Climate WEB

7/27/2019 Climate WEB

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CCAA T58

Climate-responsive house design with concrete


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ii Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete

Cement Cncrete & Areate Atraa a nt-r-

prt ranatn etabhed n 1928 and cmmtted

t ervn the Atraan cntrctn cmmnt.

CCAA acknweded natna and nternatna a

Atraa' remt cement and cncrete nrmatn

bd takn a eadn re n edcatn and trann,

reearch and devepment, technca nrmatn and

advr ervce, and ben a ncant cntrbtr

t the preparatn Cde and standard aectn

bdn and bdn matera.

CCAA' prncpa am are t prtect and extend

the e cement, cncrete and areate b

advancn knwede, k and prenam n

Atraan cncrete cntrctn and b prmtn

cntna awarene prdct, ther ener-ecent

prperte and ther e, and the cntrbtn the

ndtr make tward a better envrnment.

Cement Cncrete & Areate Atraa

ABN 34 000 020 486

CCAA offiCes

sYDNeY offiCe:

Level 6, 504 Pacific Highway

St Leonards NSW Australia 2065

PosTAL ADDRess:Locked Bag 2010

St Leonards NSW 1590

TeLePHoNe: (61 2) 9437 9711

fACsiMiLe: (61 2) 9437 9470

BRisBANe offiCe:

Level 14, IBM Building

348 Edward Street

Brisbane QLD 4000

TeLePHoNe: (61 7) 3831 3288

fACsiMiLe: (61 7) 3839 6005

MeLBoURNe offiCe:

2nd Floor, 1 Hobson Street

South Yarra VIC 3141

TeLePHoNe: (61 3) 9825 0200

fACsiMiLe: (61 3) 9825 0222

PeRTH offiCe:

45 Ventnor Avenue

West Perth WA 6005

TeLePHoNe: (61 8) 9389 4452

fACsiMiLe: (61 8) 9389 4451

ADeLAiDe offiCe:

Greenhill Executive Suites

213 Greenhill Road

Eastwood SA 5063

PosTAL ADDRess:PO Box 229

Fullarton SA 5063

TeLePHoNe: (61 8) 8274 3758

fACsiMiLe: (61 8) 8373 7210

EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES OFFICE

PO Box 243

Henley Beach SA 5022

TeLePHoNe: (61 8) 8353 8151

fACsiMiLe: (61 8) 8353 8151

TAsMANiAN offiCe:

EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES OFFICE

PO Box 246

Sheffield TAS 7306

TeLePHoNe: (61 3) 6491 2529

fACsiMiLe: (61 3) 6491 2529

WeBsiTe: www.concrete.net.au

eMAiL: [email protected]


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Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete iii

Cntnt

Introduction 1

Ecologically sustainable development 1

Orientating the design process

genera 2

The bdn e cce 2

Ener 3

Water 3

Wate 3

Bdvert and pecn matera 3

Therma cmrt 4

Climate-responsive design

genera 5

Atraan cmate zne 5

Anan cmate data 6

orentatn and n cntr 7

Ventatn and ar vect 9

Ma 9

Znn 10

landcape and mcrcmate 11

Case studies and design guide for major climate zones

genera 12

ZoNE 1 Trpca: Darwn 12

ZoNE 2 sb-trpca: Brbane 15

ZoNE 3 Ht ard mmer, warm wnter: Ace sprn 19

ZoNE 5 Warm temperate: sdne, Adeade, Perth 21

ZoNE 6 Md temperate: Mebrne + ZoNE 7 C temperate: Canberra, Hbart 25

Bibliography 27


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fur

Figure 1 stae the bdn e cce 3

Figure 2 AsHRAE 55 2004 Acceptabe peratve

temperatre rane r natra

cndtned pace 4

Figure 3 Cmate zne baed n temperatre and

reatve hmdt 5

Figure 4 Mnth drna averae ptted wth

adaptve cmrt zne r natra

ventated bdn n Brbane 6

Figure 5 Eave verhan chart 8

Figure 6 Cntr ventatn n a ht cmate 9

Figure 7 Znn r ht hmd cmate 10

Figure 8 Cae td den r trpca cmate 13

Figure 9 Bar chart hwn the envrnmenta mpact

n hh ma matera v htweht

caddn n Darwn he 15

Figure 10 Ar temperatre reqenc dtrbtn n

Darwn he 15

Figure 11 Cae td den r b-trpca

cmate 16

Figure 12 Bar chart hwn the envrnmenta mpact

n hh ma matera n Brbane

he 18

Figure 13 Ar temperatre reqenc dtrbtn n

Brbane he 18

Figure 14 genera den r ht ard cmate 19

Figure 15 Cae td den r warm temperate

cmate 20

Figure 16 Mded ectn prject he t

mprve ar acce and ventatn 21

Figure 17 itratn cntrctn tpe 23

Figure 18 Envrnmenta cmparn varcntrctn envrnmenta mpact

ver a e cce 50 ear (crade t

rave) 24

Figure 19 Bar chart ndcatn therma cmrt 24

Figure 20 genera den r md and c temperate

cmate 25

Figure 21 Drect an heatn cce 26

Figure 22 inatn cavt wa n evere cd

cmate area 26

Figure 23 sab-ede natn n cd-cmate

area 26

iv Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete


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Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete 1

intrductn

This publication covers the role o concrete in

climate-responsive house design or each o

Australias climate zones. It provides a resource to

designers or the development o a design solution

or a particular climate type, including the choice

o materials, eective passive design or solar

control and ventilation. Most importantly, through

detailed analysis it provides a strategic approach to

sustainable design by identiying the biggest impacts

and outlining design responses. This reduces the

complexity o sustainable design objectives and

highlights the issues that must be addressed to

move towards sustainable residential building. The

sustainability o the building is considered over its

lie. The publication draws on detailed case studies to

illustrate climate-responsive design. The case studies

were conducted by Cement Concrete & Aggregates

Australia (CCAA) over the past fve years.

The houses illustrated in this document were

designed by Peter Poulet o the NSW Government

Architect's Ofce.

eclcally utanabl

dvlpmnt

'Sustainable development is development that meets the

needs o the present without compromising the ability o

uture generations to meet their own needs'

Brundtland Report 1987

Th dentn prvde a brad vera bjectve. The

chaene meetn tanabe devepment can be

nfenced b the crrent envrnmenta mpact the

bdn ndtr.

Th pbcatn take a tratec apprach t de

archtect t actn that ve the reatet ht tward

tanabe devepment.

The environmental

impact of the

construction industry

The construction industry has a largeimpact on the environment and is

responsible or roughly 40% cent o

all resource consumption and 40%

o all waste production (including

greenhouse gas emissions).

du Plessis et al 2001, also see

Malin et al 1995

Resource consumption and waste

production over the buildings

lie cycle triggers a number o

environmental problems such as loss

o arable land, release o toxins into

the biosphere, deorestation, and

noise and dust pollution.

du Plessis et al 2001


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2 Cmate-repnve he den wth cncrete

orntatn th dn prc

General

Th ectn prvde a brad vew tanabe

devepment t rentate the den prce and taret.

