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24-08-2009Slide 1
SvenSven--Erik JacobsenErik Jacobsen
University of Western AustraliaCrawley, Australia, 18 August 2009
Climate proof cropping systems and the potential for under-utilized species in a Mediterranean climate
24-08-2009Slide 2
Content
Introduction of UCPH and LIFEMain problems
GlobalMediterranean
Possible solutionsImproved cropping systemsNew technologies New genetic material
Role of SWUP-MED
24-08-2009Slide 3
Main problems Global
Water (1.5 bill. lack drinking water)Energy (2 bill.)Health (40 mill. AIDS, 1 mill. malaria/y)Agriculture (shortage of food)Biodiversity (loss)
UN – Priority areas
24-08-2009Slide 4
Most important adverse factor in agriculture globally
Largest water user: agriculture 67%, industry 19%, municipal 9%
5000 deaths/day due to lack of clean drinking water
Salinity
Childrens education
UNDP: Without policy changes 2025 67% of world pop. suffer from water shortage/safe drinking water. Today 20% (1.5 bill.).
Water
24-08-2009Slide 5
Mediterranean
Drier conditionsIncreasing temperatureGreater variabilityClimate change
24-08-2009Slide 6
Mediterranean zone
Arid and semi-arid zones comprise approximately 40% of the world land surface.
The Mediterranean environment is characterized by cold, wet winters, and hot, dry summers
Fig. 1. Map of the five regions with Mediterranean-type climate (red). For the Mediterranean Basin, the yellow area corresponds to the Mediterranean–steppe domain (mean annual rainfall 100-400 mm) according to Le Houerou (1997) (Joffre & Rambal, 2002).
24-08-2009Slide 7
Possible solutions for creating climate-proof cropping systems in the Mediterranean region
1. Improved cropping systems2. New technologies 3. New genetic material
24-08-2009Slide 8
www.swup-med.dk
SEVENTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME, THEME 2[Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, and Biotechnology]Call FP7-KBBE-2007-1: Annual food crops with improved tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses
Grant agreement for: Small Collaborative Project
24-08-2009Slide 9
Main objective
Improve food production by creating climate-proof cropping systems under multiple stresses:
Optimize crop rotations and use of crop species and cultivars of wheat, grain legumes and new crops (potentially high value food cash crops),
in a rainfed system with supplemental deficit irrigation usingmarginal-quality water and harvested rainwater.
24-08-2009Slide 10
WP0
Pro
ject
man
agem
ent
Newclimate proof food crops
Sustainable field applicability
Research synthesis in dialogue with
food sector
WP6 Modelling water crop and soil management
WP7Guidelines, recommendations
and dissemination
WP1 Farming systems under multiple abioticstresses
WP3 Sustainable agronomic intervention
against multiple abiotic stresses
WP2 Selection and adaptation of climate proof
crops
New
tr
aits
New
cr
ops
Dro
ught
stre
ss
Sal
init
yst
ress
WP5 Socio-economics and local policies
impact
WP4Environmental impact
New
cro
psan
d tr
aits
Mar
gina
l qu
alit
yw
ater
24-08-2009Slide 11
Farming systems
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Crop rotations
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Aynokas
Reducing evaporation from the soil surface
MulchingEarly sowingCultivars with rapid early growthPlant population and spacingApplication of fertilizerMixed cropsCrop rotation
Increasing total water supply
Cultivars with deep root systemsIncrease infiltration and reduce runoffWeed controlFallowingApplication of fertilizer Rain harvesting Irrigation
1. Improved cropping systems
Cultural practices. Reduce evaporation and increase water supply
24-08-2009Slide 14
Waru warusCochas
Canchas
Plains
2.1 Ancient systems developed to enable crop production in an extreme climate
2. New technologies
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Slopes
Andenes
24-08-2009Slide 16
Irrigation is based on the calculation of ET: ETo=Evapotranspiration of well watered mowed grass [FAO Penman-Monteith eq.
(Allen et al., 1998)] multiplied by the crop coefficient (Kc). Evapotranspiration of the crop, ETc= ETo x Kc
2.2 Irrigation. Supplemental and deficit irrigation may reduce water use without reducing crop yield. A special form of deficit irrigation is alternate irrigation, often termed partial root zone drying, i.e. irrigating half of the root zone in turn.
Kc varies with the season
24-08-2009Slide 17
Irrigated land
Irrigated land (c. 20%) produce 1/3 of world food50% of irrigated land is affected by salinization
Hillel 2000:Salinity Management for Sustainable Irrigation: The World Bank, Washington, D.C.
24-08-2009Slide 18
Potential water savings in irrigated agriculture(EU Water Saving Potential, 2007)
Infrastructure (conveyance efficiency): 10-25%Field application efficiency: 15-60% Irrigation practices (30%)Use of more drought-resistant crops (up to 50%)Reuse of treated sewage effluent (around 10%)
The potential water savings in the irrigation sector wouldamount to 40% of the current agricultural volume abstracted.
