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Clause: Group of words that contains a subject and a verb (predicate).
EXAMPLE:
Some students work in the homeless shelter
because they care about helping others.If I had a dollar for every time you said that, I
would be rich!
This sentence has two clauses, each with a subject and a verb.
Independent Clause: Expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence.
EXAMPLE:Some students work in the homeless shelter.I don’t believe it for a second. My dog is small and adorable.
This clause can stand alone in a simple sentence, so it is independent!
Simple Sentence: Contains one independent clause and no dependent clauses.
EXAMPLES -Shawn tutors.-Benita teaches young children
acrobatics after school.-Mike rides his bike.
Compound Sentence: Contains two or more independent clauses and no dependent clauses.
EXAMPLES Shawn tutors, and he helps students learn
math. Some children have no toys; volunteers
can collect toys for them.
Common mistake: Don’t mistake a simple sentence with a compound predicate for a compound sentence. No punctuation should separate the parts of a compound predicate.
EXAMPLE: WRONG: The Newcomers’ Club wrote a clever script, and
then filmed it. CORRECT: The Newcomers’ Club wrote a clever script and
then filmed it.
Punctuation? Add if necessary1. Greg shoveled the snow and his brother began a snow
sculpture. 2. The boat nosed up to the dock our trip was finally over. 3. Tom and Gail quickly cut and stacked the firewood. 4. Several people listened but nobody volunteered.5. Sheila calls it a dragonfly I call it a darning needle.6. Did you and Lee walk or ride to your dance class? 7. Gina and Dave picked the wildflowers and we arranged
them. 8. The clown made a face the child burst into laughter.
Punctuation? Add if necessary1. Greg shoveled the snow, and his brother began a snow
sculpture. 2. The boat nosed up to the dock; our trip was finally over. 3. Tom and Gail quickly cut and stacked the firewood. 4. Several people listened, but nobody volunteered.5. Sheila calls it a dragonfly; I call it a darning needle.6. Did you and Lee walk or ride to your dance class? 7. Gina and Dave picked the wildflowers, and we arranged
them. 8. The clown made a face; the child burst into laughter.
Punctuation? Add if necessary.9. Her mother went to the trade show but Doreen stayed
home. 10. Wang and his brother looked at the problem and spotted
the solution. 11. Mrs. Ballak may be in court or she may be in her office. 12. Snow fell winter was now upon us.13. Kathy phoned this morning but our phone was out of
order. 14. The radio crackled with static and then went out. 15. We could play a video game or we could go to Jim’s house. 16. Lou has been baking bread and Connie is making a big
salad.
Punctuation? Add if necessary.9. Her mother went to the trade show, but Doreen stayed
home. 10. Wang and his brother looked at the problem and spotted
the solution. 11. Mrs. Ballak may be in court, or she may be in her office. 12. Snow fell; winter was now upon us.13. Kathy phoned this morning, but our phone was out of
order. 14. The radio crackled with static and then went out. 15. We could play a video game, or we could go to Jim’s
house. 16. Lou has been baking bread, and Connie is making a big
salad.
HW1: Simple or compound sentences?
1. I would go with you but I am tired and just want to go to bed._____
2. He listened in class but he didn't take part in class discussions. _____
3. My mom sets the alarm and wakes me in the morning. _____
4. My family owned a farm and they used to raise livestock._____
5. The horse trotted and soon broke into a gallop. _____6. A beard covered his face and his eyes were bloodshot.
_____7. I caught a tiny trout and we had it for supper. _____8. She didn't like me she even said so. _____
HW 1:Simple or compound sentences?
1. I would go with you but I am tired and just want to go to bed. compound
2. He listened in class but he didn't take part in class discussions. compound
3. My mom sets the alarm and wakes me in the morning. simple
4. My family owned a farm and they used to raise livestock. compound
5. The horse trotted and soon broke into a gallop. simple6. A beard covered his face and his eyes were bloodshot.
simple7. I caught a tiny trout and we had it for supper. compound8. She didn't like me she even said so. compound
Simple or compound sentences?
9. The band played all night long and the crowd cheered even longer._____10. The wolf pack stalked and killed an injured elk._____11. My dad drives me to school and he also picks me up at
three. _____12.The moon was full last night and there were many stars out
too. _____13. Mexico is a great place to vacation and I can’t wait to go
there. _____14. Mexico is a great place to snorkel and see Myan ruins.
