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Departement Chemie / Department of Chemistry Datum / Date: 16.11.2010 Tyd / Time: 120 min Punte / Marks: 100

Eksaminatore: Mrs A. C. Botha Examiners: Mr M.D. Molefe Dr M. M. Nkwelo Dr L. A. Pilcher Prof. W. J. Schoeman Eksterne / External Prof. R. Vleggaar Dr L. van der Merwe

CMY 127 FINALE EKSAMEN / FINAL EXAMINATION

Van en Voorletters: Surname and Initials:

Studentenommer: Student Number:

Handtekening: Signature:

Vraag / Question Punte / Marks Eksaminator / Examiner

1 10

2 12

3 12

4 10

5 9

6 12

Veelvuldige Keusevrae Multiple Choice Questions

35

Totaal / Total 100 % • Toepaslike inligting is aangeheg aan Afdeling B.

• Alle antwoorde, (berekeninge, sketse, diagramme, ens.) moet in ink gegee word in hierdie afdeling. Antwoorde in potlood sal nagesien word, maar geen dispuut oor punte sal hanteer word nie.

• Alle berekeninge moet volledig getoon word. • Alle selfone moet afgeskakel word.

• Applicable information is attached to Section B.

• All answers (calculations, sketches, diagrams, etc.) must be given in ink in this section. Answers in pencil will be marked, but no dispute over marks will be entertained.

• All calculations must be shown in full.

• All cellphones must be switched off.

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Vraag 1 Konsentrasie-eenhede en Oplossings [10]

Question 1 Units of concentration and Solutions [10]

'n 2.45 mol.dm–3 oplossing van ribose (C5H10O5) in water het 'n digtheid van 1.29 g.cm-3 by 25.0°C.

A 2.45 mol.dm-3 solution of ribose (C5H10O5) in water has a density of 1.29 g.cm-3 at 25°C.

1.1 Bereken die kookpunt van hierdie oplossing. [6]

1.1 Calculate the boiling point of this solution. [6]

1.2 Bereken die dampdruk van hierdie

oplossing. [4] 1.2 Calculate the vapour pressure of this

solution. [4]

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Vraag 2 Elektrochemie [12]

Question 2 Electrochemistry [12]

Gesmelte aluminiumchloried word geëlektroliseer by 950.°C. 'n Elektriese stroom van 3.45 A vloei vir 3½ uur deur die sel. Die sel word by 24.0 V bedryf.

Molten aluminium chloride is electrolysed at 950.°C. An electrical current of 3.45 A flows through the cell for 3½ hours. The cell is operated at 24.0 V.

2.1 Skryf die oksidasie- en reduksie halfreaksies wat in hierdie sel sal plaasvind neer en bereken die waarde van E°

sel van hierdie sel. [3]

2.1 Write the oxidation and reduction half-reactions which will take place and calculate the value of E°cell for this cell. [3]

2.2 Bereken die volume van die gas wat

gevorm word. Die temperatuur van die gas is 500.°C en die druk is 720. mmHg. [5]

2.2 Calculate the volume of gas that will be produced. The temperature of the gas is 500.°C and the pressure is 720. mm Hg. [5]

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2.3 Bereken die elektrisiteitkoste om hierdie

hoeveel-heid gas te produseer. Neem aan dat die koste van elektrisiteit 56 sent per kilowatt-uur is. [4]

2.3 Calculate the electricity cost for producing this amount of gas. Assume the cost of electricity is 56 cent per kilowatt-hour.[4]

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Vraag 3 / Question 3: Benaming, / Nomenclature [12] 3.1 Benaam die volgende verbindings volgens IUPAC-reëls.

