh fdqF okjh_ ehsk frnk j? T[j s[jk~ fJ; ;z;ko d/ fJeb/gD ftu fi; ftu s[;h_ nkgD/ nkg ~ t/yd/ j' s[jk~ w[es eo/rk.

s[;h_ p/Fe T[BKQ FpdK s'_ ikD{ j' fiBKQ ~ s[;h_ ;[Dd/ j'ns/ fiBKQ T[s/ Bud/ j'. p/Fe s[;h_ T[BQK dk toDB fJ; soK Bjh_eoBk ukj[zd/, go fBFfus s"o s/ s[;h_ ;fjws j't'r/ fe f}nkdksoT[j FskBh p[Xh eo{oskg{oD ;zG'r ns/ ;?e; dk fJem j?.fwT[f}e ftu S/sh S/sh g/F ehs/ ikD tkb/ Boe d/ vo fpBKnoE dh ebfgs ihtB F?bh bJh nkeoFe ftebg jB. fJefJ; soK d/ tksktoD ftu fijVk ed/ ed/ fjz;k d/ iB{B segj[zu iKdk j?, nfij/ Mzv/ j/m fJj B"itkB b'e fJe j' iKd/ jBfi; Bkb T[j nkgD/ nkg ~ ns/ fJe d{i/ ~ BkF eod/ jB.

w+ s[jk~ b'; J/_B}b; d/ fJe EK pko/ d`;dk jK. fJjfJe w[odkxo j? fijVk @d o?cohioJ/No# ejkT[_dk j?. T[E/ 600w[odk ;oho, T[BKQ ftu'_ finkdkso itkB b'eK d/, fszB wjhB/ sefJ; nk; ftu ;[ofyns oy/ iKd/ jB fe e'Jh sK T[BKQ ~ gSkDBd/ :'r j't/rk. @p/Bkw# d/ b/pb T[BKQ d/ g?o dhnK T[_rbhnK d/Bkb pzB/Q iKd/ jB. fJBKQ pdfe;wsK ftu'_ finkdkso fpBQK gSkDd/ ezrkbK dh epoK ftu d`p/ iKd/ jB. T[BKQ ftu'_ pj[s ;ko/vqr} b+d/ ;B fiBKQ B/ T[;/ ;zd//F dk gkbD ehsk fi; dk n?bkBnì th fv;e' tr?ok ftu ehsk iKdk j? ns/ b`yK xoK ftu ;hvh gb/noK s/ ;[fDnk iKdk j?. T[BKQ B/ rbs ;ze/s d/ fBFkBkdk nB[;oD ehsk. j[D, ;Ve d/ nkfyo s/ gj[zu e/, pdbDbJh pj[s d/o j' u[eh j?. i/ T[BQK B/ f;oc gqG{ f:;{ d/ tuBK



~ ;[fDnk ns/ T[BKQ s/ fXnkB fd`sk j[zdk, fi; B/ nkfynk, w+fJ; bJh nkfJnk GJh T[BKQ ~ ihT[D fwb/ ;r'_ u'yk fwb/(:{jzBk 10L10).

ns/ j[D fJ; ;ko/ T[bMD ftu fJe j'o uh} fijVhtkXk eodh j? T[j j?, @ikd{# ftu t`Xdh j'Jh gqs`y o{uh. Go';/:'r ;{soK s'_ gsk brdk j? fe ikd{ ftu gqGkT[Fkbh fdbu;gh niT[BQh jh gqufbs j? fizBhQ T[; t/b/ ;h fi; :[r ~ nzXeko dk :[rfejk iKdk j?. ns/ fJj fi; ~ @ftfrnkBe ikDekoh dh o'FBh#fejk iKdk j? nì th xfNs j[zdk j?.

pj[s n;zGt EktK s/ FskB d/ T[gk;eK dh ;zfynk t`Xojh j?. ftt;kfJ eoB tkb/ b'e bzdB d/ Ffjo s'_ e?Bf;zrNBftu ikd{Jh nkokXBk dk T[s;t wBkT[D bJh fJèm/ j'J/.@ikd{roBhnK# d/ ib;/ :{o'g ftu t`X rJ/ jB Bkb jh Bkbpj[s d{o dhnK EktK s/ th fit/_ fp:{Nhc[b t?Be'to nkfJ; b+vftu. ncohek s'_ g{otiK Bkb ;zpzfXs nfrnkBsK d/ fotk} ;ko/;z;ko ftu gq/s nkswe tkdh ;GktK d{rDhnK j' rJhnK jB.p?me ftu pj[s ;ko/ y/v fit/_ @sfjykB/ ns/ niro# ns/ @T[Jhikp'ov# d[Fwsk ns/ nb"fee Bkb b'eK d/ t`Xd/ j'J/ ;zw'jD d/wB'oziB dk gqpzX eod/ jB. nfij/ t`Xd/ j'J/ uwseko E'Ehnksfwe T[s;[esk d/ Bshi/ jB. gow/Fo bJh nkgDh e[okj/gJh y'i ftu pj[s ;ko/ b'e Bk f;oc gow/Fo dh o'FBh s'_G`Ne iKd/ jB, go T[j fe;/ fe;w dh M{mh, y'ybh nksfwegfog{oDsk bJh ofj;wJh nfrnkBsk t`b th w[V iKd/ jB.ns/ fJj ;G e[M T[BKQ ftu j[zdk j? fiBKQ ~ n;h_ j[D th ;G:;z;ko d/ nkyd/ jK.

;k~ uzrh soK :kd j? fe gow/Fo nkyoh fdBK pko/ ehnkydk j?. T[j ;k~ M{m/ BphnK pko/ ns/ M{m/ fuBK ns/

83

n;uoi d/ ezwK pko/ u/sktBh fdzdk j? fijV/ nkfyoh ;w/_ d/wjkB X'y/ d/ t/b/ tkgoBr/. tk;st ftu, gow/Fo ;k~ d`;dkj? fe fJe GowkT[D tkbk gqrN j'D ik fojk j? fi; d/fGnkBe ezw FskB d/ nwb nB[;ko jo goeko dh Fesh,M{mhnK fBFkBhnK ns/ nuoiK Bkb j't/rk Bkb/ T[BKQ bJh fijV/Bk; j' oj/ jB e[Xow d/ jo gqeko d/ S`b Bkb j't/rk(2E;b[BhehnK 2L9-10).

d[FN ezwK ns/ M{mh f;`fynk d/ gqsh o[MkB t`XD d/ ekoDfJj ;wMDk w[Feb Bjh_ j? fe d/FK ns/ ;wkiK ftu fBokFk xoeo ojh j? fi; d/ Bkb Bk T[whdh ns/ gdfsnkr dh GktBk tXojh j?. FskB d/ pj[s ;ko/ ;ze/s fuzB jB gozs{ s[;h_ :ehB eo;ed/ j' fe T[BKQ ftu'_ e'Jh th fJj fJFkok Bjh_ eodk fe wB[y~ S[vkT[D tkbk e/tb f:;{ w;hj jh j?.

gow/Fo dk ;zd/F, fijVk ihtB dh fBokFk d/ gqsh jz[dkj?, T[j fe;/ soK th wsG/d iK w"s d/ gqsh X[zXbk Bjh_ j?. T[;dk ;zd/F nk; Gfonk, Go';/wzd ns/ ezpk d/D tkbk j? fijVkw;hj d/ okjh_ fwbdk j?. fit/_ s[;h_ pkJhpb ~ gow/Fo dh y'ieoB bJh gVd/ j', sK gftso nkswk jw/Fk gqG{ f:;{ t`b fJFkokeodk j?, fi; B/ fejk, okj, ns/ ;funkJh ns/ ihT[D w+ jK.ns/ d{ik e'Jh Bjh_ j' ;edk, feT[_fe f:;{ n`r/ nkydk j?, e'Jhw/o/ t;hb/ fpBK, fgsk d/ e'b Bjh_ nkT[_dk (:{jzBk 14L6).

gow/Fo B/ s[jk~ X'y/ d/ ;ze/s fuzBK pko/ u/sktBhfd`sh j?, sK i' s[;h_ e[okj/ Bk g? ikT[. T[; B/ s[jk~t`Xd/ j'J/ pjekt/ pko/ th ;[fus ehsk j? fijVks[jkv/ ;'uD ~ n;gFN pDk fdzdk j?. j[D T[j s[jk~fJj gqfsfrnk fdzdk j?, @w+ sK nkgDhnK ;'uK ~fijVhnK s[jkv/ fty/ ;'udk jK ikDdk jK HHH FKsh



dhnK ;'uK ns/ p[fonkJh dhnK Bjh_ GJh w+ s[jk~ S/eV ~ nk; d[nktK. id s[;h_ w+~ g[eko'r/ ns/ ike/ w+E'_ gqkoEBk eo'r/ sK w+ s[jkvh ;[DKrk. s[;h_ w+~Gkb'r/ ns/ b`G'r/, id s[;h_ nkgD/ ;ko/ fdb Bkb w+~Gkb'r/. w+ s[jk~ bGKrk, :j'tkj dk tke j? (f:ofw:kj29L11-14).

85

ftuko eoB bJh mfjo'1 fe; soK dk fdwkr ;foFNh dh T[gk;Bk eodk j?pikJ/ fJ; d/ ;foFNheosk d/< (o'whnK 1L22-28

gV')2H gow/Fo bJh s[jkvh y'i ftu, T[j fejVh e[zih j?fijVh fe;/ th p[Xhihth dh ;wf;nk dh skbk y'b

d/t/rh< (:{jzBk 7L17 gV').eh fJj s[jkvk fdwkr j?<eh fJj s[jkvh fJSk ns/ wB;k j?<

3H eh gow/Fo B/ s[jk~ ;gFN @;ze/s fuzBQ# fdsk j?fijVk T[; tb s[jkvh nrtkJh eo/<(:{jzBk 8L12gV').


pj[s ;kb gfjbK fJzrb+v ftu ;zv/ ;e{b dh ebk; ftu fJebVe/ B/ nkgD/ ;zv/ ;e{b d/ Nhuo ~ g[fSnk, @@eh gow/Fo

Fokosh w[zfvnK ~ fgnko eodk j?<## ns/ Nhuo B/ fejk, @@Bjh_fpbe[b Bjh_.## jkJ/, T[BKQ fpBK ;'u/ ;wM/ T[; wz[v/ ~ gow/Fodh fBzdk eoe/ d;Dk. i/ gow/Fo Fokosh w[zfvnK ~ fgnko Bjh_eodk, T[j w+~ ed/ fgnko Bjh_ eo/rk. F?eFfgno nkydk j? L@@fgnko fgnko Bjh_ j? i/ T[j pdb iKdk j? id T[j gfotosB

t/ydk j?.##ihHe+gp?b w'orB

86


eh gow/Fo tk;st ftueh gow/Fo tk;st ftueh gow/Fo tk;st ftueh gow/Fo tk;st ftueh gow/Fo tk;st ftuw+~ fgnko eodk j?<w+~ fgnko eodk j?<w+~ fgnko eodk j?<w+~ fgnko eodk j?<w+~ fgnko eodk j?<

eh ed/ s[;h_ nfij/ ftnesh ~ fijVk s[jkv/ bJh pj[s jhwjs`tg{oD j? T[; B/ fgnko d/ fty/ ;tkb ehskk j?< iK eh s[;h_ed/ nfijh e'fFF ehsh j? fe s[;h_ nkgD/ fgnko ~ gqwkfDs eo'fe s[;h_ fe;/ ~ fgnko eod/ j' id fe T[j fJ; dk ftFtk; thBjh_ eod/< wkwbk Gkt/_ e[M th j't/, s[;h_ fJj ikD bt'r/ fe nfij/;w_/th j[zd/ jB id ;ùk fgnko FpdK dh pikJ/ ezwK d/ okjh_ uzr/sohe/ d/ Bkb gqrN ehsk ik ;edk j?.

idfe ezw FpdK s'_ pj[s jh finkdk ;kwoEh jB, gow/FoB/ s[jkv/ bJh nkgD/ fgnko ~ fJ; soKQ gqrN ehsk id f:;{w;hj ;bhp d/ T[s/ wkfonk frnk. id s[;h_ fJ; dh wjs`tsk ~;wM iKd/ j' sK c/o s[jk~ j'o fe;/ soKQ dh ftnkfynk wdd Bjh_eo ;edh fe gow/Fo tk;st ftu jh s[jk~ fgnko eodk j?.

id w+ nkgD/ ihtB ftu w;hj ~ ;theko eo fbnk sKT[; d/ pknd, sK w+ fJe ;ùh ejkDh gVh fijVh fJe c"ih ns/fJe fprb pikT[D tkb/ w[zv/ d/ fty/ gVh. T[j p'no d/ :[Xd'okB c"i ftu ;/tk eo oj/ ;B. fprb pikT[D tkbk w[zvk, fi;dk BK ftbh j'bN ;h ns/ T[; dh T[wo 12 ;kb dh ;h, id T[;~ 7 nftFtk;h c"ih d/ Bkb fJe szp{ ftu i'V fd`sk frnk. fJBKQftu' fJe ftnesh dk BK fpb ;h. e[M th ;h fpb s'_ j`N e/ ftbhf:;{ w;hj s/ ftFtk; eoB tkbk ftnesh ;h. o'} oks ~, T[j

87


nkgD/ fp;so d/ B/V/ r'fvnK Gko j' iKdk ns/ ykw'Fh ftu gqkoEBkeodk ns/ nkgDh pkJhpb gVdk ;h. id T[j fJj ezw eodk ;hd{ik c"ih T[; dk wy'b eodk ns/ T[; ~ ;okg fdzdk ;h.

fJe fdB T[; gbNB ~ eoBb B/ go/v d/ bJh p[bkfJnk.fi; N?_N ftu ftbh ns/ fpb ofjzd/ ;B T[; d/ B/V/ fJe u'o t/fynk frnk ;h. fJ; ngokXh dh y'i pj[s jh rzGhosk d/ Bkbj' ojh ;h, eoBb B/ ;koh ezgBh ~ nzfsw u/sktBh d/ fd`sh ;hL @@w/oh fg`Sbh u/sktBh s/ e'Jh fXnkB Bjh_ fd`sk frnk,##T[; B/fejk. @@fg`Sbh oks c/o u'o fJÈ/ jh ;h. nì, w+ nkyoh tko d'Fh~ u/sktBh fdzdk jK fe T[j nkgD/ nkg ~ gqrN eo/ ns/ fJenkdwh d/ tKr nkgDh ;}k ;theko eo/. i/ T[j nkgD/ nkg ~gqrN Bjh_ eodk sK g{oh gbNB d/ f;gkjhnK dh Bzrh fg`m s/ d;e'V/ wko/ ikDr/. gozs{ i/ s[jkv/ ftu fJe ftnesh ;kjwD/ nk e/T[; ;}k ~ b? b+dk j? sK pkehnK ~ S`v fd`sk ikt/rk.##

e[M ;w/_ dh ykw'Fh d/ pknd, ftbh f;`Xk yVk j' frnk,nrKj tfXnk ns/ efjD brk L @@;qhwkB ih, s[;h_ j[D/ fejk fei/eo fJe ftnesh nrKj nk e/ ;}k b? bt/rk, sK pkeh puikDr/. ;qhwkB ih w+ T[j ftnesh j' iKdk jK.## r[;/ d/ BkbeoBb T[; niBph vog'e ~ t/y e/ uhy fgnk, @@fe fet/_ ;zGtj' ;edk j? fe s[;h_ fJe f;`X/ ftnesh ~ ;}k b?D d/ bJh t/yoj/ j'<## e'Jh th Bk fjfbnk. @@c/o## eoBb B/ fejk, @@s[;h ;ko/fJ; p/r[Bkj pdpys (nGkr/) ftnesh ~ s[jkvh ykso ;}k b+d/nkgDhnK n`yK d/ Bkb t/y'r/.##

nkgD/ FpdK d/ nXko s/ eoBb B/ j[ew fdsk fe ftbhdh fg`m Bzrh eoe/ e'V/ wko/ ikD. id ftbh T[BKQ e"V/ ;w/_ ftu'_ik fojk ;h ns/ T[j p/j'F j' frnk ;h, nukDe fpb fJ; s'_ j'ofinkdk ;fjB Bk eo ;fenk, T[j uhydk j'fJnk pkjo G`fink L

89

ns/ T[; B/ fejk, @@o[e ikT[, u'o w+ jK. w+ nkgDh ;}k btKrk.##nkgDh p/j'Fh ftu'_ pkjo nkT[_d/ j'J/ ftbh B/ nkgDhnK nyK y'b e/t/fynk ns/ fejk L @@fpb feogk eoe/ fuzsk Bk eo fJj mhe j?,eoBb nkgD/ FpdK ~ tkg; Bjh_ b? ;edk. w+ s[jkv/ ;kfonK dh;}k b? btKrk.## ns/ T[; B/ b? bJh.

T[j itkB ftbh e'fVnK dhnK T[BKQ bFK ftu'_ ed/ mhe Bkj' ;fenk. go fJ; s'_ gfjbK fe ftbh ;[or ikt/, fpb nkgD/ nkgftu N[N frnk ;h, nkgD/ wzi/ s/ ik e/ o'D b`rk ns/ efjD g[SDbrk, @@feT[_ ftbh< s{z w/o/ bJh fJj ;G feT[_ ;fjB ehsk j?< w+fJ; d/ :'r Bjh_ ;h. @@ftbh B/ w[;eokT[_d/ j'J/ itkp fd`sk L@@fpb,## T[; B/ fejk, @@w+ jw/Fk s+~ d`;D dh e'fFF ehsh ;h fegow/Fo s+~ fezBK fgnko eodk j? go jw/Fk s{z wy"b ehsk, fJ;bJh w+ ;'funk fe i/ w+ s/oh ;}k b? btKrk, sK j' ;edk j? fes{z fJ; r`b ~ ;wM ikt/_ fe f:;{ s+~ fezBk fgnko eodk j? feT[; B/ s/o/ gkgK d/ bJh nkgD/ nkg ~ ;bhp d/ T[s/ woB d/ bJhd/ fd`sk.## fJ; s'_ gfjbK ftbh ;[or ftu gj[zu/, fpb B/ f:;{w;hj ~ nkgD/ ihtB ftu ;theko ehsk ns/ f:;{ d/ okjh_ w[eshgqkgs ehsh.

w;hj ftu, ;[or r[nku/ j'J/ b'eK d/ bJh pukT[D dk fJeFkjh gqpzX eodk j?. ns/ fJj fgnko ;h - ;kv/ ;GBK d/ bJhgow/Fo dk fgnko - fijVk ;jh tes s/ f:;{ w;hj d/ d[yT[mkT[D d/ okjh_ gqrN ehsk frnk.

f;`X ftneshr'besk dh gjkVh d/ T[s/ fszB ;bhpK ;B. T[BKQ ftu'_ d'

;bhpK d/ T[s/ u'o bNe/ j'J/ ;B. fJBKQ d'jK ngokXhnK d/ftueko f:;{ w;hj ~ febK m'ehnK rJhnK ns/ T[j wo frnk.

eh gow/Fo tk;st ftu w+~ fgnko eodk j?<


T[; d/ nkfyoh xzfNnK d/ shpo dod d/ eFN d/ d"okB,T[BKQ vke{nK ftu'_ fJè B/ ntk;sfte - ndkbsh gqDkbh d/ pko/nkgDh okfJ ftnes eoB dh fjzws ehsh fi; d/ j/m T[BKQ fszBK~ w"s dh ;}k fd`sh rJh ;h. j?okBh tkbh r`b fit/_ fJj ikgdhj?, T[; dh w[y fuzsk nkgD/ dod ns/ eFN ns/ nkgDh ;ohoe:ksBk pko/ Bjh_ ;h. fJ; d/ pikJ/, T[; d/ ftuko d{i/ gk;/ w[VrJ/ fe fet/_ o'wh fBnK ftt;Èk f:;{ ~ T[jh ;}k fijVh d'jKvke{nK ~ fwbh ;h d/ e/ wkor s'_ G`Ne rJ/ ;B. fJj ;[;gFNp/fJB;kch ;h fijVh T[; ~ sebhc gj[zuk ojh ;h. wod/ j'J/ vke{B/, ;[p`Xsk ns/ fBwqsk Bkb pj[s jh f;nkDhnK fszB fN`gDhnKehshnK fit/_ T[j nkgD/ pj[s jh nkfyoh gb se gj[zu frnk ;h.

gfjbK L n;h_ sK nkgDh eoBh dk cb G'rd/ jK. T[; S'N/ns/ fBwq fpnkB ftu, T[; wod/ j'J/ vke{ B/ nkgD/ ngokX bJhnkgDh ftneshrs fizw/dkoh ~ wzB fbnk, ns/ fJ; soK nkgD/ftneshrs d'F ~ ;ukJh Bkb ;theko ehsk.

d{ik L ns/ n;h_ tk;st ftu fBnK nB[;ko wod/ jK HHH;kv/ fdBK ftu S'Nh w'Nh u'ohnK ns/ vke/ d/ fjz;kswe ezw wkw{bhjB, fJj ;wMBk w[Feb j' ;edk j? fe gfjbh ;dh ftu fJjngokX fezBh rzGhosk Bkb t/y/ iKd/ ;B. go fszB ;zy/g FpdKftu, wodk j'fJnk vke{ nkgD/ d'F ~ ftnes eo fojk ;h fe,T[; B/ fdB ftu, T[; dh w"s dh ;}k d'_t/_ ftt;Èk ns/ fBnKnB[;ko ;h. n;h_ HHH fBnK nB[;ko wod/ jK.

shiK L fJ; wB[y B/ e'Jh n"r[D Bjh_ ehsk. p/Fe fJj gVBknB'yk j? fe fet/_ T[j vke{ nkgD/ ftneshrs d'F dh ;ukJh ~;theko eodk j? ns/ fet/_ T[; B/ ftt;Ek gqDkbh d/ fBnK ~ ro?jDehsk, f:;{ bJh T[; dh fuzsk d/ pko/ gVdk pj[s j?okB eoB tkbhrb j?, fijVk T[; d/ e'b dh ;bhp T[s/ Nzfrnk j'fJnk ;h. wod/

91

j'J/ vke{ B/ fBfoyD ehsk fe fJj wB[y - fJj f:;{ fBokgokX ;hns/ fJ; bJh p/fJB;kch Bkb w"s dh ;}k gk fojk ;h.

nkgD/ gkg dk ngokXh j' e/ fit/_ T[j ;bhp T[s/ Nzfrnkj'fJnk ;h T[; vke{ e"b j'o e'Jh nk; Bjh_ ;h f;tkJ/ fJ; d/ fef:;{ t`b w[V/. fJ; bJh T[; B/ rzGhosk Bkb p/Bsh ehsh, j/ f:;{iK s{z nkgD/ oki ftu nkt/_ sK w+~ u/s/ eoh_. T[so fdzd/ j'J/, fit_/T[j jw/Fk nfij/ ;ù/ d'F ns/ b'V d/ fJepkb bJh eodk j?,gqG{ f:;{ B/ fJe dw T[; Bkb gqfsfrnk ehsh L nì jh s{z w/o/;zr ;[or ftu j't/_rk (b{ek 23L39-42).