The envrnmenta cnderatn n Atraan bdn

cde c heav n the therma perrmance the bdn envepe. Th empha apprprate

becae the bdn rm and abrc have a n-term

mpact and are mprtant repnbte the

archtect. Hwever, mprved therma perrmance

the envepe a we hrt tanabe ener

e et ane tanabe devepment. Athh ten

recevn mnr attentn, the ht water tem can

have mch reater mpact n cmate chane. Fr

exampe, a a-bted ar ht water tem can be

ne the mt eectve wa mprvn the ener

perrmance the hehd.

The BuildinG life CyCle

The archtect n the ptn creatn a trctre

that ma at man eneratn. T ae tanabt,

the trctre mpact need t be cndered ver

th tme rame. The e-cce ener e a bdn

ncde that needed r matera extractn, prdctn,

cntrctn, peratn, mantenance, wate

manaement, and rerce recver at the end the

bdn e. The den the bdn can aect a

tae n the bdn e cce Figure 1.

A brad rane ndcatr needed t meare the

ptenta envrnmenta mpact a bdn. Ener,

water and wate are three cmmn ndcatr that

captre mprtant rerce fw r bdn. other

ndcatr a refect the ptenta eect emn

n hman and ectem heath. Baed n a e-cce

apprach, the wn area are a tartn pnt n

cndern tanabe den.

figURe 1

stae the bdn e cce

Resource extraction Manuacturing

On-site construction Occupancy / maintenance

Recycling / reuse / disposalDemolition

Life cycle energy

Heating and cooling represent only a

portion o the greenhouse gas emissions

within a household, typically about 14%.

Greenhouse gases from home energy use

[Australian Greenhouse Ofce]

In 199394 less than 5% o Australian

households used solar energy to

heat water. The majority (62%) used

electricity while most o the remainder

used mains gas (31%) (Australian

Bureau o Statistics www.abs.gov.au).

Solar hot water systems, efcient

rerigerators and other appliances

should be essential or new households

and a ocus or retroftting existing

housing stock.

14% heating and cooling

28% water heating

7% standby

17% rerigeration

19% other appliances

6% cooking

9% lighting

>>


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enerGy

in repect envrnmenta mpact, ener ten

cndered n term ba warmn ptenta a we

a the e nn-renewabe rerce. Th mpact

can be addreed thrh reater ecenc a wea chann t renewabe ener rce. Renewabe

r 'reen' ener ncrean avaabe thrh the

rd and can redce ba warmn ptenta and

nn-renewabe ener e.

ga-bted ar ht water tem can a pa an

mprtant part n redcn the amnt ener ed,

a are ecent appance. The catn the he

and mde tranprt hd a be cndered. see

the bx Life Cycle Energyr nrmatn n ener

ecenc and the mprtance peratna ener.

A cmate repnve den, ncdn pave ar

wnter heatn a mprtant and perhap the ne

area where the archtect ha reatet cntr.

WaTer

The water e r a hehd need a mch attentn

a ener-ecent den, epeca where water

rerce are mted. Man vernment aence

prmte water ecenc thrh water-ecent xtreand ranwater tank. in addtn, natve veetatn that

reqre e water hd a be cndered r

tanabe den. Water-ecent xtre a have the

benet redcn ener cnmptn r water heatn.

WasTe

Redcn wate need t cnder bth wate

enerated b the hehd a we a wate created at

the end the bdn e. A we dened tem r

manan hehd wate can make t eaer t rt

and tre matera r cmptn, ree and reccn.A he that can be dmanted and the eement

reed a redce demtn wate at the end t

e. The qantt wate enerated drn the e a

he ten abt the ame a a the wate created

thrh demtn at the end a 50-ear bdn e.

Wate rm the cntrctn prce enera ma

n cmparn. Hwever, wate r the prdctn

matera can be mch reater than a ther wate

tream cmbned. The prdctn each kram

bdn matera can ret n evera kram

wate. Th ncde wate rm matera extractn(ch a mnera wate and mnn ver-brden) and

can var reat r the prdctn the ame matera.

in me cae t can be reatve benn r can be

txc and preent a majr wate prbem. it therere

dct t pec matera accrdn t wate mpact

wtht nrmatn n prdctn prcee and wate

crtera ben mre read avaabe.

BiodiversiTy and speCifyinG maTerials

sme envrnmenta mpact r bdn are dct

t qant bt are ver mprtant r tanabe

devepment. T avd 'cmprmn the abt

tre eneratn t meet ther need', the archtect

mt take a practve apprach t manae the

ptenta mpact. Fr exampe, the rce raw

matera rare knwn n a bdn te and

a dctated b ct. The archtect hd pec

matera rm knwn tanabe rce and check

that thee matera arrve n te. Matera that appear

'natra' can have are mpact n the ectem rm

whch the are rced. Mnn peratn can a

aect adjacent ectem, epeca n area where

envrnmenta reatn pr. Prtectn bdverthd be the prmar c n pecn matera

rather than ener ee the bx Life Cycle Energy.

Based on CCAA LCA studies o

houses using a range o construction

types, energy used to produce

materials to make the house itsel

(embodied energy) is generally less

than 20% o the operational energy

used or a house over a fty-year lie.

Materials with high embodied energy

used in much greater quantities than

usual or housing can have a bigger

eect. In general, specifcation o

materials should ocus primarily on

other impacts where materials are the

biggest contributor, such as biodiversity.

From a planning perspective,

households also use a lot o energy or

transport this can vary greatly rom

household to household depending on

the location o the house.

Construction vs operational energy

[www.concrete.net.au]

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000i i

i

100 year life75 year life50 year life

HOUSE LIFE SPAN

ENERGY

(GJ)

Construction/mainenance energy

Operational energy

>>


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Thermal ComforT

Heatn and cn ener nt necear the

dmnant e ener b a hehd. Hwever, the

cmrt ccpant a prmar nctn a bdn

and a majr determnant the matera ed r the

bdn envepe and t rm ee the bx Life

Cycle Energy.

AsHRAE standard 55 2004 Thermal Environmental

Conditions or Human Occupancypreent therma

cmrt mt r natra ventated pace. Fed

tde hw that pepe adapt t cndtn a hwn

n the chart reprdced n Figure 2.

Fr exampe, n Febrar n sdne the mean mnth

tdr temperatre 22.6C. Entern the abve chart

rm the 'mean mnth tdr ar temperatre' ax

and n the 80% acceptabt ve ndr operative

temperatre abt 21C t 28C. un the wnter

mnth J mean mnth tdr temperatre

11.9C ve operativetemperatre abt 18C t

25C. Th ncde the eect hmdt and ame

that the ccpant can ree adjt cthn and

enaed n near edentar actvte.

Data n ar temperatre ree avaabe rm the

Brea Meter webte (www.bm.v.a/

cmate/averae/). The mean mnth tdr ar

temperatre can be cacated rm the averae the

mean maxmm and mean mnmm ar temperatre.

A mmer and wnter cacatn ve the rane

vae expected r the catn. The AsHRAE 55 2004

standard pece that th methd can be apped t

mean tde ar temperatre between 10C and 32.5C.

The operative temperature a cmbnatn ar and

radant temperatre and can be etmated a the averae

the tw when a pern edentar, nt n drect

nht and exped t wnd vecte e than 0.2 m/.

