CLIMATE DIAGNOSTICS BULLETIN OF INDIA CLIMATE …imdpune.gov.in/Clim_Pred_LRF_New/Reports/Climate... · For December 2013, rainfall for the country as a whole was 38% of its Long

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IN TD NIA E MM TE RT AE PO ER DO L LOGICA

satyamaova jayatao

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GOVERNMENT OF INDIAMINISTRY OF EARTH SCIENCES

EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE ORGANIZATIONINDIA METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT

CLIMATE DIAGNOSTICS BULLETIN OF INDIA

ISSUE No. 214

DESIGNED & PRINTED ATCENTRAL PRINTING UNIT,

OFFICE OF THE ADDITIONAL DIRECTOR GENERALOF METEOROLOGY (RESEARCH),PUNE

ISSUED BYNATIONAL CLIMATE CENTRE

OFFICE OF THE ADDITIONAL DIRECTOR GENERAL OF METEOROLOGY (RESEARCH)

INDIA METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENTPUNE - 411 005

Compiled & prepared under the supervision of

Dr. A.K. SrivastavaDr. P. Guhathakurta

GICO AL LO R DO EE PT AE RTM M

A EI ND TN I

N

EA RT TIO NN ECA L E TC ALIM

NATIONAL CLIMATE CENTRE, PUNE


DECEMBER 2013

NEAR REAL - TIME ANALYSES

(Website : http://www.imdpune.gov.in)

DECEMBER - 2013MAIN FEATURES OF THE MONTH

Northeast monsoon activity

During the month, northeast monsoon rainfall activity over the south peninsula as a whole was very subdued. Out of the five subdivisions of the south peninsula which receive northeast monsoon rainfall, Tamil Nadu & Puducherry and Kerala received deficient rainfall. Coastal Andhra Pradesh, Rayalaseema and South Interior Karnataka received scanty rainfall. For December 2013, rainfall over the south peninsula (northeast monsoon region) was 45 % of its Long Period Average (LPA) value.

Rainfall Features During the month, rainfall activity for the country as a whole was also subdued. Out of 36 meteorological

subdivisions, only one subdivision (Marathwada) received excess rainfall, one received normal rainfall (West Uttar Pradesh), 8 received deficient rainfall and 20 subdivisions received scanty rainfall. Remaining 6 subdivisions did not receive any rain (Fig.1). Table 1 shows the subdivision wise rainfall statistics (mm) for December 2013.

Fig. 2(a) shows the spatial pattern of rainfall (cm) received during the month. Rainfall activity was confined to the south peninsula, Islands, northern and extreme northeastern parts of the country. These regions (except the extreme northeastern region) generally received rainfall of the order of 3 to 10 cm.

Fig.2(b) shows the spatial pattern of rainfall anomaly (cm) during the month. Rainfall anomaly was negative almost throughout the country except some parts of Marathwada, Coastal Andhra Pradesh, West Uttar Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir. Magnitude of negative rainfall anomaly over parts of Tamil Nadu, Rayalaseema, Coastal Andhra Pradesh, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Jammu & Kashmir and parts of extreme northeastern region exceeded 3 to 5 cm

Fig. 3(a) shows the area weighted cumulative weekly rainfall percentage departure over the country as a whole for the month. Cumulative weekly rainfall departure was large negative since the second week of the month. For December 2013, rainfall for the country as a whole was 38% of its Long Period Average (LPA) value. Fig. 3(b) shows the all India area weighted rainfall series for the month since 1951. Rainfall for the month (6.3 mm) was the third lowest since 2001 after the years 2004(4.6mm) and 2002(5.7mm).

Fig.4.shows the area weighted rainfall series for the month over the four homogeneous regions since 1951. The rainfall for the month was much below normal over all the homogeneous regions. It was 44% of its LPA value over the south peninsula, 40% of its LPA value over the northwest India and only 24% of its LPA value each over the East & Northeast India and the Central India.

Daily rainfall (mm) for five stations of south peninsula which receives northeast monsoon rainfall viz. Anantpur, Nellore, Chennai, Bangalore and Thiruvananthapuram is shown in Fig. 5

Table 2 gives the list of stations which received heavy (=6.5 cm) or very heavy (=12.5 cm) rainfall in 24 hours during the month.