T[;/ fdB, j'o d{i/ s'pk ehs/ j'J/ gkghnK tKC[ fijV/ gqG{ tbw[Vd/ jB, T[j wodk j'fJnk vke{ nBzs ihtB bJh fpbe[b fBFfuzs;h. ns/ ;jh EK ;bhp fi; T[s/ f:;{ wfonk ;h T[; dh d:k bJhT[; s'_ gqkoEBk ehsh.

jK, T[j G?-fwf;qs nkdo dh GktBk tkb/ fdB, wod/ j'J/vke{ dh n`yK ftu gqG{ f:;{ tk;st ftu d'F ofjs ;h. pkndftu, fe;/ th soK d' u/b/ nkgD/ eEB ftu j'o th finkdkfBFfus ;B. T[BQK dh rtkjh fd`sh fe f:;{ gkg s'_ pr?o ;h.fJBKQ u/fbnK ftu'_ jo/e, Bkb gq/fos g"b[; B/ th, f:;{ d/ gkg s'_ofjs j'D dhnK nkgDhnK ftneshrs rtkjhnK fd`shnK.

gso;, gqG{ f:;{ dk fJe B}dheh fw`so, gquzv rsh tkbkwB[y eoe/ ikfDnk iKdk ;h. fJ; bJh, id T[; B/ nkgD/ftneshs`t d/ nB[e{b f:;{ d/ gkg ofjs j'D dh rtkjh fd`sh.T[; B/ fJe ekotkJh tkb/ Fpd dk fJ;s/wkb ehsk L T[j (gqG{f:;{) B/ e'Jh gkg Bjh_ ehsk (1gso; 2L22).

:{jzBk dh th gqG{ f:;{ Bkb fJe t`vh yk; d';sh ;h. fJ;d/ cb;o{g pkowpko T[; d/ e'b nkgD/ gqG{ dk fBohyD eoB d/nt;o j[zd/ ;B id T[j b'eK dh GhV dh nkb'uBkswe fBohyD



s'_ d{o j[zdk ;h. fJ; ;[ftXk d/ fdqF s'_ :{jzBk B/ ;gFN o{g Bkbrtkjh fd`sh fe L T[j d/ (gqG{ f:;P) ftu gkg Bjh_ j? (1:{jzBk3L5).

d{i/ gk;/ g"b[;, e[M n;kXkoD gqf;`Xh gkfJnk j'fJnk fJeftdtkB eoe/ ikfDnk iKdk ;h. fJ; bJh, id g"b[;, f;`fynk ns/frnkB d/ wB[y B/ f:;{ w;hj pko/ r`b ehsh fJ; ftu j?okBrhBjh_ ;h fe T[; B/ x'FDk ehsh T[j gkg s'_ ikD{ Bjh_ ;h(2e[fozEhnK 5L21). w;hj d/ gkg ofjs ihtB d/ ;zpzX ftu fszBKdh ftFtk;:'r nfijh rtkjh pj[s gqGkT[Fkbh j?.

go e[M fJBKQ f;nkD/ eEBK ~ poyk;s eoBk ukj[zd/ j'J/,nkyd/ jB, @@nkjk, Bk sK wod/ j'J/ u'o dh, Bk jh g/qfos gso;,:{jzBk iK g"b[; dh rtkjhnK dk toDB tks;fte o{g Bkb ehskik ;edk j?. wodk j'fJnk vke{ fBokFk Bkb Gfonk wB[y ;h ns/gqG{ f:;{ bJh T[BQK dh Grsh eoe/ g/qfosK dk g`y fbnk ik fojk;h.## sK c/o, :j{dhnK d/ o'wh rtoBo fgbks[; d/ pko/ eh ftukoj?< fBFfus s"o s/, T[j w;hj dk fw`so Bjh_ ;h. c/o th, id T[jf:;{ d/ T[s/ d'F brkT[D tkfbnK ~ itkp d/ fojk fiBKQ B/ T[;T[s/ fJ; T[d/F Bkb M{m/ d'F brkJ/ fe T[; ~ w"s fd`sh ikt/,fgbks[; B/ x'FDk ehshL

s[;h_ fJ; wB[y ~ b'eK dk GowkT[D tkbk mfjok e/ w/o/ e"b fbnkJ/ no t/y'_ w+ s[jkv/ ;kwjD/ g[S frS ehshns/ fijVhnK rbK dh s[;h_ fJ; T[s/ BkbF ehsh j? w+T[BQK d/ fty/ fJ; wB[y ftu e'Jh d'F Bjh_ t/fynk (b{ek23L14).go fJj ;G wB[yh rtkjhnK eh jB id n;h_ fJBQK dh

s[bBk T[; x'FDk Bkb eod/ jK fijVh ;[or ftu fgsk gow/FoB/ nkgD/ f;zxk;D s'_ ehsh< id fJe ftnesh b'eK d/ ;w{j ftu

93

p'bDk F[o{ eoB brdk j?, fJj ;jh ns/ mhe ;wfMnk iKdk j? fenfij/ ftnesh dh ikD gSkD ;fGnskg{oD eotkJh ikt/. T[;/ soKid f:;{ nkgDh ;kotifBe ;/tekJh F[o{ eoB s/ ;h, gow/Fo fgskB/ nkgD/ bJh fJj ftF/F nfXeko ;[ofyns ofynk fe nkgD/ fgnko/g[so dh ikD gSkD eokt/. ;[or s'_ s[ojh dh ntk} Bkb, fgsk B/n?bkB ehsk L fJj w/ok fgnkok g[so j? fi; s'_ w+ gof;zB jK (wsh3L17).

fgsk ikDdk ;h fe id f:;{ wB[yh o{g ftu fJ; ;z;ko ftu;h T[j T[;/ soK fojk fit/_ gow/Fo B/ wB[y ~ fBopkj eoB bJhf;ofink ;h. jo/e j'o ftnesh gow/Fo d/ goskg s'_ ofj frnk;h (o'whnk 3L23). go f:;{ Bjh_. T[j jo sohe/ Bkb f;X ;h.fJ; bJh, id f:;{ nkgDh ;kotifBe ;/tekJh F[o{ eoB tkbk ;h,T[; d/ fgsk B/ T[; dh ikD gSkD eotkJh, ns/ fJj T[; dkgft`so fgsk ;h (:{jzBk 17L11). fi; B/ nkgD/ fgnko/ g[so d/ofjD d/ Yzr s/ g{oD gq;zBsk ftnes ehsh.

fit/_ n;h_ gfjbK th ;gFN ehsk j?, gqG{ f:;{ gow/Fo Bkb'_e[M th x`N Bjh_ ;h. fJ; bJh fJj ikD b?Dk gqGktFkbh ;h fegow/Fo B/ nkgD/ nkg ~ fBwq ehsk ns/ e[nkoh wK d/ roG s'_g?dk j'D bJh nkgD/ nkg ~ BhtK ehsk, ns/ nkgD/ T[s/ fJe wB[ydk o{g b? fbnk. c/o th, i/ f:;{ fJè wB[y tKC[ nkgD/ ;[orhfgsk d/ g{ok nXhB Bk j[zdk, T[j ed/ th nkgD/ fgsk bJh fpBKw`Xw ehsh j'Jh gq;zBsk Bk fbnk ;edk. c/o th, nkgDh Xosh dh;koh shoE :ksok ftu f:;{ jw/Fk nkgD/ fgsk dk nkfrnkeko,ns/ T[; T[s/ fBoGo fojk. fJ; soK T[; dk wB[yh ;[Gkn nkgD/;[orh fgsk dh gft`sosk, g/qw ns/ eFN tkb/ ;z;ko d/ T[d/F,;[nkoE ns/ gkg ftu Xosh dk gqrNktk pD frnk.

c/o th, fJe wB[y tKC[, fit/_ gow/Fo B/ T[; ~ pDkfJnk ;h



T[j fJ; Xosh s/ T[;/ soK s[fonk fcfonk. p/Fe gqG{ f:;{ gow/Fo Bkb'_ ed/ th xN Bjh_ ;h, c/o th 33 ;kb T[; B/ wB[y ~ fJjftykfJnk fe wB[y ~ gow/Fo dh :'iBk nB[;ko fet/_ ofjDk j?.f:;{ d/ wB[yh ;[Gkn B/ ed/ th i' gow/Fo B/ wB[y ~ pDkfJnk;h Bjh_ s'fVnk. T[BQK ;kbK ftu, T[j jw/Fk nkgD/ fgsk bJhfijVk ;[or ftu ;h g{oD o{g Bkb T[gbpX fojk. fJ;/ bJh,fgsk pj[s y[F ;h id T[j nkgD/ fgnko/ g[so T[s/ fNefNeh brke/ t/ydk ;h, fijVk wB[yK d/ dofw:kB fJe f;`X wB[y pD e/fojk.

p/e;{o, gkgofjs, f;`X. wod/ j'J/ vke{ ns/ fgbks[;;kjwD/, f:;{ fBod'F ;h. gso;, :{jzBk ns/ g"b[; d/ ;kjwD/ f:;{fBod'F ;h. ;[or ftu gft`so d/ ;kjwD/ f:;{ fBod'F ;h. p/e;{o, gkgofjs, f;`X. ns/ c/o th T[j wo frnk. ;kv/ ftu'_ jo/e bJh nkgD/ wjkB fgnko d/ ekoB T[j ;kv/ bJh wo frnk.

n;hfws fgnko.j[D, nkgDh ebgBk ftu, fJBQK doFeK Bkb fwb e/ fiBKQ

B/ T[; gfjb/ @r[v cokJhv/# dh fGnkBe xNBktK ~ t/fynk ;h.;bhp d/ nkb/ d[nkb/ GhV w{zj ckV e/ t/y ojh ;h. ns/ fit/_ T[jfJ; vok d/D tkb/ fdqF ~ t/y oj/ ;B, T[BQK dk ;kjwDkbj{b[jkD j'J/ fdqF Bkb j' fojk ;h fijVk T[BQK ~ wkBf;e MNekd/ fojk ;h.

f:;{ d/ d't/_ gk;/ fJe fJe ngokXh Nzfrnk j'fJnk ;h.fJj d't/_ wB[y nkgD/ ;kEhnK d/ ;kjwD/ d'Fh ;B, ns/ d't/_ nkgD/f;oiBjko gow/Fo d/ ;kjwD/ d'Fh ;B. T[BQK d'jK bJh T[; d/F d/ fB:w okjh_ w"s dh ;}k io{oh ;h.

fJBQK d'jK wB[yK d/ ftueko, f:;{ nkgDh ;bhp T[s/Nzfrnk j'fJnk ;h. vke{nK dh ;gFN s[bBk ftu, f:;{ ofjs ;h,

95

go T[j nkgD/ gftso fgsk d/ ;kjwD/ th f;X ;h. noEks gow/Fo HHH w;hj ftu j' e/ (2e[fozEhnK 5L19) fBjebze ns/ p/dkr b/b/ dh fBnkJh ;bhp T[s/ ufVnk (1gso; 1L19)l ns/ gow/Fo d/fdb d/ fgnko okjh_ gkghnK d/ fJt} ftu w;hj dh w"s tbzNhnoehsh j'Jh ;h.

vke{nK ~ sK woBk jh ;h, go fBFfus s"o s/ gqG{ f:;{ ~Bjh_. gfjbK, nkgD/ nkb'ueK Bkb r`b eod/ ;w_/ f:;{ B/ fdqVskBkb fejk L w+ nkgDh ikB fdzdk jK sK i' T[j ~ c/o btK. e'JhT[; ~ w+E'_ y'jzdk Bjh_, go HHHw/ok fJyfsnko j? i' T[; ~ d/tK ns/w/ok fJyfsnko j? i' T[j ~ c/o btK (:{jzBk 10L17,18) ns/ idnkgD/ u/fbnK ~ nkgD/ fgnko dh j`d ;gFN eo fojk ;h fijVkS/sh ikD tkbk ;h, T[; B/ nkfynk, J/d'_ t`X fgnko fe;/ dk Bjh_j[zdk i' nkgDh ikB nkgD/ fw`soK d/ pdb/ d/ d/t/ (:{jzBk 15L13).

fJj gqG{ f:;{ dh w"s ns/ ih T[mD s'_ pknd jh ;h feg/qfos g"b[; B/ fJ; s'_ j'o th }'o fd`skL gow/Fo w;hj ftu ;hns/ fJj fe T[; B/ (gow/Fo) T[; ~ (w;hj) ~ fijVk gkg dkikD{ Bjh_ ;h ;kvh ykso gkg mfjokfJnk, sK i' n;h_ T[; ftu j'e/ gow/Fo dk Xow pDhJ/ (2e[fozEhnK 5L21). ;dhnK pknd, ;kv/gkg d/ pdb/ w;hj dh w"s dh ndG[s ;ukJh dh ftnkfynk fJBQKnoE g{oD FpdK ftu ehsh rJh L

s{z w/oh Xkofwesk j? w+ s/ok gkg ;h,s{z T[j b? fbnk i' w/ok ;h, ns/ w+~ T[j fd`sk i' s/ok ;h,s{z T[j pD frnk i' s{z Bjh_ ;h sK fe w+ T[j pD ;eK i'w+ Bjh_ ;h.

eDe dk dkBknkgDh pj[s S/sh w"s dh ikDekoh j'D eoe/ gqG{ f:;{ B/

nkgD/ fdb ~ nkgD/ u/fbnK T[s/ y'fbnk ns/ fejkL j[D w/ok ih



xpokT[_dk j?l ns/ w+ eh nkyK, @j/ fgsk, w+~ fJ; xVh s'_ puk<#go fJ;/ bJh w+ fJ; xVh she[ nkfJnk jK. j/ fgsk, nkgD/ Bkw~ tfvnkJh d/j. sd' fJj ;[orh pkDh nkJh i' w+ T[j ~ tfvnkJhfd`sh j?, ns/ c/o th fdnKrk (:[{jzBk 12L27-28).

go s[;h_ j?okB j' oj/ j't'r/ fet/_ nfij/ fJe bj{b[jkBfdqF s/ fgsk dh wfjwk j' ;edh j? fi; soK dk o'whnK dk ;bhps/ uVkJ/ ikD dk ;h<

fJ; s'_ gfjbK fe gqG{ f:;{ fgsk s'_ gqkoEBk eodk T[; B/nkgD/ u/fbnK ~ fJj gfjbK jh :kd eok fd`sk ;h fe fJè nze[ophi dk woBk io{oh j? fJ; s'_ gfjbK fe eNBh j' ;e/.

w+ s[jk~ ;ù ;ù nkydk jK, i' eDe dk dkDk i/ }whBftu g? e/ Bk wo/ sK T[j fJèbk jh ofjzdk j?, go i/wo/, sK pj[s ;kok cb fdzdk j? (:{jzBk 12L24).gkgofjs wB[y jz[d/ j'J/, f:;{ T[s/ w"s dk e'Jh nfXeko

Bjh_ j?. go T[j woB dk u[Dkt eodk j?l s[jkv/ ns/ w/o/ pdb/ftu fJe eFN dkfJe w"s Bkb woBk. ns/ fJ; soK eoB Bkb T[jS[Nekok gkJ/ j'J/ b'eK dh nBzs eNBh eN/rk. fJ; soK gqG{ f:;{nkgDh :'iBk pko/ d;dk j?.

(T[; dh :'iBk) w+ fgsk ftu'_ fBèb e/, irs ftunkfJnk jKl c/o irs s'_ S`vdk, ns/ fgsk d/ e"b iKdkjK, (T[; dh gqfsfrnk) no i/ w+ s[jkv/ bJh irkQfsnko eoK sK c/o nkD e/ s[jk~ nkgD/ e"b b? btKrkGJh fiÈ/ w+ jK s[;h_ Gh j't' (:{jzBk 16L28l 14L3).fJj ndG[s j?, go nftFtk;Bh: j? fit/_ fJj br ;edk j?,

T[BKQ bJh w[eshdksk d/ ndG[s fgnko d/ pikJ/, e[M b'e c/o thT[; wkch ~ fijVh T[j fdzdk j? od eoB dk u[DkT[ eod/ jB.d{i/ T[; dh w"s d/ pko/ ykw'F ns/ T[dk;hB ofjzd/ jB. c/o th, Gkt/

97

_ b'e w[eshdksk ~ ;orow j' e/ od eoB, iK Gkt/_ ykw'F j' e/T[; d/ gqsh bkgotkjh eoB, d'jK dk Bsh}k T[j' jh j't/rk - nBzsihtB, nBzd i'sh ns/ nBzs fgnko d/ e/tb fJe' ;'qs s'_ jw/Fk d/bJh nbrkt. fJ; fGnkBe dFk dk toDB fJBKQ FpdK okjh_ ehskfrnk j?.

wod/ j'J/ s[;h_ wo'r/,fJe pj[s pVh w"s Bkb wo'r/,jw/Fk bJh wo'r/,jw/Fk wod/ j'J/, c/o th wo'r/ Bjh_.sK th, gqG{ f:;{ f;oc fJ; bJh Bjh_ wfonk fe s[jk~

Boe ftu'_ eY e/ ;[or ftu dkyb eo/, go fJ; bJh th fe ;[ordk gow/Fo s[jkv/ nzdo oj/.

Bjh_ nBzs ihtB ;[or ftu w/o/ G`fty dh f;oc fBFfusskBjh_ j?. pkJhpb ;ù/ ftFtk;h ~ fJj th ftFtk; fdtkT[_dh j? fenBzs ihtB fJè wfjwkwJh, toswkB, ihfts tk;sftesk j?.

gow/Fo B/ ;k~ ;dhge ihtB fd`sk, ns/ fJj ihtBT[j d/ g[so ftu j?. fij d/ e"b g[so j? T[j d/ e"bihtB j?l fij d/ e"b gow/Fo dk g[so Bjh_ j? T[j d/e"b ihtB th Bjh_ j? HHH (1:{jzBk 5L11-12).nBzs ihtB fJe ftnesh - gqG{ f:;{ w;hj ftu j?. ns/

id T[j nkgDk fBtk; wB[yh fdb ftu pDk b+dk j?, T[;/ xVhs'_ jw/Fk dk ihtB F[o{ j' iKdk j?.

pj[s t`vk w[b j?.w;hj dh ;bhp s/l gow/Fo dh gftsoskJh, gow/Fo dk

fBnK ns/ gow/Fo dk fgnko ;G e[M e[opkBh d/ T[; ;ot ;q/Fmezw ftu fJèm/ j' frnk. T[E/ T[; dh gft`soskJh :'r mfjokJhrJhl T[; d/ fBnK ~ g{oD o{g Bkb ;zs[FN ehsk frnk, ns/ T[E/



, gow/Fo d/ gq/w B/ sjkv/ ns/ w/o/ tor/ gkgh b'eK ~ rb BkbbkfJnk. go fJ; dk w[b T[; ~ pj[s finkdk ;h.

nkgDh o'}kBk dh T[gk;Bk ;zpzXh feskp T[; d/ pj[s T[u/bJh w/ok ;G s'_ finkdk ftu, n";tkbv u?wpo} fJj fjsekoh u/sktBh gqekfFs ehsk.

gow/Fo d/ fgskgD d/ wB'jo T[d/F s'_ ;u/s oj' fijVknkydk j?, gow/Fo pj[s d:kb{ ns/ fgnko eoBk tkbkj? fe T[j p/Fe ;k~ w[nkc eo/rk. fJ; wB'Gkt dkBt_/B/w ftu e'Jh th EK Bjh_ j?. f;oc fJe' jh ekoD j?fi; T[s/ gow/Fo gkg wkc eoe/ nkgDh feogk ftupjkb eo ;edk j? T[j j? w;hj dh ;bhp d/ okjh_,ns/ j'o e'Jh ok;sk Bjh_ j?. c/o th i/ n;h_ fJ; dk;ù j'Dk th ;wMhJ/, fJj c/o th ;zGt j? fe w{oyskd/ ftFtk; Bkb gkg dh wkch b? bJh ikt/ ns/ c/o G[bikDk fe fezBk Gkr w[b d/ e/ gow/Fo B/ fJ; ~ ;kvkpDkfJnk ;h.p/Fe n;h_ gfjbK ft`bh j'bN d/ ;[nkoEjhD ezw dk f}eo

ehsk ;h, gow/Fo B/ ebtoh d/ d[y d/ okjh_ ;k~ fgnko eoe/nfijh fw;kb ekfJw ehsh j? fi; dh pokpoh e'Jh th wB[ytk;st ftu Bjh_ eo ;edk. ns/ nkswk d/ okjh_ fijV/ tuBK dkT[ukoD ehsk frnk T[; ~ n;h_ pkJhpb nkyd/ jK, gow/Fo nkgD/nkg nkgD/ jh gVd/ ~ fJe gk;/ eo fdzdk j? sK i' ;k~ nfijhe[opkBh Go/ fgnko dh g{oh Mbe d/t/. sK th, T[; d/ fgnko dhwjkBsk ;kvh ;hfws p[Xh dh :'rsk s'_ pj[s d{o n`r/ t`X iKdhj?. c/o th, nfij/ j?okB eoB tkb/ fgnko d/ ezw T[s/ ftukoeoe/ n;h_ gow/Fo d/ fgnko dh bzpkJh, u"VkJh T[funkJh ns/rfjokJh dh E'Vh fijh gq;zFk eoBh F[o{ eo ;ed/ jK.

