Classroom Research Presentation

8/7/2019 Classroom Research Presentation

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Selecting a ProblemSelecting a ProblemNicerio L. Leanza, Ph.D.IRCANicerio L. Leanza, Ph.D.IRCA

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` Think of possible sources by considering thefollowing: problem encountered in learning )when you were

problem encountered in teaching)in the grades orin high school

unanswered question in your mind about

your observations and experiences as apupil/student, or

an idea you wanted to explore and investigate

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y Prob em encountered

n earnngy Prob em encountered

n teach ng

Unanswered quest on

about

observat on/ exper encesWhen I wa inhigh

hool my tea hermade

u per orm an

experiment on

buoyan y He toldu

tobring two can oo tdrin Coca Cola 1

diet co eand theother

regularco e

When I wa thegrade

our I hada teacher

who conducteda

pelling conte t e ery

Friday Shea edu to

memori e the spellingoaword As apupil I

cannot rememberour

teacherteachingus

I lo e todrin any

orange juice But I li e

Tang more thanother

juicebrands. A ter

sometime I foundout

that at 10or10 30inthe morning I feela

littlepainin my

stomach. I told my

Weobser ed that the

Diet Coca Cola floated

onwaterand theRegularCoca Cola san

intoadeeppaleof

water.

techniques of spelling.

Untilnow I ha ea

problem writing thecorrect spellingof some

words. Is thereaway to

ma epupils learnhow to

motherabout it and she

stopped me from

drin ingorange juice. Iwant to know if thereis

abrandoforange juice

that does not make my

I didnot understand

then theprincipleof

buoyancy.

spellwords without

ha ing so muchproblem

withit?

intestines painful.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCHPROBLEM

` Is the problem researchable? (It can be investigated

through the collection and analysis of data.)

` Does it have a theoretical or practical significance?(Your assumption leads to further testing of assumptionthrough hypothesis. Hypothesis is further tested tosupport a theory you are developing. Or you areexpanding theory through your expectedfindings/conclusions.)

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` Is the problem good for you? (You can tackle the

problem; it is within your understanding and

capability to do the research)

` Can it answer the problem you have discovered

related to teaching/learning? (It can be solved

by your recommendations

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` Is the problemresearchable?

Problem:

ACID ON

ORANGE JUICE

: It can be investigated throughthe collection and analysis of

data.

How?

`

I can collect different types oforange juice sold in

supermarkets, like: TANG,

EIGHT OCLOCK, ZEST-O, etc.

` I will test the acid content in

each of these juice drinks usinga pH scale.

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` Does it have atheoretical orpracticalsignificance?

` I can test my assumption why Iam having stomach pain. Myassumption is: TANG has ahigh acid contentthatcauses

pain inmystomach.` Is it possible that TANG has the

highest acid content? If so, Ican find an orange juice brandwith the lowest acid content.

Then I can recommend it to thosewho have ulcer, like me.

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` Is theproblem

good for

you?

` I believe I am capable of doing

research on the problem. Why? I know the meaning of pH

I know how to use a pH paper and

understand the color that appears on it

when placed in a small cup of orange juice.

I can ask a friend of mine to explain to me

the meaning of the color when compared to

a pH scale.

I can look for more information about acid

content in student researches done throughthe Internet.

I can read articles in journals or books about

acid content and how it might cause ulcer.

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` Can it

answer the

problem

related to

learning?

` The learning problem that is solved

here is illustrated below: As a person who loves to drink orange

juice, I will be able to choose the right

orange juice brand with the least acidcontent.

I will be able to solve my problem and

perhaps limit the number of glasses I

drink every day, to avoid ulcer.

I can also warn other persons who haveulcer and who drink orange juice to

choose the one with the least acid

content.

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A well-stated research problem should include each of the

following characteristics:

` The variables of interest to the student researcher.

` The specific relationship between the variables.

` The type of subjects involved.

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Lets go back to

identifying a

research

problem.Problem:

I have doubts

whetherthe

formula for

findingthe areaof a triangle is

always

accurate.

: THE ABSOLUTE ACCURACY OF

THE FORMULA FOR FINDING THE

AREA OF A TRIANGLE

Variables:` Formula for finding the area of a

triangle is a constant.

