UNIT 1 – GREECE AND ROME

OBJECTIVES CORE OBJECTIVE: Explain how geography, culture,

and government impacted Classical Greece

Objective 1.1: Identify the different political systems and government that developed in the city-states.

Objective 1.2: Summarize the causes and results of the Persian & Peloponnesian Wars.

THEME: The Greek culture will have a significant impact and influence on many other world cultures.

Classical Greece2000 B.C.–300 B.C.

SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

SECTION 4

Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea

Warring City-States

Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age

Alexander’s Empire

The Spread of the Hellenistic Culture

SECTION 5

CHAPTER 5

CULTURES OF THE MOUNTAINS

AND THE SEACHAPTER 5 SECTION 1

The roots of Greek culture are based on interaction of the Mycenaean, Minoan, and Dorian cultures.

Greece

GREEK GEOGRAPHY Ancient Greece

o Collection of separate lands where Greek-speaking people live

o Includes mainland and about 2,000 islands

The Seao The sea shapes Greek civilization

o Closeness to sea encourages sea travel and trade

The Lando Mountains slow travel, divide land into small populations (CITY-STATES)

o Lack of fertile land leads to small populations, need for colonies

The Climateo Moderate climate promotes outdoor life

o Greek men, especially, spend much of their time outside

Mycenaean Civilization Origins

o Mycenaeans — the first Greeks: settle in 2000 B.C.o Took their name from their leading city, Mycenaeo Mycenaean warrior-kings dominate Greece from 1600–1100 B.C.o Through contact in 1500 B.C. the Minoans influenced their religion,

writing, and sea trade

The Trojan War - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VrZljNHD1mY

o Trojan War — fought by Mycenaeans against Troy in 1200s B.C.

o Once thought to be fictional, archaeological evidence has been foundo Paris of Troy steals Helen of Greece who was married to the Greek

king of Sparta: Menelauso Greece declares war, Menelaus sends his brother Agamemnon and

two great leaders: Odysseus and Achilles

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GREEK MYTH Epics of Homer

o Oral tradition grows with Homer — a blind storyteller (epics)• Epic — a narrative poem about heroic deeds

o Homer writes two major epics (Narrative poem): The Iliad and The Odyssey

Greeks develop myths — morality stories about godso The Greeks had a polytheistic religion; their gods lived on

Mount Olympus.o Greeks seek to understand mysteries of life through mythso Greeks attribute human qualities—love, hate, jealousy—to

their gods

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The Iliad describes the Trojan War.

In the Trojan War, most of Greece united to attack the city-state of Troy, located in Asia Minor.

The war lasted for years because Troy was surrounded by strong stone walls.

At last the Greeks used a large, hollow, wooden horse with soldiers hidden inside to defeat the defenders of the city of Troy.

GREEK GEOGRAPHY —Assessment

Which of the following contributed to the creation of city-states? (A) The Trojan war(B) The outdoor life led to people moving away from

each other (C) Mountains slowed travel & divided land into small

populations(D) Closeness to seas led to travel away from home

How did geography affect Greek government?(A) Separation made uniting a single govt. difficult(B) Fear of volcanoes led to unified governments(C) Sea travel led to the discovery of democracy(D) Mountain-states led to constant warfare

GREEK GEOGRAPHY —Assessment

Which of the following contributed to the creation of city-states? (A) The Trojan war(B) The outdoor life led to people moving away from

each other (C) Mountains slowed travel & divided land into

small populations(D) Closeness to seas led to travel away from home

How did geography affect Greek government?(A) Separation made uniting a single govt.

difficult(B) Fear of volcanoes led to unified governments(C) Sea travel led to the discovery of democracy(D) Mountain-states led to constant warfare

WARRING CITY-STATESCHAPTER 5 SECTION 2

The growth of city-states in Greece leads to the development of many different political systems

THE CITY-STATE Greek communities isolated by mountains developed into

independent city-states that often fought with one another.

