Class – X English Grammar 1. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.

My family was not rich. We just managed to make both ends meet. We economised on everything. We bought food on subsidised rates and our meals had no variety. My sister made their dresses at home and I used to go through terrible scenes on account of lost buttons and torn trousers. Uncle Jules, my father’s brother, was the only hope of the family. I had heard about him since childhood; so I knew details 5 of his life up to the day of his departure for America. Uncle Jules had visibly diminished my father’s share of the inheritance after he had swallowed his own. Once, he wrote to us saying that he would soon make up for the damage done by him. After two years another letter arrived informing us that he was undertaking a long sea voyage on account of his business and he hoped to see us once he would 10 return. Uncle Jules, who up to that time had not been worth his salt, suddenly became a good man. For ten years, nothing was heard from him; but as time went on, my father’s hope grew. His letter became the gospel of the family. It was read on the slightest pretext and it was shown to everybody. Thousands of schemes were planned on the 15 strength of his expected return. One day, following the wedding of one of my sisters, all of us took a trip to America.

At a distance on the deck, an old ragged sailor was opening oysters with his knife and passing them to some gentlemen. He was dirty, wrinkled, and didn’t lift his eyes from his work. Both my sisters and m y brother-in-law, gathered around the 20 old man to buy some oysters. My father suddenly appeared to be worried and said in a low voice, “It’s strange that the man opening the oysters looks like Jules.” My father enquired from the captain, who confirmed that it was indeed Jules, my Uncle Jules. My father murmured: “What a catastrophe!” My parents were visibly upset, and it was decided that in my brother-in-law’s presence none of us would 25 acknowledge Uncle Jules as our family member. It would be such a shame if we did. I was given five francs to pay for the oysters my sisters had bought. As Jules returned the change, I gave him a generous tip, carefully observing him all the time. As we approached the harbor, a violent desire seized me to see my legendary uncle who had fallen from grace. I wanted to say something consoling to him, 30 something tender but by then no was eating any more oysters and he had disappeared.

a. Give the meaning of the following words as used in the passage. One-word answers or short phrases will be accepted. i. Subsidized (line 2) ii. Swallowed (line 7) iii. Seized ( line 29)

b. Answer the following questions briefly in your own words. i. What kind of life did the narrator’s family lead?

ii. What damage did Uncle Jules do to the family? iii. How did the family react to the expected return of Uncle Jules? iv. State the circumstances that led to the recognition of Uncle Jules oh the

ship. v. How did the narrator’s parents react after recognizing Jules? Why? vi. How can you conclude form the passage that the narrator had sympathy for

Uncle Jules? c. In not more than 60 words, narrate how the great hopes of the family were

shattered at the end. d. Give a title to the passage and gibe reason to justify your choice.

2. a. In the following passage fill in each of the numbered blanks with the correct form

of the word given in brackets. Do not copy the passage, but write in correct serial order the word or phrase appropriate to the blank space. John Henry Fabre, a French biologist, once conducted an experiment with recessionary caterpillars. He took a flower pot ….1… (contain) pine needles – the caterpillars’ favorite food. Around the rim he placed the caterpillars, one behind the other, until they…2… (form) a complete circle. The caterpillars began …3… (circle) around the pot’s rim, blindly following each other but going nowhere. They …4… (do) this for an entire week. Then, one-by-one they dropped off the pot, hopelessly ….5… (exhaust). So narrow …6… (be) their vision that none of them ….7… (break) the circle …8… (go) to the pine needles for nourishment.

b. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words: 1. We discussed the project ___________ a cup of tea. 2. He was cautioned __________ driving rashly. 3. The soldiers penetrated deep __________ the jungle. 4. The student id leaning __________ the wall. 5. Friends learn to bear ____________ one another’s shortcomings. 6. ______________ me, no one else can do this work. 7. They are bent ___________ creating problems for me . 8. My father impressed ____________ me the need to work hard.

c. Join the following sentences to make one complete sentence without using and , but or so. Example: That road is narrow. The bus cannot go there. Answer: That road is not broad enough for the bus to go there. 1. I have borrowed a book from the teacher. I must return it to him. 2. You saw me talking to a man yesterday. Did you know that man? 3. He does several things. None of them succeeds. 4. We will not reply. It is the safest thing to do.

d. Rewrite the following sentences according to the instructions given after each. Make other changes that may be necessary, but do not change the meaning of each sentence.

EXAMPLE : He said to me, “Let us have breakfast.” (Use: suggested) ANSWER : He suggested o me that we should have breakfast.

1. The firemen extinguished the fire. (Use: put) 2. The evidence shows that what he said was true. ( Use: truth) 3. You never know where you are with people like that, do you? (Begin: One)

4. It would be sensible to call the police, before doing anything else. (Begin: We had)

5. Sunita was cycling very fast and could not stop at once. (Use: so … that.) 6. He will succeed if he works regularly. (Begin: Unless) 7. None of us should tolerate intellectual dishonesty. (End: … tolerated.) 8. Tagore was a poet as well as a patriot. (Use: not only … but also)

3. KINDS OF SENTENCES

a. Declarative or Assertive Sentence A sentence that makes a statement or assertion is called a Declarative or Assertive Sentence; as,

A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. Borrowed garments never fit well. Assertive Sentences can be either affirmative or negative; as, You look fresh. (affirmative) You do not look tired. (negative) I forgot to bring the book. (affirmative) I did not remember to bring the book. (negative)

b. Interrogative Sentence A sentence that asks 4. INTERCHANGE OF SENTENCES

a. Affirmative and Negative Sentences Examples: i. Only a prince can afford such a luxury. (affirmative)

No one except a prince can afford such a luxury. (negative) ii. She was doubtful whether it was correct. (affirmative)

She was not sure whether it was correct. (negative) iii. He will not find the journey comfortable. (negative)

He will find the journey uncomfortable. (affirmative) iv. No one denied that she was clever. (negative)

All affirmed that she was clever. (affirmative) b. Interrogative and Assertive Sentences

Examples: i. It is foolish to waste time in watching this programme. (assertive) Why waste time in watching this programme? (interrogative) ii. We could not succeed without hard-work. (assertive) Could we succeed without hard-work? (interrogative)

iii. Who believes in his tall talk? (interrogative) No one believes in his tall talk. (assertive)

iv. Is he not wise to agree with his superior? (interrogative) He is wise to agree with his superior. (assertive)

c. Exclamatory and Assertive Sentences Examples: i. How beautiful is the moon! (exclamatory) The moon is very beautiful. (assertive)

ii. That we were at home again! (exclamatory) We wish that we were at home again. (assertive) iii. It is sad to think that all good things come to an end. (assertive)

Alas! All good things should come to an end! (exclamatory) iv. It was a horrible moment. (assertive) What a horrible moment it was! (exclamatory) d. Sentences Containing the Adverb “too”

Examples: i. These mangoes are too cheap to be fresh. These mangoes are so cheap that they cannot be fresh. ii. He is too strong to be defeated. He is so strong that he cannot be defeated. iii. The hall is so small that all cannot be accommodated. The hall is too small to accommodate all. iv. He speaks so softly that he cannot be heard. He speaks too softly to be heard.

