Upload
todd-lawson
View
243
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Classification of Life Chapter 17
How Classification Began
▫Classification-grouping objects or information based on similarities
▫Taxonomy- Branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics
▫Aristotle’s System (384-322B.C.) Everything was either a plant or an animal System stood for centuries
Aristotle’s System- grouped by analogous structures
Linneaus’ system of Binomial Nomenclature
Based on physical and structural similarities (resulted in grouping that revealed relationships between organisms)
Explained evolutionary relationships Uses binomial nomenclature- 2 word naming
system Genus- 1st word, groups similar species Specific epithet(SPECIES) describes the
characteristics of the organism. Humans: Homo sapiens where
homo=genus, sapiens= wise (Greek)
Scientific vs. Common Names Latin is language of taxonomists Common names- common to area they are found.
•Example: Car Hood (USA) = Bonnet (Britian)
Flashlight (USA) vs. Torch (Britian)
Modern Classification: TAXONOMY•Uses underlying evolutionary
relationships as well as external and internal relationships
•How it works: A framework (are dinosaurs more closely
related to reptiles or birds?) Useful tool- helps to identify unknown
species Helpful in Economy- Knowing pine trees
contain a useful substance for disinfecting may lead to finding another disinfectant in a similar species.
TAXONOMIC RANKINGS•Larger taxa- broad groups ie. Animal Kingdom•Smallest taxa- more specific, organisms can
interbreed and produce viable offspring. Kingdom- largest division 6 total Phylum- similar classes- in plant kingdom may call
it divisions Class- similar orders Order- similar families Family – similar genus Genus- similar species Species- most specific, can interbreed.
7 TAXA Kingdom- largest division 6 total Phylum- similar classes- in plant kingdom may call it divisions
Class- similar orders Order- similar families Family – similar genus Genus- similar species Species- most specific, can interbreed.
Problem solving lab 17.1
Determining Evolutionary Relationships
1.Structural similarities- may imply a shared ancestor. If you observe an unknown with retractable claws you will put them in the cat family.
2.Breeding behavior- may differentiate among species (ie. Hyla versicolor and Hyla chryosocelis)
3.Geographical Distribution- Location of the species on the Earth.
Evolutionary relationships cont…
4. Chromosome Comparison Banding in metaphase 1 Size of chromosomes Position of the centromere
5. Biochemistry DNA sequences Proteins found Nucleotide sequences
Phylogenic Classification Models•PHYLOGENY- evolutionary history of an
organism. Species with the same ancestor , share and evolutionary history.▫Cladistics
System of classification based on phylogeny Assume organisms diverge from a common
ancestral group. CLADOGRAM (fig 17.7) – model of phylogeny
of species. Similar to a family pedigree
•CLADOGRAM
Velociraptor
Archaeopteryx
Robin
Light bones3-toed foot;
wishbone Down feathers
Feathers withshaft, veins,and barbs
Flight feathers;arms as long
as legs
Theropods
Allosaurus
Sinornis
Phylongeny cont…
▫Fanlike Model (fig 17.8)- Give more information than a cladogram Phylogeny Time Extinction Anatomy Genetics Etc…
•6 kingdoms: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals
Six Kingdoms of Organisms
Arranged based on:• 1. Organization (uni/multicell) •2. How they obtain energy or eat.
(heterotroph, autotroph) •3. Prokaryotic or eukaryotic- complexity
of cell structure.
Prokaryotes:
▫Prokaryotes: MONERANS Microscopic Unicellular No distinct nuclei Organelles are not membrane bound
organelles.•Heterotrophs or Autotrophs (may be
photosynthetic or chemosynthetic
2 kingdoms of prokaryotes:MONERANS1. ARCHAEBACTERIA- most live in
extreme environments without oxygen. Example: ocean depths, swamp, volcano
2. EUBACTERIA- 5000 species, strong cell walls, complex genetic make-up, most are harmless, some cause disease, for example ,strep throat.
3. Protist kingdom- Eukaryotes Eukaryotic but lack complex organ systems
Live in moist environments (pond scum)
Uni /multicellular Plant like autotrophs Animal like heterotrophs Fungus like- heterotrophs with reproductive structures like fungus.
Cilia
Oral groove
Gullet
Micronucleus and macronucleus
Contractile vacuole
Anal pore
4.Fungus- earth’s decomposers Heterotrophs that DO NOT move from place to place
Multicellular (except yeast) Eukaryotic Absorbs nutrients form organic material in environment
50,000 known species
5. Plants
MulticellularPhotosynthetic eukaryotes Produce oxygenCell walls and chloroplasts typical
Mosses , ferns and evergrees250.000 known species
6. Animals
Multicellular consumers(heterotrophs)
Nearly all mobileDO NOT have cell wallsOrganization: CellsTissuesorgansorgan systemsorganism