99

id f:;{ ;bhp T[s/ wfonk T[; B/ ;kv/ gkgK bJh fszBr[Dk d[y T[mkfJnk.

;bhp T[s/ f:;{ dk ;oho shpo t/dBk Bkb fFezi/ ftue`f;nk j'fJnk ;hl ;bhp T[s/ T[; dk fgnko w{b o{g Bkb tfXnkj'fJnk ;h, ns/ fJ; s'_ th t`X ;dwk gjz[ukT[D tkbh r`b fJj ;hfe ;bhp T[s/ f:;{ T[; J/esk s'_ fijVh T[; dh fgsk d/ Bkb ;hfi; dk nBzd T[; B/ jw/Fk fbnk ;h T[; i'sh ns/ wfjwk ns/FKsh s'_ T[j n`v ;h. jK, fijV/ eFN f:;{ B/ ;j/ T[j tk;st ftu;kvh fJB;kBhns s'_ go/ jB.

c/o th, fit/_ n;h_ T[; d/ ;ohoe eFNK T[; d/ GktksweeFNK ns/ yk; eoe/ T[; d/ nksfwe eFNK pko/ ftuko eod/ jKn;h_ gkg Bkb Go/ j'J/ b'eK bJh T[; d/ fgnko d/ gfoDkw dhfJe Bt/_ sohe/ Bkb gqFz;k eoKr/.

;ohoe eFN L - fJj tk;st ftu pj[s n;zGt j? fefJe nBw'b o?wpokBvN g/_fNr d/ Bkw dh pokpoh fJe w?b/ g/go d/ N[eV/ d/ yzvB Bkb eoBk. fJ; s'_ th t`X e/, fJe f;`XwB`[y, w;hj f:;{ dh w"s, dh pokpoh iK s[bBk fe;/ th j'ofJB;kB dh w"s Bkb uzrh soK iK g{oh soK Bkb ed/ th Bjh_ik ;edh.

g[okD/ fB:w ftu n;h_ fJe Gft`ypkDh fijVh ;jh sohe/Bkb T[; ;ohoe e[o{gsk pko/ GftypkDh eodh j? fi; ~ f:;{ d/pknd ftu ;j/rk t/yd/ jK. T[E/ ;k~ d`f;nk frnk j? fe T[; dko{g nkdw tz; Bkb'_ fezBk ftrfVnk j'fJnk ;h (:;k:kj 52L14). c/o th, fJ; eEB dk nzro/}h dk nB[tkd n;bh fJpokBh rbpksd/ ftF/ dk g{oh soK Bkb T[s/fis eoB dh ;{uBk Bjh_ fdzdh j?. T[;eEB ftu gow/Fo B/ ;gFN ehsk fe T[; d/ fgnko/ g[so T[s/ fJzBQKfinkdk nfsnkuko ehsk ikt/rk fe T[; dk o{g wB[y tKC[ fdykJh



Bk d/t/rk. w;hj d/ ;ohoe o{g d/ nfij/ yzvB dh GftypkDh f:;{d/ okjh_ nkg ehsh rJh ;h.

t/y'_, n;h_ :o{Fbw ~ iKd/ jK, ns/ wB[y dk g[so gqXkBikieK ns/ rzqEhnK d/ jE cVtkfJnk ikt/rk, ns/ T[j T[;~ wko ;[ND dk j[ew d/Dr/, no T[; ~ gokJhnK e"wKd/ jtkb/ eoBr/. T[j T[; ~ m`m/ eoBr/, ns/ T[;T[s/ E[eDr/, ns/ e'oV/ wkoBr/, ns/ wko ;[NDr/ HHH(woe[; 10L33l34).ns/ fJj fpbe[b fJ;/ soK j'fJnk. pknd ftu woe[; B/

T[BQK dk toDB ehsk fiBQK B/ nkgDhnK n`yK Bkb fJj ;G t/fynk;hl gfjb/ T[BQK B/ E`gV wko/, c/o T[; T[s/ E[fenk, T[; s'_ pkndT[BQK B/ T[; dk m`mk ehsk ns/ nzs ftu T[; ~ ;bhp T[s/ uVkQfd`sk (woe[; 15L19,20).

o'whnK d/ e'oV/ fiBKQ B/ w[eshdksk d/ ;oho ~ d[ygjz[ukfJnk T[j uwV/ d/ s;fwnK d/ pD/ j'J/ ;h, fiBQK ~ j`vhnKd/ iK f;è/ d/ N[efVnK Bkb Gkr ehsk j'fJnk ;h. fJBKQ e'ofVnKB/ T[; dh fg`m ns/ Sksh d/ wk; ~ eFNdkfJe sohe/ Bkb uhofd`sk ;h. fJ;/ eoe/ }p{oK dh g'Eh ftu fJj Gft`ypkDh ehsh rJhj? fe w;hjk B/ fejkL T[BQK B/ w/o/ jÈ g?o ft`BQ ;[N/ jB. w+nkgDhnK ;kohnK j`vhnK frD ;edk jKl T[j w+~ x{o x{o t/yd/jB (}p{oK dh g'Eh (22L16-17). jK, gqG{ f:;{ - jo soK Bkb f;X- fJe dodBke ns/ sVgkT[D tkbh w"s wo/. em'o ;ohoe yzvBfijVk tk;st ftu T[; B/ podkFs ehsk T[; B/ ;ohoe o{g T[jwB[yh r[DK s'_ ofjs ehsk j'fJnk ;h.

fJj ;wMB ftu s[jk~ fezBhQ ;jkfJsk fwbh j? fe gow/Fos[jk~ fezBK fgnko eodk j?<Gktkswe eFN L p/Fe ;bhp uVkJ/ j'J/ gqG{ f:;{ d/ ;ohoe eFN

101

;kvh wB[yh ;wM s'_ go/ jB, T[j e/tb T[; d/ tk;sfte eFNKdk fJe fj`;k j?. T[; d/ ;ohoe d[y B/ T[; dh pj[s finkdkshpo t/dBk d/ e/tb pkjob/ fj`;/ ~ jh ;goF ehsk j?.

;bhp T[s/ f:;{ B/ pj[s finkdk Gktkswe dod dk thnB[Gt ehsk. :{jzBk B/ ;kv/ bJh T[BKQ y'cBke xVhnK dh xNBktK~ doi ehsk j? L

go f:;{ d/ e"b nkD e/ iK T[BKQ (o'wh f;gkjhnK) t/fynk ;h i' T[j wo u[fenk j?, sK T[j dhnK b`sK Bks'VhnK, go f;gkjhnK ftu'_ fJè B/ poSh Bkb T[j dht`yh ftzBhQ ns/ T[t/_ jh bj{ ns/ gkDh fBèfbnk (:{jzBk19L33-34).w+ w?vheb nfXekohnK ~ T[BKQ d/ ftFtk; ~ ftnes eod/

;[fDnk j? fe bj{ ns/ gkDh d'jK dh T[g;fEsh fJ; r`b dk gqwkDj? fe f:;{ dh w"s dk ekoD T[; dk N[Nk j'fJnk fdb ;h. e[Mfdb dh ftfdnk ftu'_ wkfjo vkeNo fJ; s`s dk n`r/ toDB eod/jB fe, id tk;st ftu f:;{ dk fdb N[N frnk, sK T[; dk bj{T[; d/ fdb dh pkjoh fMbh ftu fBeb frnk. fJj T[; jehesdh ftnkfynk eodk j? fe id f;gkjh B/ w[eshdksk dh t`yh ~ftzfBQnK, sK bj{ ns/ gkDh d't/_ fBèb gJ/. }p{o T[Bjsò ftu,w;hj dh w"s pko/ j'o th fBFfus Gft`ypkDhnK ftu, n;h_ T[; d/fdb dh ;`N ekoD T[; d/ fdb d/ N'N/ j'D d/ g{ot ;ze/s dhGft`ypkDh pko/ gVd/ jK, fBzfdnk d/ Bkb w/ok fdb N[N frnk j?ns/ w+ wKdk j' frnk HHH (}p{oK dh g'Eh 69L20). jK, f:;{ d/ nèEGktkswe eFN B/ T[; d/ fgnko/ fdb ~ tk;st ftu s'V fd`sk.

id T[; d/ fgnko d/ nkogko wB[y iksh d/ eFN dk ;w{ukfJèm mkmK wkodk ;h, ns/ id T[; d/ fBFebze gqkD T[s/ - T[;dk gqkD fijVk gkghnK s'_ n`v ;h (fJpokBhnK 7L26) - T[; d/



T[`s/ Bk ftuko eoB :'r, y[d Boe dh Bk SgD :'r rzdrh tb/QNh rJh, gqG{ f:;{ fJè N[N/ j'J/ fdb Bkb wo frnk.

eh fJj s[jk~ ;wMD ftu finkdk ;jkfJsk eodk j? fegow/Fo s[jk~ fezBKQ fgnko eodk j?<nksfwe eFN L finkdkso b'e gqG{ f:;{ d/ ;ohoe ns/ GktksweeFN finkdk nk;kBh Bkb ;wM ;ed/ jB pikJ/ fe T[j T[; dhnksfwe ghVk ~ ;wM ;eD. c/o th, fBFfus s"o s/, ;G s'_ t`vhghVk fijVh f:;{ B/ podkFs ehsh T[j ;h id T[; dh jw/Fk dh;zrsh fgsk Bkb ns/ gft`so nkswk Bkb N[N rJh.

d'g?jo 12 ti/ s'_ fszB ti/ se - fszB xzN/ d/ T[ikV nzXekoftu - f:;{ fgsk gow/Fo ns/ gftso nkswk gow/Fo d/ okjh_fsnkr fdsk frnk ;h. T[; ;w_/ d/ d'okB, f:;{ - g[so gow/Fo B/- T[uh ntk} Bkb g[ekfonk L j/ w/o/ gow/Fo, j/ w/o/ gow/Fo, s{zw+~ feT[_ S`v fd`sk<## (w`sh 27L46).

T[; fsqGekT[D tkb/ fdB, jw/Fk ofjD tkbh fsqJ/e gow/Fodh J/esk (fi; B/ jw/Fk T[; dk neÈ i'sh ~ rb Bkb bkfJnk;h) n`v eo fd`sk. s[jkv/ ns/ w/o/ gkgK okjh_ n`v ehsk frnk.Bshi/ ti', id f:;{ ;bhp d/ T[s/ bNfenk j'fJnk ;h, gow/FoT[; gkg Bkb Bk ofj ;fenk, fijV/ nkgD/ gkg ofjs ;oho ftu,T[; B/ u[e/ j'J/ ;B, feT[_fe gow/Fo B/ @@T[; ~ fijVk gkg dkikD{ Bjh_ ;h ;kvh ykso gkg mfjokfJnk HHH## (2e[fozEhnK 5L21).

fJ; bJh, fJj j?okBh tkbh rb Bjh_ j? fe id, f:;{ wofrnk, fJj d[FNskg{oD ;z;ko g{o/ fszB xzN/ bJh nB/Qok SkfJnkfojk.

;{or nzXeko ftu S[g frnkns/ nkgDh FkB ~ nbr eo fdskid w;hj,pDkT[D tkbk FeshwkB, wo frnk

103

wB[y bJh gqkDh d/ gkg bJh - nkJh}e tkN; (1674-1748)@@gow/Fo ukBD j? ns/ nB/Qok T[j d/ ftu w{b'_ Bjh_##

(1:{jzBk 1L5). gow/Fo dh gft`sosk dh i'sh ns/ wB[y d/ nB/Qo/d/ gkg ed/ th fJèm/ Bjh_ ofj ;e/. fit_/ id s[;h_ o'FBh irkT[_d/j' sK nB/Qok rkfJp j' iKdk j?, fJ; bJh nB/Qok gqpb j[zdk j? ids[;h_ o'FBh p[Mk fdzd/ j'. fJj nB/Qok ;h fijVk gqpb ;h id f:;{B/ r[nkuh j'Jh wB[y iks d/ gkg ~ u[e fbnk.

nc;'; dh r`b j? fJj nksfwe nB/Qok jo/e ftnesh dhjw/Fk dh ;fEsh j't/rk fijVk gow/Fo d/ S[Neko/ d/ fgnko dho'FBh s'_ d{o j' iKdk j?. nB/Qok fijVk n`Xh oks s'_ th xDk j?.e?d d/ fJeKs Bkb'_ th fJebkgD, ns/ ;w/_ s'_ th bzwk. ns/ @@d'FhmfjoD dk fJj ekoD j?, fe ukBD irs ftu nkfJnk, ns/ wB[yKB/ fJ; bJh GJh T[BKQ d/ ezw G?V/ ;B, nB/Qo/ ~ ukBD Bkb'_ tXhefgnko ehsk.## (:{jzBk 3L19). f:;{ s'_ d{o ikD dk Bshik nksfwenB/Qok ns/ w"s j? - nksfwe w"s ns/ jw/Fk dh w"s j?. f:;{ t`bw[VD dk Bshik ihtB j? - nksfwe ihtB ns/ jw/Fk dk ihtB.

fti/sk dh g[ekoy[Fh dh ypo fJj j? fe fit/_ T[j fszB nB/Qo/ d/ T[ikV xzN/

ysw j'D s/ ;h, f:;{ B/ d[y Bkb nc;'; gqrN eod/ j'J/ Bjh_fejk, @@g{ok j'fJnk j?.## fBFfus s"o s/ Bjh_. fgnko d/ S[Neko/dk ezw g{ok j' u[fenk ;h. fJ; bJh T[; B/ j[D fi`s dk nBzdb+d/ j'J/ n?bkB ehsk @@g{ok j'fJnk j?## (:{jzBk 19L30).

s[jkv/ ns/ w/o/ gkg dh ehws g{oh soK u[ek fd`sh rJh.g{ok j' frnk.

c/o, nkgD/ S[Neko/ d/ ezw ~ g{ok i'sh dh ;zrsh fi; dkgqG{ f:;{ B/ fsqJ/e gow/Fo Bkb jw/Fk nBzd wBkfJnk ;h T[j w[V;Ekfgs j' rJh (:{jzBk 17L5). j[D s[jkv/ ns/ w/o/ bJh gkg dh



e'Jh th ehws u[ekT[Dh pkeh Bjh_ ojh. ns/ j[D s[jkv/ t`b'_ f:;{d/ g{o/ ehs/ j'J/ ezw ~ FskB fpbe[b th o`d Bjh_ eo ;edk.}johb/ ;`g, FskB d/ vzr ~ fBFgqGkt eo fd`sk.

w"s B/ w"s d/ okie[wko T[s/ fi`s gk bJh.gow/Fo B/ nkgD/ nkg ~ @wk; ns/ bj{# d/ egfVnK Bkb

YèD dk ekoD e/tb fJj Bjh_ fe T[j s[jkv/ ns/ gkgK bJh wo;e/, go fJj th feL w"s d/ okjh_ T[j T[; ~ fij d/ t`; ftuw"s j?, noEks, FskB ~ Bk; eo/ (fJpokBhnK 2L14).

fit/_ dkT{d B/ r'fbnE dh nkgDh sbtko d/ Bkb ;N wko e/p/j'F ehs/ r'fbnE ~ Bk; eo fdsk, T[;/ soK f:;{ B/ FskB d/ nkgD/jfEnko - w"s - ~ b? e/ T[; dk fJ;s/wkb T[; ~ g{oh soK jokT[DbJh ehsk. f:;{ wB[yK dk - nkdwhnK ns/ n"osK dk ;uk S[Nekok d/D tkbk j?. e/tb fJe' T[jh fijVk b'eK ~ jw/Fk dh w"s ns/ nksfwer[bkwh s'_ nk}kd eoB d/ :'r j? - r[bkwh fi; dk fJokdk FskB B/jo/e wB[y bJh ofynk j'fJnk j?, fi; B/ nkg th gow/Fo d/ fto[Xpbtk ehsk fi; B/ wB[y iksh ~ nkgD/ jh ;o{g T[s/ ofunk ;h.

fJj tk;st wk; ns/ tk;st j`vhnK dk T[; dk nkgDkwB[yh ;oho ;h fi; ftu f:;{ B/ FskB ~ jokfJnk, w"s s/ fi`sjkf;b ehsh ns/ epo ftu'_ ih T[fmnk. c/o n;h_ T[; d/ ;[orftu u[e/ ikD pko/ gVd/ jK, fiE/ f:;{ B/ nkr{ pD e/ ;kv/ bJhgot/F ehsk (fJpokBhnK 6L20). gfjbh eko wB[y - fJe fBod'Fgkgofjs, f;`X wB[y - ;[or ftu dkyb j'fJnk. ;bhp T[s/nkgDh w"s d/ ekoD T[; B/ j[D nB[;oD eoB bJh d{finK bJhfJe wkor y'b fdsk j?.

nkgD/ fdB ftu ukob; t?;bh ekfJb ;h fe gow/Fo B/ tk;stftu T[; ~ fgnko ehsk j? id T[; B/ fbfynk @@ft;w:ekoh fgnko LfJj fet/_ j' ;edk j?l fe s{z, w/o/ gow/Fo, w/o/ bJh wo ikt/_<##

105

go j[D w;hj ih T[fmnk j?go tk;sftesk fJj j? fe w;hj (w;hjk) sK w[ofdnK ftu'_

ih T[fmnk j?, ns/ ;[fsnk (w"s ftu) j'fJnK dk gfjbk cb j?.iK wB[y d/ okjh_ w"s j'Jh fe (w"s irs d/ ftu nkJh) sK wB[yjh d/ okjh_ w[ofdnK dh fenkws th j'Jh (1e[fozEhnK 15L20-21).

;[torh vkeNo ;+r;No pj[s jh r[Dh GkFD d/D tkfbnKftu'_ fJe ;h fi; ~ w+ ;[fDnk j?. T[j nkgDh pj[s uzrh ihGdk fJ;s/wkb nkgD/ gqG{ ns/ w[eshdksk f:;{ w;hj d/ pko/ p'bDftu pj[s nkBzfds j[zdk ;h. ftnzrwJh, T[; dh w"s s'_ gfjbK, w{zjd/ ftu e+;o j'D eoe/, vkeNo ;+r;No dk p'bDk g{oh soK pzdj' u[fenk ;h. ;[or ikD s'_ E'Vk fuo gfjbK, ;ze/s Bkb T[; B/nkgDh g[soh e'b'_ g+f;b ns/ g/go wzrkJ/. T[; Jh;No n?stko dh;t/o/ T[; B/ fbfynk, @@ihG dk Bk j'Dk ns/ shpo fJ`Sk Bkb }'odh p'bDk (w;hj ih T[fmnk j? uzrk j?, pikJ/ fJ; d/ fe ihG dkj'Dk ns/ }'o dh p'bD dh fJSk dk Bk j'Dk.##

id g/qfos g"b[; okik nfrqgk d/ ;kjwD/ M{m/ d'FK d/ fto[XnkgDk ;woED eoB bJh g/F j'fJnk, T[; B/ T[BQK dk fXnkBw;hj d/ d[y ns/ ih T[mD d'jK tb fyfunk, @@fe w;hj d[y Mb/,## T[; B/ fejk, @@ns/ gfjbK T[j w[ofdnK d/ ih T[mD s'_ n?; e"wns/ gokJhnK e"wK ~ th ukBD dk gquko eo/## (o;{bK d/ eosp26L23).

c/o th, gqG{ f:;{ w;hj d/ ih T[mD s'_ gfjbK, Bt_/ B/w ftufJj foekov ehsk frnk j? fe d{i/ wo/ j'J/ b'e ;ohoe o{g Bkbih T[m/. fJBQK ftu'_ bk}o ns/ i?o{; dh p/Nh ns/ BkfJB dh ftXtkdk p/Nk th. p/Fe f:;{ B/ uwseko eoe/ fJBQK b'eK ~ ;ohoes"o s/ ihtB fd`sk ;h go e[M ;kbK pknd T[j c/o wo rJ/.go nfijk gqG{ f:;{ w;hj d/ Bkb Bjh_ ;h. nì T[j f;oc ;ohoe



s"o s/ jh fizdk Bjh_ j?, go nksfwe s"o s/ ns/ jw/Fk d/ bJhth fizdk j?. tk;st ftu T[j gfjbk ;h fijVk w[ofdnK ftu'_ ihT[fmnk ;h.

ihtB d/ eosk ~ epo w"s ns/ yokp j'D ~ fet_/ e?d eo;edh ;h< feT[_fe gqG{ f:;{ w;hj jh ouBkeosk gow/Fo j?, T[jBr{D/ ftu'_ ihtB ~ b? nkfJnk. feT[_fe fJè f;`X wB[y j[zd/ j'J/f:;{ jh w[eshdksk gow/Fo j? T[j epo ftu'_ ihtB ~ b? nkfJnkns/ jo/e ftnesh bJh fijVk T[; ~ ftFtk; okjh_ ro?jD eodkj? T[; bJh ;[or dk o;sk fsnko eodk j?. T[BKQ bJh fJjgqfsfrnk ehsh rJh j? L

@@gozs{ gow/Fo B/, fijVk d:k dk XBh j?, nkgD/ T[;tv/ gq/w eod/ fi; s'_ T[j B/ ;kv/ Bkb g/qw ehsk, id'_n;h_ ngokXK d/ ekoB w[od/ jh ;h, sd'_ ;k~ w;hj d/Bkb fitkfbnk (feogk s'_ jh s[;h_ pukJ/ rJ/ j') ns/ T[jB/ ;k~ T[; d/ Bkb T[mkfJnk, no ;k~ w;hj f:;{ ftu,;[orh EktK T[s/ T[; d/ Bkb pjkfbnk## (nc;hnK 2L4-6).e[fozEhnK d/ Ffjo d/ ftFtk;hnK ~ fbyd/ j'J/, g"b[; o;{b

B/ T[BQK ~ :kd eokfJnk fe T[j nkgD/ gkgK d/ gqGkT[ s'_ pukJ/ iku[e/ jB feT[_fe T[BKQ B/ T[; ~ ;theko ehsk j? (nB[;oD ehsk j?lftu Go';k ofynk j? ns/ T[; T[s/ pD/ oj/ jB) w;hj g[;seK d/nB[;ko ;kfvnK gkgK d/ ekoD w'fJnk, ns/ fJj fe dfpnk frnk,ns/ fJj fe g[;seK d/ nB[;ko shi/ fdjkV/ ih T[fmnk (1e[fozEhnK15L3-4). ni, jo/e ;uk ftFtk;h T[; wfjwkwJh sE T[s/ ftFtk;eodk j? fe @@w;hj w/o/ gkgK bJh wfonkl ns/ ih T[fmnk, ns/ w+~T[; ftu BtK ihtB fdzdk j?.##

gfjb/ fdB s'_ b? e/ shi/ fdB se

107

j[D, s[;h_ j?okB j' oj/ j't'r/, @@fe T[; ;w/_ d/ ftuko gqG{f:;{ Bkb eh j'fJnk j't/rk id T[; ~ ;bhp uVkfJnk frnk ns/fszB fdBK pknd id T[j epo ftu'_ ih T[fmnk< nfij/ gqFB dhnk; o`yd/ j'J/, gow/Fo B/ fJ; T[so ~ ftnes ehsk j? L

j[D fJ; rb dk GJh @T[j ufVQnk# fJ; s'_ fpBKQ j'o ehGkt j? i' T[j Xosh d/ j/mfbnK EktK, ftu T[sfonk th;h< fijVk T[sfonk ;' T[j' j? i' ;kv/ nekFK d/ T[skjKufVQnk th ;h, GJh ;G' e[M Gog{o eo/ (nc;hnK 4L9-10).jK pkJhpb ;k~ d;dh j? fe ;[or ftu uVQD s'_ gfjbK,

gqG{ f:;{ w;hj tk;st ftu Xosh d/ j/mfbnK EktK ftu T[sfonk;h. T[; s'_ pknd g[okD/ fB:w d/ ;zsK (fijV/ ftFtk; eod/ j'J/wo rJ/) dh nrtkJh T[; dh fis dh f;fynk d/ e/ T[j ;[orftu uVQ frnk. ni, jo ftFtk;h y[Fh Bkb fJj :ehB eodk j?fe w"s dk dotk}k tk;st ftu T[;d/ bJh wfjwk dk o;sk j?.w;hj B/ nkg jh ;ohoe ns/ nksfwe w"s T[s/ ;kv/ t`b'_, uwsekoho{g Bkb fi`s gqkgs ehsh j?.

j/ w"s s/ok vzr feÈ/ j?< j/ w"s s/oh csj feÈ/ j?< w"sdk vzr gkg j?l ns/ gkg dk pb Fok j?. go XzBtkdj? gow/Fo dk, ;' ;k~ ;kv/ gqG{ f:;{ w;hj d/ okjh_csj pyFdk j? (1e[fozEhnK 15L55-57).nB[pzX - T[; d/ fgnko dh t;hnsfJj ikDBk ndG[s j? fe gqG{ f:;{ ;[or dh okj fsnko

eoB tkbk ;kvk nkr{ j? ns/ j[D n;h_ T[; dh fi`s d/ f;bf;b/ftu T[; dk nB[;oD eo ;ed/ jK.