Name the following compounds according to IUPAC rules. Naam: ……………………………………………………………………………(2) Name: Naam: ………………………………………………………………….……..…(2) Name:

3.2 Teken ‘n lynstruktuur met duidelike uitbeelding van die stereochemie van etiel (2R,3S)-3-

chloro-2-hidroksibutanoaat. Plaas C-1 aan die regterkant van die struktuur. Draw a line structure clearly showing the stereochemistry of ethyl (2R,3S)- 3-chloro-2-hydroxybutanoate. Place C-1 on the right-hand side of the line structure. (4)

3.3 Gebruik die Cahn-Ingold-Prelog sisteem om die geometrie van die gegewe verbinding te

bepaal. Toon die atome en atoomgetalle wanneer jy een binding op ’n slag vanaf die C-C dubbelbinding beweeg. Wys ook die relatiewe prioriteite van die groepe. Brei die gegewe templaat uit Indien nodig. Use the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog system to determine the geometry of the given compound. Show atoms and atomic numbers as you proceed from the C-C double bond one bond at a time. Also show the relative priorities of the groups. Expand the given template as needed. (4)

Br

HO

OH

NH2

O

OMe

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Geometrie / Geometry : ……………..

Vraag 4 / Question 4: Teorie en Meganismes / Theory and Mechanisms [10] 4.1.1 Skakel die gegewe Newmanprojeksie om na ’n lynstruktuur. Dui die bindings in drie dimensies

aan. Convert the given Newman projection to a line structure. Show the bonds in three dimensions. (2)

4.1.2 Kyk langs die C2-C3 binding van die volgende verbinding af en teken die mees-stabiele

konformasies. Maak gebruik van die gegewe Newmanprojeksie templaat. Draw the most stable conformations of the following molecule viewed along the C2-C3 bond

using the Newman projection templates provided. (2)

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4.2.1 Gebruik meganistiese pyltjies om die volgende omskakeling te verduidelik. Propose mechanistic arrows to explain the following transformation. (2)

4.2.2 In die reaksie van ‘n onsimmetriese alkeen met waterige suur kan twee moontlike karbokatione

gevorm word. Verskaf die strukture van die karbokatione en merk hulle as primêr, sekondêr of tersiêr en dui aan watter vorm die waarskynlikste. In the reaction of an unsymmetrical alkene with aqueous acid two possible carbocations can form. Give the structures of the carbocations, label them as primary, secondary or tertiary and say which is most likely to form. (4)

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Vraag 5 / Question 5: Koolhidrate / Carbohydrates [9] 5.1 Skakel die Fischerprojeksie van D-idose om na ‘n lynstruktuur.

Convert the Fischer projection of D-idose to a line structure. (3)

CHOHHOOHHHHO

CH2OHOHH

D-idoseO

H

5.2 Teken die Haworth-projeksie van α-D-idopiranose

Draw the Haworth projection of α-D-idopyranose. (3) 5.3 Teken die mees-stabiele konformasie van α-D-idopiranose

Draw the most stable conformation of α-D-idopyranose. (3)

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Vraag 6 / Question 6: Organiese Reaksies / Organic Reactions [12] 6.1 Verskaf die ontbrekende reagense en die lynstrukture van die uitgangstowwe en produkte in die

volgende reaksies. Provide the missing reagents and line structures of substrates and products for the following reactions. (7)

6.2 Skryf reaksievergelykings vir die sintetiese omskakeling van 1-bromo-1-metielsiklopentaan na

1,2-dibromo-1-metielsiklopentaan. Elke reaksiestap moet deur ’n volledige vergelyking voorgestel word waarin uitgangstof, reagense en organiese produkte aangetoon word. Meganismes word nie vereis nie.Toon stereochemie aan waar toepaslik

Write reaction equations for the synthetic conversion of 1-bromo-1-methylcyclopentane to 1,2-dibromo-1-methylcyclopentane. Each reaction step must be fully presented, including substrate, reagents and organic products. Mechanisms are not required. Show stereochemistry where applicable. (5)

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UNIVERSITEIT VAN PRETORIA UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA DEPARTEMENT CHEMIE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

CMY 127 FINALE EKSAMEN / FINAL EXAMINATION

16 November 2010 AFDELING B: VEELVOUDIGE KEUSEVRAE SECTION B: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Beantwoord die volgende vrae op die rekenaar- antwoordblad. 2. Gebruik slegs kant 2 van die antwoordblad. 3. Slegs een antwoord per vraag is toelaatbaar. 4. Geen punte word oorweeg vir onduidelike antwoorde nie. Dit is u

verantwoordelikheid op te sorg dat die antwoordblad leesbaar is vir die optiese merkleser. Alle instruksies is op die antwoordvorm aangebring.