e. Degrees of Comparison. It is possible to change the degree of comparison of an adjective or an adverb in a sentence without changing its meaning. Examples: i. Ashok is taller than Ravi. (comparative)

Ravi is not as tall as Ashok. (positive) ii. No other country is as rich as America. (positive)

America is richer than any other country. (comparative) America is the richest of all countries. (superlative)

iii. Ashoka was one of the greatest kings. (superlative) Ashoka was greater than many other kings. (comparative) Very few kings were as great as Ashoka. (positive)

iv. No other metal is as heavy as lead. (positive) Lead is heavier than any other metal. (comparative) Lead is the heaviest of all metals. (superlative)

5. ASSIGNMENT

Rewrite the following sentences according to the instructions given after each without changing their meaning. a. It always pours when it rains. Begin: It never rains……………………………………………………………. b. We shall never see his like again. End: …………………………………………………………….. his like again? c. Her beauty is beyond praise. End: ………………………………………………………….………. be praised. d. No other game is as popular as Cricket in India. Use the word: most popular. ……………………………………………………………………………………. e. He is too ill to come to school. Begin: He is so ill ………………………………………………………………. f. I am too tired to walk any further. End: …………………………………………………. Cannot walk any further.

g. It is a horrible night. End: ………………………………………………….……….. a horrible night! h. Time is so precious that it cannot be wasted. End: …………………………………………………….……….. to be wasted. i. There is nothing brighter than hope. Begin: Is there …………………………………………………………………. j. I wish I had the wings of a dove. End: ……………………………………………………….... the wings of a dove! k. No sooner did the bell ring than the students rushed out of the classroom. Begin: No one ………………………………………...……………………….. l. Only a prince can afford to live such a luxurious life. Begin: No one …………………………………………………………………. m. Very few countries are as hot as Nigeria. Use the word: ‘hotter’ instead of ‘hot’. …………………………………………………………………………………… n. The brave alone deserve the fair. Begin: None …………………………………………………………………… o. As soon as he saw the lion, he climbed up a tree. Begin: No sooner ……………………………………………………………… p. This fan is so heavy that I cannot lift it. Begin: This fan is too heavy …………………………………………………….

6. Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow.

Vicomte inherited a large house from his uncle. He learned that populated by tenants, the building was fetching huge revenues. “Too much, too much entirely,” thought the generous Vicomte, “my uncle was too hard to rent out the units at this exorbitant price. I will begin tomorrow to lower my rents and my tenants will bless me.” 5

With this excellent purpose in view, Vicomte notified all the tenants that their rents were lowered by one-third thereafter. The unheard of word ‘lower’ fell like a brick on the head of Bernard – the caretaker of the building.

‘Lower the rents!’ he stammered. ‘Never was such a thing known Truly-‘ Vicomte interrupted Bernard and strictly commanded him to follow order, without 10 any debate. Staggering, Bernard went out, al his ideas upset, overthrown, confounded. Next morning, Bernard, buttoning himself into his best coat, made the rounds of the lodges to announce the great news. Ten minutes later the whole house was in commotion. People were clustered together and chatted eagerly. A few of them wrote to the proprietor to warm him that his caretaker has wholly lost his mind. 15 Vicomte responded, confirming what Bernard had said. Now began a round of reflections and commentaries. ‘An intelligent man would never deprive himself of fat revenues. This kind of conduct is surely forced by powerful or terrible circumstances.’ ‘This man must have committed a great and hidden crime; remorse pushes him 20 to charity.’

‘The house, perhaps, was badly built?’ questioned another anxiously. ‘Perhaps, there is a press for printing counterfeit money in the cellar,’ added a basement lodger. Another gentleman suggested that the proprietor proposed to set fire to this 25 house to draw huge sums from the insurance companies. From worry it had come to fright; from fright it quickly passed to terror. Everybody left the place in a couple of weeks. From top to bottom, from foundation to attic, the house lay empty of lodgers. After a few months, following a more frightful nightmare even Bernard gave up his keys and scampered away. 30 The accursed house now stands completely abandoned, so dismal is its reputation that even the neighboring houses on either side of it have also depreciated in value. Dust thickens upon the closed gates, grass grows in the courtyard. Lower the rent! Who would think of such a thing! a. Give the meaning of the following words as used in the passage. One-word

answers or short phrases will be accepted. i. confounded. ii. clustered. iii. remorse. b. Answer the following questions briefly in your own words. i. Why did Vicomte decide to lower the rent? ii. What was Bernard’s reaction to the decision?

iii. How did the tenants react immediately after Bernard informed them of the decision?

iv. Mention some of the reasons the tenants offered to explain the proprietor’s strange action.

v. What did eventually happen to the house? vi. What was the impact of the proprietor’s decision on the neighboring

houses? c. In not more then 60 words, narrate how a generous gesture by the proprietor

was mistaken by the tenants and it had adverse consequences. d. Give a title to the passage and give a reason to justify your choice.

7. a. In the following passage fill in each of the numbered blanks with the correct form

of the word given in brackets. Do not copy the passage, but write in correct serial order the word or phrase appropriate to the blank space.

A despotic sultan who was blind in one eye invited three artists to paint his picture. “if you…1…(do) a bad portrait, I ….2 … (punish) you,” he warned, “but if you do a good one I will reward you. Now ….3…. (start)” The first artist produced a picture that showed the sultan as he …4…(be), blind in one eye. The sultan had him …5… (execute) for …6… (show) disrespect to his monarch. The second artist showed him with both eyes intact. The sultan had him flogged for trying…7… (flatter) him. The third artist drew him in profile, showing only his good eye. The sultan, …8… (please), rewarded him with gold.

b. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words: i. His lack of punctuality will be held …………………… him. ii. The manager has dispensed …………………….. his services.

iii. The lawyer furnished me ……………… a copy of the order. iv. We were astonished ……………………………… her suddent visit. v. He does not want to part ………………. his money. vi. I refrained …………………… giving my opinion. vii. The ship is bound …………………… Austria. viii. He was running too fast. I could not keep ………………… with him. c. Join the following sentences to make one complete using the word in

brackets. Example: You know a lot of things about him. Tell me al of them. (EVERYTHING)

Answer: Tell me everything that you know about him. i. Some things will happen. But they will not change my decision. (NOTHING)

ii. His eyesight was damaged. A small object had got into his eye while he was swimming. (SOMETHING)

iii. Milk says many things. None of them have any value. (NOTHING) iv. You see a lot of things in that glasscase. They are all valuable. (EVERYTING) d. Rewrite the following sentences according to the instruction given after

each. Make other changes that may be necessary. But do not change the meaning of each sentence.