_____15. I eat a huge piece of pie and drank a tall glass of milk too.
_____
Simple or compound sentences?
9. The band played all night long and the crowd cheered even longer. compound10.The wolf pack stalked and killed an injured elk. simple11. My dad drives me to school and he also picks me up at
three. compound12. The moon was full last night and there were many stars
out too. compound13. Mexico is a great place to vacation and I can’t wait to go
there. compound14. Mexico is a great place to snorkel and see Myan ruins.
simple15. I eat a huge piece of pie and drank a tall glass of milk too.
simple
Dependent Clause: Does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone in a sentence. (also known as subordinate clause)
EXAMPLE …because they care about helping people. A dependent clause must be joined to an independent clause or it is a fragment.
Dependent clause starts with a subordinate conjunction.afterbeforeoncealthoughasas ifas long asas thoughbecause
stilleven ifeven thoughifif onlyin order tonow thatrather thansince
so thatthanthatunlessuntilwhenwheneverwherewhereas
whereverwhile
Coordinate ConjunctionsCompound Sentences
ForAndNorButOrYetSo
Subordinate ConjunctionsComplex Sentences
afterbeforeoncealthoughasas ifas long asas thoughbecausestilleven ifeven though
ifsincethatunlessuntilwhenwheneverwherewhereaswhereverwhile
Independent or Dependent?
1. Although it was raining, Maria went for a jog at the park. 2. Brianna eats chocolate whenever she gets a poor grade in
math. 3. After the flood waters retreated, the family moved into a
temporary shelter. 4. While walking in the woods, John saw a raccoon eating
potato chips. 5. Students who play an instrument do better on math tests. 6. When you finish your homework, please take the dog for a
walk. 7. After Juan completed the assignment, he swam laps at the
gym. 8. Before he completed the assignment, Evan decided to eat a
quick lunch.
Independent or Dependent?
1. Although it was raining, Maria went for a jog at the park. D 2. Brianna eats chocolate whenever she gets a poor grade in
math. D3. After the flood waters retreated, the family moved into a
temporary shelter. D4. While walking in the woods, John saw a raccoon eating
potato chips. I5. Students who play an instrument do better on math tests. I6. When you finish your homework, please take the dog for a
walk. D7. After Juan completed the assignment, he swam laps at the
gym. D8. Before he completed the assignment, Evan decided to eat a
quick lunch. D
Independent or Dependent?
1. Juan continued playing although he injured his knee.2. I thought that the offer was too good to be true.3. While I was scrubbing the floors, Juliet was watching
television.4. Although she was tired and grumpy, Laura agreed to babysit
for her sister-in-law.5. My friend has been visiting since the winter break started.6. As she was driving home from spring break, Maria saw a
tornado touch down.7. People who drink and drive should be arrested.8. Ever since my daughter purchased a ferret, I have noticed an
unpleasant smell in the house.9. If I cannot make it to the dance, I will give away my tickets.
Independent or Dependent?
1. Juan continued playing although he injured his knee. I2. I thought that the offer was too good to be true. I3. While I was scrubbing the floors, Juliet was watching
television. D4. Although she was tired and grumpy, Laura agreed to babysit
for her sister-in-law. D5. My friend has been visiting since the winter break started. I6. As she was driving home from spring break, Maria saw a
tornado touch down. D7. People who drink and drive should be arrested. I8. Ever since my daughter purchased a ferret, I have noticed an
unpleasant smell in the house. D9. If I cannot make it to the dance, I will give away my tickets. I
If the dependent clause begins a sentence, it must be followed by a comma.
Examples:
While I was eating, the cat scratched at the door.
If you are ill, you ought to see a doctor.
If the independent clause starts the sentences, no comma is required.
Examples:
The cat scratched at the door while I was eating.
You ought to see a doctor if you are ill.
Comma or No Comma?1. Whenever I’m late for the bus my mom drives me to school. 2. My mom drives me to school whenever I’m late for the bus. 3. I had to stay at a neighbor’s house after school because I
lost my key. 4. Because I lost my key I had to stay at a neighbor’s house
after school.5. When I forgot to do my chores my mom grounded me for
the day. 6. My mom grounded me for the day when I forgot to do my
chores.7. Because her friends were all on vacation Mary was lonely all
summer break. 8. Before I could go to the party my mom made me walk the dog.