5. Antwoorde word nie negatief nagesien nie.

1. Answer the following questions on the computer answer sheet. 2. Use only side 2 of the answer sheet. 3. Only one answer per question is allowed. 4. No marks are considered for unclear answers. It is your

responsibility to ensure that the answer sheet is readable by the optical mark reader. All instructions are provided on the answer sheet.

5. Answers are not marked negatively.

Vraag 1

Maak asseblief seker dat u kant 2 van die antwoord-blad gebruik. Merk opsie J van Vraag 1 op u rekenaarantwoordblad. Dit is slegs vir kontroledoeleindes.

Question 1

Please make sure that you use side 2 of the answer sheet. Mark option J of Question 1 on your computer answer sheet. This is for control purposes only.

Vraag 2 [2]

Watter een van die volgende stellings oor ‘n perfekte

(ideale) gas is korrek?

A Die kinetiese energie van die deeltjies is nul.

B Die gas het geen reaktiwiteit nie.

C Geen intermolekulêre kragte bestaan tussen die

deeltjies nie.

D Die gas kondenseer by hoë druk.

E Die gasdeeltjies is mono-atomies.

F Nie een van bogenoemde nie.

Question 2 [2]

Which one of the following statements of a perfect (ideal)

gas is correct?

A The kinetic energy of the particles is zero.

B The gas has no reactivity.

C No intermolecular forces exist between the particles.

D The gas condenses under high pressure.

E The gas particles are mono-atomic.

F None of the above statements is correct.

Vraag 3 [2]

Die sterkste intermolekulêre kragte tussen

sikloheksanoon-molekules is die volgende:

A Waterstofbinding.

B Permanente dipool - permanente dipool kragte

C Geïnduseerde dipool - permanente dipool kragte

D Geïnduseerde dipool- geïnduseerde dipool kragte

E Dispersiekragte

F Nie een van bogenoemde nie.

Question 3 [2]

The strongest intermolecular forces between

cyclohexanone molecules is the following:

A Hydrogen bonding.

B Permanent dipole - permanent dipole forces.

C Induced dipole - permanent dipole forces.

D Induced dipole - induced dipole forces.

E Dispersion forces.

F None of the above.

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Vraag 4 [2]

Watter een van die volgende stellings oor die kritiese

temperatuur van ‘n stof is korrek?

A Dit is die temperatuur van die trippelpunt by 1

atmosfeer druk.

B Bokant hierdie temperatuur kan die vloeistoffase nie

bestaan nie.

C Die vloeistof sal altyd kook by hierdie temperatuur.

D Die vaste stof sal altyd smelt by hierdie

temperatuur.

E Die vaste stof sal altyd sublimeer by hierdie temperatuur.

F Nie een van bogenoemde is korrek nie.

Question 4 [2]

Which one of the following statements of the critical

temperature of a substance is correct?

A It is the temperature of the triple point at 1

atmosphere pressure.

B Above this temperature, the liquid phase cannot

exist.

C The liquid will always boil at his temperature.

D The solid will always melt at his temperature.

E The solid will always sublime at his temperature.

F None of the above statements is correct.

Vraag 5 [2]

Bepaal die verdampingsentalpie van titaan(IV) chloried,

met die volgende reaksie-entalpieë gegee:

Ti(s) + 2Cℓ2(g) → TiCℓ4(ℓ) ∆H° = –804.2 kJ

Ti(s) + 2Cℓ2(g) → TiCℓ4(g) ∆H° = –763.2 kJ

A –1567.4 kJ

B –41.0 kJ

C +1.054 kJ

D +41.0 kJ

E +1576.4 kJ

F Nie een van bogenoemde nie.

Question 5 [2]

Determine the enthalpy of evaporation of titanium(IV)

chloride, given the enthalpies of reaction below.

Ti(s) + 2Cℓ2(g) → TiCℓ4(ℓ) ∆H° = –804.2 kJ

Ti(s) + 2Cℓ2(g) → TiCℓ4(g) ∆H° = –763.2 kJ

A –1567.4 kJ

B –41.0 kJ

C +1.054 kJ

D +41.0 kJ

E +1576.4 kJ

F None of the above.

