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Climate Change Research in University of the Ryukyus Dr. Kazuhiko SAKAI Sesoko Station Tropical Biosphere Research Center University of the Ryukyus 1 IPCC Open Symposium “New scientific findings on climate change and the importance of GHG inventory to assess mitigation progress” 16 March, 2015

Climate Change Research in University of the RyukyusMar 16, 2015  · 1.Percentage cover of coral ... Dr. Tohru Naruse, TBRC Dr. James Reimer, Faculty of Science – Corals on reefs

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Page 1: Climate Change Research in University of the RyukyusMar 16, 2015  · 1.Percentage cover of coral ... Dr. Tohru Naruse, TBRC Dr. James Reimer, Faculty of Science – Corals on reefs

Climate Change Research in University of the Ryukyus

Dr. Kazuhiko SAKAISesoko Station

Tropical Biosphere Research CenterUniversity of the Ryukyus

1

IPCC Open Symposium “New scientific findings on climate change and the importance of GHG inventory to assess mitigation progress”

16 March, 2015

Page 2: Climate Change Research in University of the RyukyusMar 16, 2015  · 1.Percentage cover of coral ... Dr. Tohru Naruse, TBRC Dr. James Reimer, Faculty of Science – Corals on reefs

Menu

• Global warming and corals in Okinawa– Global trend in corals, and field studies in Okinawa

• Belief introduction of climate change research in University of the Ryukyus– Introducing climate‐change related research activities by faculty members and researchers in University of the Ryukyus

Page 3: Climate Change Research in University of the RyukyusMar 16, 2015  · 1.Percentage cover of coral ... Dr. Tohru Naruse, TBRC Dr. James Reimer, Faculty of Science – Corals on reefs

Reef corals play central role in coral reef ecosystems

• Provision of complex habitats• Coral‐zooxanthella holobiontsare main primary producers

• Bacteria in coral cells and skeletons fix nitrogen

Page 4: Climate Change Research in University of the RyukyusMar 16, 2015  · 1.Percentage cover of coral ... Dr. Tohru Naruse, TBRC Dr. James Reimer, Faculty of Science – Corals on reefs

biodiversity, function, and service of coral reef ecosystems  are collapsed

4

When corals are disappeared, 

Page 5: Climate Change Research in University of the RyukyusMar 16, 2015  · 1.Percentage cover of coral ... Dr. Tohru Naruse, TBRC Dr. James Reimer, Faculty of Science – Corals on reefs

Zooxanthellate reef corals (“corals”)  have been threatened by global and local 

anthropogenic environmental changes

• Global (climate change)– Global warming– Ocean acidification

• Local– Eutrophication of seawater– Overfishing– Soil runoff– Reclamation

I will focus on the global issues today

Page 6: Climate Change Research in University of the RyukyusMar 16, 2015  · 1.Percentage cover of coral ... Dr. Tohru Naruse, TBRC Dr. James Reimer, Faculty of Science – Corals on reefs

Sesoko Station,Tropical Biosphere Research

CenterUniversity of the Ryukyus

Page 7: Climate Change Research in University of the RyukyusMar 16, 2015  · 1.Percentage cover of coral ... Dr. Tohru Naruse, TBRC Dr. James Reimer, Faculty of Science – Corals on reefs

Coral communities in 1980

Page 8: Climate Change Research in University of the RyukyusMar 16, 2015  · 1.Percentage cover of coral ... Dr. Tohru Naruse, TBRC Dr. James Reimer, Faculty of Science – Corals on reefs

The same reef in 2002

Page 9: Climate Change Research in University of the RyukyusMar 16, 2015  · 1.Percentage cover of coral ... Dr. Tohru Naruse, TBRC Dr. James Reimer, Faculty of Science – Corals on reefs

World‐wide mass‐coral bleaching in 1998Effect of global warming?  At least “simulation of”

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Healthy Acropora Bleached AcroporaBleaching is response of corals to stresses.  Corals are bleached by losing zooxanthellae.  In 1998, the stress was high temperature and strong light.

