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(27.5). Classification of life. How do we tell living things apart?. Definition : the study of grouping living things based on their shared characteristics. Each organism is placed into larger and larger categories called taxa (plural form of taxon ). - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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CLASSIFICATION OF LIFE(27.5)
HOW DO WE TELL LIVING THINGS APART?
SYSTEMATICS Definition: the study of grouping living
things based on their shared characteristics.
Each organism is placed into larger and larger categories called taxa (plural form of taxon).
Carl Linnaeus was a HUGE contributor to this.
All my work… summed up in a cheap MS Paint
picture. Thou art cruel, Mr. Paschak
SYSTEMATICS In modern biology, we use the following
taxa/categories (from LEAST specific to MOST specific): Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
There are only 3 domains, but around 2 million species (discovered so far).
Some estimates place the number of species on Earth at 8.7 million.
**As you go lower down the ranking, the number of taxa increases.**
TAXONOMY Definition: the assignment of a specific
scientific name to an organism. An organism’s name is usually binomial
(contains two words) – its Genus and its species are listed. Linnaeus created this approach. Eg: Homo sapiens, Escherichia coli
These can be abbreviated Eg: H. sapiens, E. coli
PHYLOGENY Definition: the evolutionary relationship
among organisms. The goal of systematics is to put
closely-related species into similar groups.
Classification should reflect phylogeny. Members of the same family should be
more related than members of a different family.
THE FIVE-KINGDOM SYSTEM Living things are divided into five
kingdoms based on: Whether or not their cells have nuclei. How many cells they’re made up of. How they obtain their food/nutrition.
THE FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM
THE FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM Suggests that monerans (bacteria,
archaea) evolved first and don’t have nuclei.
Protists evolved from monerans. Plants, animals, and fungi share some
common, protist ancestor. This system is now considered to be
inaccurate, though.
THE SIX KINGDOM SYSTEM Carl Woese’s analysis of bacteria
suggested that they should be divided into two kingdoms: Eubacteria (also called “true” bacteria)
and Archaebacteria
This caused the creationof a sixth kingdom.
THREE-DOMAIN SYSTEM Evidence in DNA and RNA (ribonucleic
acid) helps to sort living things into larger domains.
Domains are based on RNA, molecular evidence, and cell structures.
The three domains are: Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea.
THREE-DOMAIN SYSTEM
BACTERIA All bacteria are prokaryotes (they
have no nuclei) and unicellular (a whole bacterium is made up of just one cell).
Found in nearly every environment you can think of.
ARCHAEA Also unicellular prokaryotes. Have a different cell wall and membrane
compared to bacteria. Tend to inhabit extreme conditions
Highly salty waters Hot springs Extremely cold waters
More closely-related to Eukarya than to bacteria.
EUKARYA All of these organisms are eukaryotes
(have cells that contain a nucleus). Can be either unicellular (protists,
yeasts) or multicellular (plants, animals, many fungi).
This domain is made up of 4 of the original five kingdoms (Plantae, Animalia, Fungi,
and Protista).
How to figure out which category is the right one…
CATEGORICAL LOGIC
LOGIC IN CLASSIFICATION If something is true about a category,
then it MUST be true for ALL members of that category.
This is called categorical reasoning. It is the basis for classification. It looks like this:
Premise: All wizards wear glasses.Given: Mr. Paschak wears glasses.Conclusion: Mr. Paschak is a wizard.
LOGIC IN CLASSIFICATION Example: Premise: All birds are vertebrates. Given: A robin is a bird. Conclusion: A robin is a vertebrate.
Using this example, construct an argument to show that Mr. Paschak is a mammal.
QUICK ASSIGNMENT1) Construct a categorical argument to
show that a spruce tree is a plant.2) Consider this argument:Premise: All horses are herbivores.Given: Organism X is a herbivore.Conclusion: Organism X is a horse.Is this argument correct? Why or why not?
FOR NEXT TIME Consult section 1.2 of your textbook
and/or an online resource in order to find the following: Two defining characteristics of Archaea Two defining characteristics of Bacteria
(or Eubacteria) Two defining characteristics of Eukarya.
Arrange these into a table in your notes.
CLADISTICS Also called “phylogenetics”. This is
the new direction in classification. Organisms are put into groups called
clades. Each clade contains an ancestor and ALL species that have descended from it.
Continued… (incoming t-chart!)
PHYLOGENETICS VS TAXONOMY
PHYLOGENETICS TRADITIONAL VIEW
Organisms arranged by ancestry (shared genes, common ancestors).
Grouped into different clades.
Physical characteristics within a clade can be VERY different.
Organisms arranged by physical characteristics.
Grouped into phyla, classes, orders, etc.
Physical characteristics in groups tend to be similar.
CLADOGRAMS
Note that in this diagram, 7 distinct animals all belong to a single clade!
CLADOGRAMS CAREFUL! Even though the cladogram
used one trait at a time to arrange the organisms, real phylogeneticists will use much more data.
Data for creating clades includes: Physical characteritics DNA sequences and genes RNA sequences