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7/29/2019 Class_3 Stages of Research Process
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Dr. Sasmita Mishra
KSOM, KIIT UNiversity
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What is research?Management research is an unbiased, structured, and sequential method of
enquiry, directed towards a clear implicit or explicit business objective. This
enquiry might lead to validating existing postulates or arriving at new
theories and models.
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Research ProcessWhenever a research is to be undertaken the best way is to
consider it as a process, which has certain sequence.
There may be some variations for different situations.
No one claims that research requires completion of each stepbefore going to the next. Recycling and skipping occur. Despitethis, the idea of sequence is useful in dev. a research project.
We conceptualize the research process as consisting of sixsteps.
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Research Process
Step 1: Problem Definition
Step 2: Development of an Approach to the Problem
Step 3: Research Design Formulation
Step 4: Fieldwork or Data Collection
Step 5: Data Preparation and Analysis
Step 6: Report Preparation and Presentation
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Step 1: Problem Definition
A research problem can be defined as a gap oruncertainty in the decision makersexisting bodyof knowledge which inhibits efficient decisionmaking. The gap could be academic & theoretical(basic) or real time and action oriented(applied).
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Problem identification processManagement Decision Problem
Discussions
with subject
experts
Review of
existing
literature
Organization
Analysis
Qualitative
analysis
Management Research Problem / Question
Research framework / Analytical model
Statement of Research Objectives
Formulation of Research Hypothesis
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Problem identification process
Management decision problem: the issue/decision thatneeds to be resolved through research
Discussion with experts: to get the right perspective on theissue, discussion/dialogue is held with subject/industryexpert.
Review of literature: the most valuable source of framingthe research question is to review the past work done on
related topic(s).
Qualitative surveys: primary exploratory loosely structuredsurveys to attain the environmental context.
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Problem identification process
Management research problem: the four steps mightlead to multiple directions/research problems theresearcher can take.
The researcher has to identify THE alternative he/shewill undertake
Theoretical model building (optional)
Statement of research objectives
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Elements of a research problem
Unit of analysis
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Extraneous independent variable
Intervening variables
Moderating variables
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Variables Variables
Characteristics or properties of the objects, events and things which can
be observed, manipulated or controlledby the researchers and can also be
measured.
e.g. pH, titrable acidity, rice yield, sensory texture of a food product, risk
orientation of emerging entrepreneurs
Types of variables
1) Dependent and independent variables, 3) Continuous and categorical
variables.
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Types of variables The dependent variable The phenomenon or characteristic hypothesized
to be the outcome, effect, consequence or outputof some input variables.
Independent variable - Presumed to cause the dependent variable and is
selected, manipulated or measured prior to measuring the outcome or
dependent variable.
The independent variable is the antecedent; the dependent variable is the
consequent.
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Example of IV & DVDependent Independent
Consumers purchase
behaviour of SUV
Annual income, perceived need for SUV
etc.
Adoption of the hybrid rice Yield, taste, education and motivation of
the farmers
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Characteristics of Research Problem Is an interrogative sentence or statement that asks:
What relation exists between two or more variables?
Criteria for good problem statement
Should express a relation between two or more variables
Should be stated clearlyand unambiguously
Should imply possibilities ofempirical testing
e.g. Can 10% price discount increase the sale of Maruti Esteem vehicle?
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Step 2: Development of an
Approach to the Problem Development of an approach to the problem includes
formulating an objectives or theoretical frame work.
Development of an analytical model, researchquestions, and hypotheses and identifying theinformation needed.
This process is guided by discussions with
management and industry experts.
Analysis of secondary data, qualitative research, andpragmatic considerations.
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The research hypotheses Ahypotheses is any assumption/presupposition that the researcher
makes about the probable direction of the results that might beobtained on the completion of the research process
A conjecturalstatement of the relation between two or more variables.
A tentative supposition about the outcome of the research.
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Criteria for hypotheses formulation In simple, declarative statement form
Measurable and quantifiable
Is essentially a conjectural statement
Has underlying assumptions on the testing of the stated relationships
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Types of Hypothesis Types of hypotheses
Null hypothesis - Hypothesis ofnodifference
Alternate hypothesis Accepted when null hypothesis is rejected.
E.g. Null hypothesis Providing 10% discount will not increase the sale of
Maruti Esteem vehicle.
Descriptive hypotheses: This is simply a statement about the magnitude,
trend, or behaviour of a population under study.
Relational hypotheses: These are the typical kind of hypotheses which state
the expected relationship between two variables.
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Step 3: Research Design
Formulation It is a framework or blue print for conducting the research .
Selecting design is complicated by the availability of a large variety ofmethods, techniques, procedures, protocols, and sampling plans.
Ex. one may decide on a secondary data study, case study, survey,experiment, or simulation.
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Step 3: Research Design
FormulationIf a survey is selected, design would involve answer to the
following questions
should it be administered by mail/computer/telephone, or
personal interview? What kind of structure will the questionnaire be.?
What question wording should be employed?
Should the responses be scaled or open-ended?
How will reliability and validity be achieved?
Is a sample or a census to be taken?
What types of sampling should be considered?
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Step 4: Fieldwork or Data
Collection Data collection involves a field force or staff that operates either in
the field, as in the case of personal interviewing (in-home, mallintercept, or computer-assisted personal interviewing).
From an office by telephone (telephone or computer-assistedtelephone interviewing).
Through mail (traditional mail and mail panel surveys with pre-recruited households), or electronically (e-mail or Internet).
Proper selection, training, supervision, and evaluation of the fieldforce helps minimize data-collection errors.
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Step 5: Data Preparation and
Analysis Data preparation includes the editing, coding, transcription, and
verification of data.
Each questionnaire or observation form is inspected or edited and, ifnecessary, corrected.
Number or letter codes are assigned to represent each response to eachquestion in the questionnaire.
The data from the questionnaires are transcribed or keypunched ontomagnetic tape or disks, or input directly into the computer.
The data are analyzed to derive information related to the components ofthe research problem and, thus, provide input in to the managementdecision problem.
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Step 6: Report Preparation and
Presentation The entire project should be documented in a written report that
addresses the specific research questions identified, describes theapproach, the research design, data collection and data analysisprocedures adopted, and presents the results and the major
findings.
The findings should be presented in a comprehensible format sothat management can readily use them in the decision makingprocess.
In addition, and oral presentation should be made to managementusing tables, figures, and graphs to enhance clarify and impact.
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Criteria for research
MUST have: a clearly stated research purpose/ objective MUST have: a sequential plan of execution
MUST have: a logical and explicitly stated justification for
the selected methods MUST have: an unbiased and neutral method of conduct
and reporting
MUST have: complete transparency and ethicalconduction of the research process
MUST have: provision for being reliable & replicable
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Thank You