Comma or No Comma?1. Whenever I’m late for the bus, my mom drives me to school. 2. My mom drives me to school whenever I’m late for the bus. 3. I had to stay at a neighbor’s house after school because I lost
my key. 4. Because I lost my key, I had to stay at a neighbor’s house after
school.5. When I forgot to do my chores, my mom grounded me for the
day. 6. My mom grounded me for the day when I forgot to do my
chores.7. Because her friends were all on vacation, Mary was lonely all
summer break. 8. Before I could go to the party, my mom made me walk the dog.
Comma or No Comma?
1. Although she was popular Laurie couldn’t get a date for the prom.2. We went to hang out at Dairy Queen after school since the game
was cancelled. 3. Unless you hear otherwise I’ll be in my classroom all afternoon. 4. We celebrated at the Wagon Wheel after we won the game.5. The dancer injured her foot while she was rehearsing for the recital.6. As the sun rose my friend and I were up and ready for our run.7. Because Sarah is my sister I have to forgive her for ruining my
favorite shirt.8. I am going to Hershey Park this weekend if the weather is good.
Comma or No Comma?
1. Although she was popular, Laurie couldn’t get a date for the prom.2. We went to hang out at Dairy Queen after school since the game
was cancelled. 3. Unless you hear otherwise, I’ll be in my classroom all afternoon. 4. We celebrated at the Wagon Wheel after we won the game.5. The dancer injured her foot while she was rehearsing for the recital.6. As the sun rose, my friend and I were up and ready for our run.7. Because Sarah is my sister, I have to forgive her for ruining my
favorite shirt.8. I am going to Hershey Park this weekend if the weather is good.
Underline dependent clause and add punctuation if needed.
1. Although they eat me out of house and home I will love my children.
2. I won’t buy new clothes unless they are on sale.3. While we watched the basketball game on television
my friend and I ate up all of the snacks in the house. 4. I ran out of water and was very thirsty as we hiked
through the dense forest. 5. My mom will not drive me to the mall unless I help
her with the laundry.6. I don’t like to be alone while I’m watching a scary
movie.
Underline dependent clause and add punctuation if needed.
1. Although they eat me out of house and home , I will love my children.
2. I won’t buy new clothes unless they are on sale.3. While we watched the basketball game on television,
my friend and I ate up all of the snacks in the house. 4. I ran out of water and was very thirsty as we hiked
through the dense forest. 5. My mom will not drive me to the mall unless I help
her with the laundry.6. I don’t like to be alone while I’m watching a scary
movie.
Underline dependent clause and add punctuation if needed.
1. Stephen won’t do his homework unless his mom makes him
2. If I don’t finish this project tonight I’ll just do it over the weekend.
3. After Jack had fallen Jill came tumbling after. 4. As we hiked through the woods I was bitten up by
mosquitoes. 5. My dog will roll over and play dead if I offer him a
treat. 6. Unless the team works harder we will not make it
to the playoffs.
Underline dependent clause and add punctuation if needed.
1. Stephen won’t do his homework unless his mom makes him.
2. If I don’t finish this project tonight, I’ll just do it over the weekend.
3. After Jack had fallen, Jill came tumbling after. 4. As we hiked through the woods, I was bitten up by
mosquitoes. 5. My dog will roll over and play dead if I offer him a
treat. 6. Unless the team works harder, we will not make it
to the playoffs.
HW 2: Underline dependent clause and add punctuation if needed.
1. Although it has been celebrated for more than ten years National Youth Service Day is not well-known.
2. This national event was founded so that young people’s volunteer work would be recognized.
3. After the volunteers work on a project they have a deep sense of satisfaction.
4. Because they wanted to help beautify the city some volunteers in Atlanta, Georgia, painted a playground.
5. While adult volunteers helped most of the work was done by elementary-school and middle-school students.
6. Since they were interested in identifying major problems in their neighborhood about 90 high school students in San Francisco conducted a community survey.
7. Perhaps you can get involved next year if you are interest in volunteering.
HW 2: Underline dependent clause and add punctuation if needed.