Standardized Precipitation Index

The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is an index used for measuring drought and is based only on precipitation. This index is negative for drought and positive for wet conditions. As the dry or wet conditions become more severe, the index becomes more negative or positive. Fig 6(a, b, and c) give the SPI values for the month of December 2013, October to December 2013 (3 months cumulative) and January-December 2013 (12 months cumulative) respectively.

During December, mild dry/mild wet conditions prevailed over most parts of the country. Severely wet conditions were observed only over some parts of Marathwada and West Madhya Pradesh.Cumulative SPI values of the past three months indicate, extremely wet/severely wet conditions over parts of Jammu & Kashmir, Rajasthan, Gujarat, East Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Gangetic West Bengal, East Madhya Pradesh, Vidarbha, Chattisgarh, Orissa, Telangana and Coastal Andhra Pradesh, while extremely dry/severely dry conditions were observed over parts of South Interior Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Mizoram.

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1

Cumulative SPI values of the past twelve months indicate, extremely wet/severely wet conditions over parts of Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh state, East Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh state, Gujarat state, Vidarbha and adjoining Chattisgarh and Telangana, north Coastal Karnataka, Orissa and Gangetic West Bengal while extremely dry/severely dry conditions were observed over parts of Haryana, East Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, north Chattisgarh, south Madhya Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and parts of Assam & Meghalaya.

Pressure & Wind

Figs. 7(a) & 7(b) show the mean sea level pressure & its anomaly respectively. The pressure anomaly was negative throughout the country and was generally of the order of 1 to 1.5 hPa.

Figs. 8(a) & 8(b),9(a) & 9(b) and 10(a) & 10(b)show the mean circulation pattern and its anomaly at 850, 500 & 200 hPa levels respectively.

At 850 hPa level, anomalous westerlies prevailed over the peninsula indicating weaker northeast monsoon activity. At 500 hPa level, an anomalous cyclonic circulation each over the southwest/west central Bay of Bengal and the west central Arabian sea were observed. At 200 hPa level, an anomalous widespread anticyclonic circulation prevailed throughout the country.

Velocity Potential & Stream Function

Figs. 11(a) & 11(b) show the 200 hPa mean Velocity Potential & its anomaly. Similarly, Figs. 12(a) & 12(b) show the mean stream function & its anomaly at 850 hPa level. Negative values are indicated by dashed lines. Anomaly in the velocity potential at 200 hPa level and anomaly in the stream function at 850 hPa level was negative throughout the country.

Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR)

2OLR anomaly (W/m ) over the Indian region and neighbourhood is shown in Fig 13. OLR anomaly was 2positive throughout the country and most parts of the adjoining seas. Positive OLR anomaly exceeding 10 W/m

was observed over the northern parts of the country, south peninsula and adjoining south Bay of Bengal. 2 Negative OLR anomaly exceeding 10-20 W/m was observed over the equatorial Indian Ocean region.

Temperature

Mean monthly maximum and minimum temperature anomaly is shown in Figs. 14(a) & 14(b) respectively.

0Both maximum and minimum temperature anomaly was within + 1 C over most parts of the country. 0However, maximum temperature was below normal by more than 1 C over parts of Punjab, Rajasthan, West

Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat Region, East Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and parts of West Bengal state. It was above 0normal by about 1 to 2 C over parts of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, East Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand

and parts of peninsula and extreme northeastern region.

0Similarly, minimum temperature was below normal by about 1 C. Over parts of central Karnataka and adjoining Andhra Pradesh, Konkan & Goa, Coastal Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Vidarbha & Orissa. It was

0above normal by about 1 to 2 C over parts of Punjab, Rajasthan and adjoining West Madhya Pradesh, Saurashtra & Kutch, north Madhya Maharashtra, Marathwada Bihar and Andaman & Nicobar Islands.

Percentage of Warm days/Cold nights

Fig 15(a) &15(b) show the percentage of days when maximum (minimum) temperature was more (less) th ththan 90 (10 ) percentile.