Example: As soon as we reached the station, the train arrived. (Begin: No sooner .) Answer: No sooner did we reach the station than the train arrived. i. His suggestion was received well by the members. (Use: went down) ii. Only a fool would believe you. (Begin: None…) iii. The old lady had no other company but of her old maid. (Begin: Apart…)

iv. As soon as she heard the news, she collapsed. (Begin: Hardly…) v. Mangla is the cleverest pupil in the class. (Use: clever…) vi. Admitting that he is clever, he is proud. (Begin: In spite of …) vii. It is a good habit to maintain a diary (End: … good habit.) viii. Why don’t you meet me to discuss the point? (Begin: I suggest …)

8. Match the proverbial expressions to their meanings.

Proverbial Expression Meaning

1. to upset someone’s apple cart

2. to bell the cat 3. to play one’s last card 4. to be between the devil and

the deep sea 5. to eat out of someone’s hand 6. to lose face 7. to play with fire 8. to play to the gallery 9. to do something by halves 10. to make one’s mark

a. to take the last chance one has of achieving success b. to lose one’s good name and reputation c. to do a thing someone’ plant into disorder

e. to choose between two undesirable situations. f. to behave in an exaggerated way to attract people’s attention g. to achieve fame or distinction h. to do the most dangerous part of a suggested scheme i. to meddle with matters that may lead to serious trouble j. to fall in meekly, with a person’s wishes

Answers 1. D 2. H 3. A 4. E 5. J 6. B 7. I 8. F 9. C 10. G

9. WORD ECONOMY Give one word from the box in place of the italicized phrase in each of the following to sentences: Impassable, Inimitable, incorrigible, incombustible,

inaccessible, indelible, impotent, inaudible, inarticulate, incommunicative a. The antics of Raj Kapoor are not able to be imitated. ______________________ b. The speaker was not able to express himself fluently. ______________________ c. The voice of the lecturer was so faint that it was not able to be heard __________ d. The incriminating evidence was not able to be burnt. ______________________ e. The highway, blocked with snow, was not able to be traversed. ______________ f. A morose individual is not disposed to converse freely. ____________________ g. A ruler in name only in not possessed of power. ______________________ h. A marking ink may by bought that is not to be effaced. ____________________ i. A pupil who cannot profit from his mistakes is not able to be reformed ________ j. A hideout is a retreat, that, except to a few, is not able to be got at ____________

10. FORMAL LETTERS Formal letters are official letter dealing with such subjects as enquiry, ordering, transfer of money, reference, request booking, complaint and apology. Business letters are formal in nature. Nothing in such letters should sound too personal or too intimate; what matters is : setting your letter out correctly, keeping to the point, and maintaining the necessary formal tone.

Layout of A Formal Letter a. The writer’s address is written in the same way as sin personal letter. b. The date appears in the same place and in the same form. c. The address of the person/company addressed to is written (after the date). d. The greeting is quite different from that of a personal letter. It is always Dear Sir if

you Are writing to an official who is a man. If you know that the official is a lady, you should greet her as Dar Madam. If you are writhing to a business firm, and not to any particular official, the greeting is Dear Sirs. The greeting (e.g., Dear Sir,) is followed by a comma.

e. The subject, with which the letter deals, is indicated by a business heading that is written in the middle of writing space between the salutation and the first paragraph. It is underlined. The heading makes the filing of the letter easier.

f. An immediate reference is made in the opening sentence of your letter to previous communication (if any) to enable the addressee to identify you correspondence. A reference is made to the letter if there is no previous correspondence.

g. The Body of the letter may begin at the normal distance from the margin that a new paragraph begins. Divide the body of your letter into paragraphs.

h. The concluding sentence normally refers to the main topic of the letter. i. The most common form of subscription is Yours faith fully followed by a comma. j. Use your full signature in business letters, i.e., either initials or the first name plus

the surname. Below your full signature, write clearly, within brackets, your full name

Opening Sentence Here are some suggestions for opening sentence that might be used in business letters;

a. Thank you for your letter ________________ b. Would you please send me _________________ c. I would like to (order, enquire, find out) ________________ d. I wish to apply for the position of ___________ advertised in the __________ . e. I am afraid I have to complain about ________________ f. I wish to apologies for the behavior of member of our staff ________________ g. I shall be glad if ________________ h. I shall be grateful if you will send us ________________.

SUBJECT MATTER a. Formal letters should be brief and to the point. Such letters deal with a particular

subject like ordering goods. There is no need for great creative or imaginative skill in this type of assignment. Keep to the point. Do not include anything unless it had direct bearing on the matter under discussion.

b. Let your letter be clear so that the reader knows exactly what you want. You must make sure to give all the information that is likely to be required or else you may get more letters asking for additional details. If our are ordering for a book, write the name of the book, its author, edition, publication, etc.

c. Maintain the necessary formal tone. This is not the type of letter to establish an intimate personal relationship unless the directions of the question require you to do so. Be businesslike.

d. Be polite in your expression. This principle holds good even if you have to lodge a complaint. You must learn to make a complaint, etc.

e. Set out your letter correctly. Most of the business letters are written to someone you are not acquainted with or whom you have not met or contacted before. Therefore, be accurate in your language, expression, spelling and punctuation.

Ainsely Lodge

116, Park Street Kolkata-700008 10th June, 20…

The Manager Dell India Pvt. Ltd Divyasree Greens Bngaluru-560071 Dear Sir,

Enquiry – Dell Inspiron M101z

Thank you for your letter No. III/DIM/101/12 dated 1st June 2011 enclosing your catalogue.

I am thinking of buying a Dell Inspiro M101z referred to in your catalogue, but there are two points about which I am not clear. I would like to know about the battery life of the laptop and whether it is installed with licensed genuine Windows 7 or not.

Kindly let me know whether you have any branch or authorized dealer in Kolkata where I could examine the laptop and see its working. Further, I would like to know whether you give some discount to students.

If you will be good enough to supply the information referred to above, I shall let you know at once whether I wish to buy the laptop or not.

Your faithfully (Miss Aditi Arora)

11. AGREEMENT OF THE VERB WITH ATHE SUBJECT

A verb must agree its subject in number and person. A singular subject requires a singular form of the verb, while a plural subject requires a plural form of the verb. a. Two or more singular subjects joined by ‘and’, take a plural verb;

Harry and his brother are identical twins. Atul and Amit were present. He and I are great friends.

There are two exceptions to this rule: i. When two singular subjects refer to the same person or thing, the verb is in

the singular: My friend and guide has come. The poet and statesman is dead. (Here ‘poet’ and ‘statesman’ refer to the same person.)

Note: If the Article is used only once, the two nouns refer to the same person, and the verb is in the singular. But if the Article is mentioned twice then two distinct persons are intended and, therefore, the verb in this case must be in the plural; as,

The poet and the statesman are dead. ii. When two subjects represent one idea, the verb is in the singular:

Rice and curry is my favourite dish. Time and tide waits for none.

b. If tow singular nouns joined by ‘and’ are preceded by ‘each or ‘every’, the verb is in the singular:

Every man and woman works here for the good of the institution. Each boy and girl makes a separate report.

c. When two or more singular subjects are connected by ‘or, but, neither nor, either or’, a singular verb form is required.

John or Tapan is to be elected president. Neither Rita nor Reena has chance. Not only his wife, but even his mother finds him selfish.