T[;/ soK fJj ikDB dh ndG[s j? fe T[; dh w"s s'_gfjbK, nkgfDnK bJh T[; d/ fgnko ftu, f:;{ B/ gqfsfrnk ehsh



fe ;[or ftu ikD s'_ pknd T[j gft`so nkswk nkgD/ u/fbnK ~T[; B/ fejk L

i' e'Jh w/o/ T[s/ fBjuk eodk j?, fbys nB[;ko, @@nzfwqsib dhnK BdhnK T[j d/ nzdo'_ trDrhnK.## go T[j B/ fJj rbnkswk d/ fty/ nkyh, fijVk T[BKQ ~ gqkgs j'Dk ;h fiBKQ T[; T[s/fBjuk ehshl feT[_fe nkswk nì/ fd`sk Bk frnk ;h, fJ; bJh i'f:;{ dk s/i ni/ goekF Bjh_ j'fJnk ;h. (:{jzBk 7L38-39).

go j[D w+ T[j d/ e"b iKdk jK fiB w+~ xfbnk ;h HHH ns/ w+nkgD/ fgsk s'_ wzrKrk no T[j sjk~ d{ik ;jkfJe p]F/rk HHH;ukJh dknkswk HHH w/ok ikDk jh s[jkv/ bJh uzrk j? feT[_fe i/ w+ Bk iktK sK;jkfJe s[jkv/ e"b Bk nkt/rk go i/ w+ iktK sK T[j ~ s[jkv/ e"b xbfdnKrk HHH T[j w/oh tfvnkJh eo/rk (:{jzBk 16L5, 14L16-17l 16L7,14).

n;h_ gfjbK th fXnkB fd`sk j? fet/_ gow/Fo ~ nkgD/ g[sodh w"s s/ tfvnkJh fwbh ;h. j[D s[;h_ d{ik ;tkb g[S ;ed/ j'l@@gft`so nkswk ~ s[jkv/ ns/ w/o/ T[s/ x`bD okjh_ f:;{ dhtfvnkJh fet/_ j' ;edh j?<##

fJ; gqFB d/ e[M fj`;/ dk itkp fJ; sÈ okjh_ fd`sk frnkj? fe jo/e ftFtk;h d/ ihtB ftu f:;{ dh tfvnkJh j'Jh j? fi;d/ okjh_ gow/Fo dk gq/w t`r fojk j?. n;h_ gVd/ jKL gow/Fo dkgq/w gft`so nkswk d/ t;hb/ Bkb i' ;k~ fd`sk frnk ;kfvnKfjofdnK ftu gkfJnk j'fJnk j? (o'whnK 5L5). gow/Fo dk wBftu jw/Fk w"i{d ofjD tkbk fgnko - gft`so nkswk okjh_tk;sfte pDkfJnk frnk - wB[yh nkeoFB iK fgnko dh T[uhu'Nh s'_ pj[s finkdk ;/qFm j?. fit/_ ftFtk; okjh_ s[;h_ T[; d/;bhp T[s/ g{o/ ehs/ ezw dk itkp fdzd/ j', gqG{ f:;{, gft`so nkswkd/ ftneshst ftu, s[jkv/ okjh_ d{i/ b'eK ~ fgnko eoBk F[o{ eo/rk. ndG[s.

109

fJj ftFtk; eoBk j? w;hj s[jkv/ gkgK bJh wfonk, ns/c/o T[; ;ukJh bJh nkgD/ fdb ftu XzBtkd eoBk, s[jkv/ bJhgow/Fo dh wkch ns/ gkg s'_ S[Nekok d/ e/ fgnko eoB dhftneshrs fBFfussk dk nBzd T[mkDk j?.

c/o nkgD/ ihtB ~ gqG{ f:;{ w;hj dh nzsotk;h T[g;fEshbJh T[gbpX eoBk j?. fJj s[jkvk fgnko s'_ ;`yD/ ;z;ko bJhT[; d/ fgnko dk fJe ;kXB pDBk j?.

fJe iowBh dh Xow Fk;sqh, fijVk nkgDh ftdtsk bJhpj[s wFj{o ;h, T[; ~ fJe tko gqFB g[fSnk frnkL @@gow/Fopko/ s[jkvk pj[s frnkBg{oD ftuko eh j?<## n;uoi-iBe s"o s/p`funk d/ e'o; d/ FpdK ftu T[; B/ itkp fd`sk L @@f:;{ w+~fgnko eodk j?, fJj w+ ikDdk jK, feT[_fe pkJhpb w+~ nfijkd;dh j?.#

jK, gow/Fo w+~ tk;st ftu fgnko eodk j?. ns/ jK,gow//Fo,tk;st ftu s[jk~ fgnko eodk j?.

U, fgnko fijVk w[esh dh :'iBk ~ nkgD/ t`b fyùdk j?,U, feogk fijVh fJ; ~ wB[y d/ e"b j/mK b? nkJh,U, pj[s tvh ykJh_ fijVh gow/Fo B/ ;bhp T[s/, gko ehsh.d:k T[E/ pj[s finkdk ;h, ns/ feogk w[cs ;h, wkch T[E/ eJhr[Dk w/o/ bJh tX ;h, T[E'_ w/o/ p'M Bkb d`p/ gqkD ~ ;bhp s/,S[Nekok fwfbnk.

fJoke s'_ fJè fuzmhfJoke s'_ fJè fuzmhfJoke s'_ fJè fuzmhfJoke s'_ fJè fuzmhfJoke s'_ fJè fuzmh@@w+ fJe w[;fbw (F?bN/) xo ftu ;h. w/o/ gfotko B/ fJe



w[;fbw tKC[ w+~ gqkoEBk eoBk ns/ T[gtk; oyDk f;ykfJnk. w/okgfjoktk w[;fbw n"osK tKC[ ;h, nkgDk u/jok Ye e/ oyDk sK i'e'Jh th nkdwh i/ T[j w/o/ u/jo/ s/ t/y/ sK gkg Bk eo/.

@@fJ; ;G d/ ekoD, w/o/ e"b pj[s ;wK ;h feT[_fe eoB ~e[M Bjh_ ;h. fJ; bJh w+ nkgDk ykbh ;wK pj[s ;ko/ o/fvT[gq'rokwK ~ ;[DB bJh fpskT[_dh ;h ns/ pj[s ;ko/ pkJhpb d/;zd/F ;[D/. fJe fdB w+ nkgDh GoikJh e[M uzr/ fugekT[D tkb/;Nheo t//y/ fiBKQ d/ ;'jD/ ozr ;B. sd e"b w+ nkgDh gfjbh fumhnkgDh GoikJh d/ gs/ j/m fbyh. s[jkv/ itkp ftu fJe feskpgow/Fo bJh s[jkvh y'i ;h.

@@w+ ;wMB dh e'fFF ehsh fe gow/Fo bJh y'i dk eh noEj? HHH. ;st/_ nfXnkfJ ftu fJe gqFB j?, @@eh gow/Fo tk;st ftuw+~ fgnko eodk j?<## ftF/F eoe/ w+ fJe g?o/ s/ o[e rJh fi; ftufJzM fbfynk j?L @gow/Fo s[jkv/ bJh nkgDk fgnko i' e[M T[; B/s[jkv/ bJh ;bhp s/ ehsk d/ okjh_ ftykT[_dk j?. id s[;h_ ;bhp d/noE ~ ;wM iKd/ j' sK s[jk~ fe;/ j'o ;p{s dh b'V Bjh_ g+dh fegow/Fo s[jk~ fgnko eodk j?.#

@@w+ 100 s'_ th finkdk tkoh fJ; nfXnkfJ ~ gfVQnk. c/o w+fpBK fe;/ Fe d/ ;wMDk F[o{ j' rJh fe w/o/ bJh f;oc ;bhp jh fJeok;sk ;h.##

fJj fog'oN NoK; tobv o/fvT[ okjh_ g/F ehsh rJh.

111

ftuko eoB bJh mfjo'1H fJj ;kps eoB bJh fe s[;h_ fe;/ ~ fgnko eod/j' ;G s'_ uzrk sohek fejVk j?<

eh i' e[M s[;h_ efjzd/ j' - T[j< eh i' e[M s[;h_ eod/ j' - T[j<2H gow/Fo B/ s[jkv/ bJh nkgDk fgnko fet/_ ;kpsehsk<3H ftneshrs s"o s/ s[;h_ fet/_ gow/Fo d/ fgnko dkT[so fdT[r/<


ngo/FB o{g ftu fiE/ g{oh soK nX[fBe :zsqoK dh w"i{drh ;h,ns/ vkeNo B/ fJj ikD fbnk ;h fe bj{ ftu jh ihtB j?.

d't/_ jh nv Bjh_ ehs/ ik ;ed/,i/ s[;h_ fJe ~ r[nk fdsk sK s[;h_ d'jK ~ jh

r[nk fdzd/ j'.

vkH gkb, poBkv

112


w+ ihtB feÈ'_ gqkgs eow+ ihtB feÈ'_ gqkgs eow+ ihtB feÈ'_ gqkgs eow+ ihtB feÈ'_ gqkgs eow+ ihtB feÈ'_ gqkgs eo;edk jK<;edk jK<;edk jK<;edk jK<;edk jK<

fJj oks dk t/bk ;h. 18 xzN/ dh EekT[D tkbh o/b :ksok d/pknd w+ ns/ w/oh gsBh j}koK d{finK :ksohnK d/ Bkb g?fo; d/r/no ;zs bk}o o/bt/ ;N/FB s/ gjz[u/ ;h. n;h_ pj[s jh Xhoi d/Bkb fJzs}ko eo oj/ ;h fe o/bt/ nfXekoh nk e/ rvh dk p{jky'bD sK i' n;h_ nkgDh rvh tb ik ;ehJ/.

;kv/ nkb/ d[nkb/ j}koK b'eK ftu finkdkso i[nkB b'e;B. id w+ ns/ v'oEh T[BKQ d/ ftu ob fwb rJ/ sK nfijk ikgdk;h fe :{o'g dk jo d/F fJ; GhV ftu Fkwb j?. T[BQK ftu'_ e[Mi[nkB w[zY/ ns/ e[VhnK dh fJj e'fFF ;h fe T[j fJe nokwdk:e;EkB gqkgs eo b?D. id T[j jE g"o g;ko e/ bzw/ g?D dh feqnkftu ftnoE ;B sK T[BKQ d/ d{i/ ;kEh T[BKQ dh ofynk e[M yKd/ gh_d/eo oj/ ;B.

id n;h_ fJzs}ko eo oj/ ;h sK n;h_ ftu'_ e[M i[nkB pfunKd/ Bkb j; y/b oj/ ;h. Gkt/_ T[j nkgDh i[nkBh d/ i'F ftu ftnoE;B, c/o th T[BKQ d/ u/jo/ s'_ fJj gsk br fojk ;h fe i' e[M T[jihtB ftu ukj[zd/ jB jkb/ T[BQK ~ T[j gqkgs Bjh_ j'fJnk. fJ; s'_gfjbK fe finkdk d/o j't/ ;kvh rbpks T[; ftnesh d/ Bkb F[o{j' rJh fijVk ;kv/ Bkb ;co eo fojk ;h :kfB gqG{ f:;{ w;hjd/ Bkb.

id n;h_ rbpks F[o{ ehsh, fJBQK ftu'_ e[M p/u?B ns/ ;kj;hi[nkB pfunK B/ nkgD/ w{zj y'b/ ns/ ihtB dh tk;sfte ;ukJh ~

113


;kv/ Bkb fpnkB eoBk F[o{ ehsk. e[M pfunK dh nk; ;h fe ihtBdh tk;sftesk nrb/ Ffjo ftu fwb/rh, ns/ e[M ;'u oj/ ;B fenrbh d';sh ftu, ns/ eJh p/Fowh d/ Bkb fJj nk; eo oj/ ;BnkgDk ihtB BfFnK ftu gk e/ u?B gqkgs eoDr/. fJBQK ftu'_ e[Mth fJj vo ;h fe T[j ysoBke phwkohnK dk fFeko j' ikDr/.

ncohek d/ pkjoh fgzvK ftu, T[j fJ; vo ~ gsb/ ftneshdh phwkoh dk BK fdzd/ ;B. w?vheb GkFk ftu fJ; ~ n?u nkJhth g"f}fNt fejk iKdk j?. id fJj phwkoh g{oh soK i[nkB g[oFKns/ fJ;sqhnK ftu c?b iKdh j? sK fJ; ~ J/v} dh phwkoh fejkiKdk j?. fJ; soK dh phwkoh s'_ szr j'D dk vo nfijk jh j[zdkj? fe fJ; s'_ spkjh jh j't/rh. ftFt Go ftu b'e fJ; rb ~ikDd/ jB fe ezpK d/D tkbh fJj phwkoh bj{ ftu j[zdh j?. idfebj{ dk MoBk ihtB dh BdhnK ~ ;kc eoB tkbk j'Dk ukjhdk j?,gozs{ j[D T[j w"s d/ bJh god{fFs Bdh pD rJh j?.

w/+~ fJj wzBDk jh j?, fe e[M th j't/, bj{ ihtB d/D tkbkMoBk j?, gozs{ w/o/ bJh fJj bj{ dk B}kok gqfsxksh fojk j?. fJ;ftu e'Jh Fe Bjh_ j? fe vo d/ fJ; Fe s'_ pkjo nkT[D d/ bJh,w+~ fJe tko w"ek fwfbnk fe w+ bzdB d/ fJe j;gskb ftu fJ; ;ko/ngo/FB ~ nkgDhnK nyK d/ Bkb t/y ;eK. id iokj dk uho ckVeoB tkb/ BFso d/ okjh_ woh} dh uwVh ftu ezw F[o{ ehsk frnk,fJe tko sK w+ g{oh soK p/j'F j' frnk. vkH fijVk w/ok fwso ;hT[; B/ t/fynk fe w+ g;hB' g;hBk j' frnk jK ns/ fuNk g? frnkjK, T[; B/ w+~ ;bkj fdsh fe w+ d{i/ ewo/ ftu ubk iktK. w+ fJ;s'_ finkdk j'o e[M th d/y Bjh_ (gq/fos Bjh_ j' ;edk) ;edk jK.

gozs{, fJ; dh gotkj Bjh_ j? fe fJe ftnesh bj{ ~ fe;soK t/ydk j?, fijVk ftnesh pj[s jh finkdk wkVh ;fEsh ftu T[;~ ihtB ns/ f;js bj{ d/ okjh_ gqdkB ehsh ik ;edh j?. ni,nX[fBe ftfrnkB d/ ekoB fJe szdo[;s ftnesh dhnK B;K ftu'_bj{ b? e/ e[M d/o d/ pknd fJe nfij/ ftnesh dhnK B;K ftu

115

gkfJnk ik ;edk j? fijVk wo fojk j't/ iK pj[s jh finkdk phwkohdh jkbs ftu j't/.

pj[s fuo gfjbK w?vheb y'i d/ okjh_ bj{ d/ fJ; G/d ~gqrN ehsk frnk, gow/Fo B/ nkg fJ; rb dh x'FDk ehsh j? fe;oho dh fizd T[; d/ bj{ ftu j?## (b/thnK dh g'Eh 17L11). vkH gkbpoBkv ;zfygs o{g d/ Bkb ok}h j[zd/ jB fe bj{ ftu ihtB j? L@@ngo/FB o{g ftu fiE/ g{oh soK nX[fBe :zsqoK dh w"i{drh ;h, ns/vkeNo B/ fJj ikD fbnk ;h fe bj{ ftu jh ihtB j?. d't/_ jh nvBjh_ ehs/ ik ;ed/, i/ s[;h_ fJe ~ r[nk fdsk sK s[;h_ d'jK ~ jhr[nk fdzd/ j'.##

c/o th, pj[s ;ko/ b'eK ~ fJj ikDekoh Bjh_ j? fe, p/Febj{ dh nF[Xsk fit/_ n?uHnkJhHthH o'r ;zuko u[DB :'r j? feT[_fegqdoFB T[s/ nkXkfos j?, fJe j'o th phwkoh j? fijVh ;otftnkgej?. feT[_fe gow/Fo B/ wB[yK dh jo/e e"w ~ ;koh Xosh T[s/ t;DbJh fJe (fJe bj{) s'_ ofunk (o;{bK d/ eosp 17L26). fJ; w"storh nF[Xsk B/ ;koh wB[y iksh ~ ;skfJnk. pkJhpb ftu, fJ;d/ ;'qs dk ;[okr fgS/ w[V e/ nkdw se iKdk j?, fijVk eqw-nB[;ko;kohnK ghVhQnK dk g{oti j?.

idL gfjb/ wB[y, nkdw B/, (1e[fozEhnK 15L45) gkg ehsk;kohnK pknd dhnK B;bK, Gkt/_ T[BKQ dh uwVh dk ozr fej' fijk thj't/, fe;/ th EK iK ihtB ftu fe;/ th o[sp/ d/ j'D, w"s dh ;}kd/ nXhB j' rJ/. pkJhpb ;gFN o{g Bkb d;dh j? HHH nkdw ftu;G wod/ jB HHH (1e[fozEhnK 15L22). jK, fit/_ J/v; Bkb ;oho T[s/w"s bj{ dh nF[Xsk s'_ ghVhQ se ubdh ik ojh j?. i/ nfijk Bkj[zdk sK, b'e ;ohoe phwkoh ns/ w"s dh xkNh ftu'_ r[}o/ fpBK f;X/;[or ~ iKd/. go nfijh jkbs Bjh_ j?.

gow/Fo dk XzBtkd j't/, fe;/ th soK id f:;{ g?dk j'fJnksK wB[y iksh ftu ihtB d/D tkbh bj{ dh Xkok gq;s[s ehsh rJh. fJjfJ; soK tkgfonk. fipokJ/b ;[ord{s B/ wfo:w ~ df;nk fe T[j

w+ ihtB feE'_ gqkgs eo ;edk jK<


roGtsh j't/rh ns/ g[so iD/rh ns/ fJj fe T[; dk BK f:;{ofynk ikt/rk. fipokJ/b B/ fJ; B/e-ubD nDftnkjh e[nkoh ~fJj th df;nk fe T[j fet/_ roG XkoD eo/rh.

gftso nkswk s/o/ T[go nkt/rk, ns/ ns wjkB dhe[dos s/o/ T[s/ SkfJnk eo/rhl ns/ fJ; eoe/ fijVk izw/rk T[j gftso ns/ gow/Fo dk g[so ejkt/rk (b{ek1L35).fJe uwseko j'fJnk id n"os dk phi gftso nkswk d/

phi okjh_ T[gikT{eoD j'fJnk. fJ; BkNeh xNBk ftu gow/Fo dkihtB wB[y iksh ftu nkozG ehsk frnk. sd fit/_ puk wfo:w d/roG ftu tXD brk, ns/ bj{ dk d"ok Go{D ftu okFs eoB brk,T[; dk ehwsh bj{ fpBK fwbktN ns/ fpBK nF[Xsk d/ ;h. jK, gqG{f:;{ dk bj{ nkgD/ nkg ftu ihtB ;h.