Over parts of Coastal Andhra Pradesh and adjoining Rayalaseema, West Madhya Pradesh and adjoining areas, Lakshadweep Islands and most parts of extreme northeastern region, maximum temperature

thwas greater than 90 percentile for more than 30 % of the days of the month.

thSimilarly, minimum temperature was less than 10 percentile for 30 to 50 % of the days of the month over some parts of North Interior Karnataka.

2

Fig.16 shows the mean temperature for the country as a whole for December since 1971. Five year moving average values are also shown. The mean temperature for the month this year was near normal.

Fig. 17(a) & 17(b) show the maximum and minimum temperature series respectively for the country as a whole and the four homogeneous regions during the month since 1971. Both Maximum and minimum

0temperature was near normal (anomaly within + 0.5 C range) over the homogeneous regions, except for the south peninsula and Northwest India where maximum temperature was above and below normal respectively

0by about 1 C .

Low Pressure Systems

A very severe cyclonic storm 'MADI' formed over the Southeast Bay of Bengal during the month. It initially moved in a north northeasterly direction and then it took a sudden sharp southwestward turn and crossed the Tamil Nadu coast after weakening into depression.

The cyclonic storm was initially seen as a low pressure area over the southeast Bay of Bengal and stneighbourhood on 1 . It lay as a well-marked low pressure area over southwest & adjoining southeast Bay

nd rd thof Bengal on 2 and over southwest Bay of Bengal from 3 to 5 . It concentrated into a depression over the thsame area and lay centred near Lat. 10.0°N and Long. 84.0°E, at 0300 hours UTC 6 . It remained

practically stationary over the same area and intensified into a deep depression at 1800 UTC. It moved northwards and intensified into a cyclonic storm 'MADI' and lay centred over southwest Bay of Bengal near Lat. 10.5°N and Long. 84.0°E, at 0000 hrs UTC of the 7th. It remained practically stationary over the same region and intensified into a severe cyclonic storm at 0900 hours UTC of the same day. Moving in a north-northeasterly direction it intensified into very severe cyclonic storm near Lat. 12.3°N and Long.

th84.7°E, at 0600 hours UTC of 8 . Moving in a northerly direction, it weakened into a severe cyclonic storm near Lat. 14.6°N and Long. 84.7°E, at 1200 hrs UTC of 9th. It moved north-northeastwards till 0300 hours

thUTC of 10 , took a sharp turn and moved southwestwards and weakened into a cyclonic storm near Lat. 14.6°N and Long. 84.6°E at 2100 hours UTC of the same day. It further moved southwestwards and

thweakened into a deep depression near Lat. 14.0°N and Long. 83.8°E, at 0300 hours UTC of 11 . Further moving southwestwards, it weakened into a depression and lay centred over southwest Bay of Bengal, near Lat. 12.9°N / Long. 82.7°E at 1800 hours UTC. Further moving southwestwards, it crossed Tamil Nadu coast, close to Vedaranyam at around 1330 hours UTC of 12th, and emerged into Palk Strait at 1500 hours UTC and again crossed Tamil Nadu coast, near Tondi around 1700 hours UTC and lay centred near Lat. 10.0°N / Long. 78.8°E, at 1800 hours UTC of the same night. It moved westwards, weakened into a well marked low pressure area over southeast Arabian Sea and adjoining Kerala at 0000 hours UTC of 13th and into a low pressure area over Lakshadweep area and neighbourhood, at 0300 hours UTC of the same morning. It persisted there till 14th and became less marked on 15th.

This cyclonic storm crossed the south Tamil Nadu coast as a depression and caused vigorous th th

northeast monsoon activity over the region on12 /13 of the month. Fig.18 shows the track of this storm

SOI and Pacific SST Index

SOI (Table 3) was positive (+0.1) during the month. Near neutral conditions continued to prevail over all the NINO regions

Fig.19 shows the CPC/IRI consensus ENSO forecast for the coming seasons. Near neutral ENSO conditions with the highest probability is expected to prevail in the coming seasons.