Radant temperatre cacated rm the race

temperatre the matera n the bdn. in man

cae, radant temperatre w be ver mar t the

ar temperatre becae the race n the bdn

are aected b the ar temperatre. Derence ccr

r race wndw and mave eement. Fr

exampe, n cd mnth, a are a area ne th

the fr area can ve a mean radant temperatre

3C e than the ndr ar temperatre (pae 8, A52

Radiant Heating and CoolingAsHRAE Handbk, 1991).

Th wer the peratve temperatre b abt 1.5C.

The cnvere tre n warmer mnth are a

area can ncreae the mean radant temperatre

abve the ndr ar temperatre. in ht cmate the

temperatre the rnd can be wer than the ar

temperatre. A rnd-cnnected ab can be ed t

wer the peratve temperatre, becae t aw the

ccpant t radate heat t the are c race the ab.

The e cmrt mt hd be ded b a ntn

dcmrt. Ce t the cmrt mt mt pepe

w cnder t cmrtabe and me w cnder t

md ncmrtabe. At a are dtance rm the

cmrt mt mt pepe w cnder the cndtn

ver ncmrtabe. Th partcar mprtant r

ht cmate where t dct t e heat rm the

bd. The cmrt mt are a tartn pnt r bdn

den. The archtect mt then cnder actr ch

a radatn and ar mvement cmbned wth bdn

rm and matera prperte t mprve therma cmrt.

5 10 15 20 25 30 3514

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

MEAN MONTHLY OUTDOOR AIR TEMPERATURE (C)

Limits of

acceptability

80%90%

INDOOR

OPERATIVETEMPERAT

URE(C)

figURe 2AsHRAE 55 2004 Acceptabe peratve temperatre

rane r natra cndtned pace



10/32

Clmat-rpnv dn

General

Therma mave matera ch a cncrete are

enera advcated a part pave den

apprach n temperate and ard zne. Th refected

n bdn cde and the abndant teratre avaabe

r pave ar heatn. Th ectn a cnder

the e therma mave matera t mprve

therma cmrt n trpca area. it w a zned

r 'hbrd' apprach wth hh ma cnnected t

the rnd n the wer fr t act a a heat nk t

mnme datme extreme. Bdn ccpant wd

e derent part the bdn at derent tme t

ptme ther cmrt.

ausTralian ClimaTe Zones

The wn cmate zne a dented n the Bdn

Cde Atraa are baed pn temperatre and

reatve hmdt Figure 3.

Zone 1 Trpca, hh hmdt mmer, warm wnter

e Darwn

Zone 2 sb-trpca, warm hmd mmer, md

wnter e Brbane

Zone 3 Ht ard mmer, warm wnter e Ace sprn

Zone 4 Ht ard mmer, c wnter e odnadatta

Zone 5 Warm temperate e sdne, Adeade

and Perth

Zone 6 Md temperate e Mebrne

Zone 7 C temperate e Canberra, Hbart

Zone 8 Apne e snw Mntan

The cmate zne that ncrprate the majr ppatn

centre are cndered n deta. in addtn, trpca

and b-trpca cmate are cvered t trate hw

cncrete can cntrbte t tanabe and cmate-

repnve den n thee zne. on enera nrm-

atn prvded r ht ard cmate where the benet

the e mave matera are we etabhed.figURe 3

Cmate zne baed n temperatre and reatve

hmdt [Bdn Cde Atraa]



11/32


analysinG ClimaTe daTa

Th ectn ndcate hw cmate data ana can be

ed a the ba r apprprate c mate repnve

den tratee enera and t den apprprate

hadn pecca. Ana the derent tme

the ear and the reatnhp between the cmrt

zne and the tdr cndtn prvde a trate

r den. in me cmate, heatn and cn are

reqred at derent perd the ear whe ther

reqre n heatn r n cn.

A d rce mmar cmate data ree

avaabe rm the Brea Meter webte

(www.bm.v.a/cmate/averae/). Figure 4 hw

an exampe ch cmate data raphed n the

Weather T tware (www.q1.cm).

Figure 4 hw the tme ear when the eectve

temperatre (rane) abve r bew the cmrt

zne (be) r natra ventated bdn n Brbane.

in Ma, Jne, J and At the eectve temperatre

a bew the cmrt zne, me heatn w th be

needed (crced wth dahed ne). The ther mnth

are warm, wth Nvember, December, Janar and

Febrar ben the htter mnth. Brbane cmate

averae rm the Brea Meter hw that the

mean maxmm e than 30C r a mnth the

ear. on averae there are apprxmate 50 da per

ear when the temperatre abve 30C, 3.5 da per

ear abve 35C and ver rare exceed 40C.

in the cae td r Brbane decrbed ater,

empha wa ven t keepn c. it wa reaned

that reater dcmrt wd ccr n peak mmer

than n the md wnter. Th wa refected n the den

b the chce date r hadn and awn n

nt the he. up t 1 Ma a n wa excded rm

the bdn. Th mean that n wa a be bcked

rm 11 At de t the mmetr the n

mvement abt the tce. A can be een crced

wth a dahed ne n Figure 4, th mean that n part

At the eectve temperatre ma a bew

the cmrt zne and there w be n n t mprve

cndtn. Hwever, n w enter the bdn rm

1 Ma t 11 At t mprve cmrt.

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

MONTHLYDIURNALAVERAGES(C)

figURe 4

Mnth drna averae ptted wth adaptve cmrt

zne r natra ventated bdn n Brbane

[Weather T tware]


12/32

orienTaTion and sun ConTrol

orentatn and n cntr a bac den

cnderatn r cmate-repnve den. The

chane n n ane ver the ear aw the hadn

t be dened t aw n t enter the bdn nwnter and be excded n mmer. in catn ch

a Darwn, hadn w be reqred r a tme the

ear; n Jne, the n w even ht a th-acn wa

hadn nt prvded.

The chart n Figure 5 prvde a qck reerence t

the apprprate eave verhan. sn cntr n the

eat and wet eevatn the bdn hd a

be cndered. lw-ane n that ht the nrth and

eat acade a need cnderatn bt mre

eectve cntred wth vertca hade r externa

htter. The Eave overhan Chart n Figure 5 ve ac-ecent 0.95 r 1 Ma r Brbane. Th mean

that a nrth-acn wa 2.7 m hh w need an eave

verhan at eat 2.57 m t be haded p nt

1 Ma. Addtna hadn w be reqred r w-ane

mrnn and aternn n.


Tc tt g t 12

t cg w j at ct

Summer Equinox Winter

solstice 21 March and solstice

22 December 23 september 21 Jne

sdne,

Canberra,

Adeade 79 56 33

Mebrne 76 52 29

Brbane 86 63 39

Perth 82 58 35

Darwn* 101 78 54

Hbart 71 47 24

Ace sprn 90 67 43

* in summer the sun is in the southern sky

78

54

101

DARWIN

Wintersolstice

Equinox

Summersolstice

63

39

86

BRISBANE

Wintersolstice

Equinox

Summersolstice

58

35

82

PERTH

Wintersolstice

Equinox

Summersolstice

56

33

79

SYDNEY

Wintersolstice

Equinox

Summersolstice


13/32


22 Dec(summer solstice)

27 Nov

16 Jan

26 Feb

21 Mar

14 April

26 May

E

E = C x H

WhereC = Coefficient

from the chart

H

19 July

31 Aug

23 Sept

0 5

Equinox

10 15 25

LATITUDE (degrees)

TIME OF THE YEAR

Arrows show direction of

travel of sun

EXAMPLE

North-facing window with height, H,

of 2100 mm located at 9 latitude.