Vraag 6 [2]

Watter van die volgende stellings is KORREK?

1. Energie word behou tydens enige chemiese proses.

2. In ‘n spontane proses neem die entropie van slegs die sisteem toe.

3. Spontane veranderinge vind slegs plaas in die rigting wat lei tot ewewig.

4. Endotermiese reaksies is nooit spontaan nie. A Slegs 1

B Slegs1 en 2

C Slegs 1, 2 en 3

D Slegs 2, 3 en 4

E Slegs 1 en 4

F Slegs 1 en 3

G Slegs 2 en 3

H Slegs 3 en 4

I Almal is korrek.

J Nie een is korrek nie.

Question 6 [2]

Which of the following statements is/are CORRECT?

1. During any chemical process, energy must be conserved.

2. In a spontaneous process, only the entropy of the system increases.

3. Spontaneous changes only occur in the direction that leads to equilibrium.

4. Endothermic reactions are never spontaneous.

A 1 only

B 1 and 2 only

C 1, 2 and 3 only

D 2, 3 and 4 only

E 1 and 4 only

F 1 and 3 only

G 2 and 3 only

H 3 and 4 only

I They are all correct.

J None of them are correct.

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Vraag 7 [3]

By watter temperature sal ‘n reaksie spontaan wees as

∆H° = –75.0 kJ en ∆S°= –255 J/K?

A Temperature tussen 75.0 K en 255 K

B Alle temperature onder 180 K

C Alle temperature bo 180 K

D Alle temperature onder 294 K

E Alle temperature bo 294 K

F Die reaksie is spontaan by alle temperature.

G Die reaksie is nooit spontaan nie.

Question 7 [3]

At what temperatures will a reaction be spontaneous if

∆H° = –75.0 kJ and ∆S°= –255 J/K?

A Temperatures between 75.0 K and 255 K

B All temperatures below 180 K

C All temperatures above 180 K

D All temperatures below 294 K

E All temperatures above 294 K

F The reaction will be spontaneous at any temperature

G The reaction will never be spontaneous.

Vrae 8, 9 en 10 verwys na die volgende orbitaaltekening:

Questions 8, 9 and 10 refer to the following orbital drawing:

Vraag 8 [1 ] Die molekulêre geometrie van atoom A is:

Question 8 [1] The molecular geometry of the atom labelled A is:

A lineêr B trigonaalvlakkig C tetrahedraal D trigonaalpiramidaal E gebuig F hoekig

A linear B trigonal planar C tetrahedral D trigonal pyramidal E bent F angular

Vraag 9 [1 ] Die hibridisasie van atoom B is:

Question 9 [1] The hybridization of atom B is::

A sp B sp2 C sp3 D s2p E s F 2p G nie een van bogenoemde nie

A sp B sp2 C sp3 D s2p E s F 2p G none of the above

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Vraag 10 [2] Die molekulêre formule van die verbinding is:

Question 10 [2] The molecular formula of the compound is:

A CH5N2O B CH5NO2 C C2H5NO D CH8N2O E CH8NO2 F C2H8NO

A CH5N2O B CH5NO2 C C2H5NO D CH8N2O E CH8NO2 F C2H8NO

Vraag 11 [2 ] Watter een van die volgende verbindings is die mees stabiel?

Question 11 [2 ] Which one of the following compounds is the most stable?

A cis-1,2-dietielsikloheksaan B trans-1,3-dietielsikloheksaan C cis-1,4-dietielsikloheksaan D trans-1,4-dietielsikloheksaan E alle verbindings is ewe-stabiel

A cis-1,2-diethylcyclohexane B trans-1,3-diethylcyclohexane C cis-1,4-diethylcyclohexane D trans-1,4-diethylcyclohexane E all compounds are equally stable

Vraag 12 [2 ]

Watter van die volgende verbindings is opties-aktief?

Question 12 [2 ]

Which of the following compounds are optically active?