Page 10: Climate Change Research in University of the RyukyusMar 16, 2015  · 1.Percentage cover of coral ... Dr. Tohru Naruse, TBRC Dr. James Reimer, Faculty of Science – Corals on reefs

Changes in coral community by the 1998 mass‐bleaching on the reef flat 

of Sesoko I.1. Percentage cover of coral community was decreased by 85%

2.Number of coral species was decreased by 61%

3.Winners (massive corals) and  Losers (branching corals)

10(Loya et al. 2001) 

Page 11: Climate Change Research in University of the RyukyusMar 16, 2015  · 1.Percentage cover of coral ... Dr. Tohru Naruse, TBRC Dr. James Reimer, Faculty of Science – Corals on reefs

Corals had come back to the reef flat by 2011

Page 12: Climate Change Research in University of the RyukyusMar 16, 2015  · 1.Percentage cover of coral ... Dr. Tohru Naruse, TBRC Dr. James Reimer, Faculty of Science – Corals on reefs

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In 2002, no visible branching coralson reefs of Onna V.

Page 13: Climate Change Research in University of the RyukyusMar 16, 2015  · 1.Percentage cover of coral ... Dr. Tohru Naruse, TBRC Dr. James Reimer, Faculty of Science – Corals on reefs

Coral communities have recovered at other localities in Okinawa I.

Yamada, Onna V. 2014 

Mannza, Onna V. 2014

Page 14: Climate Change Research in University of the RyukyusMar 16, 2015  · 1.Percentage cover of coral ... Dr. Tohru Naruse, TBRC Dr. James Reimer, Faculty of Science – Corals on reefs

In summary, coral populations/communities  still have the 

potential to recover in Okinawa.

Page 15: Climate Change Research in University of the RyukyusMar 16, 2015  · 1.Percentage cover of coral ... Dr. Tohru Naruse, TBRC Dr. James Reimer, Faculty of Science – Corals on reefs

Menu

• Global warming and corals in Okinawa– Global trend in corals, and field studies in Okinawa

• Belief introduction of climate change research in University of the Ryukyus– Introducing climate‐change related research activities by faculty members and researchers in University of the Ryukyus

Page 16: Climate Change Research in University of the RyukyusMar 16, 2015  · 1.Percentage cover of coral ... Dr. Tohru Naruse, TBRC Dr. James Reimer, Faculty of Science – Corals on reefs

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Additional research activities on coral reef organisms

• Dr. Haruko Kurihara, Faculty of Science– Experimental evaluation of climate change on corals, sea urchins, mollusks 

• Dr. Saki Harii, TBRC (Tropical Biosphere Research Center)– An international research team including Dr. Harii found that, If seawater temperature increases by the global warming, coral larvae will retain natal reefs at a rate several times higher than at the present, using data from aquarium experiment and mathematical model.

Page 17: Climate Change Research in University of the RyukyusMar 16, 2015  · 1.Percentage cover of coral ... Dr. Tohru Naruse, TBRC Dr. James Reimer, Faculty of Science – Corals on reefs

Typhoons• Dr. Hiroyuki Yamada andDr. Kosuke Ito, Faculty of Science理学部 山田

• Global warming and typhoons– They found that number of typhoons would decrease but each typhoon would be more destructive if the global warming progressed using mathematical simulation.

– The simulation indicated that the central pressure of a typhoon would decrease by 10hPa if seawater temperature increased by 1℃.

Page 18: Climate Change Research in University of the RyukyusMar 16, 2015  · 1.Percentage cover of coral ... Dr. Tohru Naruse, TBRC Dr. James Reimer, Faculty of Science – Corals on reefs

Effect of typhoons on coral reefs‐1• Dr. Chuki Hongo, Faculty of Science

– He found that table corals were damaged more than massive corals by a typhoon in Ishigaki Island.  He conducted an analysis by hydrodynamic model, and predicted that, if typhoons would be more destructive by the warming, table corals that contributed much to coral reef ecosystems would be damaged much more.