wB[yh bj{nfijk rz[Mbdko gdkoE j? fi; T[s/ :ehB Bjh_ehsk ik ;edk j?. fJe' se fe ni th, fijV/ w?vheb nB[;zXkBftu Fkwb jB T[j brksko fJ; ndG[s sob d/ S[g/ j'J/ ihtBd/D tkbhnK j'o th r`bK dh y'i eo oj/ jB. ;kXkoD FpdK ftu,wB`[yh Foho ftu bj{ d/ e[M ezwK dk toDB ehsk ik ;edk j?fit/_l ;oho ~ ;kc eoBk, ihtB d/Dk ns/ phwkoh ~ o'eDk. ndG[sfit/_ fJj j' ;edk j?, fJj ikDBk j'o th j?okB eoB tkbk j't/rk fegow/Fo B/ s[jk~ ns/ w+~ fJe bj{ dh Xkok T[gbpX eokJh j? fijVhfwbdh i[bdh j? c/o th pj[s finkdk uwsekoh T[d/F dh j?. ns/ T[jbj{ T[BKQ ;kfonK bJh j? fijV/ @tk;sfte# ihtB dh y'i eod/ jB.gkgh bJh, f:;{ dk bj{ gow/Fo dk gkg s'_ ;kc eoB tkbk J/izN j?.nksfwe w"s tkb/ bJh, T[; dk ehwsh bj{ T[; d/ nzdo ihtB gkfdzdk j?. fijVk nksfwe o{g Bkb ihfts j?, f:;{ dk bj{ FskB d/jwfbnK s'_ gow/Fo tb'_ pukT[D tkbk J/izN j?. fJ; ehwsh bj{pko/ n;h_ gVd/ jKL feT[_ i' s[;h_ ikDd/ j' GJh s[;h_ i' nkgDhnekoE ukb s'_ fijVh s[jkv/ tfvnK s'_ ubh nkJh j? fB;skok

117

gkfJnk ;" Bk;tkB t;sK noEks uKdh ;'B/ Bkb Bjh_ ;r'_ w;hj d/nw'be bj{ Bk gkfJnk fijVk fBFebze ns/ p/dkr b/b/ dh fBnkJh;h (1gso; 1L18-19).

bj{L fJ; dh F[X eoB ;kwoEe[M ;wK gfjbK, ;wkuko whvhnk B/ fog'oN ehsh fe fJe bkbuhY'nk Y[nkJh ezgBh B/ ;kc ;ckJh dh b'VK Bkb ;wM'sk ehsk. nkgD/bkG ~ tXkT[D bJh fJ; ezgDh B/ fJe N+e nkgDh feskp ftu, bj{dh e?wfJ;Noh ftu n?wHnkoHvhjkB,n?wHvh B/ d/j ;zpzXh, iD/g/ ;zpzXhns/ Bof;zr, gqekFB ;zpzXh pj[s ;ko/ ikD/ gSkD/ jtkb/ fds/ jBns/ f;Nk efYnk j?L @@wK Go{D ~ (nBizw/ ftek; j' oj/ fFF{) nkgD/roG d/ r[gs ftu T[; d/ S'N/ fij/ Foho ~ pDkT[D bJh g'Fe ssgqdkB eodh j?, go ;kok y{B fijVk fJ; ftu pDdk j? T[j Go{Dd/ nkgD/ nzdo jh g?dk j[zdk j?. roG XkoD eoB d/ ;w/_ s'_ b? e/g?dk j'D d/ ;w/_ se fJe fJebh bj{ dh p{zd th ed/ th wK s'_ pu/ftu Bjh_ iKdh.## fe;/ th soK vhjkB dh okJ/ s/ ws gqrN eod/j'J/, vkeNo o'poN Jh e"bw?B B/ nkgDh feskp bj{ ftu fbfynkL@@fJ; fdqFNhe"D ~ n;theko ehs/ fpBK, (vhjkB d/ fdqFNhe"D ~ fewB[yh ;oho dk bj{ Go{D d/ ftu Bo thoi d/ nzdo tVB Bkb jhpDdk j?, ns/ fJ; soK wK d/ ;oho Bkb e'Jh f;Xk ;zgoe Bjh_ j[zdkj?) w+ ;'udk jK fe fXnkB ftu oyDk mhe j't/rk fe d{i/ w?vhebvkeNo fJ; dh gqwkfDesk ~ rzGhosk Bkb gqFB eod/ jB. c/o thjkbks d/ iht ftfrnkB ;zpzXh gqfeqsh s/ fXnkB fds/ fpBK, w+ e'JhekoD Bjh_ t/ydk fe fJ; ~ feT[_ fJe ftFk pDBk ukjhdk j?. fJj;ukJh fe f:;{ dk roGXkoD gow/Fo d[nkok j'fJnk, Nqe dk fJ;s/wkb }fjohb/ T[sgkdB ~ d{ih fdFk ftu Y'D bJh ehsk ns/ c/or?o ;oekoh s"o s/ T[;/ N+e ~ tkg;h s/ sob nkjko d/ T[sgkdB~ Y'D d/ bJh ehsk. fJ; d/ Bshi/ ti'_ pj[s ;ko/ b'e rzGho o{gBkb phwko g? rJ/.



fe;/ th soK, wB[yh ;oho ftu gow/Fo B/ Y'nk Y[nkJhndG[s f;;Nw pDkfJnk j? fijVk e'FK ~ G'iD gj[zukT[_dk j? ns/T[;/ t/b/ e{V/ eoeN dh ;ckJh eodk j?. ns/ gow/Fo dh f;X ouBkd/ ekoD, bj{ dh Xkok ftu e'Jh th nF[Xsk gko Bjh_ j[zdh j?.j?okBrh dh rb fJj j? fe wB[yh ;oho dk e'Jh th e'F tkb dhu"VkJh s'_ finkdk Bjh_ j? noEks bj{ dh e?ghbrh s'_. i/ }fjohb/gdkoE fJBQK e'FK s'_ Bk eY/ ikD, sK nfwN Bshik phwkoh ns/ w"sj't/rh.

ns/ mhe fJj' gow/Fo B/ toDB ehsk id T[; B/ gkg dhnF[Xsk Goh T[g;fEsh ~ ;kv/ ihtBK ftu'_ eYD d/ nkgD/ sohe/ ~;gFN ehsk. nfijh F[Xsk f;oc f:;{ d/ ehwsh bj{ d/ okjh_ jh j?Lgo i/ n;h_ ukBD ftu ubhJ/ fit/_ T[j ukBD ftu j? sK ;kvh nkg'ftuh ;zrs j? ns/ T[j d/ g[so f:;{ dk bj{ ;k~ ;ko/ gkgK s'_ FtSeodk j? (1:{jzBk 1L7). fJ; s'_ nr/ gow/Fo B/ fejk j? fe ;kv/gkgK d/ wkc j'D dk j'o e'Jh sohek Bjh_ j?, feT[_fe fpBK bj{ tjkJ/wkch j[zdh jh Bjh_ (fJpokBhnK 9L22).

bj{ L fJ; dh ihtB d/D dh ;kwoEbj{ dk d{ik ezw j? fe b'V nB[;ko gkDh ns/ y[oke ~

ihfts oyD bJh ;ko/ ;oho ftu b? e/ ikDk. i/ bj{ ;oho d/ e'FKns/ szs{nK se gjz[uD ftu n;cb j' ikt/, ;oho d/ T[j nzr S/sh_ jh wo iKd/ jB. fJ; soK id bj{ dk d"ok j'Dk pzd j' iKdkj? sK ;oho wo iKdk j?. fJ; s'_ gqrN j[zdk j? fe ihtB bj{ ftuj?.

fJ; dh ikDekoh oyd/ j'J/ n;h_ gqG{ f:;{ d/ tuBK ~ u/s/eod/ jK fi; B/ T[; d/ u/fbnK ~ fsqGek fdsk id T[; B/ nkgD/jh bj{ pko/ rb ehsh. T[; B/ }'o d/ e/ fejk L

i/ s[;h_ wB[y d/ g[so dk wk; Bk ykT[ ns/ T[j dk bj{Bk ghT[, sK s[jkv/ ftu ihT[D Bjh_ j?. i' e'Jh w/ok wk;yKdk j? w/ok bj{ gh_dk j? ;dhge ihT[D T[;/ dk j?, ns/

119

w+ nzs d/ fdB T[j ~ ihT[_dk T[mktKrk. feT[_fe w/ok wk;;uw[u ykD dh, ns/ w/ok bj{ ;uw[u ghD dh t;s{ j?(:{jzBk 6L53-55).fe;/ th soK, f:;{ B/ fJ; d/ tk;sfte noE ~ ;gFN ehsk.

T[; B/ nkfynk, i' w/ok wk; yKdk ns/ w/ok bj{ gh_dk j? ;' w/o/ ftuofjzdk j? ns/ w+ T[; ftu (:{jzBk 6L56). fJ; ftu fezBK nkBzd j? fenksfwe ihtB d/ tk;sfte ;'qs ~ ;wfMnk ikt/. f:;{ dk bj{ fJ;/ bJhtjkfJnk frnk fe gkghnK ~ T[BKQ d/ gkg s'_ S[Nekok fwb/. ns/ T[;d/ tjkJ/ j'J/ bj{ d/ ekoD jh j[D n;h_ T[; d/ ihtB d/ nzF ftuFkwb j' ;ed/ jK. gqG{ f:;{ B/ T[; d/ bj{ ~ ghD d/ tk;sftenoE ~ ;wMkfJnk id T[; B/ fejk, @@w+ T[; ftu# ndG[s jK.

ftneshrs s"os/ w;hj d/ ih T[mD dh ;kwoE dh nzsotk;hT[g;fEsh dk nB[Gt eod/ j'J/, ftFtk;h fis dk nkBzd b? e/ rtkjhd/ ;ed/ jB L @@ihfts w;hj j[D w/o/ nzdo ofjzdk j?.## nfij/ b'eKbJh, gqG{ G'i dh o'Nh ns/ dkyo; ftu fj;k b?Dk XzBtkd ns/rtkjh dk fJe ;XkoD ns/ ;ze/se fefonk j?.

nc;'; dh rb j?, jkb/ th byK nfij/ b'e jB fijV/ fJjftFtk; eoB ftu nV/ ofjzd/ jB fe o'Nh ns/ dkyo; fijV/ fe;/yk; fJe'oh;N s/ go';/ iKd/ jB tk;st ftu w;hj d/ ;ohoe wk;ns/ bj{ ftu gfotofss j' iKd/ jB. i' e[M ;kv/ gqG{ dk fJokdkfJokdk ;h fe fJj T[; d/ nzsotk;h ihtB d/ ;ze/se ftu ;wMDkj? fJj rb dod Bkb efjDh g+dh j? fe fJj tk;st ftu ;ohoe;ukJh eoe/ ;wMh iKdh j?.

f:;{ d/ ehwsh bj{ ihtB d/D tkbh ;kwoE dk ftek; ndG[ssohe/ Bkb ftFtk;h d/ ihtB ftu ;{fus ehsk iKdk j? id T[j T[go'_gftso nkswk dh ;kwoE d/ okjh_ g+dk j[zdk j?. fJ; ftu e'Jh FeBjh_ j? fe ihtB gqkgs eoB bJh jo/e ftnesh dh w[Ybh b'V bj{dk dkyb eoBk j?.



bj{ L fJ; dh ofynk eoB dh ;kwoEwB[yh bj{ dk fJe j'o th uwsekoh ezw j? bj{ Bk f;oc

ihtB ~ F[X eodk ns/ ihtB jh fdzdk j? go fJj ihtB dh ofynkth eodk j?.

id Gkos ftu fpT[p'fBe gb/r dh sFyhF ehsh rJh ;h sK;ko/ ;z;ko ftu vo c?b frnk ;h. nzso wjkdhg d/ i?N jtkJhijk} fijV/ T[; d/F ftu pDkJ/ rJ/ ;B T[BKQ ~ X{Dh d/ e/ ehNkD{ofjs ehsk frnk ns/ e[M jkbksK ftu :ksqhnK ~ w+vheb iKugVskb bJh e[M fuo bJh tyok ofynk frnk. fes/ fJj wko{phwkoh d{i/ d/FK ftu th Bk c?b ikt/, e[M fuo bJh fJ; s'_ pknddhnK Gkos s'_ F[o{ j'D tkbhnK ;kohnK T[VkBK s/ ;oekoh gkpzdhbrk fdsh rJh.

fpT[p'fBe gb/r dh Xweh s'_ fpBK jh wB[yh Foho s/ pkjob/d/FK s'_ brksko pzpkoh ns/ ehNkD{nK Bkb ihtB dh XwehnKfwbdhnK jh ofjzdhnK jB. go bj{ d/ ftu itkph jwb/ dh fJeuwsekoh ekoi ftXh j[zdh j?. fJj fJ; d/ ihtB pukT[D dh Xkokftu phwkoh d/ gqGkt ~ d{o eoB tkb/ gdkoE ns/ j'o d{i/ yk;gdkoEK ~ b? e/ ubdh j? fi; Bkb ihtkD{nK d/ jwb/ d/ fto[XFoho dk iK ;oho d/ f;;Nw dk pukT[ j[zdk j?. id fJ; soK dkjwbk j[zdk j? sK bj{ d/ ;c/d e"wK (fijV/ T[E/ pukT[ d/ T[d/F eoe/jh j[zd/ jB) dk BkNeh s"o s/ Bzpo tX iKdk j? bJh e[d g+d/ jB.

fJj ikDBk fezBkQ ndG[s j? fe gqG{ f:;{ w;hj dk bj{ wB[yhbj{ dh ndG[s ;kwoE tKC[, ihtB dh ofynk eoB tkbh ;/tekJheodk j?. fJj f:;{ w;hj dk bj{ jh j? fijVk FskBh FeshnK dhbrksko pzpkoh s'_ ftFtk;h ~ pukT[_dk j?. GftypkDh ftu FskBns/ gow/Fo d/ b'eK ftueko nkfyoh ;w/_ d/ :[X pko/, n;h_ gVd/ jKlns/ T[BKQ B/ b/b/ d/ bj{ d/ ekoB ns/ nkgDh ;kyh d/ tuB d/ ekoBT[j ~ fis fbnk ns/ woB she nkgDh ikB ~ fgnkok Bk iksk(gqekF dh g'Eh 12L11). s[;h_ th FskB d/ rzd/ tkfXnK T[s/ f:;{ d/

121

p/Fehws bj{ dh ofynk eoB dh ;kwoE okjh_ ekp{ gk ;ed/ j'.FskB T[s/ f:;{ dh fJ; fti/ dh GftypkDh FskB d/ nkdw

ns/ jtkj ~ pfjekT[D d/ s[ozs pknd ehsh rJh. sd, :j'tkjgow/Fo B/ gqfsfrnk ehsh fe fJj shth_ dk tz; j't/rk fijVk T[;dk ;opBk; eo/rk. ns/ w+ HHH s/oh ;zskB ns/ shth_ dh ;zskB ftut?o gktKrkl T[j s/o/ f;o ~ c/t/_rk ns/ s{z T[j dh nvh ~ vzr wko/_rk (T[sgs 3L15). fJ;sqh dk tz; w;hjk dh nv ~ Bk vf;nk. jK,gqG{ f:;{ w;hj jh ;h, fijVk T[; fJ;sqh dk tz; ;h, fi; B/ nkgDkehwsh bj{ tjkfJnk sK i' L

w"s d/ okjh_ T[j T[; ~ fi; d/ t; ftu w"s j?.noEks, FskB ~ Bk; eo/ (fJpokBhnK 2L14).Gow dk fgSk eo oj/ ftfdnkoEhnK s'_ nv fiBKQ ~ n;h_

g?fo; ftu r/no ;+N bk}o ;N/FB s/ fwb/, j'o th d{i/ ;B fiBKQ;u/ ihtB d/ ;'qs ~ bG fbnk ;h.

e[M fuo gfjbK, v'oEh ns/ w+ eohp ;" :[rkDvhnK ~ fwb/fijV/ fJ; rb pko/ fBFfus ;B fe T[BQK B/ ;u/ ihtB ~ bG fbnkj?. gqG{ f:;{ w;hj d/ ehwsh bj{ ftu T[BKQ B/ fdb dk F[Xsk, ihtBd/D ns/ FskB dk ;kjwDk eoB dh ;kwoE dh y'i eo bJh ;h. T[jtk;sfte s"o s/ fJj gqwkfDs eo ;ed/ ;h fe T[BQK bJh, g[okDhnKrbK phs rJhnK ;B, ns/ fJj fe jo/e uh} Bth_ j' rJh ;h.

p/Fe fJj fezBhnK ftu d{sktk; nfXekohnK dh ;bkj d/ fto[X;h fiBKQ B/ ;k~ nkT[D tkb/ yso/ dh u/sktBh fdsh ;h, w/oh gsBh ns/w+, gow/Fo dh nkswk dh nkswk dh gq/oDk okjh_ :[rKvk ~ nr/ ub/rJ/. gow/Fo B/ ;kv/ tXkJ/ j'J/ ;?whBko :[rKvk d/ gk;NoK ns/ T[BKQdh gsBhnK d/ Bkb ;kv/ tXkJ/ j'J/ ;+whBko d/ ;fwnK dh :'iBkpDkJh ;h. fit/_ ;k~ pknd ftu gsk brk, T[; B/ gfjbK s'_ jh;kvh tkg;h jtkJh :ksok dh th :'iBk pDkJh ;h. (fJj fJ; soKj'fJnk fe J/BfNp/ ~ SvD tkbk ;kvk nkfyoh jtkJh ijk} ;h fJ;s'_ gfjbK fe nrbk fjz;e c"ih okigbNk j[zdk.)



;kv/ jtkJh nv/ s/ gj[zud/ jh fJe dw, ;k~ sDkT[ ns/ vodk tksktoD brk. ncok scoh ns/ rzdrh fi; dk ;k~ ;kjwDkeoBk fgnk T[j fpnkB s'_ pkjo T[; fJbke/ ftu'_ e[M ekoK ftu'_ fJe;kv/ bJh T[gbpX eokJh rJh fijVh ;k~ jtkJh nv/ s'_ ;Ve s/ b?nkJh fi; ftu pzpK d/ Bkb rY/ gJ/ j'J/ ;B. E'Vh d{o ikD s'_ pkndnB[FkFBjhD f;gkjhnK B/ ;k~ pzd{e dh B'eK s/ frocsko eo fbnk.n;h_ Bjh_ ikDd/ ;h fe T[j ;oeko d/ f;gkjh ;oeko fto'Xh f;gkjh;h iK c/o f;gkjhnK d/ :{Bhcko; ftu mr ;B. n;kXkoD s"o s/, S/sh jh T[BKQ B/ ;kv/ vokJhto ~ gSkD fbnk fijVk T[BKQ d/ ephb/dk jh ;h fJ; bJh fMied/ j'J/ T[BKQ B/ ;k~ fpBKQ b[N/ iK fe;/ soKdh u'N gjz[ukJ/ ;k~ nr/ ikD dh fJik}s fdsh.

;kvh wzf}b s/ gj[zuD s'_ pknd, w+ ns/ w/oh gsBh B/ ;kv/;?whBko dh whfNzr tkbh EK ~ fJe vo/ j'J/ ;wki d/ b'eK ftunB/Qo/ tkbh ns/ rzdh EK ftu gkfJnk. id gk;No ns/ T[BQK dhnKgsBhnK T[E/ nkJ/, fe;/ th soK, S/sh jh n;h_ nkgD/ nkb/ d[nkb/~ G[b rJ/. fJj gqG{ nkg jh ;h fi; B/ nkgDh wfjwk ns/ nkgDhT[g;fEsh dh pj[s finkdk nB[GtFhbsk Bkb nkgDh feogk fdsh.:[rKvk ftu T[j whfNzrK ;kv/ ihfts gow/Fo Bkb T[; whfNzr dkpj[s tvk nB[Gt ;kvh :kd ftu jw/Fk oj/rk.

pj[s jh fXnkB wjkB j' e/, gk;NoK ns/ T[BKQ dhnK gsBhnKB/, fdB d/ nm xzN/ p/nkokw p+uK s/ p?m e/ w+~ ns/ v'oEh ~pkJhpb ftu'_ gow/Fo dh ;ukJh pko/ tzvd/ ;[fDnk. fit/_ w+ f;ykfojk ;h, w/oh gsBh g[okD/ pb?ep'ov T[s/ T[BKQ w[y rbK ~ fby ojh;h sK i' ;[DB tkb/ nkgD/ odh tkb/ ekr} d/ N[efVnK s/ T[j B'Neoe/ ;zGkb ;eD, fJe dw dotk}/ s/ jE'_ - gkJh fijh j'Jh. p/Fe T[BKQ ftu'_ fJe Fokph nkdwh jE ftu nkgDh okJhcb cVh j'Jhnzdo dkyb j[zd/ jh frocsko eo fbnk frnk, go T[; d/ ;kEh B/GhV ftu'_ Xe/ wko e/ nkgDk o;sk pDkfJnk, nkgDh okJhcb ~bfjokfJnk, ns/ T[; dh B'e v'oEh d/ fdb tb eo fdsh.