Note. i. When the subjects connected by ‘or’, ‘nor’ are of different numbers, the verb should be plural and the plural subject should be placed near the verb :

Neither James nor his lawyers were there. Jack or his brothers are to be blamed.

ii. When the subject joined by ‘or’, ‘nor’ of different persons, the verb agrees with the one nearest to it:

a. Either you or he is correct. But it is better to write: Either you are correct, or he is. b. Neither my friend nor Neither my friend is sorry, I am sorry. Nor am I.

d. Mathematical computation may take either a singular or a plural verb: Two times three is six. Four and four are eight.

e. A singular subject which is followed immediately by ‘as well as, in addition to , including, no less than, with, to together with’, or a similar construction, requires a singular verb:

The husband as well as the wife needs advice. The coach, together with his assistants, was praised. The store, in addition to the farm, was sold. The king, with all his sons, was imprisoned.

f. A singular subject followed by a plural modifier requires a singular verb: The attitude of these men is definitely hostile. One of the girls looks sick. A list of he names of successful candidates is available.

g. Such indefinite pronouns as ‘anybody, anyone, each, either, everybody, neither, nobody, no one, somebody and many a’ generally require a singular verb:

Each of them has a scholarship. Nobody denies the fact. Anybody who cheats is dishonest.

h. When the subject is a relative pronoun, the verb agrees with the antecedent of that pronoun:

He is one of the men who act as advisers. This is one of those problems which have many solutions.

i. A collective noun takes a singular verb when the class it names is considered as a unit: a plural verb, when the members of the class are considered individually:

SINGULAR PLURAL The jury is finally complete. The jury were divided in their opinion. The family holds an annual gathering. The family have never been able to agree

on a single issue. j. Plural numbers take a singular verb when they are used in a phrase to indicate a

sum or a unit: Ten years is too long to wait. Ten per cent is good interest. Five Lakhs of rupees is a huge sum. Forty hours is the regular work week.

k. Certain nouns which are plural in form but singular in meaning generally take a singular verb. The most common of these are dynamics, economics, electronics, ethics, news, physics, statistics, linguistics, whereabouts.

No news is good news. Statistics is a difficult subject.

l. Errors due to proximity There is an erroneous tendency among students to make the verb agree with a noun near it, rather than make it agree with its proper subject.

i. The quality of the shoes is not up to the mark. (The subject of the verb is quality, and not the shoes. Hence, the correct verb should be is and not are.)

ii. Neither of the applicants is fully qualified. iii. The cost of essential commodities has risen considerably. iv. Not only his clothes but also his appearance was shabby.

m. ASSIGNMENT Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the words given in brackets: i. There …………………….. two errors in your work. (is/are) ii. The gangster, with all his henchmen, ………………… arrested.(were/was) iii. Everyone of the group ……………………………. here. (are/is) iv. Neither of my uncles ………………………….. any children. (have/has) v. Time and tide …………………………………. for no man. (waits/wait) vi. Five thousand rupees ………………………… a big sum. (are/is) vii. None but the brave ……………………….. the fair. (deserves/deserve) viii. Which of those pens ……………………………. Yours? (are/is) ix. The great poet and singer ………………………… dead. (are/is) x. Two and two ………………………………….. four. (make/makes) xi. Rita, as well as her friends, ………………………… present. (are/is) xii. There-fourths of the house ………………………. constructed. (were/was) 12. a. In The following passage fill in each of the numbered blanks with the correct form

of the word given in brackets. Do not copy the passage, but write in correct serial order the word or phrase appropriate to the blank space. A farmer and his neighbor once went to Emperor Akbar’s court with a complaint. “Your majesty, I bought a well from him,” said the farmer …1… (point) to his neighbor. “Didn’t you say that you that sold your well to this farmer?” Birbal asked the neighbor. “So, the well belongs to him now, but you …5… (keep) your water in his well. Is that right? Well, in that case you …6… (have) to pay him a rent or …7… (take) your water out at once.” The neighbor realized that he …8… (outwit). He apologized and gave up his claim. Answers

1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________ 4. __________ 5. __________ 6. __________ 7. __________ 8. __________

b. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words: i. I have disposed __________ my old books. ii. The Chairman will preside __________ the meeting. iii. The king was blind __________ one eye. iv. The labourers were sleeping __________ the shade of a tree. v. Recently there had been a small reduction __________ the price of petrol. vi. He did not comply __________ the wishes of his father. vii. She reconciled herself __________ her fate. viii. The teacher complied __________ our request. Answers

1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________ 4. __________ 5. __________ 6. __________ 7. __________ 8. __________

c. Join the following sentences to make one complete sentence without using and, but or so.

Example: That box is very small. It is of no use for you. Answer: That box is so small that it is of no use for you.

i. Your uncle had given you a camera. Show me that camera. ii. He is a clever man. He won’t believe that silly story. iii. The church-windows were smashed by hooligans. It was an ancient church. iv. This lady is extremely pretty, I have never seen a prettier lady.

d. Rewrite the following sentences according to the instructions given after each. Make other changes that may be necessary, but do not change the meaning of each sentence.

EXMPLE : He was not sure if he could walk so far. (Use: doubtful) ANSWER : He was doubtful if he could walk so far.

i. We can go out, provided you come home early. (Begin: We can’t go…) ii. Ben is not such a good player as Joe. (Use: than) iii. She said to us, “Let us go through the book.” (Begin: She suggested …) iv. Although he was selected for the post, he did not join the office. (Use:

despite) v. He is inviting each of his friends. (Begin: Each …) vi. Why don’t you come with me for a picnic? (Begin: I suggest …) vii. A men has some influence over a daughter but a woman’s influence is

greater. (Use: more influence) viii. No subject interest her as much as English. (Begin: Of all …)

13. a. In the following passage fill in each of the numbered blanks with the correct form

of the word given in brackets. Do not copy the passage, but with in correct serial order the order the word or phrase appropriate to the blank space. One day an eagle swooped down from the sky and carried away a tiny baby. The eagle soon placed the baby on a cliff, near its nest. It quickly became evident that the baby might never ….1… (recover). A sailor tried to climb the cliff, but his limbs began …2… (tremble) and he had …3… (give) up the attempt. Then the shepherd tried. But after a short distance he …4… (lose) his footing and fell to the bottom of the cliff. At last a peasant woman tried. She put her feet on one shelf of the rock, then on another, then on a third. Slowly she climbed higher and higher until she …5… (reach) the eagle’s nest at the top of the cliff. …6… (Take) the baby in her arms, she began the dangerous …7… (descend). She moved slowly and carefully. Finally, she stood at the bottom of the cliff with the baby safe in her arms. She …8… (be) the baby’s mother. Answers

1.__________ 2. __________ 3. __________ 4. __________ 5. _________ 6. __________ 7. __________ 8. __________

b. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words: i. We were amazed __________ what the police said. ii. His statement does not correspond __________ yours. iii. The storm almost lifted me __________ my feet. iv. He quarreled with her __________ a trifle. v. The leader is popular __________ his followers. vi. His kidnapper is still __________ large. vii. The roof gave way __________ the weight of the snow. viii. The candidate won victory __________ his rivals. Answers

1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________ 4. __________ 5. __________ 6. __________ 7. __________ 8. __________

c. Join the following sentences to make one complete sentence without using and, but or so.

i. The doctor isolated the patients. That enabled him to control the disease. ii. I spent a week in the hospital. Then I had a long rest at home. iii. She was told the sad news. It made her ill. iv. I heard the song. It brought back memories of my country.

d. Rewrite the following sentences according to the instructions given after each. Make other changes that may be necessary, but to do not change the meaning of each sentence.