What eave outstand, E, is required

to shade the window from 31 August

to 14 April?

From Chart, for 9 latitude, go to diagonal

line for the time of year (31 Aug/14 April)

Move to right to read Coefficient C, say C = 0.35

Calculate E from E = C x H

E = 0.35 x 2100 = 735 mm

COEFFICIENT

,C

30 35 40 45

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

0.55

0.60

0.65

0.70

0.75

0.80

0.850.90

0.95

1.00

Example:9 latitude

Darwin

Cairns

Townsville

MackayMount IsaPort Hedland

RockhamptonAlice Springs

Brisbane

Geraldton

Port Macquarie Tamworth Kalgoorlie

Broken Hill Perth

Newcastle Whyalla Bunbury

Sydney Bathurst

Canberra Wagga Wagga Adelaide Albany

Albury

Bendigo

Melbourne

Launceston

Hobart

17 Oct

21 June(winter solstice)

20

figURe 5

Eave verhan chart


14/32


venTilaTion and air veloCiTy

Ar vect can have the eect redcn the

perceved temperatre b 2C r mre. Ar chane

a mprtant r heddn heat rm the bdn.

Hwever, t avd heatn the bdn when tdr

temperatre are reater than ndr temperatre,

natra ventatn hd be retrcted nt the nde

temperatre reache the tde temperatre Figure 6.

Th epeca n pace where t ntceab cer

at nht, ch a n Brbane and ther temperate

cmate where the dwen can be kept c ner

nt the da b retrctn ventatn. in cae where

nht temperatre drp bew cmrt mt care

hd be taken t prevent the bdn rm becmn

t cd. Fan hd be ed t prvde ar mvement

when wndw are ced r cndtn are t.

orentatn r cntr ar radatn hd

enera take precedence ver acce t prevan

breeze. Hwever, bdn rm can be ed

t maxme cr ventatn n narrw fr

pan (n ne rm n wdth), and wn-wa

r andcapn t channe breeze. Hh cen,

raked cen and vertca pace aw heat t trat

and ecape. Hh and w ventatn penn

and cen an at are cnvectn cce and

ncreaed ar mvement. Thee tratee can be

een n the Brbane and Darwn cae tde.

mass

Therma mave matera have the abt t 'even t'

temperatre extreme. in cder cmate th can be

cmbned wth addtna heat rm the n t mprve

therma cmrt. in htter cmate, heat rm the n

hd be excded and ma cnnected t the rnd

t act a a heat nk and t mprve cmrt drn

the httet part the da. in bth cae, extreme

cndtn can be mded and the cmrt mprved.

Anther mprtant actr ma t race

temperatre and the fw heat rm the bd. in ht

cmate, a rnd ab can draw radant heat rm the

hman bd and mprve therma cmrt. Th eect

captred n the cncept the peratve temperatre

ed t dene the cmrt zne r natra ventated

bdn.

Therma mave matera ed n bdn eement

that are nt rnd-cped ch a wa w be mre

repnve t the drna varatn when ced b nht

pre ventatn. in Brbane, th eect hep t keep

the bdn c n mmer, ee Figure 6. in Darwn,

the derence between nht and da temperatre

n abt 57C and the eect w be marna.

figURe 6

Cntr ventatn n a ht cmate

MORNING

Close windows

Open windows

Outside

Inside

NIGHT

TEMPERATURE

Air movement and

comfort in Darwin

Air velocity makes conditions

more comortable in a hot humid

climate at the higher o air

velocities that can be achieved

with, or instance, ceiling ans, the

perceived temperature may be

up to 6C cooler than the actual

air temperature. With even the

more modest air velocities due

to natural cross ventilation, or

example, outside conditions o

31C can be perceived as up to

12C cooler, bringing them

within the comort zone.


15/32


ZoninG

in ht hmd cmate, vn area hd be cated

at rnd eve t take advantae rnd-cped

ma and mderatn datme peak temperatre;

bedrm can be n the rnd fr a bt n a

eparate zne a hwn n Figure 7. Aternatve,

bedrm hd be ptar t take advantae

wer nht-tme temperatre and t captre prevan

breeze. sch bedrm hd be enera

htweht cntrctn becae ma w nt be

rnd-cped r act a a heat nk.

in cmate where pave heatn reqred r wnter,

rm can be cated accrdn t heatn need.

lvn area are a cated t the nrth t mprve

datme cmrt. on te where a ner eat-wet

ax nt pbe, a ecnd tre can be ed t

ncreae the nmber rm wth a nrthern apect.

Use of thermally

massive materials toimprove comfort in

tropical climates

In a hot humid climate with little

seasonal variation, thermally

massive materials can reduce

daytime maximum temperatures.

The slab-on-ground can be used to

moderate temperatures on hot days.

In addition, walking bareoot on a

concrete or tiled slab will result in acool eeling as the body conducts

heat to the slab.

figURe 7

Znn r ht hmd cmate

Trees toshield fromwind

Bulk-insulated wall

Bulk-insulated wall

Carport

B B B

L

D

F

K

Ceiling fans

Vertical shading

Privacy screen

Opening panels or louvre wallsfor cross-ventilation


16/32

landsCape and miCroClimaTe

landcapn ver mprtant r d therma cmrt

wthn the he, epeca n ht cmate. Pantn

redce the amnt ar radatn reachn the

rnd and create a mcrcmate arnd the bdn.

Attentn a reqred r re-radatn hard

race whch can bpa hadn ntended r drect

radatn. A d mcrcmate can redce radatn

and prvde cer ar rrndn the bdn,

prmtn heat rm the bdn and prvdn

cer ar r ventatn. Fr exampe, ar temperatre

nder the hade a tree can be 4C wer than the

enera ambent ar temperatre abve a raed

race. Hwever, perhap mre mprtant the need

t avd race that dramatca ncreae the ambent

ar temperatre. The ar temperatre abve an aphat

race n the n apprxmate 52C; abve a

cncrete race, 42C (la Rche et a 2001). i thepreheated ar then pae nt the bdn, t wd

bv make therma cndtn nbearabe.

The e veetatn r hadn partcar e

n the eat and wet acade where eave verhan

are e eectve. landcapn can a be ed t

channe predmnant breeze thrh the bdn.

in cder cmate veetatn can erve a a wnd break

and redce the rate heat rm the bdn abrc.

Natve veetatn that ha a w water demand

hd be ed.



17/32


Ca tud and dn ud

r majr clmat zn

General

Th ectn ce n trpca, b-trpca and warm

temperate cmate wth reerence t cae tde.

genera dance ven r ther cmate znecn n drect and ndrect heat an tem.

ZoNe 1 TRoPiCAL: darWin

The den ratnae adpted n th prject r he

den n the trpc wa t mnme the perd

reatet dcmrt drn the da. The bd can

accmate t a certan pnt bt hh temperatre

and hmdt make t dct t e heat n rder t

mantan therma cmrt. in Darwn, athh the

maxmm temperatre rare exceed 35C t ver

cmmn r t t exceed 30C and t be cped

wth hh reatve hmdt. Th mean that t w be

cmmn r therma cmrt, a dened b AsHRAE 55,

t be at t mt r part the da even wth d

pave den. Therma cmrt r eepn a

mprtant bt mre achevabe a temperatre

enera a t ther wet at nht tme. The e

an mprtant t mprve therma cmrt b armvement.