123

@@nkU n;h_ ;ko/ fJ; fgnko/ wB[y bJh gqkoEBk eohJ/ fefJj f:;{ ~ ikD bt/,## T[; B/ FKsh g{ote fejk.

e[M gbK pknd, fijV/ w+~, fJe nBzsekb tKC[ br/, w/o/nB[tkde B/ w/oh tb n;hfws j?okBrh Bkb wfVnk ns/ nkfynk, @@w+ftFtk; Bjh_ eo ;edk i' e[M T[; Fokph f;gkjh B/ fejk j? - T[;B/ nkfynk j?, @@w+ fJ; n"os d/ gow/Fo ~ ikDBk ukjz[dk jK.##

fit/_ jh nB[tkde B/ p'fbnk, w+ fJe B}kok t/fynk fijVk w+ed/ Bjh_ G[bKrk. e'Jh th ekoD Gkt/_ fojk j't/ Gkt/_ fJj e'Jh ;[ord{s ;h fi; B/ fJ; fpBK nfXeko s'_ gqt/F eoB tkb/ ~ T[; ~ r'v/N/eD bJh wip{o ehsk, Gkt/_ fJj gow/Fo dh gftsoskJh ns/;kwoE dh gqGktg{oD nB[G{sh fijVh ;kvh whfNzrK ftu Fokphf;gkjh bJh pj[s finkdk gqpb j'Jh, iK c/o fJj fBwqsk dk ;t?fJSkezw T[; ~ gq/oBk d/ fojk ;h fe y[b/Q s"o s/ nkgD/ fdb dh v{zxhb'V ~ ftnes eo/ - w+ Bjh_ ikDdk. i' w+ ikDdk jK T[j T[; ;jhgb s/ okJhcb dh B'e j"bh j"bh j/mK ubh rJh ns/ c/o T[j BkFeoB d/ fJokd/ Bkb pDkfJnk frnk jfEnko iwhB s/ v/r fdsk fit/_ T[j f;gkjh nkgD/ r'fvnK s/ fvr fgnk.

f;fynk dh pknd dh whfNzr ftu e'Jh ;jh ;'uD tkbk gbBjh_ ;h. ns/ v'oEh fJj ikDdh ;h @@fJj gqkoEBk w/o/ fgS/ p'b,##T[; B/ nkfynk. sd fJe fJe edw T[; B/ fJ; bkuko torbkJ/j'J/ ns/ b'Vwzd gqkD dh nrtkJh ;bhp d/ edwK s/ ehsh - gkghwB[yK d/ w[eshdksk e"b fiE/ T[; B/ f:;[ d/ bj{ d/ okjh_ ;ko/ ;u/ihtB d/ ;'qs ~ bG fbnk.

w+ fJ; nB[Gt ~ fJE/ feT[_ tzv fojk jK< f;oc fJ; bJhfe fJ; s'_ nr/ j'D tkbh T[; :kd oyD tkbh whfNzr ftu ehj'fJnk.

;kv/ ;w{j ftu T[E/ ekch g[oF ;B fiBKQ e'b fJ; fpBKnfXeko d/ gqt/F eoB tkb/ ftnesh s'_ voD dk T[; ~ Bcos eoBdk jo/e ekoD j't/rk fijVk pV/ fjz;e sohe/ Bkb o;sk pDk e/



;kvh whfNzr ftu nk frnk. ;kv/ ftueko T[E/ eJh nfij/ ;B fiBKQd/ ihtBK ftu e[M ;wK gfjb/ jh XwehnK nkJhnK jB. T[E/T[g;fEs fJe gk;No dhnK T[rbhnK nfij/ fJe f;gkjh okjh_ T[;~ wkoD dh n;cb e'fFF ftu T[vk fdshnK rJhnK ;B. gofeT[_fe T[j ;ko/ ikDd/ ns/ gqG{ f:;{ ~ ftneshrs s"o s/ fgnkoeod/ ;B, fJj ;ko/ wB[y T[; d/ d[nkb/ iwK j' rJ/ sK i' T[; ~ich gkT[D ns/ w;hj ftu nkgD/ Bt/_ GkJh bJh gqkoEBk eoB.

c/o fe;/ th ;zrhs d/ ;k} d/ pr?o jh, go fJe wfjwkwJhncoheB fJe ;[osk ftu T[j T[s;[esk Bkb rkT[D br/. w/ok fdbjkb/ th vo Bkb Gfonk j'fJnk ;h fit/_ w+ rhs d/ T[BKQ FpdK s/ftuko ehsk L

jK, f:;{ dk bj{,jK, f:;{ dk bj{,jK, f:;{ dk bj{fijVk gkg s'_ w+~ F[X eodk j?.i/ e/tb ;kv/ ;z;ko d/ nkr{ T[; fdB ;kv/ Bkb j[zd/ fBFfus

s"o s/ T[j th gow/Fo d/ e/tb fJe' jb d/ ephb/ d/ ftu dh ikshd/ ftu dh ns/ nzso okFNoh wsG/d dh rtkjh fdzd/ L

ns/ T[; d/ ;bhp d/ bj{ d/ t;hb/ w/b eok e/ HHH ;kohnKt;sK ~ T[; d/ okjh_, jK, T[;/ d/ okjh_ nkgD/ Bkb fwbkt/ (e[b[;hnK1L20) ns/ s[jk~ fijV/ nr/ nv j'J/ j'J/ ns/ nkgD/ e[eowK d/ekoD wB'_ t?oh ;kT[ HHHT[; B/ j[D Bkb fwbk fbnk (e[b[;hnK 1L21).

jK, e/tb T[jh fijV/ gow/Fo Bkb fJe ;jh ;zpzX ftufbnkJ/ rJ/ jB, @@T[j (w;hj) d/ bj{ d/ okjh_ HHH T[j d/ okjh_ T[je'qX s'_ pu iktKr/ HHH sK fwbkJ/ ik e/ n;h_ fJ; Bkb'_ pj[s t`Xe/ T[j d/ ihtB d/ d[nkok pu iktKr/.## (o'whnk 5L9-10).

125

ftuko eoB bJh mfjo'1H eh s[;h_ ;uw[u ihtB dh fJSk oyd/ j'< fJj T[jihtB j? fi; dk toDB gqG{ f:;{ B/ ehsk id T[;B/ fejk w+ fJ; bJh nkfJnk GJh T[BKQ ~ ihT[D

fwb/ ;r'_ u"yk fwb/ (:{jzBk 10L10).2H pkJhpb d/ nB[;ko, wB[yh ;oho ftu ihtB feE/gkfJnK iKdk j?< (b/thnK 17L11gV').3H gqG{ f:;{ d/ ehwsh bj{ dh nBzs wjkBsk eh j?< eh s[;h_ fJ; dh F[X eoB dh ;kwoE s/ Go';ko`yd/ j'<

eh s[;h_ fJ; d/ ihtB d/D dh ;kwoE T[s/ Go';ko`yd/j'<

eh s[;h_ fJ; dh ofynk eoB dh ;kwoE T[s/ Go';/o`yd/ j'<gqG{ f:;{ B/ fejk L fenkws ns/ ihT[D w+ jK, i'w/o/ T[s/ fBjuk eodk j? Gkt/_ T[j wo ikJ/ sK th iht/rkns/ jo e'Jh fijVk ihT[_dk j? no w/o/ T[s/ fBjukeodk j? ;' ;dhgeekb she[{ ed/ Bk wo/(:{jzBk 11L25-26).


fJ; ebkeko d/ ezw dh f;Xsk, fJB;kB d/u/jo/ dh uwe, G{-fdqF dh FkB, fJBQK ftu'_e'Jh th ntk} d/ okjh_ gqrN Bjh_ ehshik ;edh. B}ko/ dh b'V j[zdh j?.


w+ gow/Fo d/ gfotko dk ;d`;w+ gow/Fo d/ gfotko dk ;d`;w+ gow/Fo d/ gfotko dk ;d`;w+ gow/Fo d/ gfotko dk ;d`;w+ gow/Fo d/ gfotko dk ;d`;fet/_ pD ;edk jK<fet/_ pD ;edk jK<fet/_ pD ;edk jK<fet/_ pD ;edk jK<fet/_ pD ;edk jK<

1940 d/ F[o{nksh fdBK ftu w?vheb ;kfJz; B/ n`yK d/ ngo/FBftu t`vh ;cbsk gqkgs ehsh ;h. fJj nfijh ekw:kph ;h fefJe ftnesh fijVk jkb ftu jh wfonk j? T[; dh n`y e`ve/ fe;/ d{i/ nzB/Q ftnesh d/ ;oho ftu gkJh ik ;edh j?.vkeNo ;?_r;No d/ ;k~ nkgDh fJ; gfjbh ekw:kph d/ fty/d`f;nk.

;{oi uVB s'_ pj[s gfjbK, vkeNo ;?_r;No fJzrb+v d/;oJ/ vkB; ftu d' y[p;{os ftneshnK d/ Bkb frnk. T[BQKftu'_ fJe fJ;sqh ;h fijVh iBw s'_ jh nzBhQ ;h, ns/ d{ik n`yKdk ngo/FB eoB tkbk vkeNo ;h. ngo/FB j'D d/ fdB s'_gfjbK woh} dhnK n`yK ~ pj[s finkdk g`NhnK dh ;zGkb ftuo`fynk iKdk j? sK i' T[; d/ n`y ftu fe;/ soK dh o'FBh Bk`b`r/. j"bh j"bh fJj T[sko fd`shnK iKdhnK jB. T[; ~ gfjbKs'_ jh o'FBh dh fJj ikDekoh d/ fd`sh iKdh j? i' fe pj[s jhy[p;{os j?. ns/ j[D fJ; s'_ gfjbK fe ;{oi uV/ j"bh j"bh T[jnkyoh g`Nh T[; fJ;sqh dh n`y s'_ T[sko fd`sh rJh fi; B/gfjbK ed/ o'FBh Bjh_ t/yh ;h.

T[; fdB ;{oi uVB dh Mbe T[; soK Bjh_ gJh ;h fit/_ gfjbK iwhB s/ nk;wkB fwbd/ fd;d/ ;B. goSkJh th S'Nhj' rJh ;h ns/ jo/ g`fsnK B/ nkgDh y[p;{osh ~ sVe/ dh

127


goSkJh ftu b[ek fbnk ;h. gzSh n'; gJ/ g`fsnK s'_ nkgD/BkFs/ dh Gkb eo oj/ ;B. fJj ;kok B}kok ftu fJ;sqh d/bJh pj[s jh nB'yk ;h fi; B/ nkgD/ ihtB ftu gfjbh tkot/yDk ;h. id T[; dhnK n`yK ftu jzM{ tr oj/ ;B sK T[;B/ y[Fh d/ Bkb fejk, @@tkj, s[;h_ w/o/ ;kjwD/ fJj ;G e[MfpnkB eoB dh g{oh e'fFF ehsh gozs{ w+ ed/ ebgBk th Bjh_ehsh ;h fe fJj ;G e[M nfijh y[p;{os j?. c/o T[j y'cd/ Bkb gow/Fo dh wjkB ouBk d/ ;kjwD/ u[g ukg p?mrJh.

fijV/ ftnesh B/ ed/ t/fynk jh Bjh_ T[; ~ s[;h_ bkbozr d/ pko/ fet/_ d`;'r/< iK T[; ftnesh ~ ;{oi d/ n;s j'Dd/ BkNe ~ fet/_ fdykT[r/ fi; B/ ed/ o'FBh t/yh jh Bjh_<tk;st ftu fJj nDj'Dk j?. ;[zdosk ~ fpnkB eoB tkb/ FpdT[; ftnesh d/ ezBK ftu pj[s jh Xhw/ j[zd/ jB fi; B/ ed/t/fynk jh Bjh_ j?. fJe ebkeko d/ jÈ d/ Bkb pDkJh ozrdkos;tho dh y[p;{osh, fJB;kB d/ u/jo/ dh uwe, ns/ G{whfy;D dh FkB, fe;/ th soK dh ntk} d/ okjh_ gqrN Bjh_ ehshik ;edh. fJ; d/ bJh fdqFNh dk j'Dk io{oh j?.

T[;/ soK dh efmBkJh dk ;kwjDk eoBk g+dk j? id fJeftFtk;h fJe nftFtk;h ~ nksfwe ;[zdosk d/ fty/ d`;D dhe'fFF eodk j?. fJe tko fJe w?vheb d/ ftfdnkoEh Bkb r`beod/ j'J/ fijVk bzdB d/ rkJ/ d/ j;gskb ftu nkgDh nzfswgqhfynk d/ bJh gVkJh eo fojk ;h, w+ T[; ~ gow/Fo d/ gq/w dh n;kXkoB xNBk pko/ d`;D dh e'fFF eo fojk ;h. T[;B/ itkp fd`sk, @@w+ fpbe[b ;wM ;edk.## w+ ;wM frnk, gor`bpks ~ E'Vk n`r/ tXkT[D bJh g/qfos ehsk, @@Bjh_, w+ FèBjh_ eodk s{z eo ;edk j+, feT[_fe s{z nfij/ wB[y tork j?

129

fijVk fJe nB/Qo/ ewo/ ftu ozfjdk j?. w+ ikDdk jK fe T[jfe; soK dk j[zdk j?, w+ th nksfwe nB/Qo/ ftu ofj u[fenk jK,go j[D w+ pkjo jK fiÈ/ gow/Fo d/ fgnko dk ;{oi uwe fojkj?. v/ftv, w+ nkfynk, @@i/ s{z gow/Fo d/ fgnko ~ ;wMDk j?,sK s+~ nB/Qo/ ewo/ ftu'_ T[; dh ;{oi dh o'FBh ftu pkjonkT[Dk gt/rk.## T[; fdB v/ftv B/ r'fvnK Gko j' e/ gqG{ f:;{s'_ gqkoEBk ehsh fe T[; d/ gkg wkc eo/ ns/ T[; d/ ihtB ftudkyb j' ikJ/. w+ ed/ Bjh_ G[b ;edk id T[j nkgD/ r'fvnKs'_ T[fmnk i' e[M T[; B/ fejk L @@w+ ed/ Bjh_ ;'funk ;h fJjnfijk ndG[s j' ;edk j? fit/_ fJj j?.##

fit/_ Fohoe fdqFNh gow/Fo dh f;qFNh dh ;[`dosk ~wB`[yh nB[Gt ~ d`;dh j?, T[;/ soK nksfwe fdqFNh gow/Fodh T[g;fEsh, ;kwoE ns/ fgnko dh tk;sftesk ~ wB`[yh gqkDT[`s/ gqrN eodk j?.

gqG{ f:;{, d/ ;[or T[s/ ikD s'_ pknd, T[; B/ g/qfos:{jzBk d/ okjh_ r`bpks eoe/ bkT[_fdehJ/ d/ Ffjo d/ b'eK dhnksfwe ;fEsh d/ pko/ fsqGekT[D tkbh sFyh; fd`sh. T[BKQ ~T[; B/ fejk s{z Bjh_ ikDdk fe s{z HHH nzBKQ j+ (gqekF dh g'Eh3L17). eh s[;h_ fJe nzB/Q ftnesh dh ebgBk eo ;ed/ j' fijVknkgDh nc;';Bke jkbs ~ ikDdk Bjh_ j?< nksfwe nzB/QgB dhsFyh; s'_ pknd, gqG{ f:;{ nr/ nkgD/ fJbki dk B[;yk d;dk j?.nkgDhnK n`yhnK ftu gkT[D ~ ;[owk b? GJh s{z ;[ikyk j' ikt/_ (gqekF dh g'Eh 3L18). ns/ T[j fJbki fezBKQ wjs`tg{oD j?.nksfwe nzB/QgB bJh nksfwe n`y d/ ngq/FB dh b'V, fijVkgft`so nkswk dk ezw j?.

gfjbh tko id s[;h_ g?dk j'J/ ;h fJj Fohoe iBw ;h.go T[; B/ s[jk~ nksfwe fdqFNh ns/ ;wM Bjh_ fdsh. i/ s[;h_

w+ gow/Fo d/ gfotko dk ;d; fet/_ pD ;edk jK<


nksfwe nzXeko ftu'_ gow/Fo dh wfjwk dh frnkB dh i'sh tbnkgDk wkor bGDk j't/ (2e[fozEhnK 4L6), sK s[jk~ d{ih tkohiBw b?D dh b'V j?. f:;{ B/ fBe[d/w[; ~ nkfynk L

@@fijVk ;oho s'_ izfwnk T[j ;oho ns/ fijVk nkswk s'_izfwnk T[j nkswk j?, nuoi Bk wzBh_ i' s+~ nkfynk GJh s[jk~Bt/_ f;o/ izwDk io{o j?HHHH(:{jzBk 3L6-7) f:;{ B/ T[j ~ T[sofd`sk, w+ s+~ ;u ;u nkydk jK fe e'Jh wB[y i/eo Bt/_ f;foUBk izw/ gow/Fo d/ oki ~ t/y Bjh_ ;èdk (:{jzBk 3L3).

fJ; bJh i/ s[;h_ gow/Fo d/ oki ~ t/yDk ukj[zd/ j',s[jk~ th Bt/_ f;foU izwD dh b'V j?.

j'o fe;/ th d{i/ wB[y dh soKQ s[;h_ nkgD/ ihtB ftufJè gow/Fo dh ouBk d/ ykbh EK Bkb g?dk j'J/ ;h fijVk GoikD bJh g[eko eodk j?. fJj nksfwe ykbh EK T[;/ t/b/;zs[FN j' ;edk j? ih T[m/ j'J/ w;hj dh nkT[D tkbh ns/nzsotk;h T[g;fEsh, T[g;fEsh okjh_ jh f;oc ;zs[FN j' ;edkj?. id s[;h_ T[; ~ nkgD/ ihtB ftu nkgDk w[eshdksk eoe/ro?jD eod/ j', T[; dh w"s dk T[d/F ns/ io{os s[jkv/ ihtBftu ;cbsk ~ fbnkt/rh. T[j f;oc s[jkv/ gkg jh wkc eoBbJh Bjh_ wfonk l T[j fJ; bJh wfonk sK i' s[jkvk fdb T[;d/ ofjD bJh fJe nksfwe s"o s/ ;[X ;EkB pD ;e/. ns/fJj io{oh j? fe s[jkv/ gkg th wkc ehs/ ikD fJ; s'_ gfjbKfe T[j s[jkv/ fdb ftu nk e/ ofj ;e/.

fJe itkB ncoheB ftFtk;h Bkb r`b eod/ j'J/, w+T[; d/ shpo p'M ~ fi; Bkb T[j nkgD/ d/F d/ itkB b'eK~ w;hj pko/ y[Fh dh ypo ~ tzvDk ukj[zdk ;h ikD fbnk.nrb/ jcs/ w+ eohp d" ;" gk;NoK ~ pkJhpb f;ykT[Dh ;h fJ;bJh w+ T[; ~ ;kv/ Bkb Fkwb j'D d/ bJh p[bk fbnk. T[;

131

t/b/ p/Fe n;h_ ;+eV/ whb T[; EK s'_ d{o ;h fiÈ/ gk;NoK B/iwK j'Dk ;h, w+ ;[MkT[ fd`sk fe T[j N[Nh c[Nh bzph ;VeK s/p; okjh_ ;co eoe/ ;kv/ Bkb nk e/ fwb/. T[j tuB d/ pko/j'o finkdk f;`y ;eD s/ pj[s finkdk y[F ;h. ftfbnw B/T[BKQ tkX{ GohnK j'JhnK ncoheB p; s/ ;co f;oc ;tkoheoB bJh Bjh_ ;h ehsk. go T[; dk fJj p; dk ;co sKf;oc ekBco+; s/ gj[zuD bJh ;h. T[; d/ ;co dk tk;sfteT[d/F sK T[; d/ ;co d/ nzzs s/ i' e[M T[; dk fJzs}ko eofojk ;h.

T[;/ soKQ, gqG{ f:;{ ikDdk ;h fe s[jkv/ ihtB ftu dkybj' ;eD dk f;oc fJè' sohek sK i' T[j s[jkv/ Bkb ns/ s[;h_T[; Bkb ;zrsh eo ;e' fJj j't/rk fe T[j s[jkv/ fdb ~ gkgs'_ wkc eoB dk ok;sk pDkJ/. p/Fe fJj io{oh ;h fe s[jkv/gkgK dh w[nkch j't/, go s[jkv/ bJh T[; dh p[fB:kdh fJ`Sks[jkvk w;hj ftu BtK ihtB ns/ gow/Fo Bkb ;zrsh eoB dhs[jkvh :'rsk ;h. eh s[;h_ fe;/ xN uh} Bkb ;zs[FN j' ;ed/j'< nkyoeko, w;hj Bkb s[jkvk ftneshrs ;zpzX jh T[j w[yT[d/F j? fi; d/ bJh s[;h_ où/ rJ/ ;h.

fJj ikDBk fe w;hj s[jkv/ fdb ftu ofjzdk j? fJj ikDBbJh j? fe nBzs ihtB j[D F[o{ j' u[ek j?. w;hj dh nzsotk;hT[g;fEsh T[; d/ ihtB ~ s[jkv/ ihtB ftu fbnkT[_dh j?.

ns/ T[j ;kyh fJj j? GJh gow/Fo B/ ;k~ ;dhge ihtBfd`sk ns/ fJj ihtB T[j d/ g[so ftu j?, fij d/ e'b g[soj? T[j d/ e'b ihtB j? fij d/ e'b gow/Fo dk g[so Bjh_ j?T[j d/ e'b ihtB th Bjh_ (1:{jzBk 5L11-12).

fJ; bJh fJ; ftu e'Jh j?okBh dh r`b Bjh_ j? fe w/o/ fw`so v/ftv d/ gqG{ f:;{ s'_ gqkoEBk eoB d/ fe T[; d/ gkgK



~ wkc eo/ ns/ T[; d/ ihtB ftu dkyb j'D s'_ pknd, T[;B/ pj[s j?okB j' e/ fejk, @@w+ ed/ ;'funk Bjh_ ;h fe fJjnfijk ndG[s j' ;edk j?.##

go fet/ _<id b'eK B/ gso; ~ ihtB pko/ w"s ns/ f:;{ d/ ih

T[mD pko/ gquko eod/ ;[fDnk, gow/Fo B/ T[BQK ~ w[eshdksk ~ikDB dh fJè fJ`Sk fd`sh. gft`so nkswk B/ T[BKQ bJh T[jehsk i' T[j s[jkv/ bJh eo fojk j?. T[BKQ B/ gso; ~ T[BKQ~ fJj d`;d/ ;[fDnk fe f:;{ gqG{ ns/ gow/Fo dk w;hjk ;h.ns/ fJ; Bth_ ;wM d/ fe f:;{ e"D j? T[BKQ ftu d'F ;kfpsj'D fg`S'_ fd`sh rJh ;}k dh }pod;s nB[G{sh ns/ w[esh bJhT[BQK dh b'V ~ T[sgB eo fd`sk. fit/_ T[BQK B/ ;bhp T[s/uVkJ/ y[d w[eshdksk ~ n;theko eoD iK T[; d/ gqfsT[dk;hBsk ftykT[Dk T[s/ ftuko ehsk - foekov ;k~ d`;d/ jBfe T[BKQ d/ fdb fSd rJ/, ns/ T[BKQ B/ rzGhosk g{ote g[fSnkn;h_ eh eohJ/< (o;{bK d/ eos`p 2L37)