1. Although it has been celebrated for more than ten years, National Youth Service Day is not well-known.
2. This national event was founded so that young people’s volunteer work would be recognized.
3. After the volunteers work on a project, they have a deep sense of satisfaction.
4. Because they wanted to help beautify the city , some volunteers in Atlanta, Georgia, painted a playground.
5. While adult volunteers helped, most of the work was done by elementary-school and middle-school students.
6. Since they were interested in identifying major problems in their neighborhood, about 90 high school students in San Francisco conducted a community survey.
7. Perhaps you can get involved next year if you are interest in volunteering.
Complex Sentences: Contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.
EXAMPLES (dependent clause in bold) When we visited, Mrs. Brodsky shared her
memories of working in a shipyard during World War II.
Mr. Ruiz was a photographer until he was drafted.
• Students enjoy dancing because they can hit the whip.
• While there is no guaranteed spot on the roster, Mike is trying out for the basketball team.
• The family is taking a trip to Texas even though school has already started.
• Whenever the homeless shelter asks us to volunteer, we accept the invitation immediately.
• My mom says my sister and I fight all the time although I am pretty sure that’s an exaggeration.
HW 3: Complex Sentences Punctuate the following sentences correctly:
1. I would have gone with you although I am tired.2. Although I am tired I would have gone with you.3. Since our team lost last night we can’t enter the tournament.4. We can’t enter the tournament since our team lost last night.5. He listened in class although he didn’t take part in class discussions.6. Although he didn’t take part in class discussions he listened in class.7. We were raising livestock because my family was living in the
country.8. Because my family was living in the country we were raising livestock.9. The horse trotted until he broke into a gallop.10. Until he broke into a gallop the horse trotted.
HW 3: Complex Sentences Punctuate the following sentences correctly:
1. I would have gone with you although I am tired.2. Although I am tired, I would have gone with you.3. Since our team lost last night, we can’t enter the tournament.4. We can’t enter the tournament since our team lost last night.5. He listened in class although he didn’t take part in class discussions.6. Although he didn’t take part in class discussions, he listened in
class.7. We were raising livestock because my family was living in the the
country.8. Because my family was living in the country, we were raising
livestock.9. The horse trotted until he broke into a gallop.10. Until he broke into a gallop, the horse trotted.
Complex Sentences Cont.
1. Even though he was a strange character I liked being around him.2. I liked being around him even though he was a strange character.3. After I caught a tiny trout in the stream we had it for supper.4. I cannot buy a car until I have saved a down payment since my credit
is bad.5. I will help you since no one else seems to be willing to help.6. She plans to read three books while she is on vacation.7. Please shut the door since it is cold and rainy outside because of El
Nino.8. Because of El Nino it is cold and rainy outside.9. While the strong wind was blowing our boat nearly capsized on the
lake.10. Once you have mastered clauses the rest of the study of grammar is
quite easy.
Complex Sentences Cont.
1. Even though he was a strange character, I liked being around him.2. I liked being around him even though he was a strange character.3. After I caught a tiny trout in the stream, we had it for supper.4. I cannot buy a car until I have saved a down payment since my credit
is bad.5. I will help you since no one else seems to be willing to help.6. She plans to read three books while she is on vacation.7. Please shut the door since it is cold and rainy outside because of El
Nino.8. Because of El Nino, it is cold and rainy outside.9. While the strong wind was blowing, our boat nearly capsized on the
lake.10. Once you have mastered clauses, the rest of the study of grammar is
quite easy.
Compound-Complex Sentence: Contains two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
EXAMPLES (dependent clause in bold)
• When out school celebrates Earth Day, we sign up for environmental projects, and we try to complete them all in one day.
• Student have cleaned up the beaches, and they have planted flowers in the parks so that the shore looks inviting to visitors.
• Although I don’t like to snowboard, we are taking a trip up to Jack Frost this winter because our friends have mountain house.
• If the Sixers win the championship this year, I will be highly surprising; the team has performed poorly for several years.
• As far as I am concerned, Beyoncé is an excellent singer and songwriter, and she always makes headlines all over the world
Phrase: Does not contain a subject or predicate.
EXAMPLES (prepositional phrase in bold)
Spiders live in many different habitats. The deer fled into the woods.