Sustainable design to improve

thermal comfort

oritati ad zig

n orentated wth the n ax rnnn eat-wet

t prvde eectve hadn and acce t

predmnant breeze rm the nrth-wet.

n Bedrm cated ptar t prvde maxmm

acce t cn breeze and t prvde a

eepn area eparate rm ther zne that ma

have aned heat drn the da.

n on natn n bedrm cen t avd

radant heat an.

Vtilatidesign eatures to ensure maximum

ventilation when the internal temperature is higher than

that outside

n shaw fr pan ne-rm wdth t aw

maxmm cr ventatn.

n lvre rm fr t cen penn

apprxmate 65% the fr area.

n A mnmm fr-t-cen heht 2.7 m hher

n bedrm wth raked cen.

n Vertca pace r pward mvement heat rm

rnd fr (nterna tar), whch vent t tde

vn pace.

n Raked cen n bedrm at b ncrean

tratcatn and awn htter ar t be t the

ccped zne and mre ea ventated, e b

rde vent.

n Cen an r phca cn when there

n breeze.

Life cycle

assessment

Lie cycle assessment was carried

out using LCAid sotware and the

NSW Department o Commerce

(previously DPWS) Lie Cycle

Inventory (LCI) database. The LCI

database was compiled between

1995 and 2000 by the Environment

Design Unit, a specialist LCA group

within DPWS. The database contains

all Australian data collected and

compiled in accordance with the

International Standard ISO 14040

Environmental Management Life

Cycle Assessment Principles

and Frameworkand stored in the

Boustead model.


18/32


F r

Awnn rame penabe t cntr

ventatn, vew and ar acce

Hh-eve vre aw ventatn t

bedrm, verandah and r pace

Ventated pane t

tdr vn area

Deep verandah prvde abe

pace and verhadw bedrm

t keep rm c

F heht azed vre and bd dr

aw r maxmm ventatn and vew,

verhadwed b verandah t prtect aant

weather and ar penetratn

lht cred cncrete

pane wth refectve ,

paced awa rm the

bdn

grnd fr

ab n rnd

r therma

cpn

figURe 8

Cae td den r trpca cmate

> sne aded pannn t actate cr ventatn> Cncrete ma t amerate temperatre fctatn

> Pane tem aw r preabrcatn/tem cntrctn

LK D

F

BBBB

L

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST FLOOR PLAN


19/32


n lvre are part a cnvectve ventatn p

tn hh and w eve penn t exchane

nterna ar.

n Ktchen wth ba wndw t ncreae ventatn

ckn, rereratn and ther heat rce.

n Ar cavt between cen and r permanent

ventated (f r).

Radiati ad vtilati design eatures to

block radiant heat gain and vent any heat gain rom the

building

n F r wth refectve t bck radant heat and

t aw breeze and r ptch t vent r heat an.

n Wn wa wth refectve 1 m rm the bdn

t cmpete hade eat and wet acade and t

channe predmnant breeze thrh the bdn.

(on the wndward de the bdn, the nrth-

acn wa extend t the creen t enre thebreeze channeed thrh the bdn.)

n Bacn r pt t vent heat an and avd

pan heat nt adjacent rm.

n opaqe whte vre rm fr eve t 900 mm

and rm 2100 mm t cen t redce de

radatn an whe t awn ventatn (the

amnt azn e than 25% the fr area).

n 'garae dr' adjtabe hadn t bck de

radatn and prvde em-enced bacn pace,

vred r ventatn.

Radiati design eatures that control radiant

heat gain

n grnd-cped ma t abrb radant heat rm

ccpant.

n Cmpete hadn the bdn abrc r 'mmer'

and 'wnter' n.

n Vertca n r w ane 'wnter' and 'mmer' n

th hade a nrth- and th-acn wndw

AND wa rm mrnn and aternn n de t

wndw pacement.

n A xed hadn nated t avd radant heat

an at penn.

Matrials ad watr

n Wrk t tandard dmenn r caddn and td

ramn t redce wate and ncreae reabt

cntrctn eement. smpe wndw and dr

chede t t nt tandard dmenn.

n Water cectn rm r (tred between the wn

wa and the bdn abrc r cmbned wth a ar

ht water tem n the wetern acade).

Lif cycl assssmt

le cce aement ret a he dened

n the prncpe tned abve tn therma

ma n the rnd fr and externa wa (cncrete

ab n rnd and cncrete wa) are preented

bew. The ret are preented n cmparn wth a

tpca den n htweht bre cement caddn.

The ret are a preented n envrnmenta mpact

catere.

The den r each he ncde a ranwater tank

whch redce the demand r water rm the pbc

pp.

A can be een n Figure 9 there wa nt a reat

derence between the envrnmenta mpact

ndcatr r the tw cntrctn aembe. Th

part becae the cntrctn matera have a

reatve ma mpact n the ndcatr preented.over a 50-ear e cce, ener e drn peratn

dmnated man the ndcatr preented.

The cmate n Darwn chaenn and the therma

mden ndcated perd tde the cmrt

zne. Th can be mprved b n an t mprve

cmrt b the ar mvement. Therma ma prvde

me ber rm peak cndtn and act a a heat

nk. Therma cmrt preented a ar temperatre

reqenc dtrbtn n the am/vn area.

The raph n Figure 10 hw that the cncrete pane

ptn ha mre 2834C hr (warm t ht rane)

and e ver 34C hr (ver ht rane) than r the

htweht caddn (bae) ptn.


20/32


ZoNe 2 sUB-TRoPiCAL: BrisBane

Fr mmer, the den r Brbane mar t that r

Darwn wth a c n the cntr radatn and the

dpatn heat, man thrh cntred datme

and nht-tme ventatn. Hwever, Brbane a ha

a reater drna rane and a wnter that reqre me

pave heatn. Th preent a reater pprtnt r

mave cntrctn cmbned wth care den

hadn and enetratn. it a preent tw mde

peratn a warm and c ean wth the ma.

Hwever, a nted n the ana Brbane' cmate,

pae 6, the c n mnmn dcmrt whch

mre prnnced n mmer than n the md wnter.

A a ret, the den w the apprach ed r

Darwn wth a mdcatn hadn, the amnt and

cntr ventatn, the e bk natn, the e ma and the penetratn n r the perd

the ear when heatn needed.


thermal comfort

oritati ad zig

n orentated wth the n ax rnnn eat-wet t

prvde eectve hadn and acce t mmer

aternn breeze rm the nrth-eat, athh

eater breeze are nt captred prrt ven t

rentatn r the n.

n Bedrm cated ptar t prvde maxmm

acce t cn breeze and t prvde a

eepn area eparate rm ther zne that ma

have aned heat drn the da.

Note: The above should be considered in the context of

the limitation of site size and orientation.

n Bedrm cen nated r warmth n wnter.