A = 1/2 bh

` Manipulated variables are the:

size of the triangles

angles of the triangles

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MajorProblem:

The study

examines the absolute

accuracy of the formula

for finding the area of a

triangle.

[This is taken from the title; it

is done by converting the

title into a declarative

sentence beginning with,

The study examines..

Sub-problems:

(What comprise the major

problem?What aspects are

involved in investigating

specifically the major problem?)` What is the area of each of the

different triangles drawn on a

graphing paper?

` Is there a difference in area among

five kinds of triangles,namely:acute, obtuse, scalene, equilateral,

and isosceles?

[The aspects pertain to different types of

triangles--their areas expressed in

sq.cm.]

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Gay (1996, p.2) describes a hypothesis as a tentative explanation

for certain behaviors, phenomena, or events that have occurredor will occur.

Leanza(2001:41)defines the hypothesis as a converted research

assumption reflecting the relationship between variables in a

research problem. It is a prediction of the outcome of theresearch to be conducted.

NATURE OF A RESEARCHHYPOTHESISNATURE OF A RESEARCHHYPOTHESIS

` States the researchers expectation concerning the relationship

between the variables in the research problem.` A refinement of the research problem. It is the most specific

statement of the problem.

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` It is a prediction of the outcome of the study.

` States clearly and concisely the expected

relationship (or difference) between two

variables,and defines those variables in

operational, measurable terms (Gay,1996,p.62).

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To formulate a research hypothesis, we start with a researchquestion and:

` generate operational definitions for all variables, and

` formulate a research hypothesis keeping in mind:

expected relationships or differences

operational definitions.

` Hypothesis can also be classified in terms of how they are

derived:

inductive hypothesis is a generalization based on observation;

deductive hypothesis is derived from theory.

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` A hypothesis can be directional or non-

directional.

` Hypothesis can be stated as research

hypothesis or statistical hypothesis.` A statistical hypothesis consists of the null

hypothesis (H0), the hypothesis of no difference

and the alternative hypothesis (H1 or Ha) which

is similar in form to the research hypothesis.

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Let us consider a model forstating a research

hypothesis for each of the

types of Quantitative

Research Types we have

taken in earlier lessons.

(1) Stating hypothesis for an

experimental or causal-

comparative study.

If X is the independent

variable, Y is the dependent

variable, and S is theSubject.

H1: Ss who got X do better on Y

than subjects do not get X (or

get some other X)

Example:Grade five girls have better

reading comprehension than

grade five boys.

Lets state it as a researchLets state it as a research

hypothesis in a causalhypothesis in a causal--comparative study:comparative study:

H1: Girls will achieve higher

reading comprehension test

scores than boys at the end

of the fifth grade.

OperationalVariables: reading

comprehension will be

measured by IOWA TESTS of

educational development and

reading comprehension.

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Let us state a Statistical Hypothesis. This consists ofa null hypothesis (H0) and the alternative hypothesis

(Ha).

In other words , the null hypothesis states thus:

H0 : There is no difference between the two means on

the reading comprehension test scores.

Ha : The girls mean score significantly exceed that of

the boys.

[Note: The statistical test here will use the t test.]

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(2) Stating a hypothesis for correlational research.

If A and B are variables (we do not refer to them as independent

and dependent variables in correlational research) , and C is the

subject we can state our research problem as the relationship

between A and B forC. [What is the relationship between A and

BforC ?)

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We state our Research Hypothesis, like this:

H1: There will be a significant positive correlation

between A and B

for C (or significant negative relationship orsignificant relationship without signifying

direction).

We need to provide an operational definitions for

A, B, and describe C.

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Example: A grade six teacher examines the relationship between

the number of minutes needed to complete a reading

selection and comprehension test scores. She wants to

use the data to determine whether there is a significant

negative relationship between these two variables.

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H1: The length of time needed to complete

reading a selection will

be negatively correlated with the score on the

comprehensiontest of grade six pupils.

H0 : There is no significant relationship between

speed in reading a

selection and comprehension scores.

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Classroom Research Presentation