A phrase is a collection of words that may have nouns or verbs, but it does not have a subject doing a verb.
EXAMPLES:
Leaving behind the dog, I fled from the haunted house.
Before the test, I sharpened my pencil.
after the devastation
With a positive attitude, you can do anything.
Working all night long, I finally finished my English project.
Look at the difference
PhraseLeaving behind the dog
Before the first test
With a positive attitude
Working all night long
ClauseI left the dog behind. (IC)
Before I took the test… (DC)
A positive attitude helps you to accomplish anything. (IC)
After I worked all night long… (DC)
Choose two from each column to write four sentences.
Intro phrases1. After three long years, . . .
2. Any given Sunday, . . .
3. Over the river and through the woods, . . .
4. While riding a bike, . . .
5. Trying to make the team, . . .
6. After waiting for two hours,….
Dependent clauses1. After I practiced the violin, . . .
2. If Andrew works really hard, . . .
3. When Sarah goes to the beach, . . .
4. Even though Mr. Smith is usually nice, . . .
5. As the batter stepped up to the plate, . . .
6. Because my grandmother lives in Alaska,….
I, D, or P (HW 4)
1. The hot dog vendor witnessed the car
accident that happened early that
morning._____
2.When the hot dog vendor saw the car
accident, he called the police.______
3.Witnessing the car accident, the hot dog
vendor immediately called the police._____
HW4: I, D, or P
4. Born in Texas, I moved to Aston when I was
eleven._____
5. Born in Texas, I moved to Aston when I was
eleven._____
6. Born in Texas, I moved to Aston when I was
eleven._____•
HW4: I, D, or P
7.I felt frightened when I heard a strange noise
outside my room last night._____
8. When I heard a strange noise outside my
room last night, I felt frightened._____
9. Hearing a strange noise outside my room last
night, I felt frightened._____•
HW4: I, D, or P
10. I panicked when I lost my two friends at the
carnival over the weekend._____
11. I panicked when I lost my two friends at the
carnival over the weekend._____
12. Having lost my two friends, I panicked at the
carnival over the weekend._____•
HW 4: I, D, or P
13. Never one to dwell on the negative, Sam quickly
forgot about the team loss._____
14. Since he was never one to dwell on the negative,
Sam quickly forgot about the team loss._____
15. Sam quickly forgot about the team loss since he
was never one to dwell on the negative._____•
HW 4: I, D, or P
16.My mom worried when I missed my school
bus and didn’t come home._____
17.When I missed my school bus and didn’t
come home, my mom worried._____
18. Missing the school bus, I worried my
mom._____•
HW4: I, D, or P
19.Because I am failing English, I am grounded
until the marking period ends._____
20. I am grounded until the marking period
ends because I am failing English._____
21. Failing English, I am grounded until the
marking period ends._____
I, D, or P (HW 5)
1. Tigers, suffering from habitat loss, are one of
the world’s endangered species._____
2.Tigers, since they suffer from habitat loss, are
one of the world’s endangered species._____
3.Tigers, one of the world’s endangered species,
suffer from habitat loss._____
HW5: I, D, or P
4. After you taste my Aunt Rita’s homemade banana cream
pie, you won’t ever want store-made pie again._____
5. You won’t ever want store-made pie again after you taste
my Aunt Rita’s homemade banana cream pie._____
6. After tasting my Aunt Rita’s homemade banana cream
pie, you won’t ever want store-made pie again._____
HW 5: I, D, or P
7.The president got angry with the student council
when no one would help with the fundraiser._____
8.When no one would help with the fundraiser, the
president of the student council got angry._____
9.Getting no help with the fundraiser, the president
of the student council got angry._____
HW5: I, D, or P
10. Although she is my beloved bird, I sometimes
get angry with my noisy bird in the morning._____
11. I sometimes get angry with my noisy bird in
the morning although she is my beloved pet._____
12. Although my beloved pet, I sometimes get
angry with my noisy bird in the morning._____
HW5: I, D, or P
13. While you were absent, I gathered all of the
work you missed._____
14. I gathered all of the work you missed while
you were absent._____
15. During your absence, I gathered all of the
work you missed._____
HW5: I, D, or P
16. I have run two miles every day since the
summer began._____
17. Since the summer began, I have run two miles
every day._____