Vtilatidesign eatures to ensure maximum

ventilation when the internal temperature is higher than

that outside

n shaw fr pan ne-rm wdth t aw

maxmm cr ventatn.

n lvre rm 900 mm t 2100 mm abve fr eve

prvdn mre therma ma.

n A mnmm fr-t-cen heht 2.7 m hher

n bedrm wth raked cen.

n Vertca pace r pward mvement heat rm

rnd fr (nterna tar), whch vent t tde

vn pace.

n Raked cen n bedrm at b ncreantratcatn and awn htter ar t be t the

ccped zne and mre ea ventated.

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Atmospheric

Base house(fibre cement, internal and external)

Concrete panel house

Resources

Pollutants

196 231Greenhouse effect (kg)

0.000227Ozone depletion (kg)

2.2231e+06Energy usage (MJ)

26 184.8Water (kL)

144 367Solid waste (kg)

5.2862Heavy metal (kg)

109.045Neutriphication (kg)

2673.71Acidification (kg)

2.1457e0.5Carcinogensis (kg)

30.2127Summer smog (kg)

2935.48Winter smog (kg)

PERCENTAGE

figURe 9

Bar chart hwn the envrnmenta mpact

n hh ma matera v htweht caddn n

Darwn he

figURe 10

Ar temperatre reqenc dtrbtn n Darwn he

16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

TEMPERATURE (C)

NUMBER

OFHOURS

Base house(fibre cement, internal and external)

Concrete panel house


21/32


F r

Hh-eve vre aw ventatn t

bedrm, verandah and r pace

Awnn rame penabe t cntr

ventatn, vew and ar acce

Cncrete pane t tdr

vn area

Deep verandah prvde

abe pace and verhadw

bedrm t keep rm c

Cncrete pane

F heht azed bd dr

aw r maxmm ventatn and

vew, verhadwed b verandah

t prtect aant weather and ar

penetratn

figURe 11

Cae td den r b-trpca cmate

> sne aded pannn t actate cr ventatn

> Cncrete ma t amerate temperatre fctatn

> Pane tem aw r preabrcatn/tem cntrctn

LKD

F

BBBB

L

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST FLOOR PLAN


22/32



n breeze.

n lvre are part a cnvectve ventatn p

tn hh and w eve penn t exchane

nterna ar.

n Ktchen wth ba wndw t ncreae ventatn

ckn, rereratn and ther heat rce.

n Ar cavt between cen and r can be ced t

rther nate bedrm n wnter.


block radiant heat gain and vent any heat gain rom the

building

n Ma ed t captre nht-tme temperatre w

drn mmer wth nht ventatn. Brbane ha

a drna rane apprxmate 89C, meared

b the derence between the mean maxmm and

mean mnmm temperatre.

n idea, ventatn mnmed nt nterna

temperatre eqa externa temperatre. Cen

an t vercme 'tne' and ve phca

cn when there n breeze r vent are ced

t redce heat an.

n Redced wndw area n the eat and wet

acade t mnme ear mrnn and ate

aternn heat an th cd be vared prvded

hadn tem mnme heat an and the

amnt azn mnma.

n Cntr r ventatn maxmm ventatn n

mmer mar t a f r and mnmm ventatn

r wnter. R ptch t vent r heat an n

mmer.

n oter kn the eat and wet wa extendn

a wn wa t channe NE mmer aternn

breeze thrh bdn.

n Bacn r pt t vent heat an and avd

drectn heat nt adjacent rm.

n Bacn r wth a ar pera that aw n

nt bedrm r cer mnth.

n ga vre rm 900 mm t 2100 mm abve fr

eve (the amnt azn e than 25% the

fr area).

n 'garae dr' adjtabe hadn t bck/de

radatn and prvde em-enced bacn pace,

vred r ventatn.

Radiati design eatures that ocus on radiant

heat gain

n Eat and wet wa wth refectve and a mnmm

bk natn R1.0 (mded rm Darwn a

bk natn w prvde mar heat bck n

mmer bt a redce heat n wnter).

n The r ha refectve and a mnmm bk

natn R1.5 R2.5.

n grnd-cped ma t abrb radant heat rm

ccpant.

n Cmpete hadn the bdn abrc r ht

mnth. in reerence t mnth drna averae r

Brbane, nder-heatn ccr rm Ma thrh

t At. seted date r acceptabe n

penetratn wd be rm 1 Ma t 11 At r

pave ar heatn (bacn ar pera and

ther hadn devce). F hadn prvded at

a ther tme the ear.

n Vertca n r ther hadn devce r w-ane

mmer n th hade a nrth- and th-

acn wndw AND wa rm mrnn and

aternn n de t wndw pacement.

n A xed hadn can be eparated rm the

trctre t avd 'heat brde' and can be a ht

cr t avd radant heat an at penn.

Matrials ad watr



cntrctn eement. smpe wndw and dr

chede t t nt tandard dmenn.

n Water cectn rm r, preerab tred n tank

n the eat r wet wa.

n sar ht water tem cd a make e the

harveted/cected water.


23/32


Lif cycl assssmt

le cce aement ret a he dened

n the prncpe tned abve tn therma

ma n the rnd fr and externa wa (cncrete

ab n rnd and cncrete wa) are preented n

Figure 12. The ret are preented n cmparn

wth a tpca den n brck veneer aemb and

n envrnmenta mpact catere. Note: The design

for each house includes a rainwater tank which reduces

the demand for water from the public supply.

A mentned earer ener e and ba warmn

ptenta are de t the peratn the bdn.

in the ther envrnmenta mpact catere preented

n Figure 12, cncrete pane wa cntrctn ha the

wet zne depetn ptenta, d wate, heav

meta and carcnen.

The den the he n Brbane expred the e

therma ma r pave ar den t e the

drna varatn t mprve cmrt. Therma cmrt

preented a ar temperatre reqenc dtrbtn n

the am/vn area n Figure 13.

The therma mden ndcated tte derence

between the var aembe examned. The dden

pke at 18C cme abt becae the matn

tware ame wndw are ced at th et pnt.

A dened, whether nated r nt, cncrete panewan prvded a reater prtn the ear wthn

the temperatre rane 19 t 25C (adaptve cmrt

temperatre r Brbane).

figURe 12

Bar chart hwn the envrnmenta mpact n

hh ma matera n Brbane he

10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

TEMPERATURE (C)

NUMBER

OFHOURS

Concrete panel exterior and interior,no insulation

Concrete panel exterior,plasterboard interior, plus insulation

figURe 13

Ar temperatre reqenc dtrbtn n Brbane he

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Atmospheric

Base house (brick veneer)

Concrete panel exterior and interior,no insulation

Concrete panel exterior,plasterboard interior, plus insulation

Resources

Pollutants




23 252.8Water (kL)




2 827.98Acidification (kg)



3 039.55Winter smog (kg)

PERCENTAGE


24/32


ZoNe 3 HoT ARiD sUMMeR, WARM

WiNTeR: aliCe sprinGs


thermal comfort

The wn t cver me enera envrnmentaden eatre:

n Hh therma ma tabe temperatre and

redce datme and nht-tme extreme.

n Heat an redced a mch a pbe wth n

wndw n the eat r wet and ma, we-haded

wndw eewhere.

n Radatn heat an redced wth ht cred

race and refectve natn.