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3

FIG. 1 : SUB-DIVISIONWISE RAINFALL PERCENTAGE DEPARTURES FOR DECEMBER

4

FIG.2(a) : MONTHLY RAINFALL (cm) FIG.2(b) : MONTHLY RAINFALL ANOMALY (cm)(BASED ON 1951-2000 NORMALS)

FIG. : RAINFALL OVER THE COUNTRY AS A WHOLE

3 (a) ACCUMULATED PERCENTAGE DEPARTURE OF AREA WEIGHTED WEEKLY

5

FIG. : WEIGHTED RAINFALL OVER THE FOR DECEMBER (1951 - 2013)

3 (b) TIME SERIES OF AREA (mm) COUNTRY AS A WHOLE

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

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-10

0

4 DEC 11 18 25 31 DEC

(% D

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WEEK ENDINGS

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Y E A R S

actual normal(1951-2000)

FIG : AREA WEIGHTED RAINFALL OVER THE FOR DECEMBER (1951 - 2013)

4 TIME SERIES OF FOUR HOMOGENEOUS REGIONS

6

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Y E A R S

SOUTH PENINSULAR INDIA

ACTUAL NORMAL (1951-2000)

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CENTRAL INDIA

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701951

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EAST & NORTHEAST INDIA

7

FIG : 5 DAILY RAINFALL FOR FIVE STATIONS RECEIVING NE MONSOON RAINFALL

FIG.5:DAILY RAINFALL(mm) OVER OF FIVE STATIONS RECEIVING NE MONSOON

0.0

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TOTAL-0 mm

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TOTAL-2 mm

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THIRUVANANTHAPURAM(CO)

TOTAL-32 mm

NORMAL-66 mm

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TOTAL-81 mm

NORMAL-149 mm

8

FIG.6 : STANDARDIZED PRECIPITATION INDEX (SPI) FOR (a) ONE MONTH (b) THREE MONTHS (c) TWELVE MONTHS

(a ) DECEMBER - 2013

(b) OCTOBER - DECEMBER 2013 (c) JAN - DECEMBER 2013

(a) MEAN SEA LEVEL PRESSURE (MSLP)

(b) MSLP ANOMALY

FIG.7 : MONTHLY MEAN SEA LEVEL PRESSURE (hPa)(a) MEAN (b) ANOMALY

(BASED ON 1971-2000 NORMALS)

9

(a) MEAN WIND : 850 hPa

(b) WIND ANOMALY : 850 hPa

FIG. 8 : MONTHLY WIND (m/s) (a) MEAN (b) ANOMALY AT 850 hPa

(SOURCE : CDC/NOAA,USA)(ANOMALY IS BASED ON 1981-2010 CLIMATOLOGY)

10




11





12


(a) VELOCITY POTENTIAL :200 hPa

(b) VELOCITY POTENTIAL ANOMALY : 200 hPa

6 2FIG.11 : VELOCITY POTENTIAL (10 m /s) (a) MEAN (b) ANOMALY AT 200 hPa

13


(a) STREAM FUNCTION : 850 hPa

(b) STREAM FUNCTION ANOMALY : 850 hPa

6 2FIG. 12 : STREAM FUNCTION (10 m /s) (a) MEAN (b) ANOMALY AT 850 hPa

14


(a) MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE ANOMALY (b) MINIMUM TEMPERATURE ANOMALY

FIG. 1 : MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES (°C)(a) MAXIMUM (b) MINIMUM

(BASED ON 1971-2000 NORMALS)

4

2FIG. 13 : OLR ANOMALY (W/m ) FOR DECEMBER 2013(SOURCE : CDC / NOAA, USA)

(BASED ON 1981 - 2010 CLIMATOLOGY)

15

FIG:15 (a) PERCENTAGE OF DAYS WHEN MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE > 90TH PERCENTILE

(a) WARM DAYS (b) COLD NIGHTS

(b) PERCENTAGE OF DAYS WHEN MINIMUM TEMPERATURE < 10TH PERCENTILE

FIG. 16 : TIME SERIES OF MEAN TEMPERATURE AVERAGED OVER INDIA (VERTICAL BARS) AND FIVE YEAR RUNNING MEAN (CONTINUOUS LINE) FOR DECEMBER (1971 - 2013)

16

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ACTUAL 1971-2000 NORMAL 5 YEAR RUNNING MEAN