The Greek city-state, or polis, is the formal name for the city A polis is a city and its surrounding villages 50 to 500 square miles Population of a city-state is often less than 10,000 Citizens often gather in the agora (marketplace)

Greek Political Structures• City-states had different forms of government• Many were ruled by a monarchy, aristocracy, or oligarchy

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THE ACROPOLIS Government and worship occur at the acropolis — a

fortified hilltop

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ATHENS There were as many as 1,500 city-states in Greece

Some would barely qualify as towns as others like Argos and Corinth had over 10,000 people

The two most famous city-states are Athens and Sparta

Building Democracy Athens values: learning & philosophy

About 621 B.C., democracy (rule by the people) develops

Only native-born, property-owning males are citizens

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ATHENIANS VALUED EDUCATION Purpose of education was to produce well-rounded

thinkers prepared for peace or war.

Home schooled to Age 7 – sent to school until age 14o All Athenian boys were expected to read heavily

At age 14, poorer boys usually stopped school to learn a trade. o Boys from wealthy families remained in school for four more

years.

At age 18 all boys were required to attend military school for two years

Girls learn from mothers and other female members of household

SPARTAN STRENGTH Isolated from much of Greece, Around 725 B.C., Sparta

conquers Messenia Messenians become helots—peasants forced to farm the land

Harsh rule leads to Messenian revolt; Spartans build stronger state

Type of Government: Oligarchy

Spartan Life

Spartan values: duty, military strength, discipline Forms the most powerful army in Greece

Males move into barracks at age 7, train until 30, serve until 60

Girls receive some military training and live harsh lives

Girls also taught to value service to Sparta above all else

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THE PERSIAN WARS Causes

Athens helps a Greek revolt against Persia in Anatolia Cyrus and Persia respond in anger with an invasion of Greece in 490 B.C. Persian Wars — between Greece and Persian Empire The Greeks fought in a phalanx – a shielded fighting formation

Darius Darius the Great leads Persians; is defeated at Marathon in 490 B.C.

Runner Pheidippides races to Athens to announce Greek victory

Xerxes Darius’s son Xerxes attempts to conquer Greece 10 years later Xerxes defeated the Spartans at Thermopylae (the battle of the 300!)

Ultimately defeated at sea battle Salamis

In the end – the Greeks defeat the Persian Empire

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CONSEQUENCES OF WAR Consequences of the Persian Wars

o New self-confidence in Greece due to victory

o Athens emerges as leader of Delian League City-States combine to keep fighting the Persians

Athens uses this league for its own wealth

o Athens controls the league by using force against opponents

o League members essentially become provinces of Athenian empire

Stage is set for a dazzling burst of creativity in Athens

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GREEK GOVT —Assessment Who were the first peoples to create permanent

settlements in Greece?A) MinoansB) DoriansC) MycenaeansD) Athenians

A city-state in Greece was called a A) MetropolisB) ProvinceC) SatrapD) Polis

GREEK GOVT —Assessment Who were the first peoples to create permanent

settlements in Greece?A) MinoansB) DoriansC) MycenaeansD) Athenians

A city-state in Greece was called a A) MetropolisB) ProvinceC) SatrapD)Polis

PERSIAN WAR —Assessment

The Persian army that invaded Greece and defeated the Spartans at Thermopylae in 480 B.C. was led byA) Xerxes

B) Darius the GreatC) DracoD) Pheidippides

All of the following were consequences of the Persian Wars except:A) Greek city-states felt a new sense of freedomB) Delian League headquarters was moved to SpartaC) Athens became the leader of the Delian LeagueD) Athens entered a golden age

PERSIAN WAR —Assessment

The Persian army that invaded Greece and defeated the Spartans at Thermopylae in 480 B.C. was led byA) Xerxes

B) Darius the GreatC) DracoD) Pheidippides

All of the following were consequences of the Persian Wars except:A) Greek city-states felt a new sense of freedomB) Delian League headquarters was moved to

SpartaC) Athens became the leader of the Delian LeagueD) Athens entered a golden age