n Crtard are ten ed t prtect aant ht,

dr wnd and are cmbned wth pant and water

eatre, whch redce radatn and create a

mcr cmate enhanced b evapratve cn.

n Ventatn cntred t enre the bdn nt

heated when the nde temperatre e than that

tde n a ht da.

n Evapratve cn can be ed t mprve cmrt

when the reatve hmdt w. Fr exampe,

Ace sprn ha an averae reatve hmdt

27% n Janar awn r the e evapratve

cn t mprve cmrt. in w-rana

area, cnderatn hd a be ven t the

tanabt avaabe water rerce.

figURe 14

genera den r ht ard cmate

Courtyard walls screenagainst wind and dust

Outdoor living

Pergola withadjustableshading

Massiveconstruction

Lightweightconstruction

Slidingdoorsfor breeze

Small windows

K D L

Garage

Garage shades wallfrom late afternoon sun

B B B

Courtyard forevening use


25/32


figURe 15

Cae td den r warm temperate cmate

Hh-eve wndw t ventate n mmer

and prvde ar acce n wnter

Pera t excde

mmer n and aw

r wnter ar an

Pannn addree

rentatn: vn area

cated t the nrth

Cncrete cntrctn

prvde nterna

therma ma

garae wrk a ber

e ace wet

View rom north west

BLBB

B/SFKDL

Garage


26/32


ZoNe 5 WARM TeMPeRATe: sydney,

adelaide, perTh


thermal comfort

oritati ad zig

The prncpe prvded bew are baed n ptma

rentatn and t anment. it recned that

avaabe te n the majr metrptan area ma

nt have ptma cndtn, hwever thee prncpe

hd be apped t t pecc te cndtn.

n orentated wth the n ax eat/wet t

prvde eectve hadn and acce t

prevan breeze rm the nrtheat.

n lvn area zned t the nrth the bdn

pan t take advantae ar acce n wnter.

sn acce t nterna bedrm wa n wnter va

ceretr wndw. sar nre cntred n

mmer b pera and hadn.

n Bedrm zned t the th the vn area t

prvde a eepn area eparate rm the actve

zne and t avd heat an drn the da.

Cear natre bedrm pan aw r ecent

heatn n wnter.

n garae wrk a a ber aant advere

envrnmenta cndtn e arae rentated t

wet avd aternn heat an n mmer.

Vtilati

n Cr ventatn rm bth the vn area and

the bedrm actated b hh eve penabe

ceretr wndw.

n Fr t cen heht a mnmm 2.7 m.

n Raked cen t actate ar mvement thrh a

pace.


n breeze.

n Ktchen ereated t avd nterna heat an n

mmer.


control radiant heat gain and vent any heat gain rom

the building

n inated r wth refectve t bck radant

heat and t retan warmth n wnter.

n R ptch t ceretr wndw t vent heat an

when necear.

n grnd cped ma t abrb heat n mmer.

n Cmpete hadn wndw n mmer.

n Wnter n penetratn nt the bdn t warm p

ma eement. The warm race ncreae

cmrt ater n the evenn.

Matrials ad watr



cntrctn eement.

n smpe wndw and dr chede t t nt

tandard dmenn.

n Water cectn rm r t water arden and

fh tet.

n ga bted ar ht water tem.

figURe 16

Mded ectn prject he t mprve ar

acce and ventatn

Thermal mass

Summer sun

Cross-flow

ventilation

Winter sun


27/32


Lif cycl assssmt

in 2001 a cae td wa cmpeted r a 'tandard'

three-bedrm detached prject hme cated n

sdne. The man tcme the td wa that,

rrepectve chane t matera, the majrt

envrnmenta mpact were dmnated b the

peratna phae the e cce. Ener e drn

peratn wa nted t be the bet cntrbtr

t ba warmn a we a a nmber ther

envrnmenta ndcatr.

T addre ener ed drn peratn, a ecnd

td wa cmpeted n 2003. un the ame ze

and appearance the prject hme, the den wa

mded r pave ar perrmance. Figure 16

trate prncpa eement pave ar den.

The tw man cntrctn matera ed were brck

veneer and cncrete. The cncrete cntrctn tpe

were ptmed t nd the bet cmbnatn therma

ma and natn. The var cntrctn ptn

hwn n Figure 17 were examned ver three derent

e pan r ther envrnmenta mpact.

in the ptn tded the bet cmrt wa acheved

b the revere therma ma wa cntrctn (Tpe 2E)

n Figure 17.

Lif cycl assssmt

The ret th cae td, Figure 18, hw that

acr the eeven ndcatr ed n lCAd the e

cce aement the var cncrete cntrctn

ptn wa ar mar. overa, the cncrete prdct

perrmed we.

The td hwed that cncrete perrm an mprtant

re n achevn ener ecence thrh the tatn

therma ma n a pave ar dened hme. sch

ener ecence are mprtant a ener prdctn

n nn-renewabe rce wa hwn t have majr

mpact n x the eeven ndcatr tded.

The ret ndcate that athh heatn and cn

ener have been redced, ener e drn

peratn t dmnate the e cce. Th de t

the ht water tem and appance a decrbed n

the bx Life Cycle Energyn pae 2. The ret r

the ndcatr are ver mar, hwn that ener

the majr nfence r a nmber the ndcatr

preented. The are pke that ccr r a nmber

ndcatr r the rt ptn are a tte meadn r

zne depetn ptenta; t a ver ma vae bt

appear are when expreed a a reatve derence.

The ther ndcatr are arer de t the meta r and

t repacement a nmber tme ver the bdn

e cce.

Thee ret cear hw that the envrnmenta

mpact matera prcrement can be et aant

the an acheved n redcn the envrnmenta

mpact bdn ener e n the peratna tae

the e cce.


28/32


figURe 17

Illustrations o construction type

CoNsTRUCTioN MATeRiAL TYPes

Floor External walls Internal walls Roof

TYPe 1 Cncrete ab n rnd Brck veneer/natn/ Paterbard Terractta te

paterbard

TYPe 2A Cncrete ab n rnd Cncrete pane/natn/ Cncrete pane/ Pre-panted tee

paterbard paterbard nn

TYPe 2B Cncrete ab n rnd Cncrete pane/natn/ Cncrete pane/ Cncrete te

paterbard paterbard nn

TYPe 2C Cncrete ab n rnd Cncrete pane Cncrete pane Cncrete te

TYPe 2D Cncrete ab n rnd Cncrete pane/ paterbard Cncrete pane/ Cncrete te

paterbard nn

TYPe 2e Cncrete ab n rnd Weatherbard/natn/ Cncrete pane Cncrete te

cncrete pane

Typ 1

External:brck veneer

Internal: td wa + paterbard

Roof: terractta te

Typ 2A

External:cncrete, natn + paterbard

Internal: cncrete + paterbard

Roof: meta deck

Typ 2B

External:cncrete, natn + paterbard

Internal: td wa + paterbard

Roof: cement te

Typ 2C

External:cncrete

Internal: cncrete

Roof: cncrete te

Typ 2D

External:cncrete + paterbard

Internal: cncrete + paterbard

Roof: cncrete te

Typ 2e

External:weatherbard, natn + cncrete

Internal: cncrete pane

Roof: cncrete te



29/32


Comfort The ret the therma cmrt ana

demntrated that when empha paced n tn

the therma prperte cncrete a hme can mantan

cmrtabe ndr temperatre r mch the ear.