T[BQK ~ gso; dk gfjbK itkp s"pk eoB bJh T[gd/F ;h.s'pk fpBKQ ftFtk; tk;sfte ftFtk; Bjh_ j?. fJj f;ocftFtk; pDkT[Dk iK @GqKsh# j?. pukT[D tkb/ ftFtk; ftu Go';/dk otJhnk ns/ otJhJ/ ftu pdbkt d't/_ j[zd/ jB.

id ;XkoD Go';/ ftu s[;h_ f:;{ dk XzBtkd s[;h_ T[;bJh eod/ j' i' e[M T[; B/ s[jkv/ bJh ehsk id T[j ;bhps/ wfonk, sK gow/Fo d/ gqfs ns/ gkg d/ gqfs s[jkv/ otJhJ/ftu BkNeh s"o s/ pdbkt j'fJnk. fJj f;oc T[;/ t//b/ j? idfe gft`so nkswk B/ nkgDk nksfwe n`y dk nkgq/FB ehsk ns/s[jkvk wB uh}K ~ coe fdqFNh Bkb t/yDk F[o{ j' frnk.tk;st ftu s'pk Fpd dk noE j? @wB ftu pdbkt nkT[Dk.#

133

fJ; bJh Bt/_ iBw d/ n;bh nB[Gt ftu gow/Fo ns/ gkg d/gqfs wB dk fJe p[fB:kdh pdbkt Fkwb j?.gow/Fo d/ gqfs L s'pk (fJe wB dk pdbkt) ftu gow/Fo pko/jo/e M{mh XkoBk ~ o`d eoBk j?. w+ ncohek ftu b'eK ~ t/fynk j? fiBKQ B/ nkgD/ g[okD/ sohfenK dh fyù ns/Bk;fse ohshfotkiK Bkb }pod;s ;zxoF eoe/, f:;{ tb w[VD s'_ pknd y[b/Q nkw nkgDhnK g{ik dhnK uh}K ~ ibk fdsk j?. w/o/ fwso thjB fiBKQ ~ XwehnK ns/ yso/ dk ;kjwDk eod/ j'J/ pj[s finkdk;kwkfie dpkT[ dk fto'X eoBk fgnk j?, id T[BKQ B/ Xkofwe ns/;kwkfie gqDkbhnK s'_ wz{j w'fVnk ;h fijV/ pkJhpb d/ gow/Fo d/nB[;ko ;jh Bjh_ ;B. pukT[D tkb/ ftFtk; ~ fdqV fBju/ Bkb gehsoK iVQ geVDk ukjhdk j? fe f:;{ :j'tkj j? - f;oc fJe' pukT[Dtkbk gow/Fo.gkg d/ gqfs - id ftFtk; okjh_, s[;h_ w[esh d/ nB[Gt ftudkyb j' iKd/ j', s[;h_ nkgD/ gkgh j'D ~ d[`y ns/ Fow Bkbt/yd/ j'. gkg d/ gqsh s[jkv/ wB d/ pdbkT[ (s'pk) dk noEj't/rk fe s[;h_ gkg d/ gqsh j'o finkdk bkgotkj j'D dhe'fFF Bjh_ eo'r/, s[;h_ j'o finkdk nkgD/ gkg ~ wkc eoB dhe'fFF Bjh_ eo'r/, ns/ s[;h_ j'o finkdk fJj nk; Bjh_ eo'r/ fes[jkvh Xkofwesk s[jk~ puk bt/rh. wB[y d/ Xkofwe ezw fJegftso gow/Fo d/ ;kjwD/ gbhs egV/ tor/ jB (:;k:kj64L6). go id s[;h_ f:;{ t`b w[Vd/ j', sK s[jkv/ ihtB ftufJBQK uh}K s'_ d{o ofjD dh fJ`Sk j't/rh fijVhnK T[; ~ Bky[FeodhnK jB.

fJ; ;G s'_ S'N/ ;?fBe nc;o dh ebgBk eo' fi; ~T[; dh p?oe s'_ S[Nh fwbh j?. fJe fdB T[; ~ d" fu`mhnKfwbhnK. fJe fu`mh fJe fw`so t`b' ;h, d{ih ezwkfvzr nc;o



t`b'_ ;h. gfjbh fu`mh ftu T[; d/ fw`so dh Fkdh dk p[bktk goT[; dh d{ih fu`mh ftu T[; dh fvT[Nh s/ jk}o j'D bJh T[;d/ tfoFm nfXekoh dk j[ew j?. fBFfus s"o s/ p[bkt/ ns/nkfrnk ftu coe j?. fJe p[bkt/ ~ Bwosk g{ote wzBk ehskik ;edk j?, go fJe nkfrnk dk itkp jh f;oc fd`sk ik;edk j? iK sK nkfrnk wzDB okjh_ iK c/o pbtk eoB okjh_.

feT[_fe gow/Fo s[jk~ fgnko eodk j? ns/ ikDdk j? fegkg s[jkv/ ihtB ~ BkF eo/rk, T[j s[jk~ s'pk eoD bJhp[bktk Bjh_ fdzdk j?, T[j s[jk~ s'pk eoB dh nkfrnk fdzdk j?.id g"b[; B/ ;[;wkuko d/ gq;ssheoD ~ rohe dh :{Bhtof;NhokiXkBh s/ fcbk;coK ns/ T[E/ yV/ j'D tkfbnK d/ ;kjwD/;wkgs ehsk, sK T[; B/ fejk, @@go j[D (gow/Fo) wB[yK ~j[ew fdzdk j? i' T[j ;G jo/e EK s'pk eoB## (o;{bK d/ eos`p16L30). ns/ @@;G## ftu s[;h_ th Fkwb j'.

uwseko fJj j? fe id s[;h_ gow/Fo pko/ nkgDhnKrbs XkoBktK s'_ ns/ T[;/ soKQ nkgD/ ftneshrs gkg s'_ w[Vd/j', ns/ fJ; soK eoB Bkb ftFtk; okjh_ f:;{ t`vh w[Vd/ j'sK i' T[; ~ nkgDk pukT[D tkbk gow/Fo x'fFs eo', sKgft`so nkswk s[jkv/ fdb ftu wB;k s/ nwb bJh ezw eodkj? (fc`fbghnK 2L13). fijVk gow/Fo dh B}oK ftu ;jh j?.fJ; bJh, gow/Fo T[BKQ Bkb gqfsfrnk eodk j? fijV/ d't/_ eoBdh fJ`Sk ns/ gow/Fo dh fJ`Sk d/ okjh_ ezw eoB dh ;kwoEd/ Bkb tk;sfte ftu s'pk eod/ jB. e/tb sd jh s[jkvkihtB gfotofss j't/rk ns/ gow/Fo okjh_ mfjokJ/ rJ/ wkg s/gj[zu/rk.

fJe fw`so tKC[, w+ s[jk~ g/qoDk fdzdk jK fe fpBKQ d/o ehs/ gqG{ f:;{ ~ ro?jB eo'. fJe FKs ;EkB b`G' fiÈ/ s[;h_

135

gow/Fo d/ n`r/ f;o M{ek e/ gqkoEBk eo ;e'. p/Fe, i/ s[;h_s's/ tKC[ FpdK ~ d'jokJh ikT[r/, sK T[j s[jk~ e'Jh bkG Bjh_d/Dr/. wjs`tg{oD r`b fJj j? fe s[;h_ f:;{ s/ ftFtk; eoe/T[; ~ itkp fdT[, fi; B/ nkfynk j?, okj, ns/ ;funkJh ns/ihT[D w+ jK, e'Jh w/o/ t;hb/ fpBKQ, fgsk d/ e'b Bjh_ nkT[_dk(:{jzBk 14L6).

j[D s[;h_ nkgDhnK n`yK pzd eoBk ukj'r/, ns/ nkgD/fdb s'_ y[d p y[d itkp d/D tkbh gqkoEBk eo', iK j/m ;[MkT[fd`sh j'Jh gqkoEBk s[jkv/ bJh ;jkfJe j't/rh.

w/ok gqkoEBk Bkb Gfonk itkpj/ fgsk, w+ s+~ ikDdk Bjh_ fojk ns/ Bk jh w+ s+~

fgnko ehsk j?. go w+ s/ok XzBtkd eodk jK fe s{z w+~ikDdk th j+ ns/ fgnko th eodk j+.

w+ fJe gkgh jK, ns/ nkgDh w[esh gqkgs eoB bJh w+nkgD/ nkg s'_ e[M Bjh_ eo ;edk. ftFtk; okjh_ w+ nkgD/ihtB ~ T[; ehwsh bj{ dh ;[ofynk j/m o`y fdzdk jK.

gqG{ f:;{, feogk eoe/ w/o/ fdb ftu nk, ns/ w/o/ ihtBdk fB:zsqB b?.

gqG{ f:;{, w+ s/ok XzBtkd eodk jK, fe s[jkv/ gft`sonkswk okjh_ w+ d[pkok iBw gk fbnk j?. w/o/ bJh fJj ikDBkndG[s j? fe s/o/ ih T[mD dh ;kwoE d/ okjh_ w+ gow/Fo dh;zskB jK ns/ jw/Fk bJh s/o/ Bkb ojKrK.

fijVk T[; T[`s/ goshs eodk j? ed/ Fofwzdk Bkj't/rk (1gso; 2L6).j[D fe;/ ~ d`;' fijVk s[;h_ j[D/ ehsk j?. :kd o`y',

w;hj s[jkv/ ftu ofjzdk j?, ns/ fizBhQ ;kwoE s[jk~ T[; d/ bJhp'bD ns/ ihT[D d/ bJh ukjhdh j? T[j ;koh s[jk~ d/t/rk.



feT[_fe i/ s{z nkgD/ w{zj Bkb gqG{ f:;{ dk fJeoko eo/_ ns/ nkgD/ fjod/ Bkb wzB bt/_ i' gow/Fo B/ T[j~ w[ofdnK ftu'_ fitkfbnk sK s{z pukfJnk ikt/_rk,Xow bJh sK fjod/ Bkb fBjuk eohdh ns/ w[eshbJh w{zj Bkb fJeoko eohdk j? (o'whnK 10L9-10).

;b'tkfenk s'_ fJe g`so;b'tkfenk s'_ fJe g`so;b'tkfenk s'_ fJe g`so;b'tkfenk s'_ fJe g`so;b'tkfenk s'_ fJe g`so@@fgnko/ fwso' w+ jkbk ftu jh nkgDh fizdrh ftu ;G' s'_ finkdk

foMkT[D tkbh feskp gV e/ ysw ehsh j? fi; dk BK @@gow/Fo d/ gqshs[jkv/ ;tkb jB## j?. w+ ikDdk jK fe fJ; ~ gVB d/ pknd w+ gfjbKtork ed/ Bjh_ ojKrk. gqG{ f:;{ B/ w+~ ;theko eo fbnk j? ns/w+ nkgDk ihtB T[; ~ d/ fdsk j?. w+ fJSk eodk jK fe fJj nBzdw/o/ ;ko/ fwsoK d/ e'b j't/, fJ; bJh w+ p/Bsh eodk jK fe fJ;feskp dhnK d' ekghnK w+~ xb fdT[ sK i' w+ d{finK ~ d/ ;eK.

@@w+ XzBtkd eodk jK fJ; ;[;wkuko d/ bJh ns/ w[esh d/ bJhfijVh w/o/ ihtB ftu w;hj d/ okjh_ nkJh j?HHH;k~ gsk jh Bjh_ ;hfe e'Jh nfijh T[sw feskp th fJ; ;z;ko ftu j?.##

fJj fog'oN ns/ nB[tkd i/HJ/ okjh_ fdsk frnk j?.

137

ftuko eoB bJh mfjo'1H fJe g{oD T[gjko b?D d/ bJh s[;h_ fet/_ nkgDkXzBtkd gqrN eo ;ed/ j'<eh fJ; soKQ nkyD Bkb L @@feogk eoe/ fJj w+~d/ d/t'_##<eh fJ; soKQ nkyD Bkb L @@s[jkvk XzBtkd##<

2H eh fJj s[jkvk nB[Gt eoBk j? iK ftFtk; eoBkfijVk s[jk~ fJj g[FNh eokT[_dk j? fe s[;h_ gow/Fodh ;zskB j'<feT[_fe i' s[;h_ feogk s'_ fBjuk okjh_ pukJ/ rJ/ ns/fJj s[jkvh tb'_ Bjh_ fJj gow/Fo dh pyFhF j?nc;hnK 2L8

3H eh gqG{ f:;{ ftu s[jkv/ ftFtk; ftu fJj Fkwb j? LfJe s'pk dk Gkr<fJe XzBtkd dk Gkr<T[; d/ T[s/ g{oh soKQ fBoGo j'D dk tshok<

4H eh s[;h_ j[D s[jk~ pukT[D bJh gow/Fo dk XzBtkdeo'r/ ns/ gqG{ f:;{ dh skohc eo'r/, Bk f;oc fJ;bJh fe i' e[M T[; B/ s[jkv/ bJh ehsk, go fJ;

bJh th fe T[j e"D j?<


nfijk e[M th Bjh_ j? - Bk e'Jh jkbks, Bk go/FkBh,Bk gqhfynk - fijVh T[; t/b/ se w+~ S{j Bjh_

;edh, id se fe T[j gfjbK, gow/Fo ~ ns/ w;hj~ gko eoe/ w/o/ se Bk gjz[u/. i/ eo T[j nfijknr/ tX nkt/, sK T[; d/ nkT[D dk yk; ekoD j't/rk, fijVk w+ T[; t/b/ ;wM Bk ;eK. gozs{ i/ w+ go/FkB j'D s'_ fJBeko eoe/, T[; tb nkgDh nyKu[edk jK ns/ T[; ~ fJ; soKQ nkgD/ wB ftu

;theko eodk jK fe fJj gow/Fo d/ f;zxk;D tb'_j?, e'Jh d[y, e'Jh gqhfynk w+~ go/FkB Bjh_ eo;edh, e'Jh jkbks w+~ go/FkB Bjh_ eo ;ed/ -feT[_fe w+ gqG{ ftu nBzd eoKrk. T[jh ftFtk; dh

fis j?.n?bB o?vgkE

138

nfXnkfJ nfXnkfJ nfXnkfJ nfXnkfJ nfXnkfJ 1010101010

j[D eh eoBk j?<j[D eh eoBk j?<j[D eh eoBk j?<j[D eh eoBk j?<j[D eh eoBk j?<

w[esh fpbe[b w[cs j?. fJj fe;/ soK dh fwjBs okjh_ ewkJhBjh_ ik ;edh. gqG{ f:;{ B/ fJj d/ bJh ;G e[M eo fd`sk j?.

id s[;h_ fJwkBdkoh d/ Bkb gqkoEBk ehsh sK w;hj d/ T[s/fBjuk eoB d/ bJh s[;h gow/Fo dh ;zskB pD iKd/ j".

go fizfBnK B/ T[; ~ ep{b ehsk T[; B/ T[BKQ ~ gow/Fod/ g[`so j'D dk jè fd`sk noEks fiBKQ B/ T[; d/ BKT[`s/ fBjuk ehsh## (:{jzBk 1l120).T[whd eod/ jB fe s[jkvk ;tkb j[D fJj j't/rk fe, @@j[D

eh eoBk j?<##id f:;{ w"s d/ T[s/ wjkB fis jk;b eoe/ ;[or ik fojk

;h sK T[; s'_ e[M fuo gfjbK T[; B/ nkgD/ u/fbnK ~ nkfynk, w/o/ ftu oj' ns/ w+ s[jkv/ ftu (:{jzBk 15L4). T[BKQ FpdK ftu gqG{f:;{ B/ w;hjh ihtB d/ ;ko ~ gqrN ehsk j?. gow/Fo d/ B}ohJ/d/ Bkb, fJe ftFtk;h T[; d/ g[so ftu pfDnk ofjzdk j? - sK i'id se T[j ;[or Bjh_ gj[zuk T[j ;[ofyns oj/. e[M th j't/,fJB;kBh ;'u d/ Bkb, feT[_fe ihfts gqG{ th ;ù/ ftFtk; ftuofjzdk j?, T[BKQ dk gfotko, fwso ns/ Bkb ezw eoB tkb/ b'eK d/;kjwD/ T[j T[sw ihtB gqrN j't/rk fijVk e/tb w;hj d/ nzdoofjD d/ ekoB j?.

ebgBk eo', i/ s[;h_, nr ftu co'bD tkbh ;hy j[zd/. ids[;h_ fJ; ~ t/y' sK s[;h_ nky ;ed/ j', @@;hy nr ftu j?## gozs{ i/eo s[;h_ fJ; ~ j'o B}dheh d/ Bkb t/y' sK fe ;hy th bkb j?,

139


sK fJj s[jkv/ bJh efjDk fpbe[b ;jh j't/rk fe, @@;hy ftu nrj?.## iK, T[; soK, ebgBk eo' fe fJe fgnkbk gkDh dh pkbNhftu ;[N fdsk j?. fgnkbk gkDh ftu j?, gozs{ gkDh fgnkb/ ftu thj?.

id s[;h_ BtK iBw gqkgs ehsk, sK gftso nkswk B/ w;hjdh d/j ftu s[jkvk pgfs;wk (v'pDk) ehsk.

j[D pkJhpb s[jk~ d;dh j?, @@s[jkvk ihtB w;hj d/ Bkbgow/Fo ftu r[gs j'fJnk j?## (e[b[;hnK 3L3). jK, feT[_fe s[;h_ Bt_/f;foU iBw fbnk j?, j[D s[;h_ w;hj ftu j'. T[sw rb j?. fJ;d/ Bkb jh id s[;h_ BtK iBw gqkgs ehsk, sK gftso nkswk d/;kwoE d/ Bkb ih T[fmnk w;hj s[jkv/ bJh ftneshrs ns/tk;sfte pD frnk. j[D s[;h_ nBzd eo ;ed/ j' fe w;hj s[jkv/nzdo j?, i' wfjwk dh nk; j? HHH (e[b[;hnK 1L27). jK, feT[_fe s[;h_Bt/_ ;hfoU g?dk j'J/ j' fJ; bJh ih T[fmnk w;hj s[jkv/ nzdoofjzdk j?. pj[s y{p.

nkU n;h_ t/yhJ/ fe tk;st ftu pkJhpb fJ; d'joh;funkJh d/ fty/ eh d;dh j?. w;hj ftu jK ns/ w;hj s/o/ ftu.w+ w;hj ftu jK

fJe' nkswk Bkb pgfs;wk fdsk frnk ns/ n;h_ ;GBK~ fJe nkswk fgnkfJnk frnkHHHH (1e[fozEhnK 12L13)nEtk s[;h_ fJ; rb s'_ nDikD j' GJh ;kv/ ftu'_ fiBKQB/ w;hj f:;{ dk pgfs;wk fbnk T[j dh w"s dkpgfs;wk fbnk, ;' n;h_ w"s dk pgfs;wk b?D eoe/ T[jd/ Bkb dp/ rJ/ sK i' fit/_ fgsk dh tfvnkJh d/ t;hb/Bkb w;hj w[ofdnK ftu'_ fitkfbnk frnk fst/_ n;h_ thBt/_ ihtB d/ okj ubhJ/ (o'whnK 6L3-4).feT[_ i' s[;h_ w'J/ ns/ s[jkvk ihtB w;hj d/ Bkb gow/Fo ftu r[gs j'fJnk j? (e[b[;hnK 3L3).

141

pj[s ;kb gfjbK fJe S'N/ pu/ d/ fty/ w+ ikDdk jK fe T[;~ e?_;o j' frnk. T[; t/b/ T[j e/tb ;s ;kb dk ;h, ns/ nkgDhohv dh jvh ftu Nhek brtkT[D d/ bJh jo fszB wjhB/ pkndvkeNo e'b iKdk ;h. fJe tko vkeNo B/ T[; pu/ ~ g[fSnk,vkohb id s/o/ ;{Jh brdh j? sK s{z pkeh pfunK d/ tKr uhydkfeT[_ Bjh_ j?. vkeNo B/ g[fSnk, @@eh s+~ dod Bjh_ j[zdh<## vkohbB/ itkp fdsk, @@jK, vkeNo dod sK j[zdh j?, gozs{ vkeNo s[;h_ fJ;~ ;wMd/ Bjh j', fJ; s'_ gfjbK fe f:;{ w;hj w+~ S{zjdk, feb T[;d/ jEK ftu'_ ikDh j?.## fJj ikDBk pj[s jh ndG[s j? fe feT[_fes[;h_ w;hj ftu j', fJ; bJh i' e[M th s[jkv/ ihtB ftu j[zdk j?T[; dk ;kjwDk eoB d/ bJh gqG{ :'r j?. fJj' ftFtk; j?.

fi; soK s[;h_ gqG{ f:;{ ~ fBjuk d/ Bkb ;theko eod/ j',fJj ftFtk; dk T[jh f;XKs j? fi; d/ okjh_ s[;h_ ikD b+d/ j' fegqG{ f:;{ s[jkvh jo b'V ~ g{ok eoB d/ bJh :'r j?. d{i/ FpdKftu, ftFtk; dk s[jkvk gfjbk edw s[jkv/ bJh brksko ftFtk;eoB d/ bJh p{jk y'bdk j?. ;' fit/_ s[;h_ w;hj f:;{ gqG{ ~ ep{behsk fst/_ s[;h_ T[j d/ ftu ubd/ ikU## (e[b[;hnK 2L6).