24-08-2009Slide 19
Irrigationtechniques
Micro irrigation in an orchard
Furrow irrigation of tomato
24-08-2009Slide 20
Deficit irrigationAlternate Root Drying (ARD) is a deficit irrigation strategy, where plants are irrigated alternately in different zones of the root system, so that part of the root system is temporarily exposed to water deficit which may produce chemical signals closing stomata and modifying growth and herebyimproving WUE.
24-08-2009Slide 21
ARD-treatment in potatoes
Treatments: No 1 starting at 25 mm def, 2-3-4-5 at 10 mm deficit
1. Control sprinkler 100 % of Eta 4. Normal line1&2 same time, 33 % of Eta
2 Normal line1&2 same time, 66 % of Eta 5. ARD line1–line2 alt., 33 % of Eta
3. ARD line1–line2 alt., 66 % of Eta
12
Drip lines
Seed tuber
24-08-2009Slide 22
ABA signalling
Moderate soi l drying
1 [ABA] root1 Ψ root
2 [ABA], pH xylem
1
2
Severe soi l drying
4 Ψ root
4 ABA root
5 ABA, pH xylem
3 [ABA] leaf =,
3 Ψ lea f =
3 gs Amax =,
3
3
3 Leaf expansion
6 Ψ leaf
6
6 [ABA] leaf
6 gs and Amax
6 Leaf expansion
5
4
Transpirat ion streamin xylem
Assimilates stream inphloem
ABA re-circulation
and [NO3-] xylem and [NO3
-] xylem
Root:shoot ratio
1 Rooting depth
Root:shoot rat io
3 [N]leaf =, 6 [N] leaf
24-08-2009Slide 23
Preliminary conclusion on the main advantage of alternate irrigation ARD
Higher N-recovery: Several investigations report on higher N-recovery from the soil
under ARD than under DI.Maize field experiment, furrow irrigation (Kirda et al. 2005,. FCR, 93,
132-141; Skinner et al. 1999. Plant Soil 210, 11-20).Potatoes, PRD with drip lines (Danish experiments: Liu et al. 2005a,b;
2006a,b; 2007; 2008; Shahnazari et al., 2007, 2008).
Reasons• More mass flow with high [NO3] from nutrient rich top
soil (Bahrun et al. 2002 J. Ex. Bot.53,251-63 )• The drying and rewetting by PRD induces more new
roots causing higher uptake rate (Mingo et al. 2004. Funct. Plant Biol. 31, 971-978).
• Increase root hydraulic conductivity (more aquaporins) (Matre et al., 2002. Plant Physiol. 130, 2101-10.
24-08-2009Slide 24
Effect of ARD on water use, WUE and fruit quality(no or minor reduction in yield)
Shahnazari et al., 2006
143I70Potato
Dorji et al., 2004166I50Hot pepper
Dry et al., 2000152I50Grapevine
Clancy, 1999145n.m.55Pear
Kirda et al., 2004163I50Tomato
Tang et al., 2005134I*70Cotton
Ref.WUE, % of FI
Fruitquality
Water use, % of FI
Plant
I=improvement of quality; n.m.=not measured
24-08-2009Slide 25
2.3 Water harvestingWater harvesting is the process of storing precipitation for beneficial use. Microcatchment water harvesting techniques are contour ridges, semicircular bunds, and small runoff basins. Macro-catchment systems are characterized by having runoff water collected from relatively large catchments.
24-08-2009Slide 26
Collecting rain water from greenhouses
Rooftop
24-08-2009Slide 27
Aleppo, Syria
Collecting rain water from field:Small terraces, Inner Mongolia
24-08-2009Slide 28
Macro-catchment
24-08-2009Slide 29
Treated wastewater
2.4 Marginal-quality water such as treated wastewater is a potential resource of water and plant nutrients (N and P) and organic matter, which contribute to soil fert ility. Wastewater treatment is characterized by a high cost and technical skills required for operation and maintenance.
24-08-2009Slide 30
Study site Qweik River in peri-urban area of Aleppo, Syria
24-08-2009Slide 31
2.5 Desalination or use of saline water, may be used untreated for some tolerant crops, whereas desalination may provide clean water, after a costly process.
Reverse Osmosis Water Purifiers
24-08-2009Slide 32
2.6 Other techniquesTransport
• PipelinesGreat Man-Made River project, LibyaTurkey-Middle EastChina south to northIndia South Asian water grid• BagsMediterranean
Virtual• Food transport
Replace meat• Estimates of water used to produce:
Wheat 1300 l/kgRice 3400 l/kgBeef 15500 l/kg
24-08-2009Slide 33
3. New genetic material
Stress tolerant varietiesDrought tolerant and other abiotic stress traits should be identified in breeding programmes using advanced physiological and biochemical screening tools
New crops
QuinoaAmaranth
Lupin
.
24-08-2009Slide 34
New crops: Why is quinoa outstanding?