Page 19: Climate Change Research in University of the RyukyusMar 16, 2015  · 1.Percentage cover of coral ... Dr. Tohru Naruse, TBRC Dr. James Reimer, Faculty of Science – Corals on reefs

Effect of typhoons on coral reefs‐2• Dr. Yoshihisa Fujita, Education CenterDr. Tohru Naruse, TBRCDr. James Reimer, Faculty of Science– Corals on reefs deeper than 25 m were much affected by typhoons in Kume Island and Onna Village of Okinawa Island.

A branching corals before (B)and after(D) a typhoon at Nanhanari Reef, KumeIsland.  The branching corals were broken into fragments after the typhoon.

Page 20: Climate Change Research in University of the RyukyusMar 16, 2015  · 1.Percentage cover of coral ... Dr. Tohru Naruse, TBRC Dr. James Reimer, Faculty of Science – Corals on reefs

Climate change in the past‐1

• Dr. Ryuji Asami, Dr. Ryuichi Shijyo, and Dr. Masahide Furukawa, Faculty of Science– Seasonally resolved records of carbon and oxygen isotopic 

composition in fossil shells of giant clams (Tridacnidae) recovered in Okinawa Island. These results demonstrate that annual mean seawater temperature and salinity at the sites where the Tridacnidaspp. lived were about 1–3℃ higher and/or about 1–2 lower than at present. This variation cannot be fully explained by global climate change, sea level change, and topographic growth of coral reef. Therefore, it is likely that the giant clams lived in extremely small and/or closed coral‐reef lagoons with less water circulation where seawater is highly susceptible to insolation –induced temperature increase and input of fresh water.

Page 21: Climate Change Research in University of the RyukyusMar 16, 2015  · 1.Percentage cover of coral ... Dr. Tohru Naruse, TBRC Dr. James Reimer, Faculty of Science – Corals on reefs

Climate change in the past‐2

• Dr. Ryu Uemura, Faculty of Science• Analyses of the past climate changes using stable isotope ratios– Reconstruction of the past climate changes using stable isotopes

– Reconstruction of the climate change in the past 700 thousand years using stable isotope ration of water of the Antarctic ice sheet

Page 22: Climate Change Research in University of the RyukyusMar 16, 2015  · 1.Percentage cover of coral ... Dr. Tohru Naruse, TBRC Dr. James Reimer, Faculty of Science – Corals on reefs

Climate change in the past‐3

• Dr. Kazuhiko Fujita, Faculty of Science• Analyses of the effect of ocean acidification and reconstruction of the past climate change using large foraminifera– Precise reconstruction of seawater temperature and sea surface level in Okinawa from 3 million years ago to the present using tests of large foraminifera.

– Reconstruction of the formation process of a sea cave in IeIsland using tests of large foraminifera as a record of light environment.

Page 23: Climate Change Research in University of the RyukyusMar 16, 2015  · 1.Percentage cover of coral ... Dr. Tohru Naruse, TBRC Dr. James Reimer, Faculty of Science – Corals on reefs

Temperature change in Japanese cities

• Dr. Junichiro Tsutsumi, Faculty of Engineering– By analyzing air temperature at cities in Japan, he found that the mean air temperature had on an average increased by 1℃ in the past 100 years. Air temperature in large cities had increased more than the average.  The increase in annual lowest temperature was great in the large cities, suggesting the occurrence of the heat island phenomenon there. 

Page 24: Climate Change Research in University of the RyukyusMar 16, 2015  · 1.Percentage cover of coral ... Dr. Tohru Naruse, TBRC Dr. James Reimer, Faculty of Science – Corals on reefs

Activities in overseas countries• Dr. Takashi Nakamura, Dr. Haruko Kurihara, Dr. James Reimer, Faculty of Science; Dr. Yoko Fujita, Faculty of Law and Letters

• SATREPS at Palau: “Sustainable Management of Coral Reef and Island Ecosystems: Responding to the Threat of Climate Change”– Palau and other Pacific states have abundant coral ecosystems and some of 

the world’s richest biodiversity.  However, they face a changing global environment, including climate change and ocean acidification, as well as the growing impact of regional development issues like coastal development and water pollution. This project takes both global and local perspectives, working through activities such as environmental monitoring, environmental impact assessments for coral island ecosystems, social scientific assessments, and assessments of impact on biodiversity to produce suggestions concerning sustainable approaches for island society.