Therma mden the he ndcated that

even wtht artca heatn and cn the bet

perrmn ptn wd mantan temperatre

between 18 and 27C r 80% the ear.

Temperatre were abve 27C r n a cpe

percent the ear, whe temperatre were bew

18C r e than 20% the ear (mt the

hr ben drn the nht). Th perrmance

et that the averae prject hme can ea

bvate the need r extenve heatn and cn

b apprprate attentn t pave den.

figURe 18

Envrnmenta cmparn var cntrctn

envrnmenta mpact ver a e cce 50 ear

(crade t rave)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 700 750

Base, Type 1 construction

Type 2A construction

Type 2B construction

Type 2C construction

Type 2D construction

Type 2E construction

Resources

Pollutants




1619.88Water (kL)




8236.1Acidification (kg)



9 101.04Winter smog (kg)

PERCENTAGE

Atmospheric

figURe 19

Bar chart ndcatn therma cmrt

Temperature range (C) 0 to18 18 to 27 27 to 40

Type 1 Type 2A Type 2B Type 2C Type 2D Type 2E0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

NUMBER

OFHOUR

S


30/32


cnderatn. A a mnmm, hadn hd excde

mmer n and refectve ed t redce heat an

thrh the r. The mave cntrctn ed r

pave heatn n wnter a e r tabn

temperatre n mmer.

The c the den heat an r wnter and

cntrn heat .

n Heat gain Mderate therma ma wth wndw

acn nrth t captre wnter n (ee the wn

nrmatn n drect and ndrect pave heatn).

Refectve n cen t redce heat an n

mmer.

n Reducing heat loss Dbe azn and redced

amnt azn epeca eat, wet, and

thern de; hh eve bk natn;

cmpact hape and we eaed bdn wth

cntred ventatn.

sar heat an

n wnter

Pera t excde

mmer n and aw

r wnter ar anHh eve wndw t

prvde ar acce

n wnter

Tree t hed aant wnd

Veetatn and bade

wa t hade aant ate

mmer n

inated cncrete pane

ZoNe 6 MiLD TeMPeRATe: melBourne+

ZoNe 7 CooL TeMPeRATe: CanBerra,

hoBarT

General sustainable design to

improve comfort

Thee cmate zne have been cmbned becaemar den tratee are apprprate t mprve

cmrt n wnter. inrmatn read avaabe r

enera den the bdn envepe and r bac

therma charactertc enera reqred b bdn

cde. The c th ectn n the den

pave tem t mprve therma cmrt drn

wnter. Hwever, cmrt n mmer a need

figURe 20

genera den r md and c temperate cmate

> Cncrete ma t amerate temperatre fctatn


31/32


Passive solar systems

Pave den nt cmpcated and cmpatbe

wth tradtna bdn eement and Atraan he

den. Cncrete ab a crrent ed n 80%

Atraan hme can be ed t tre heat rm the

n. in c cmate, n can be ed t heat the rm

n wnter n nrth-acn wndw apprxmate

ne th the fr area. Figure 21 hw a rm

drect ann heat rm the n.

The next c r a pave den enrn heat

(when reqred) retaned n the bdn. The ame

meare are a reqred r an ecent artca

heatn tem.

n Wndw are a majr rce heat . Dbe

azn can ncreae retance t heat

whe t awn heat rm the n t enter.

Wndw htter r nht tme are a eectve

and pemet-hn, ce-ttn crtan can a

redce heat .

n Cen hd be nated t prevent heat

, a hd wa and fr t at eat the

mnmm peced n the Bdn Cde Atraa

Figures 21 and 22.

n The ede the rnd ab hd be nated,

epeca the nrthern ede that act a the prme

heat tre Figure 23. Thckenn the ab t a

depth 250 mm n a 2-metre-wde trp an th

nrthern ede a e.

figURe 21

Drect an heatn cce

figURe 23

sab-ede natn n cd-cmate area

Concrete floor slab

Building-grade polystyrene boardprotected with fibre-cement sheeting

Damp-proof membrane

Heavy-weight walls ofconcrete panel or masonry

figURe 22

inatn cavt wa n evere cd-cmate area

INTERIOR

Insulate outer face of heavy-weight

internal leaf (concrete wall panels

or masonry). Insulation materials

such as styrene-foam board or

single-sided reflective-foil laminates,

should be installed in accordance

with manufacturer's instructions

External

leaf

Internal

leaf

Low-angled wintersun penetratesunder eaves

Direct and reflectedradiation absorbed byheavy-weight wallingelements such asconcrete panels ormasonry

Pelmet-hung heavy curtainto be drawn after sunset

Insulated ceiling

North-facing, concrete floorwarmed by solar radiation

Reflective foil sarking


32/32

Bblraphy

n AsHRAE standard 55 2004 Thermal Environmental

Conditions or Human Occupancy.

n Acem A and szka s (1997) Thermal Comort

PLEA Note 3Pave lw Ener Archtectre

n acatn wth the unvert Qeenand,

Atraa.

n Atraan Brea stattc www.ab.v.a

acceed 23 Dec 2005 Australian Social Trends

1997 Housing Housing & Liestyle: Environment

& the home.

n Atraan greenhe oce 'Ener ue

intrdctn' Your Home Guide Technical Manual

Fact sheet 40, 2001.

n Brwn g Z and DeKa M (2001) Sun, Wind and

Light: Architectural Design Strategies, Second

EditionJhn We and sn inc.

n d Pe (Edtr) (2001) Aenda 21 r

stanabe Cntrctn n Devepn Cntre,

Frt Dcn Dcment internatna Cnc

r Reearch and innvatn n Bdn and

Cntrctn (CiB) Reerence N. Bou/C336.

n Ectect V.20 (b) sqare one Reearch Pt ltd.

n greenand J (1998) Foundations o Architectural

Scienceunvert Techn, sdne.

n gvn B (1962) A Basic Study o Ventilation

Problems in Hot CountriesBdn Reearch

statn, Haa.

n Hde R (2000) Climate Responsive Design: A study

o buildings in moderate and hot humid climates

E and FN spn.

n Kenberer o H; iner T g; Mahew, A and

szka s V (1979) Manual o Tropical Housing

and Building, Part 1 Climatic Design, lnman.

n la Rche P, Qr C; Brav g; gnzaez E and

Machad M (2001) Keeping Cool: Principles to

Avoid Overheating in Buildings PLEANote 6 Design

Tools and Techniques, Pave and lw Ener

Archtectre internatna wth Reearch, Cntnand Cmmncatn.

n Mreand Ener Fndatn ltd Home Greenhouse

Audit ManualC Cmmnte; www.mef.cm.a/

dcment/Tranprt_Ptn_n_Mreand.pd.

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Science: The Basis o Sustainable Design

Architectural Press, Eever scence.

n The Athena stanabe Matera inttte (1998)

The Athena Sustainable Materials Institute

improving environmental perormance in thebuilding industryThe Athena stanabe Matera

inttte, Canada.

Acknwldmnt

Steve King

senr lectrer

Fact the Bt Envrnment

unvert New sth Wae

Leena Thomas

senr lectrer Archtectre

Fact Den Archtectre & Bdn

unvert Techn, sdne

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