Gkt/_ s[jkvk BtK iBw j' frnk j?, gow/Fo fJj fpbe[b Bjh_ukj[zdk fe s[;h_ f:;{ d/ ihtB dk nB[ekoe pD'.tvh frDsh ftu w;hjh b'eK B/ nfijk eoB dh e'fFF ehsh ns/n;cb j' e/ fBokF j' rJ/ jB. gozs{ gow/Fo ;k~ d;dk j? fe ;kv/ihtBh ihtB d/ bJh T[; d/ e'b wjkB :'iBk j?. n;h_ w;hj ftugfjbK jh wo rJ/ jK. ns/ w;hj ftu wo/ j'D d/ ekoB ns/ FokdhnK ;kohnK rbK d/ bJh wo rJ/ jK. fJ; bJh, fit/_ G{sekb ftu;h T[;/ soK j[D th j? ns/ Gfty ftu oj/rk, :kfB Fok d/ fe;/ thfB:w d/ bJh wo/ j'J/ jK. jK, n;h_ nkgD/ nkg s'_ nksfwe ihtBd/ jo bSD d/ bJh wo/ j'J/ jK. gozs{ gow/Fo dh tfvnkJh j't/fe n;h_ ih T[m/ w;hj ftu jo T[; ;[ofynk ftu ihfts jK.

j[D eh eoBk j?<


;wf;nk T[; t/b/ yVh j[zdh j? id n;h_ gqhfynktK ~ nkgD/nkg nkgD/ sohe/ d/ Bkb jb eoB dh e'fFF eod/ jK. fJe BtKftFtk;h fJj wfj;{; eodk j? fe fi; soK T[j nkgDk g[okDk ihtBpshs eodk ;h, j[D BtK iBw gkT[D d/ pknd T[j nkgD/ nkg s'_w;hjh ihtB ihT[D ftu n;woE j?, fJ; ftuko d/ bJh ;k~ fJeu/sktBh fdsh ik ojh j?, gqG{ f:;{ w;hj B/ ;gFN o{g d/ Bkb fJjfejk j? fe, HHHw+E'_ nv j' e/ s[;h_ e[M th Bjh_ eo ;ed/ (:{jzBk15L5).

tk;st ftu nkgD/ nkg s'_ w{oysk Goh e'fFF eoB d/ fty/g"b[; o;{b rbkshnK ftu pj[s jh ;ys FpdK dk gq:'r eodk j?.g"b[; nkydk j? fe ftFtk; d/ nXko s/ ihT[D d/ f;XKs s'_ w[V e/id s[;h_ gow/Fo s'_ d{o ik oj/ j' sK T[BKQ ~ ;[Xko' ns/ e/tbftFtk; d/ nXko s/ ihU, g'b[; fJe nkvzpog{oD ;tkb g[Sdk j?fijVk T[BKQ d/ nkgD/ nkg s'_ fJe itkp j? fijV/ nkgDh e'fFF d/Bkb ihT[Dk ukj[zd/ jB

w+ s[jkE'_ fBok fJzBK wb{w eoBk ukj[zdk jK GJh s[jk~Fok d/ ezwK s'_ nkswk gqkgs j'fJnk nEtk fBjuk d/ ;[B/j/ s'< eh s[;h_ fJj' fij/ w{oy j'< Gbk, nkswk d[nkoknozG eo e/ s[;h_ j[D ;oho d[nkok ;wkgs eod/ j'<(rbkshnK 3L2-3).fJ; ftu e'Jh Fe Bjh_ j? fe fi; soK s[;h_ ftFtk; ftu

nkgDk ihtB ihT[Dk F[o{ ehsk ;h T[j th w;hj ftu BtK ihtB F[o{eo oj/ jB. ns/ T[j e/tb T[; fBoGo eoB tkb/ ftFtk; d/ okjh_j? fi; dh T[j nk; eo ;ed/ jB L w;hj d/ okjh_ ihtB ftu okieoBr/ (o'whnK 5L17)

rbkshnK ftu fBoGo eoB tkb/ ftFtk; dh Fesh ~ nkgD/nkg s'_ e'fFF eoB dh pKM ek~Bh ftukoK B/ ysw eo fdsk ;h.gozs{, gow/Fo dk XzBtkd j't/, i/ s[;h_ gqG{ d/ T[s/ fi; ~ s[;h_ jkb

143

ftu bfGnk j? T[; d/ T[s/ fBjuk eoe/ brksko eod/ j', sK feT[j d[y tkbk nB[Gt fijVk rbkshnK d/ b'eK B/ nB[Gt ehsk s[;h_ed/ Bk eo'.

w;hj w/o/ ftu ihT[_dk j?w+ w;hj d/ Bkb ;bhp fdsk frnk jK, go j[D s'_ w+Bjh_ ihT[_dk ;r'_ w;hj w/o/ ftu ihT[_dk j? HHH(rbkshnK2L20).go i/ w;hj s[jkv/ ftu j? sK d/jh gkg d/ ekoB worJh go nkswk Xow d/ ekoB ihts j?, ns/ i' T[j dknkswk fij B/ f:;{ ~ w[ofdnK ftu'_ fitkfbnk s[jkv/ ftut;dk j? sK fij B/ w;hj f:;{ ~ w[ofdnK ftu'_fitkfbnk T[j nkgD/ nkswk d/ t;hb/ Bkb fijVks[jkv/ ftu t;dk j? s[jkvhnK woBjko d/jhnK ~ thfitkJ/rk (o'whnK 8L10-11).fiBKQ ~ gow/Fo B/ wfo:w eoBk ukfjnk GJh gokJhnKe"wK ftu fJ; G/s d/ XB dk goskg eh j?, ;' fJj w;hjs[jkv/ ftu goskg dh nk; j? (e[b[;hnK 1L27).w;hj s[jkfvnK wBK ftu fBjuk d/ d[nkok t;/ (nc;hnK3L17).s[;h_ fJj nkyd/ j'J/ w;hj ftu ihT[_d/ j'D dk nkgDk gqwkD

d/ ;ed/ j' L @@gqG{ f:;{ s/ok XzBtkd j't/, fe i' w+ Bjh_ gozs{ s{z ;Ge[M j?. w+ s+~ nB[wsh fdzdk jK fe i' e[M s{z j? ns/ d't_/w/o/ nzdons/ w/o/ okjh_ s{z gqrN j'.## s[jkv/ w;hjh ihtB ftu j?okB eoBtkbh rb fJj j? fe gow/Fo B/ s[jkvh ;cbsk dh fizw/tkoh fe;/j'o ~ d/ fdsh j? - :kfB fe gqG{ f:;{ w;hj ~. fijVhnK go/FkBhnKns/ gqhfynktK dk ;kjwDk s[;h_ nkgD/ ihtB ftu eoB ik oj/ j'T[BKQ dk ;kjwDk gqG{ nkg eo/rk. fJj ;zGt j? fe fpBKQ w;hj d/s[;h_ Xow frnkBh pD ;ed/ j', fJj ;zGt j? fe fpBKQ w;hj d/ s[;h_

j[D eh eoBk j?<


gqukoe pD ;ed/ j' gozs{ fJj n;zGt j? fe i/ w;hj s[jkv/ fdbftu tk; Bjh_ eodk sK s[;h_ fJe w;hjh pD ;e'.

f:;{ jh e/tb fJe nfijk ftnesh j? fijVk tk;st ftuw;hjh ihtB dh nrtkJh eodk j?. j[D, T[; B/ nkgD/ nkswk d/okjh_ s[jkv/ fdb ftu nkgDk tk; eo fbnk j?. j[D T[j s[jkv/ okjh_ns/ s[jkv/ nzdo T[j ;ko/ ezw eo ;edk j? fijV/ s[;h_ nkgD/ bJhBjh_ eo ;ed/ ;h. T[j fijVk gftso j? T[j nB?fse ;z;ko ftus[jkvh gftsoskJh j?, T[j fijVk ftiJ? j? T[j gqhfynk Go/ fJ;;z;ko ftu s[jkvh fis j?. T[j fijVk fgnko j? fJ; ;[nkoEh ;z;koftu s[jkv/ bJh fgnko j?. tk;st ftu, T[j fijVk g[BoT[EkB ns/ihtB j? j[D s[jkvk w;hjh ihtB j?.

id s[;h_ tvh jbhwh d/ Bkb nkgD/ nkg ~ gqG{ f:;{ d/ bJhd/ fdzd/ j', fijVk r[nku/ j'J/ ~ GkbD ns/ pukT[D d/ bJh nkfJnkj? (b{ek 19L10). j[D s[;h_ Go';k eo ;ed/ j' fe s[jkv/ okjh_ T[jr[nku/ j'fJnK ~ puk ;edk j?. ihtB pj[s jh fdbu;g j' iKdkj? id fJe ftFtk;h ikD b+dk j? fe pj[s ;ko/ b'eK d/ bJh ihtBdk fJe t;hbk j' frnk j?.

u/s/ oy' - jkbKfe f:;{ ;[or ftu frnk j?, T[; B/ nkgD/nkg ~ s[jkv/ ftu'_ pkjo Bjh_ ehsk j?. id T[; B/ Xosh T[s/ nkgD/u/fbnK ~ Sfvnk ;h sK T[; B/ fejk L

go E'V/ fuo fgS' irs w+~ c/o Bk t/y/rk go s[;h_ w+~t/y'r/. fJ; eoe/ i' w+ ihT[_dk jK s[;h_ Gh ihT[r/, T[;fdB s[;h_ ikD'r/ GJh w+ nkgD/ fgsk ftu no s[;h_ w/o/ftu ns/ w+ s[jkv/ ftu jK (:{jzBk 14L19-20).j[D s[;h_ g[S ;ed/ j' fe, @@T[j ;ko/ ;o's fijV/ gow/Fo B/

w;hj ftu w+~ fd`s/ j? w/o/ ihtB ftu tk;sfte fet_/pD ;ed/jB<## fJj pj[s jh uzrk ;tkb j?. fJ; s'_ fdwkrh ftFtk; ns/siop/ tkb/ ftFtk; dh gfjukD j[zdh j?. fJ; ;tkb ftu ftFtk;

145

d/ gqsh T[j fJSk th j? fijVh ezw eodh j?. fJ; dk ;XkoD itkpw;hj dk Fkjh ihtB j? fijVk fJe ftFtk;h d/ XzBtkd d/D d/ okjh_gqrN j[zdk j?. ;ùk ftFtk; jw/Fk fJj nkydk j?, @@s[jkvkXzBtkd.##

fw;kb d/ s"o s/, w;hj d/ ftu s[;h_ nkgD/ ftFtk; ~ fJ;soK gqrN eo ;ed/ j' fe gqG{ f:;{ w;hj s/ok XzBtkd fe s{z w/o/gkg wkc ehs/ jB. fJ; d/ Bkb jh s[;h_ T[; dk XzBtkd T[; ;ukJhd/ bJh eo ;ed/ j', fe s[jkv/ b'V d/ ;w/_ T[j s[jkv/ bJh T[jh pD/rk fi; dh s[jk~ b'V j?. ns/ fBjuk pkM'_ T[j d/ wB ~ GkT[DknDj'Dk j? (fJpokBhnK 11L6). id s[;h_ T[; ~ y[F eoB dh fJSkeod/ j', sK nkgDk ihtB ftFtk; d/ Bkb fJ; soK pshs eo' fe;GBK t;sK d/ bJh brksko gqG{ f:;{ dk XzBtkd eo'.

id gso; T[BQK w;hjhnK ~ fby fojk ;h fiBKQ B/ gqG{ f:;{w;hj d/ bJh ftFtk;:'rsk d/ Bkb d[y, ;skT[ ;fjB ehsk T[jT[BQK dh tfvnkJh eodk j?, nkgD/ fdbK ftu gqG{ w;hj ~ gftsoikD' HHH (1gso; 3L15). fJ; ftu gow/Fo B/ T[; G/d ~ y'fbnk j?fe ;skT[ ftu s[;h_ ftFtk; ftu fet/_ ;fEo ofjDk j?. fBFu? eobt' fe f:;{ w;hj s[jkv/ ihtB dk gqG{ j?.

s[;h_ u/s/ eo ;ed/ j' fe g[okD/ B/w ftu gow/Fo d/ BktK ftufJe BK nd'BkJh j?. nd'BkJh dk noE j? fe gow/Fo ikDdk j? feT[j w/ok ;[nkwh j?. fJj T[; fty/ ftu fbnk frnk j? fe gqG{ gow/Fo w/ok ;[nkwh j? id gso; ftFtk;hnK ~ fJj u/sktBh fdzdk j?w;hj ~ nkgD/ fdbK ftu gftso ikD'.

id gqG{ f:;{ s[jkv/ ihtB dk ;[nkwh j? sK s[;h_ T[; dh;zrsh dk brksko nBzd bt'r/. e/tb T[;/ t/b/ s[;h_ jo/e fdB T[;d/ T[s/ ftFtk; eoB ftu n}kdh wfj;{; eo'r/ ns/ nkgD/ ihtBftu T[; dk nBzd b? ;e'r/. fit/_ i'oi w?E;B rhs ftu fbydk j?L

j[D eh eoBk j?<


gqG{ w+~ r[bkw pDkns/ c/o w+ n}kd j'tKrkw+~ wip{o eo fe w+ nkgDh sbtko nofgs eoKsK i' w+ ftiJh j' iktKn}kdh d/ fJ; ;XkoD ftuko dh s[bBk ftu, w+ T[;

tk;sfte n}kdh d/ Bkb w+ T[j Bjh_ eo ;edk jK i' e[M w+ eoBkukj[zdk jK. pbfe w/o/ nzdo T[j ;kwoE j? fijVh w+E'_ T[j eokT[_dhj? i' eoBk j?. g'b[; o;{b d/ T[BKQ FpdK ~ :kd eo' fe T[jnkydk j?, w+ w;hj ftu ;G e[M eo ;edk jK i' w+~ ;kwoE fdzdkj? (fcfbghnK 4L13)

1859 ftu nk:ob+v ftu p/dkoh dh ;Gk d/ d'okB, j}koK b'ew;hj d/ e'b nkJ/. s'pk fes/ fJBKQ b'eK B/ fJe ;wogD rhs d/ okjh_nkgD/ ftFtk; ~ gqrN ehsk. T[BhQ_ fdBh_ ih T[m/ gqG{ ftu pj[s ;ko/b'eK B/ ihtB ftu gfotosB dk nB[Gt ehsk fi; d/ ti' ;ko/ d/F ftufJe tvk tk;sfte gfotosB nkfJnk.

jkbKfe nfijk rhs rkT[D ftu e'Jh ;okjBk:'r rb Bjh_j?, gozs{ j' ;edk j? fe fJ; t/b/ fJj s[jkv/ bJh wddrko ;kpsj't/, fe s[;h_ fJj rhs fijVk j/mK ;c/ s/ fdsk j? rk e/ gow/Fod/ bJh gqshT[so d/ ;e'

j[D FKsh dksk gow/Fo fijVk G/vK d/ tv/ n:kbhnoEks ;kv/ gqG{ d/ ;dhge B/w d/ bj{ Bkb w[ofdnKftu'_ T[mk fbnkfJnk, s[jk~ jo/e Gb/ ezw ftu ;zg{oBeo/ GJh T[j dh fJfSnk ~ g{fonK eo' ns/ i' e[M T[j~ GkT[_dk j? T[j' ;kv/ ftu f:;{ w;hj d/ okjh_ eo/ fijdh tfvnkJh i[r' i[r j't/, nkwhB (fJpokBhnK 13L20-21).

147

jzroh s'_ fbfynk ys

@@w+ s[jkvk XzBtkd eodk jK fe s[;h_ w+~ gftso pkJhpbns/ ohuv J/ p?BN d/ okjh_ fbyh feskp, @@gow/Fo d/ gqsh s[jkv/;tkb## G/ih j?.

@@w+ fJj feskp ysw eo bJh j? ns/ pkJhpb ftu'_ jojpkbk t/fynk j?.

@@gow/Fo d/ gqsh s[jkv/ ;tkb## fJ; feskp B/ w/oh ;jkfJskehsh j? fe w+ ikD btK fe w+~ eh ftFtk; eoBk ukjhdk j? ns/feT[_ ftFtk; eoBk ukjhdk j?. j[D w+ fJe ftFtk;h jK ns/ fJ;feskp dh ;jkfJsk d/ Bkb w+ nkgD/ ihtB d/ gqsh ftFtk; d/ Bkbtk:dk ehsk j?.

- NoK; tobv d/ okjh_ nB[tkd eoe/ g/F ehsh fog'oN

j[D eh eoBk j?<

j[D s[jkvh ;jkfJsk d/ bJhj[D s[jkvh ;jkfJsk d/ bJhj[D s[jkvh ;jkfJsk d/ bJhj[D s[jkvh ;jkfJsk d/ bJhj[D s[jkvh ;jkfJsk d/ bJh

ftFtk; d/ gqsh ;wogB eoB bJhftFtk; d/ gqsh ;wogB eoB bJhftFtk; d/ gqsh ;wogB eoB bJhftFtk; d/ gqsh ;wogB eoB bJhftFtk; d/ gqsh ;wogB eoB bJh;ck 136-137 s/ tuB fd`s/ rJ/ jB;ck 136-137 s/ tuB fd`s/ rJ/ jB;ck 136-137 s/ tuB fd`s/ rJ/ jB;ck 136-137 s/ tuB fd`s/ rJ/ jB;ck 136-137 s/ tuB fd`s/ rJ/ jB

149


ftFtk; d/ gqsh w/ok ;wogBftFtk; d/ gqsh w/ok ;wogBftFtk; d/ gqsh w/ok ;wogBftFtk; d/ gqsh w/ok ;wogBftFtk; d/ gqsh w/ok ;wogB

w+ gow/Fo fgsk ~ nkgD/ fgsk ;theko eodk jKw+ gow/Fo fgsk ~ nkgD/ fgsk ;theko eodk jKw+ gow/Fo fgsk ~ nkgD/ fgsk ;theko eodk jKw+ gow/Fo fgsk ~ nkgD/ fgsk ;theko eodk jKw+ gow/Fo fgsk ~ nkgD/ fgsk ;theko eodk jKs[;h_ fet/_ w{oshnK ~ Sv e/ gow/Fo dh tb w[V/ GJh ;ot

;kwoEh gow/Fo dh ;/tk eo' (1E;b[BhehnK 1L9)

w+ f:;{ w;hj ~ nkgDk gqG{ ns/ w[eshdksk ;theko eodk jKT[;/ ~ gow/Fo B/ nkgD/ ;i/ jE Bkb ns T[uk eoe/ jkew

ns/ w[eshdksk mfjokfJnk sK i' HHH s'pk ns/ gkgK dh wkch p]F/(o;{bK d/ eosp 5L31)

w+ gft`so nkswk ~ ;theko eodk jK fe T[j f:;{ w;hj d/fgnko d/ Bkb w+~ Go/

fJ; bJh i' gow/Fo dk gq/w gftso nkswk d/ t;hb/ Bkb i';k~ fdsk frnk ;kfvnK fjofdnK ftu gkfJnk j'fJnkk j? (o'whnK

5L5).

w+ gow/Fo d/ tuB ~ nkgDk B/w ;theko eodk jK;koh fbys gow/Fo d/ nkswk s'_ j? ns/ f;fynk, skVB, ;[XkoBns/ Xow d/ frMkT[D bJh r[Deko j?, GJh gow/Fo dk pzdkekpb ns/ jo/e Gb/ ezw bJh fsnko ehsk j'fJnk j't/

(2fsw'fET[; 3L16-17)

w+ gow/Fo d/ b'eK ~ nkgD/ b'e ;theko eodk jKs/o/ b'e ;' w/o/ b'e ns/ s/ok gow/Fo w/ok gow/Fo j't/rk

(o{E 1L16)

150

151

w+ nkgDk ihtB gow/Fo d/ bJh ;wofgs eodk jK;kv/ ftu'_ sK e'Jh nkgD/ bJh Bjh_ ihT[_dk, Bk e'Jh nkgD/ bJhwodk j? fJ; bJh i' n;h_ ihthJ/ sK gqG{ d/ bJh ihT[_d/ jK no

i/ n;h_ wohJ/ sK gqG{ d/ bJh wod/ jK (o'whnK 14L7-8)

fJj c?;bk w+ nkgD/ nkg s'_ b+dK jKni s[;h_ fJj u[D bU fij dh T[gk;Bk s[;h_ eo'r/ HHHgo w+ ns/w/ok xokDk sK :j'tkj jh dh T[gk;Bk eoKr/ (:j'F[nk 24L15)

ns/ fJwkBdkoh d/ Bkb;ohoe frnkB s'_ Bjh_ ;r'_ gow/Fo dh feogk s'_ gftsoskJhns/ fBFegNsk Bkb i' gow/Fo d/ i'r j? (2e[fozEhnK 1L12)

ns/ n}kdh d/ Bkbs/o/ b'e s/oh Grsh d/ t/b/ nkgD/ nkg ~ y[Fh Bkb g/F eod/

jB (ip{oK dh g'Eh 110L3)ns/ jw/Fk d/ bJh

e"D ;k~ w;hj d/ gq/w s'_ nv eo/rk< eh fpgsk :k eFN :knB/Qo :k ekb :k Bzr :k G'ib :k sbtko< (o'whnK 8L35)

d;ys HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

skohy HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

ftFtk; d/ gqsh w/ok ;wogB

j[D s[jk~ T[s;kfjs ehsk

iKdk j? fe s[;h_ b/ye dh

d{ih feskp

fBjuk bJh y[okefBjuk bJh y[okefBjuk bJh y[okefBjuk bJh y[okefBjuk bJh y[okegV'QgV'QgV'QgV'QgV'Q

fit/_ fJe ftnesh T[; feskp s'_ fi; ftu G'iB gekT[D tkbhftXhnK j[zdhnK jB w"j fbnk iKdk j? gozs{ c/o th G[y d/ Bkbwodk j?, T[;/ soK jh fJB;kB tuB dhnK ftXhnK s'_ ;cb

ihtB dk wkor sK ikDdk j'fJnk

th nksfwe s"o s/ ewi'o ofj ;edk j?

fBjuk dh y[oke feskp tuB d/ T[s/ nXkfos s[jkv/ bJh fJ;bJh fbyh rJh j? fe s[;h_ tuB ~ jÈ s'_ nkgD/ fdwkr ftu

- ns/ fdwkr s'_ nkgD/ wB ftu ;theko eo'

152

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cmyk 57 GkFktK ftu fszB whbh:B s' finkdk S`g u`[ehnK jB ... · PDF fileFirst Punjabi edition 2003 Revised edition 2007 ISBN-13: 978-81-7362-511-4 ISBN-10: 81-7362-511-5 Published by