18. Since the summer’s beginning, I have run two
miles every day._____
I, D, or P (HW6)
1.Having never been on a plane, I was very nervous on
the flight to Disney World._____
2. I was very nervous on the flight to Disney World,
having never been on a plane._____
3.Since I had never been on a plane before, I was very
nervous about the flight to Disney World._____
HW6: I, D, or P
4. Because she loved animals, Sarah volunteered to work at
the Humane Society on Saturday morning._____
5. On Saturday mornings, Sarah volunteered to work at the
Humane Society since she was such an animal lover._____
6. Sarah, a lover of animals, decided to volunteer at the
Human Society on Saturday mornings._____
HW6: I, D, or P
7. Mr. Wilson, a dedicated teacher, spent most of
his evenings grading papers._____
8. Mr. Wilson, a dedicated teacher, spent most of
his evenings grading papers._____
9. Mr. Wilson spent most of his evenings grading
papers because he was a dedicated teacher._____
HW6: I, D, or P
10.As a huge chocolate lover, I don’t know what
I’d do if I was allergic to chocolate._____
11. I, a huge chocolate lover, don’t know what I’d
do if I was allergic to chocolate._____
12. As a huge chocolate lover, I don’t know what
I’d do if I was allergic to chocolate._____
HW6: I, D, or P
13. The lioness, an expert at stalking her prey,
stayed downwind of the herd.______
14. Since she was an expect at stalking her prey,
the lioness stayed downwind of the herd._____
15. An expert at stalking her prey, the lioness
stayed downwind of the herd._____
HW6: I, D, or P (worksheet 3)
16.When I train for a race, I try to eat very well
and get plenty of sleep.______
17. I try to eat very well and get plenty of sleep
when I train for a race._____
18. When training for a race, I try to eat very well
and get plenty of sleep._____
HW7: I, D, or P
1. Not wanting to watch her little brother, Stacy said that she had to study for her
chemistry test. _____
2. My mom, although she is usually patient, flipped out at my little brother today.
______
3. Over the weekend, I had a huge fight with my friends and we aren’t speaking
now._____
4. I cannot see my boyfriend this tonight since he has to work at the WaWa until
ten._____
5. Running late in the morning, I missed the bus and Mom had to drive me to
school._____
6. Joe, having forgotten to save his work, lost all his research paper when his
computer crashed. _____
7. If you want to pass the upcoming test, you will have to study every night._____
HW7: I, D, or P
8. John’s painting, an ugly mess, was clearly the worst entry in the art show. _____
9. When we win the championship this weekend, my team is going to celebrate at
Dairy Queen.______
10. After Running around the house, the dog finally settled down for a nap by the
fence._____
11. Mr. and Mrs. Simpson, my friend’s parents, sat in back of us at the football
game._____
12. On the way to school, I found a wallet that someone had dropped in the street.
_____
13. The teacher, having issued the detention, waited for her student to show up
the next day._____
14. Dauphin Island, located off the coast of Alabama, is a favorite spot for
fishermen._____
HW7: I, D, or P
15. I don’t like watching television during the day because it makes me feel lazy._____
16. Maria, wearing a hand-made dress of her own design, was the most stunning girl at the
prom._____
17. While I do like baseball, I rarely have time to go to a game._____
18. The cat that was watching the dog intently walked carefully away._____
19. Citizen Kane, considered my many critics to be the greatest American film ever made, won
only one Academy Award._____
20. Joanne was rude to Mr. Simon even though he was just trying to help.______
21. Having worked hard on the paper, Jordan was disappointed to received a low B._____
22. The ballerina moved on stage with grace even though her feet hurt horribly._____
23. When in the company of strangers, be careful what you say._____
24. My favorite store at the mall, the one with all of the great posters, just closed last
weekend._____
25. If you can’t say something nice, you shouldn’t say anything at all!_____
Clause Review GamesRags to Riches: http://www.quia.com/rr/744958.html
Clause Quiz: http://www.softschools.com/quizzes/grammar/identifying_subordinate_dependent_clauses/quiz3637.html
Clause and Phrase Race:http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/sentence_speedway/index_pre.html
Clauses and Phrases:http://cite.nwmissouri.edu/ic/Grammar/PhrasesandClauses.html