A slegs I B slegs II C slegs III D slegs IV E I en II F I en III G II en IV H III en IV I Almal van I tot IV J Nie een van die bogenoemde antwoorde

A I only B II only C III only D IV only E I and II F I and III G II and IV H III and IV I All of I to IV J None of the above answers

Vraag 13 [2 ]

Watter van die volgende verbindings het minder as 2n stereoisomere? (n = aantal stereosentra)

Question 13 [2 ]

Which of the following compounds have fewer than 2n stereoisomers? (n = no of stereocentres)

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Vraag 14 [2 ] Wat is die stereochemiese verwantskap tussen die volgende twee verbindings?

Question 14 [2 ] What is the stereochemical relationship between the following two compounds?

A Identies B Anomere C Enantiomere D Diastereomere E Konstitusionele isomere F Konformere G Nie een van die bogenoemde

A Identical B Anomers C Enantiomers D Diastereomers E Constitutional isomers F Conformers G None of the above

Vraag 15 [2 ] Wat is die stereochemiese verwantskap tussen die volgende twee verbindings?

Question 15 [2 ] What is the stereochemical relationship between the following two compounds?

A Identies B Anomere C Enantiomere D Diastereomere E Konstitusionele isomere F Konformere G Nie een van die bogenoemde

A Identical B Anomers C Enantiomers D Diastereomers E Constitutional isomers F Conformers G None of the above

Vraag 16 [2 ] Watter stelling rakende benseen is verkeerd?

Question 16 [2 ] Which statement about benzene is false?

A benseen is ‘n perfekte seshoek B benseen se enkelbindings is 154 pm en

dubbelbindings is 134 pm C alle koolstowwe in benseen is sp2 gehibridiseer D alle koolstowwe in benseen het ‘n 2p orbitaal met

een elektron vir π - binding E benseen is minder reaktief as alkene

A benzene is a perfect hexagon B benzene single bonds are 154 pm and double

bonds are 134 pm. C all carbons in benzene are sp2 hybridised D all carbons in benzene have a 2p orbital with one

electron for π bonding E benzene is less reactive than alkenes

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Vraag 17 [2 ] Onder watter van die volgende kondisies sal benseen reageer om sikloheksaan te vorm ?

Question 17 [2 ] Under which of the following conditions will benzene react to form cyclohexane?

A. Na in eter B. H2, Pd-C C. H2, PtO2 D. H2, Lindlar E. H2 (136 atm), Pt F. Nie een van die bogenoemde

A. Na in ether B. H2, Pd-C C. H2, PtO2 D. H2, Lindlar E. H2 (136 atm), Pt F. None of the above

Vraag 18 [2 ] Die produk van hierdie reaksie is ’n ..........

Question 18 [2 ] The product of this reaction is a/an ……….

A asetaal B ester C hemiasetaal D hidraat E Geen produk form

A acetal B ester C hemiacetal D hydrate E No product forms

Vraag 19 [2 ] Die beste reagens vir hierdie reaksie is:

Question 19 [2 ] The best reagent system for carrying out this transformation is:

A i) NaBH4; ii) H3O+ B PCC, CH2Cl2 C H2SO4, H2O D CrO3, H2SO4, E H3O+

F Nie een van bogenoemde

A i) NaBH4; ii) H3O+ B PCC, CH2Cl2 C H2SO4, H2O D CrO3, H2SO4, E H3O+ F None of the above

INSAE IN EKSAMENVRAESTELLE INSPECTION OF EXAM SCRIPTS

Slegs op Maandag 29 November 2010 11:00 – 12:00 in die Orbital Chemiegebou 3de vloer Moenie enige sakke of skryfbehoeftes saambring nie, aangesien dit nie in die lokaal toegelaat gaan word nie.

Only on Monday 29 November 2010 11:00 – 12:00 in the Orbital Chemistry building 3rd Floor Do not bring any bags or stationery as you will have to leave them outside the venue.