FIG. 17 : TIME SERIES OF TEMPERATURE FOR THE COUNTRY AS A WHOLE AND THE FOUR HOMOGENEOUS REGIONS FOR DECEMBER (1971 - 2013) (a) MAXIMUM (b) MINIMUM

(a) (b)

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ACTUAL 1971-2000 NORMAL

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1415161718192021

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All India

ACTUAL 1971-2000 NORMAL

18

FIG. 18 : TRACK OF CYCLONIC STORM ‘MADI’ FORMED DURING THE MONTH

(Source : http://portal.iri.columbia.edu)

FIG. : CPC / IRI CONSENSUS ENSO FORECAST VERTICAL BARS SHOW PROBABILISTIC ENSO FORECAST

LINES SHOW CLIMATOLOGICAL PROBABILITY

19

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

JFM 2014 FMA 2014 MAM 2014 AMJ 2014 MJJ 2014 JJA 2014 JAS 2014 ASO 2014 SON 2014

Pro

bab

ility

Time Period

ENSO state based on NINO 3.4 SST Anomaly Neutral ENSO: -0.450C to 0.450C

La Niña

Neutral

El Niño

TABLE 1

METEOROLOGICAL SUBDIVISIONWISE RAINFALL STATISTICS

FOR THE MONTH OF DECEMBER 2013 BASED ON OPERATIONAL DATA

19

ACTUAL NORMAL %

(mm) (mm) DEP

1 A & N ISLANDS 92.3 145.5 -37

2 ARUNACHAL PRADESH 15.7 38.4 -59

3 ASSAM & MEGHALAYA 2.0 11.8 -83

4 NAG.,MANI.,MIZO. & TRIP. 1.3 12.5 -90

5 S.H.W.B. & SIKKIM 2.7 10.8 -75

6 GANGATIC W.B. 0.02 7.5 -99

7 ODISHA 0.004 4.8 -99

8 JHARKHAND 0.0 6.5 -100

9 BIHAR 0.0 5.8 -100

10 EAST U.P. 1.1 6.7 -83

11 WEST U.P. 9.0 7.6 18

12 UTTARAKHAND 3.9 21.3 -82

13 HAR., CHANDI. & DELHI 2.1 6.9 -70

14 PUNJAB 6.6 13.3 -51

15 HIMACHAL PRADESH 25.4 45.4 -44

16 JAMMU & KASHMIR 22.9 59.9 -62

17 WEST RAJASTHAN 0.0 1.6 -100

18 EAST RAJASTHAN 0.2 3.3 -94

19 WEST M.P. 3.3 7.7 -57

20 EAST M.P. 1.0 10.4 -90

21 GUJARAT REGION 0.0 1.7 -100

22 SAURASHTRA & KUTCH 0.0 0.8 -100

23 KONKAN & GOA 1.0 5.3 -81

24 MADHYA M'RASHTRA 1.1 6.1 -81

25 MARATHAWADA 11.5 8.1 42

26 VIDARBHA 0.0 9.0 -100

27 CHATTISGARH 0.1 5.8 -99

28 COASTAL A.P. 4.2 27.6 -85

29 TELANGANA 1.1 5.5 -80

30 RAYALASEEMA 1.5 23.7 -94

31 TAMIL NADU & P'CHERRY 53.2 88.0 -40

32 COASTAL KARNATAKA 4.8 13.7 -65

33 N.I.KARNATAKA 0.1 6.0 -99

34 S.I.KARNATAKA 2.1 12.7 -83

35 KERALA 17.0 37.5 -55

36 LAKSHADWEEP 26.7 58.8 -55

MET. SUBDIVISION

TABLE 2

STATIONS WHICH RECEIVED HEAVY (= 12.5 cm) RAINFALL IN 24 HOURS DURING DECEMBER 2013

HEAVY(= 6.5 cm) OR VERY

20

RAINFALL

(cm)

1 TIRUCHENDUR TAMIL NADU 11

ENNORE PORT AWS TAMIL NADU 10

SULYA COASTAL KARNATAKA 7

KOCHI AP KERALA 7

CHIDAMBARAM AWS TAMIL NADU 12

KODAVASAL TAMIL NADU 12

4 RAMESWARAM TAMIL NADU 8

5 SIRKALI TAMIL NADU 9

9 PORT BLAIR A & N ISLANDS 10

13 COLACHEL TAMIL NADU 11

STATION NAME NAME OF SUBDIVISIONDATE

2

3

TABLE - 3

ATMOSPHERIC AND SST INDEX VALUES FOR THE RECENT 12 MONTHS.