Nutritional value
Cultivation
High protein qualityHigh protein content (12-20%)High vitamin content (A, B2, E)High mineral content (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn)
Drought resistantFrost resistantSalt tolerantRustic
24-08-2009Slide 35
Quinoa outside South America
24-08-2009Slide 36
24-08-2009Slide 37
).
24-08-2009Slide 38
Fig. 1. Selectivity curve for weed harrowing 7 May 2007 (two leaf stage) CSC (crop soil cover) is crop cover due to weed harrowing, and WC (weed control) is effect of the treatment.
24-08-2009Slide 39
24-08-2009Slide 40
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0,00,20,40,60,81,01,2
FTSW
PW
UE
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
Rel
ativ
e A
max
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2R
elat
ive
gs
0 ,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
Rel
ativ
e tra
nspi
ratio
n
Crop physiology
Jacobsen et al., 2009
24-08-2009Slide 41 41
Leaves
Reduced turgor -> reduced grow thABA stomatal closure
Reduced transpiration&Photosynthesis
gene responses metabolic acclimation
Increased leaf abscision
Drying soil
cell drought signaling / ABA productionRoots: sense drying soilgene responses osmotic adjustment -> turgor maintenance
Water uptake
Chemical signals (ABA and others)Xylem pH Changes in nutrient uptake Reduced assimilate transport
Reproductive structures
reduced spikelet numbers (e.g. in w heat)
reduced pollen fertility
failure of pollination
increased abortion:
ovary abortion
zygotic abortion
carbohydrate partitioning
Water deficit affects the whole plant organism on several levels
Background
decreased C-assimilation
carbohydrate partitioning
LeavesReprod. Structures/seeds/fruitsStemRoots
24-08-2009Slide 42 42
Invertases are regulated in a tissue-specific manner
Drought
Leaves Reproductive organs (ovaries, seeds etc.)
INVERTASES INVERTASES
24-08-2009Slide 43
Obvious differences
At stage of bud formation after 1 month irrigating with salt solution up to 95% WHC (14 days 250 mM NaCl and 10 days with 450 mM NaCl) to build up salinity levels in the soil
Utusaya
Control Salt treated
Danish
Control Salt treated
Salt treatment with 250 mM (14 d) and 450 mM (10d)
43
24-08-2009Slide 44
Salt treatment with 250 mM (14 d) and 450 mM (10d)
44
Although Danish cultivar takes up less salt, stomatal conductance is more affected than in Utusaya. LWP is not more affected in Utusaya than in Danish => Utusaya does probably not accumulate salt in the leaves (at least not in the younger leaves).
24-08-2009Slide 45
Utusaya Danish
Experiment No. 2
24-08-2009Slide 46
Conclusions so far
- Flame treatment cannot be used- Hoeing efficient- Weed harrowing promising- Quinoa has good ability for growth after covering- 50% of the crop covered results in 15% plant reduction- Up to 80% control of weeds- Uses ABA as a tool for adapting to drought- Improved growth with 150 mM salt
24-08-2009Slide 47
The Great Quinoa Day - Saison
24-08-2009Slide 48
Other properties
• Easy to prepare• Quicker than rice
• Taste good• Alternative to rice, bulgur, couscous
• For instance in ”risotto” and salads• Alternative protein source
• Replace meat in pates and”frikadeller”• For bakery
• Improve nutritional value and taste of the traditional wheat bread• Starch of good quality
• Thicken vegetable soups and pates• Exotic• Story telling• Beautiful
24-08-2009Slide 49
DevelopmentDevelopment ofof highhigh qualityquality and and highhigh status status productsproductsfor for thethe EuropeanEuropean consumerconsumer: :
VegetariansVegetarians, , womenwomen, , coeliacscoeliacs, , elderlyelderly, gourmets , gourmets and and all all whowho likelike tastytasty and and healthyhealthy foodfood
TRENDS OF TIME:TRENDS OF TIME:EcologyEcology VegetarianVegetarian productsproducts
HealthHealth BMIBMISlowSlow foodfood Fast Fast foodfood
Fair Fair tradetrade
24-08-2009Slide 50
Water saving techniques
Improved yield under drought
Long-term effort
Improved varieties
Any sourceWUE +10%Breeding
Clean water source
SalinisationDirect useBrackish-and seawater
Extra sourceSaline water
Nutrient-rich water source
Contamination of soil and groundwater
Chemical, biological
Urban, industrial
Extra sourceTreated wastewater
Run-off water saved for the crops
Macro-catchment
Canals, reservoir
RainExtra sourceWater harvesting
Maintain yield, improve quality
SalinisationSurface, furrow, sprinkler, drip
Marginal-quality (treated wastewater, saline water)
20-50% of irrigation (20-100 mm)
Supplemental/deficit irrigation
BenefitProblemTechnologyWater source
Water savingWater saving technique
24-08-2009Slide 51
www.swup-med.dk
SvenSven--Erik Erik [email protected]@life.ku.dk
Christian R. [email protected]@life.ku.dk
Fulai [email protected]@life.ku.dk