EXAMPLE : It was fortunate that I was not there. (Use: fortunately) ANSWER : Fortunately I was not there.

i. “You should rest just now, Rita,” the mother said. (Begin: The mother advised …)

ii. Donald said that it was his sister’s fault’ but that was unkind. (Begin: It was unkind …)

iii. Uma was unable to do anything until early the following year. (Begin: Not until …)

iv. Don’t blame her if the mirror is broken. (Begin: You didn’t …) v. You remembered to sign the contract, didn’t you? (Begin: you didn’t…) vi. As soon as he heard the news, he rushed home. (Use: no sooner) vii. It is a pity that I did not take my doctor’s advice (Begin: I wish …) viii. Sugarcane can’t possibly grow in such poor soil. (Begin: It is impossible …)

14. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct Speech is used when the words spoken or written down are actual words spoken by some Person; as:

He said, “It is raining today.” Indirect (or Reported) Speech is used when a person reports direct speech, that is, he reports orally or writes down the words in an appropriate tense and refers to the original speakers or writers in the third person, making other necessary changes; as: He said that it was raining that day. In Reported Speech make sure of the following points: i. Who is being reported? ii. The time of reporting.

These two points determine the necessary changes in tenses, adverbs and pronouns.

a. Tense Changes i. After a reporting verb in a present or future tense, the tense of the verb in

the Reported Speech does not change.

He says, “I am clever.” He says that he is clever.

The teacher will say, “The boy was clever.” The teacher will say that the boy was clever.

She says, “I shall become a doctor.” She says she will become a doctor.

b. After a reporting verb in a past tense, the tense of the actual statement also goes into the past, usually one tense back.

The tense changes are as follows.

Present Simple becomes Past Simple “I go for a walk every day,” he said. He said that he went for went for walk every day.

Present Continuous becomes Past Continuous “I am going for a walk now,” he said. He said that the was going for a walk then.

Present Perfect becomes Past Perfect “I have walked for one hour,” he said. He said that he had walked for one hour.

Present Perfect Continuous become Past Perfect continues “I have been walking for one hour,” he said. He said that he had been walking for one hour.

Past Simple becomes Past Perfect. “I went for a walk,” he said. He said that he had gone for a walk.

Future becomes conditional “I shall go for a walk tomorrow,” he said. He said that he would go for a walk on the following day.

Future Perfect becomes Conditional Perfect “I shall have walked ten kilometers by noon,” he said. He said that he would have walked ten kilometers by noon.

(The Conditional and the Past Perfect are not normally changed)

c. Universal Truth If the reported speech relates to some universal truth, the present simple in the reported speech remains unchanged. Direct : He said, “The Earth moves round the Sun.” Indirect : He said that the Earth moves round the sun.

d. Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives Pronouns and possessive Adjectives, of the first and the second persons in Direct Speech, change into the third person in Indirect Speech.

I, you, my, your become he, she, his, her. We, you, our, your become they, their.

Direct : The rebel leader accepted the terms of the truce, saying, “I have not prolonged this struggle. The lives of my men are precious to me, and our cause has always been that of the people of our country.” Indirect : The rebel leader accepted the terms of the truce and said that he had not prolonged that struggle. The lives of his men were precious to him, and their cause had always been that of the people of their country.

e. Adjectives and Adverbs. Adjectives and adverbs indicating nearness in place and in time in Direct Speech are changed in Reported Speech into adjective and adverbs expressive of a ‘distancing’ effect. For example, ‘this’ becomes ‘that’, ‘today’ becomes ‘that day’. These adjectives and adverbs go back one step.

Examples: Direct : “I am sick now,” he said. Indirect : He said that he sick then. Direct : She said, “Last night I met my friend.” Indirect : She said that she had met her friend the previous night. Direct : He said, “This is a good bet.”

Indirect : He said that was a good bet. Note : Adverbs of time and place change after a reporting verb in the past tense. They remain the same after a present, perfect of future tense, and in immediate time after a reporting verb in the past tense.

Example: i. He says, “I am sick now”. He says he is sick now. ii. “I met John yesterday,” he said, “What did he say?” “He said he met John yesterday.”

f. Reporting Verbs The common reporting verbs are say and tell: You say that something has happened. You tell someone that something has happened.

(Tell always needs a personal abject: You tell something to someone.) You also use tell in the sense of order when you tell someone to do something: as:

g. Statements Statement in the Indirect speech are generally introduced by the Conjunction that:

i. She said, “There was a storm last night.” She said that there was a storm the previous night. ii. You said to me, “I cannot grant you this favour.” You told me that you could not grant me that favour. iii. He said, “I shall do my best tomorrow.” He said that he would do his best the following day.

h. Questions i. To change a question from direct to indirect, you have to change the

reporting verb to ask(ed), enquire(d), demand(ed), want(ed), etc. Direct : He said to us, “Are you going to school?” Indirect : He enquired of us whether we were going to school. Direct : She said to me, “What are you reading?” Indirect : She asked me what I was reading.

ii. To change a question from direct to indirect speech, change the interrogative structure (Verb + Subject) to the assertive structure (Subject + Verb). Then change the question mark by a full stop. Direct : He said to me, “Where are you going?” Indirect : He asked me where I was going.

iii. If it question begins with an Interrogative Pronoun or an Interrogative Adverb, such as, what, which, when, whose, how, why, etc., the same word is used in the indirect speech to introduce the words spoken by the speaker.

Direct : The teacher said to me, “Do you know the poem?” Indirect : The teacher asked me whether I knew the poem. Direct : “Are you coming home with me?” he said to me. Indirect : He asked me whether I was going home with him. Direct : “Can I help you with your homework?” said my father. Indirect : My father asked me whether he could help me with my

homework. iv. The rules for the change of the tenses of the Verbs and the person of the Pronouns are to be observed in all cases.

15. ASSIGNMENT a. In each of the following items, sentence A is complete but sentence B is

incomplete. Complete sentence B each time making it as similar as possible in meaning so that it could replace A. Make B one sentence, never two. No changes of any kind may be made to the printed parts of the B sentence.

i. a. She confessed that she had been very foolish. b. She said, ………………………………......………………………… ii. a. He inquired of me if I knew the way. b. He said to me, “……………………………………………………. iii. a. He bade good-bye to his friends. b. He said, “…………………………………………………………... iv. a. Arun said, “The rain prevented me from coming to this place.” b. Arun said that ……………………………………………………...

v. a. The teacher said to the boys, “I shall prove now that the earth moves round the sun.”

b. The teacher told the boys ………………………………………….. vi. a. He said to me, “May God bless you!” b. He prayed that …………………………………………………….. vii. a. She told me that she could easily beat me in singing. b. She said to me, “ ………………………………………………….. viii. a. He inquired of us whether we were going away that day. b. He ………………………………………………………… today?”

b. Rewrite the following according to the instructions given after each. Change only enough to do what you are asked to do and make a correct sentence. Do not after the meaning. You have to make your sentence say the same thing in a different way.

i. Leela said, ‘Let me have some coffee.” Begin: Leela wished ………………...……………………………………... ii. Arundhati asked me whether I played tennis. Begin: ……………………………………………………………………... iii. “How beautiful the sunset looks tonight!” said Neelam. Begin: Neelam exclaimed ………………………………………………… iv. He says, I am glad to be here today.” Begin: He says he ………………………………………………………… v. Swami requested him to wait there till he returned. End: …………………………………………………....……. till I return. vi. He said to us, “Are you going to Mumbai today?” Begin: He enquired of us …………………………………………………. vii. He wished that he might have some ice cream. Begin: He said, “…………………………………….…………………….. viii. The teacher said to me, “I have never seen such a careless girl as you are.” Begin: The teacher told me that …………………………………………... ix. “It may rain this evening,” said the farmer. Begin: The farmer said that ………………………………………………. x. Mr Majumdar told the children not to play with fire. End: “………………………………….……………,” said Mr Majumdar.

16. DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECTS Verbs like give and bring which can have two objects can have two Passive form: Active : He gave her (indirect object) a pen (direct object) Passive : She was given a pen by him.

A pen was given to her by him. When it becomes necessary to turn an active verb with two objects into Passive form, the object to be emphasized is made the subject. Because we are often more interested in people (or animals) than things, personal subjects tend to be more common than impersonal ones.

17. USES OF PASSIVE VOICE

a. Spontaneous and deliberate use of the Passive Voice

In fluent English, passive forms occur naturally and spontaneously, without a conscious change from Active to Passive. Active equivalents would be hard to use for sentences like:

Rome was not built in a day. The origin of the universe will probably never be explained.

Passive Voice is used specially when speakers do not wish to commit themselves to actions, opinions or statements of fact of which they are not sure: Hundreds of magazines are published every month. The matter will be handled firmly.

Passive Voice often a useful way of expressing something impersonally by beginning the sentence with ‘It is …………………. It is hoped that ……………… for people hope that It is said that ……………… for people say that …………………… .

This passive form is often found in reports. It is hoped that survivors will be found. It is believed that the President was in the town.

b. Passive Voice for focus We use Passive Voice when we wish to focus on a happening which is more important to us than who or what cause the happening, or when there is simply no need to mention the doer:

Our root was damaged in the storm. (We are concerned with our roof and what happened to it.) The atmosphere is polluted.

c. Avoiding vague words as subjects

Passive Voice is used when we wish to avoid using a vague word as a subject; (e.g., someone, a person, etc).

After my lecture, I was asked to explain a point.

Passive Voice is used when the subject is an indefinite pronoun like one: The form has to be signed. (Not ‘one has to sign the form.’

Passive Voice is obligatory in notices: Loans Arranged. Shoes Repaired. Entry Prohibited.

18. ASSIGNMENT Rewrite the following sentences according to the instructions given after each of them: i. Why did he deprive you of your property? Begin: Why were you…………………………………………………………….. ii. No one ought ever to make so false an assumption. End: ……………………………………………………………………………... iii. It is usually found that the trouble is caused by overeating. Use: …………………… finds that overeating …………………………………. iv. Three men are loading the cart. Begin: The cart ………………………………………………………………….. v. He was known to be a kind man. End: …………………………………………………….. him to be a kind man. vi. Alas! We shall hear his voice no more. Begin: Alas! His voice …………………………………………………………… vii. We must listen to his music. Begin: His music ………………………………………………………………… viii. There is reason to believe that they have saved the crew. Begin: It is ……………………………………………………………………….. ix. He will be elected Secretary by the group. Begin: The group …………………………………………………………………. x. Short dresses are now being worn again. Begin: Ladies are ………………………………………………………………..

19. TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES - I

a. Modes of Expressing Condition i. By the use of the conjunction, ‘if’ or ‘unless’; as:

If you tell the truth, you will not be punished. Unless you tell the truth, you will be punished.

You will be happy, if you work hard. You will not be happy, unless you work hard.

ii. By the conjunction, ‘if understood; as: Where I a powerful man, I would have helped him. Had he told me the truth, there would not have been any confusion. Should he meet me, he would recognize me.

iii. By the use of a conjunctional phrase; as: In case he does not behave properly, he will be taught a good lesson.

iv. By the use of the Preposition, ‘but’ followed by a phrase as object; as: But for my help (if he had not got my help), he would not have succeeded.

v. By the use of the Imperative Mood; as: Work hard and you will succeed. Spar the rod and spoil the child.

vi. By the use of an Interrogative Sentence followed by an Imperative one; as: Do you have your permit? Then, come in. (Come in if you have your permit.)

vii. By the use of a Participial Phrase; as: I shall work, provided that I am adequately rewarded. Supposing it were true, what should I do?

b. Ways of Expressing a Concession or Contrast i. By the conjunction, ‘as’; as:

Poor as he is, he is honest. Clever as she is, she is not proud

ii. By the conjunction, ‘though’ or ‘although’; as: He is honest though (although) he is poor. She is beautiful, though she is fat.

iii. By the Preposition, ‘notwithstanding’ followed by a Noun Clause; as: Notwithstanding that (although) the workers get bonus, they are discontented.

iv. By the Phrases, ‘nevertheless’, ‘nonetheless’; as: Sewak is her friend, nevertheless she does not trust him. It rained today, but the weather is nonetheless hot.

v. By the Relative Adverb, ‘however’, followed by some Adjective or Adverb; as : However hard he may try, he will not succeed.

However sad he may be, the landlord will not be affected. vi. By the Adverb, ‘indeed,’ followed by the conjunction, ‘but’; as:

He is rich indeed, but he does not help the poor. (Although he is rich, he does not Help the poor)

vii. By an Absolute Participle, followed by a Noun Clauses: as: Admitting that he is poor, he is content with his lot.

20. ASSIGMENT

Rewrite the following according to the instructions given after each. Change only enough to do what you are asked and make a correct sentence. Do not alter the meaning. You have to make sentences to say the same thing in a different way. 1. It was not my intention to offend you. End:…………………………………………………………………intentionally. 2. One more effort, and you shall succeed. Begin: If you …………………………………………………………………….. 3. He is discontented notwithstanding that he gets more salary than he deserves. Begin: Although…………………………………………………………………... 4. The new regulation made the people happy. End: ………………………………………………………………. to the people. 5. My belief is that he is ;sincere. Begin: I ………………………………………………………………………… 6. Supposing it were true, we should act wisely. Begin: We should act wisely provided …………………………………………….. 7. It is admitted that he is the greatest leader. Begin: All……………………………………………………………………….. 8. Persevere and you will succeed. Begin: You will succeed only …………………………………………………… 9. Poor as he is, he does not beg. Begin: Although ………………………………………………………………… 10. My father was very generous to all. Begin: My father treated…………………………………………………………. 11. Had I known what do, I should have saved much time. Begin: I should have saved much time, provided…………………………………

12. This rumour is incredible. Begin: This rumour cannot………………………………………………… 13. If he does not behave properly, he will be dismissed. Begin: He will not be dismissed…………………………………………………… 14. Supposing you are ill, you can go home. Begin: In case …………………………………………………………………….. 15. If I were a rich man, I would have helped him. Begin: Were……………………………………………………………………….. 16. He was successful in winning the race. Begin: He succeeded …………………………………………………………… 17. He is rich indeed, but he does not help others. Begin: Although…………………………………………………………………. 18. He gave me help ungrudgingly. Begin: He did not………………………………………………………………..