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Standard Reduction Potentials in Aqueous, Acidic or Basic Solution at 25°C* Standaard Reduksie Potensiale in Waterige, Suur- of Basiese Oplossing by 25°C*

.......................................................................................................................................................... Reduction Half-Reaction / Reduksie Half-Reaksie E° (V)

F2 (g) + 2 e− → 2F− (aq) +2.87 H2O2 (aq) + 2 H3O+ (aq) + 2 e− → 4 H2O (l) +1.77 PbO2 (s) + SO 2

4− (aq) + 4 H3O+ (aq) + 2 e− → PbSO4 (s) + 6 H2O (l) +1.685

MnO 4− (aq) + 8 H3O+ (aq) + 5 e− → Mn2+ (aq) + 12 H2O (l) +1.52

Au3+ (aq) + 3 e− → Au (s) +1.50 Cl2 (g) + 2 e− → 2 Cl− (aq) +1.360 Cr2O7 2-(aq) + 14 H3O+ (aq) + 6 e− → 2 Cr3+ (aq) + 21 H2O (l) +1.33 O2 (g) + 4 H3O+ (aq) + 4 e− → 6 H2O (l) +1.229 Br2 (l) + 2 e− → 2 Br− (aq) +1.08 NO 3

− (aq) + 4 H3O+ (aq) + 3 e− → NO (g) + 6 H2O (l) +0.96

OCl− (aq) + H2O (l) + 2 e− → Cl− (aq) + 2 OH− (aq) +0.89 Hg2+ (aq) + 2 e− → Hg (l) +0.855 Ag+ (aq) + e− → Ag (s) +0.80 Hg+ (aq) + 2 e− → 2 Hg (l) +0.789 Fe3+ (aq) + e− → Fe2+ (aq) +0.77 I2 (s) + 2 e− → 2 I− (aq) +0.535 O2 (g) + 2 H2O (l) + 4 e− → 4 OH− (aq) +0.40 Cu2+ (aq) + 2 e− → Cu (s) +0.34 Sn4+ (aq) + 2 e− → Sn2+ (aq) +0.15 2 H+ (aq) + 2 e− → H2 (g) 0.00 2 H3O+ (aq) + 2 e− → H2 (g) + 2 H2O (l) 0.00 Pb2+ (aq) + 2 e− → Pb (s) -0.125 Sn2+ (aq) + 2 e− → Sn (s) -0.14 Ni2+ (aq) + 2 e− → Ni (s) -0.25 V3+ (aq) + e− → V2+ (aq) -0.255 PbSO4 (s) + 2 e− → Pb (s) + SO 2

4− (aq) -0.356

Cd2+ (aq) + 2 e− → Cd (s) -0.403 Fe2+ (aq) + 2 e− → Fe (s) -0.44 Zn2+ (aq) + 2 e− → Zn (s) -0.763 2 H2O (l) + 2 e− → H2 (g) + 2 OH− (aq) -0.8277 [Zn(CN)4]2- (aq) + 2 e− → Zn (s) + 4 CN− (aq) -1.26 Al3+ (aq) + 3 e− → Al (s) -1.66 Mg2+ (aq) + 2 e− → Mg (s) -2.37 Na+ (aq) + e− → Na (s) -2.714 K+ (aq) + e− → K (s) -2.925 Li+ (aq) + e− → Li (s) -3.045

*In volts (V) versus the standard hydrogen electrode / In volts (V) teen die standaard waterstofelektrode

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DIE PERIODIEKE TABEL VAN DIE ELEMENTE THE PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