ATMOSPHERIC INDICES ARE STANDARDIZED BY MEAN ANNUAL STANDARD

DEVIATION EXCEPT FOR THE TAHITI AND DARWIN SLP ANOMALIES WHICH ARE

IN hPa. SST INDICES (ANOMALIES AND MEAN) ARE IN DEGREE CELSIUS

(Source : CPC / NCEP, USA)

Tahiti SLP

minus

Darwin SLP

Month Tahiti Darwin SOI Anomaly Mean Anomaly Mean Anomaly Mean Anomaly Mean

DEC13 0.5 0.3 0.1 -0.2 22.6 0 25.1 0 26.5 0.2 28.6NOV13 0.1 -1.2 0.7 -0.5 21.1 -0.2 24.8 0.0 26.7 0.3 28.9OCT13 -0.2 -0.1 -0.1 -0.6 20.2 -0.2 24.7 -0.3 26.4 0.0 28.7SEP13 0.0 -0.6 0.3 -0.6 19.8 -0.1 24.7 -0.1 26.7 0.0 28.7AUG13 0.1 -0.3 0.2 -1.0 19.7 -0.6 24.4 -0.3 26.5 0.0 28.7JUL13 0.5 -0.9 0.8 -1.3 20.3 -0.7 25.0 -0.3 26.9 0.0 28.8JUN 13 0.4 -1.7 1.2 -1.4 21.5 -0.6 25.8 -0.2 27.4 -0.1 28.8MAY 13 0.8 -0.7 0.8 -1.4 22.9 -0.7 26.4 -0.3 27.6 -0.1 28.7APR 13 0.3 -0.2 0.2 -0.9 24.7 -0.2 27.4 -0.1 27.7 0.0 28.5MAR 13 1.6 -1.1 1.5 0.1 26.7 0.1 27.2 -0.2 27.0 -0.2 28.0FEB 13 -0.1 0.4 -0.2 -0.4 25.7 -0.5 25.9 -0.4 26.3 0.0 28.1JAN 13 -1.0 -0.9 -0.1 -0.5 24.0 -0.6 25.1 -0.4 26.2 0.0 28.3

SLP ANOMALIES

PACIFIC SST

NINO 1+2 NINO 3 NINO 3.4 NINO 4

00 - 100S 50N - 50S 50N - 50S 50N - 50S

900W - 800W 1500W - 900W 1700W - 1200W 1600E - 1500W

ivaa &m aa aOs naa am iv aa Bt ar aa ga aB

IN TD NIA E MM TE RT AE PO ER DO L LOGICA

satyamaova jayatao

Aaidtyaata\ yaa ta aj o:vaRiPq

GOVERNMENT OF INDIAMINISTRY OF EARTH SCIENCES

EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE ORGANIZATIONINDIA METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT


ISSUE No. 214

DESIGNED & PRINTED ATCENTRAL PRINTING UNIT,

OFFICE OF THE ADDITIONAL DIRECTOR GENERALOF METEOROLOGY (RESEARCH),PUNE

ISSUED BYNATIONAL CLIMATE CENTRE

OFFICE OF THE ADDITIONAL DIRECTOR GENERAL OF METEOROLOGY (RESEARCH)

INDIA METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENTPUNE - 411 005

Compiled & prepared under the supervision of

Dr. A.K. SrivastavaDr. P. Guhathakurta

GICO AL LO R DO EE PT AE RTM M

A EI ND TN I

N

EA RT TIO NN ECA L E TC ALIM

NATIONAL CLIMATE CENTRE, PUNE


DECEMBER 2013

NEAR REAL - TIME ANALYSES

(Website : http://www.imdpune.gov.in)

Documents

CLIMATE DIAGNOSTICS BULLETIN OF INDIA CLIMATE …imdpune.gov.in/Clim_Pred_LRF_New/Reports/Climate... · For December 2013, rainfall for the country as a whole was 38% of its Long