21. a. In the following passage, fill in each of the numbered blanks with the correct form

of the word given in brackets. Do not copy the passage, but write in correct serial order the word or phrase appropriate to the blank space. A monk noticed a small by trying….1…. (press) the doorbell of a house across the street. The boy was short and he could not reach the switch to press the bell. After…2…(watch) The boy’s efforts for some time, the monk stepped across the street,…3… (walk) up behind the little by and,…4…(place) one hand on the child’s shoulder, …5…(lean) over him and gave the doorbell a solid ring,…6…(Crouch) down to the child’s level, the monk smiled and asked, “And now what, my little man?” The urchin…7…(reply), “Now we cannot face the old lady. So we…8…(run)like Hell”. Answers

1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________ 4. __________ 5. __________ 6. __________ 7. __________ 8. __________

b. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words: i. The manager was………………….pressure to take back the employee. ii. Who will take………………….when the Headmaster retires? iii. Finally, he repented…………………his mistake. iv. He was not willing to take…………………….. the challenge. v. Do not brood………………… your failure. vi. He has a craving……………………more money. vii. The family always failed………………………want help. viii. I wonder what he is aiming………………….

Answers 1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________ 4. __________ 5. __________ 6. __________ 7. __________ 8. __________

c. Add the adverbs to the sentences: Example: My aunt travels by train these days. (generally) Answer: My aunt generally travels by train these days. i. You should swim at that dangerous end of the beach. (never) …………………………………………………………………………… ii. The painter had finished by that time. (hardly) ……………………………………………………………………………

iii. It would have been burnt but for your prompt action. (certainly) …………………………………………………………………………… iv. You must have enjoyed that music. (often) ……………………………………………………………………………

d. Rewrite the following sentences according to the instructions given after each. Make other changes that may be necessary, but do not change the meaning of each sentence.

EXAMPLE: Besides being wealthy, he is wise. (Use: not only … but also) ANSWER : He is not only wealthy, but also wise. i. That roof is not worth repairing. (Begin: It is pointless….) …………………………………………………………………………… ii. Having finished his work, he went to play. (Begin: When he…) …………………………………………………………………………… iii. He won the match, so I congratulated him. (Begin: I congratulated him…) …………………………………………………………………………… iv. The businessman has enemies but he has a bodyguard to protect him. (Begin: The businessman has a bodyguard to protect him…) …………………………………………………………………………… v. Has Tina written to you? (Use: hear) ……………………………………… vi. Gopi was left with a big future by her father. (Use: inherit) ……………………………………………………………………………

vii. My frock was not returned until it had been washed. (End: …before it was returned.)

…………………………………………………………………………… viii. Rekha will not reign unless she is compelled. (Begin: Rekha will resign

only…)

22. Combination Of Simple Sentences Into One Compound Sentence Simple Sentence may be combined into a Compound Sentence by using Coordinating Conjunction as follows: a. By using Cumulative Conjunction

(both….and, not only….but also, as well as, and) He is hardworking. He is sincere. He is hardworking and sincere.

OR: He is both hardworking and sincere. OR: He not only hardworking but also sincere. OR: He is hardworking as well as sincere.

b. By using Adversive Conjunctions (but, still, however, yet, nevertheless) i. She failed. She Persevered. She failed, nevertheless she persevered. ii. Ravi is dishonest. People love him. Ravi is dishonest, still, (yet) people love him. iii. He will not oppose my plan. He cannot approve of it. He will not oppose my plan; he cannot, however, approve of it. iv. The train was damaged. No one was hurt. The train was damaged but no one was hurt.

c. By using Alternative Conjunctions (or, either…or, netither…nor) i. We must run. The robbers will overtake us We must run or the robbers will overtake us.

ii. Come in. Go out. Either come in or go out. iii. Do not borrow. Do not lend. Neither borrow nor lend.

d. By using Illative conjunctions ( therefore, for, so) i. Raman was stubborn. He was punished. Raman was stubborn; so he was punished.

ii. At the sight of the teacher, there was silence in the class. The student were afraid of him. At the sight of the teacher, there was silence in the class; for the students were afraid of him.

iii. He was found guilty. He was hanged. He was found guilty, therefore he was hanged.

d. ASSIGNMENT Combine each set of Simple Sentences into a Compound Sentence:

i. You must make haste. You will miss the bus. ii. A bad boy disobeys his parents. A good boy obeys them. iii. The boy bought a kite. He took it home. iv. Fools shun truth. Wise men love it. v. Some men are born great. Some achieve greatness. vi. The Parliament refused money. The President wanted it. vii. Sharad is a rich man. He did not earn his wealth. viii. The teacher is to blame. His pupils are to blame ix. I was annoyed. I kept quiet. x. Is the baby asleep? Is the baby awake? 23. Combination of Simple Sentence into one complex Sentence

A complex Sentence is made up of a Principal Clause and one or more Subordinate Clauses. There are three kinds of Subordinate Clauses : a. The Noun Clause : It does the work of a Noun in a Complex Sentence; as :

He thought that he was clever. (He thought what? He thought that he was clever. b. The Adjective Clause: It does the work of an Adjective in a Complex

Sentence; as: Servants who are honest are trusted. (What type of servants? Servants who are honest.)

c. The Adverb Clause: It does the work of an Adverb in a Complex Sentence; as:

Strike the iron (Main Clause) while it is hot (Subordinate – Adverb Clause). Adverb Clauses are of many kinds and may be classified as Adverb Clauses of Time, Place, Purpose, Cause, Condition, Result, Comparison, Supposition or Concession. Simple Sentences may be combined into a Complex Sentence in the following ways:

d. By using a Noun Clause. i. Ali is innocent. This is our belief. Our belief is that Ali is innocent. ii. Ravi will not come back soon. He told this to his friends. Ravi told his friends that he would not come back soon.

iii. Charlie may be guilty. We do not know. We do not know whether Charlie is guilty. iv. Alka is absent today. Do you know the reason? Do you know why Alka is absent today? e. By using an Adjective Clause. i. I met Rajiv’s father. He is now a Police Inspector. I met Rajiv’s father who is now a Police Inspector. ii. My sister will always be grateful to you. You helped her. My sister whom you helped, will always be grateful to you. f. By using an Adverb Clause. i. He cannot pass. He must work hard. He cannot pass unless he works hard. (CONDITION) ii. Gafur is contented. He is poor. Gafur is contented though he is poor. ( CONTRAST) iii. Amit is clever. Rohit is equally clever. Amit is as clever as Rohit. (COMPARISON) iv. My sister is going to Japan. She wishes to become a doctor. My sister is going to Japan because she wishes to become a doctor. (REASON) v. Anil is working hard. He wants to pass the examination. Anil is working hard that he may pass the examination.(PURPOSE) vi. Fools rush in some places. Angels fear to tread there. Fools rush in where Angels fear to tread.(PLACE) vii. You may sow in some way. You reap in the same way. As you sow, so you reap. (MANNER) viii. The bell rang. All the boys went home. As soon as the bell rang, all the boys went home.(TIME) g. ASSIGNMENT

Rewrite the following sentences according to the instructions given after each: i. You will be late. Hurry up. (Rewrite it as one sentence, using ‘if………………………’) ii. He deceived his parents. They still trust him. (Rewrite as one sentence, using ‘although ………………….’) iii. Nehru was a leader. He was a writer. (Rewrite as one sentence, using besides ……………..’) iv. We stayed at home. It was raining. (Rewrite it as one sentences, using ‘as ………..’)