1 H

1.01

2 He

4.00 3 Li

6.94

4 Be

9.012

5 B

10.81

6 C

12.01

7 N

14.01

8 O

16.00

9 F

19.00

10 Ne

20.18 11 Na

22.99

12 Mg

24.31

13 Al

26.98

14 Si

28.09

15 P

30.97

16 S

32.07

17 Cl

35.45

18 Ar

39.95 19 K

39.10

20 Ca

40.01

21 Sc

44.96

22 Ti

47.87

23 V

50.95

24 Cr

52.00

25 Mn

54.94

26 Fe

55.85

27 Co

58.93

28 Ni

58.69

29 Cu

63.55

30 Zn

65.39

31 Ga

69.72

32 Ge

72.61

33 As

74.92

34 Se

78.96

35 Br

79.90

36 Kr

83.80 37 Rb

85.47

38 Sr

87.62

39 Y

88.91

40 Zr

91.22

41 Nb

92.91

42 Mo

95.94

43 Tc

98.91

44 Ru

101.07

45 Rh

102.91

46 Pd

106.42

47 Ag

107.87

48 Cd

112.41

49 In

114.82

50 Sn

118.71

51 Sb

121.76

52 Te

127.60

53 I

126.90

54 Xe

131.29 55 Cs

132.91

56 Ba

137.33

57 La

138.91

72 Hf

178.49

73 Ta

180.95

74 W

183.84

75 Re

186.21

76 Os

190.23

77 Ir

192.22

78 Pt

195.08

79 Au

196.97

80 Hg

200.59

81 Tl

204.38

82 Pb

207.20

83 Bi

208.98

84 Po

208.98

85 At

209.99

86 Rn

222.01 87 Fr

223.02

88 Ra

226.03

89 Ac

227.03

104 Rf

261.11

105 Db

262.11

106 Sg

263.12

107 Bh

262.12

108 Hs 265

109 Mt 266

58

Ce 140.12

59 Pr

140.91

60 Nd

144.24

61 Pm

144.91

62 Sm

150.36

63 Eu

151.97

64 Gd

157.25

65 Tb

158.93

66 Dy

162.50

67 Ho

164.93

68 Er

167.26

69 Tm

168.93

70 Yb

173.94

71 Lu

174.97

90 Th

232.04

91 Pa

231.04

92 U

238.03

93 Np

237.05

94 Pu

244.06

95 Am

243.06

96 Cm

247.07

97 Bk

247.07

98 Cf

251.08

99 Es

252.08

100 Fm

257.10

101 Md

258.10

102 No

259.10

103 Lr

262.11

Vergelykings / Equations

Ptot = ntot(RT/V)

Ptot = P1 + P2 + P3 +...

Pa=χa(Ptot)

Psolv=χsolvP°solv

π = MRT

Sg=kHPg

∆T= K m i

∆E = q + w

q = C.m. ∆T of/or q = s. m. ∆T

Wmax = n F E

∆H°rxn = Σm∆H°f (prod) - Σn∆H°f (react)

∆S°sys = ΣmS°sys (prod) − ΣnS°sys (react)

∆G° = Σm∆G°f (prod) − Σn∆G°f (react)

∆S°univ = ∆S°sys + ∆S°surr

S°surr = q surr = - ∆H°sys

T T ∆G° = ∆H° −T ∆S°

∆G = ∆G° + RT ln Q

∆G° = − RT ℓn K

∆G° = − n. F. E°

E = E° − R.T . ln Qn . F

E = E° − 0.0592 . log Qn

(25°C)

log Keq = n . E°

0.0592(25°C)

ℓn Q or K = 2.303 log Q or K

Konstante / Constants R = 0.08206 L.atm.mol−1.K−1 = 8.3145 J.mol−1.K−1 = 8.3145 kPa.dm3.mol-1.K-1 = 62.36 mm Hg.L.mol-1.K-1 0°C = 273.15 K NA = 6.022 x 1023 mol-1

F = 9.6485 x 104 C.mol−1 of/or J.V−1.mol−1

e = 1.602 x 10−19 C C (H2O(l)) = 4.184 J.g−1.K−1 = s (H2O(l)) Kb (H2O) = + 0.5121 oC/m Pvap(water, 25oC) = 23.8 mm Hg 1 amu = 1.66054 x 10-24 g

Conversion Factors 1 L = 10−3 m3 = 1 dm3 1 bar = 1.000 x 105 Pa 1 C = 1 Amp. 1 sec

1 J = 0.2390 cal = 1 Pa m3 = 1 m2 kg s−2 = 1 V C = 1 Watt.1 sec 1 atm = 1.013 x 105 N m−2 = 1.013 x 105 Pa = 760 mmHg = 760 torr

Funksionele groepe in prioriteitsvolgorde / Priority order of functional groups

karboksielsuur > ester > aldehied > ketoon > alkohol > tiol > amien > alkeen > alkyn > alkaan >> eter; halied carboxylic acid > ester > aldehyde > ketone > alcohol > thiol > amine > alkene > alkyne > alkane >> ether; halide