v. Has he returned from Kolkata? Ask his son. (Rewrite as one sentence using ‘whether’)

vi. I got the message. Immediately I went to his house. (Rewrite as one sentence, using ‘as soon as ……………’) vii. It is very simple. Everybody can do it. (Rewrite as one sentence, using ‘so …………….that’) viii. Rakesh was running. He was being chased by a tiger. (Rewrite as one sentence, using ‘because ………………’) ix. “You’ll be ruined! Run away!” (Rewrite as one sentence and use ‘if’.) x. Nandu works hard. His aim is to win a scholarship. (Rewrite as one

sentence, using ‘that’)

xi. He won a lottery. Then he bought a house. (Rewrite as one sentence using ‘after ……………….’)

xii. Alka is intelligent. Mira is equally intelligent. (Rewrite as one sentence using ‘as …………….as’) xiii. All will respect you. Be kind. (Rewrite as one sentence, using ‘if’) xiv. Do not steal. Stealing is a crime. (Rewrite as one sentence, using ‘since’)

24. Read carefully the passage given below and answer, as far as possible, in your own words,

the questions that follow: I felt that I was alone and that my room seemed to me to be more empty than

ever before. I was surrounded by a sensation of infinite and overwhelming solitude. I sat down, but then a kind of nervous impatience agitated my legs so that I got up and began to walk about again. I was feverish, for my hands, which I had clasped behind me, almost seemed to tremble. Then suddenly a cold shiver ran down my 5 back, and I thought the damp air might have penetrated into my room, so I lit the fire for the first time that year. But soon I felt that I could not possibly remain quiet. So I got up again and decided to go out to seek a friend to bear me company. I could not find anyone and returned home.

When I go out I always double-lock the door of my room. Now I found it merely 10 closed, which surprised me.

I went in and found my fire still burning, so that it lighted up the room a little. In the act of taking up a candle, I noticed somebody sitting in my armchair by the fire, warming his feet, with his neck toward me. I thought very naturally that some friend or the other had come to see me. No doubt the porter, whom I had told when 15 I went out, had lent him his own key. In a moment, I remembered all the circumstances of my return, how the street door had been opened immediately and that my own door was only latched and not locked.

I could see nothing of my friend but his head. He had evidently gone to sleep while waiting for me, so I went up to him to rouse him. I saw him quite clearly; 20 his right arm was hanging down and his legs were crossed, while his head, which was somewhat inclined to the left of the armchair, seemed to indicate that he was asleep. ‘Who can it be?’ I asked myself. I could not see clearly, as the room was rather dark, so I put out my hand to touch him on the shoulder, and it came in contact with the back of the chair. There was nobody there; the seat was empty. 25

I at once jumped up with fright. For a moment, I drew back as if some terrible danger had suddenly appeared in my way; then I turned round again, and looked at the armchair. I remained standing upright panting with fear, so upset that I could not collect my thoughts, and ready to drop.

I lay quietly on my back. Then an irresistible desire seized me to look round the 30 room, and I turned onto my side. My fire was nearly out, and the few glowing embers threw a faint light on to the floor by the chair, where I fancied, I saw the man sitting again.

I quickly struck a match, but I had been mistaken, for there was nothing there. Since that time, I have been afraid of being alone at night. 35

a. Give the meaning of the following words as used in the passage. One-word answers or short phrases will be accepted.

i. solitude (line 2): ………………………………………………………… ii. agitated (line 3): ………………………………………………………… iii. penetrated (line 6): …………………………………………………………

b. Answer the following questions briefly in your own words. i. What was the experience of the narrator as expressed in the first paragraph? ii. Why did the narrator light a fire? iii. Mention the unusual things that the author noticed when he returned home. iv. Describe the man in the author’s room. v. What happened when the author touched the man on the chair? vi. What evidence is there in the passage that indicate that the narrator was

frightened by his experience? c. In not more than 60 words, narrate the incident which made the author afraid of

being alone at night. d. Give a title to the passage and give a reason to justify your choice.

25. a. In the following passage, fill in each of the numbered blanks with the correct form

of the word given in brackets. Do not copy the passage, but write in correct serial order the word or phrase appropriate to the blank space. A boy saw a turtle on the beach. He began …1… (example) it, but the turtle in its head and closed its shell. The boy was upset. …2… (Pick) up a stick he tried to force it open. The boy’s uncle from a distance remarked, “No, that’s not the way! You’ll not get it to open up with a force.” The uncle took the turtle into house and put it near the fireplace. It …3…(not) but a few minutes until it began…4…(get) warm. Then the turtle pushed out its head, stretched out its legs and began to crawl. “Turtles…5…(be) like that,” said the uncle, ”and people, too. You can’t …6…(force) them into anything. But if you first …7…(warm) them up with kindness, it is likely that they …8…(do) what you want them to do.” Answers

1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________ 4. __________ 5. __________ 6. __________ 7. __________ 8. __________

b. In each of the following sentences, there is a blank space which can be filled in by a SINGLE word. Fill in each blank with the word which is appropriate. (DO NOT write the sentences.)

i. I dip……………………………. my savings at the end of the month. ii. I prevailed………………………………….. him to join our team. iii. The family always failed ………………want of help. iv. We were amazed ……………… what the police said. v. I have disposed…………………………………………. The old books. vi. His lack of punctuality will be held ……………………… him. vii. The Chairman will preside ……………………………...the meeting. viii. The Principal has dispensed ……………. His services.

Answers 1. __________ 2. __________ 3. __________ 4. __________ 5. __________ 6. __________ 7. __________ 8. __________

c. Join the two parts of each sentence with an appropriate word or phrase from those in brackets.

Example: Jude was not clever, …………. His brothers were geniuses. (on condition that/whereas/before)

Answer: Jude was not clever, whereas his brothers were geniuses.

i. He did not care……………… he won the scholarship or not. (unless/if/whether)

ii. She came to the school………. she felt ill today. (supposing/though/whenever)

iii. Then he waited a little ………….. the candidates were ready for the instructions. (or else/until/so long as)

iv. She can go there…………she tells her mother first. (so long as/before/whereas) d. Rewrite the following sentences according to the instructions given after each.

Make other changes that may be necessary, but do not change the meaning of each sentence.

EXAMPLE: Submit your project before it is too late. (Begin: Let….) ANSWER: Let your project be submitted before it is too late. i. “I am sorry I gave you the wrong number,” said Ritu to Ramesh. (Begin: Ritu apologized…..) ………………………………………………………………………….. ii. He was sorry that he had not said goodbye to her. (Begin: He regretted….) ………………………………………………………………………….. iii. The bomb will not explode unless it is touched. (Use: not until) ………………………………………………………………………….. iv. I will return the book only after I have read it. (Begin: Only…) ………………………………………………………………………….. v. We won’t buy the book if we do not like it. (Begin: Unless…) ………………………………………………………………………….. vi. He’s getting so absent-minded; he can’t go on working much longer. (Begin: He’s getting, too….) ………………………………………………………………………….. vii. John is very handsome but he isn’t very clever. (Begin: John isn’t as….) ………………………………………………………………………….. viii. Kate eats only fruits and vegetables. (End: … on fruits and egetables.) …………………………………………………………………………..