Class Material

INDEX

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PART Topic Name Page No. PART –I VOCABULARY

Description of all types of Exercise 3

Prefix & suffix 4

Synonyms 6

Antonyms 9

Spelling 12

Formation of Word 16

Odd man out 22

Verbal Analogy 24

One Word Substitution 27

Phrases / Idioms 29

PART –II GRAMMARArticles 33

Parts of Speech – Noun 39

Parts of Speech – Pronouns 42

Parts of Speech – Verbs 47

Parts of Speech – Adverb 51

Parts of Speech – Adjective 56

Parts of Speech – Preposition 62

Parts of Speech – Conjunction 65

Sentence, Kind of Sentence 69

Tense

Modal Auxiliary

Active – Passive

Direct – Indirect Speech

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VOCABULARY




Description of all types of Exercise

Comprehension Passage- Reading comprehension tests assess your understanding and retention of any written passage. These tests are of two basic types.1. A short passage with multiple questions2. A long passage with multiple questions

Spotting Errors – This section involves identifying errors in sentences. Answering questions on spotting errors require an awareness of the basic rules of grammar and usage. There are many types like Errors in Sentence Fragments (Remains), identifying the Correct Sentence, Choosing the Incorrect Sentence and so on.

Cloze Test (Completion of Passage) – These are a type of passage completion and consist of numbered blanks followed by answer choices. Cloze tests facilitate (help, make easy) sentence-building skills.

Sentence Skills – This section contributes immensely to effective writing. It includes four major types- Sentence Improvement, Sentence Arrangement, Sentence Completion and Sentence Fillers.

Verbal Analogy- These is the aptitude tests to measure the candidate’s English language abilities and skills. A verbal analogy test are of various kinds and involves both primary and secondary relationship.

Vocabulary- These tests assess your language proficiency and include Synonyms, Antonyms, Word Substitutions, Idioms and Phrasal Verbs and spelling.




Prefix & Suffix

An addition to the beginning of a word is a prefix and an addition to the end of a word is a suffix.

Prefix (Upsarg)

Be- by- beside, betimes, besmear, bedaub.For- thoroughly- forbear, forgive.Fore- before- forecast, foretell.In- in- income, inland, inlay.Mis- wrong, wrongly-misdeed misleads, misjudge, misunderstand, misguide etc. Over- above, beyond- overflow, overcharge.To-this- today, tonight. Un- not- untrue, unkind, unholy, unseen,Un- to reserve an action- untie, undo, unfold.Under- below- undersell, undercharge, undergo, underground.With- against, Back – withdraw, withhold, withstand.Ab – away, from- abuse, abstract.Con- with, together- contend. Non- not- nonsense,Re- back, again- reclaim, refund, renew, return.Semi- half-semicircle, semicolon.Auto-self- autocrat, autobiography, autograph.Mono-alone, single- monoplane, monopoly.A, an- without, not- atheist, apathy, anarchy.

Suffix (Pratyay)

-Agent or doer (Karta ke karnar ne darshavva mate)-er (ar, or, yer, er, eer, ary)-painter, baker, beggar, sailor, lawyer, cobbler, driver, scholar, preacher, engineer, missionary, emperor, interpreter etc.-ster-spinster, punster, songster etc.-ter (ther) – daughter, father, mother, brother etc.- ain (-an,en,on)- chieftain, artisan, citizen, surgeon.- ate- (-ee, ey, y)- advocate, trustee, attorney, deputy

States, action, situation, astitva (dasha,karya,sthiti,astitva vyakt karva mate)-dom- freedom, martyrdom, wisdom etc.-hood - childhood, brotherhood etc.- ness- darkness, boldness, goodness, sweetness etc.- red- kindred, hatred etc.- ship- hardship, friendship, lordship etc.- th- health, stealth, growth etc. - age- bondage, marriage, leakage.-ance (ence)- abundance, assistance, brilliance, excellence, innocence.- ice (-ise) – service, cowardice, exercise.- ment- punishment, judgment, improvement, amusement etc. - tude- fortitude, magnitude, attitude.- ty- cruelty, frailty, credulity.




Diminutives (Nanu banavnar)-el (-le)- satchel, kernel, girdle, handle etc.- en- maiden, kitten, chicken etc.-ie- dearie, birdie, lassie etc.-kin- lambkin, napkin etc.- let- leaflet- ling- duckling, darling, stripling, weakling- ock- hillock, bullock etc.-ed – having- gifted, talented, learned - en- made of- wooden, golden, woolen, earthen.- ful- full of- hopeful, fruitful, joyful, successful, beautiful.- ish- somewhat like- boorish, reddish, girlish, childish, oldish.- less- free from, without- fearless, shameless, hopeless, senseless, boundless.- ly- like- manly, godly, sprightly, boldly, wisely.- some- with the quality of- wholesome, gladsome, quarrelsome.- ward (-wards)- inclining to, turning to- forward, wayward, toward, homeward, backwards, upwards.-y- with the quality of- wealthy, healthy, windy, slimy, greedy, needy, thirsty, dirty.- way (-ways)- straightway, anyway, always.-wise- manner, mode- likewise, otherwise.- al- national, legal, regal, mortal, fatal.




SYNONYMS (Samanarthi or Paryayvachi)

Definition- A synonyms is a word that has same or nearly the same meaning as another word.There may be many synonyms for a given word and all synonyms may differ only slightly from each other.

Knowledge of the use of Prefix and Suffix will also help you tackle these tests of Vocabulary.

These questions are of two types 1. Word type 2. Sentence typeHints:

There are certain points which a student should remember while choosing a synonym:

1. A synonym should be in the same part of speech in which the given words is.

2. A synonym, as mentioned above, may have a literal meaning and another an implied meaning. So the student should not choose a synonym blindly but be careful whether he has chosen the right word on the basis of the information given in the passage. 3. Sometime the examiners include an antonym in the alternative choices given for the answer of that synonym. Hence the students must be very careful in choosing a synonym.

Ex- Abandon-give up, leave, forsake Accent- emphasis, stress, pitch, tone Almighty- all powerful, great, invincible Conceal- bury, disguise, hide, abscure Cemetery- burial ground, churchyard, graveyard Bandit- robber, hijacker, thief, gangster Zeal- devotion, spirit, zest Refugee- escapee, exile, deserter, absconder Loathsome- hateful, horrible, nasty, odious Marriage- matrimony, nuptials, wedding, coupling Juvenile- adolescent, minor, youth, childish Peasant- boor, countryman, farmer Orator- lecturer, preacher, speaker




Exercise-1

In each of the following questions, out of the given alternatives, choose the one which best expresses the meaning of the given word.

1. MALADY (1) Ill-will (2) Ill-luck (3) Ill-feeling (4) Illness (5) None of these

2. NASTY (1) Genius (2) Decent (3) Naughty (4) Dirty (5) None of these

3. MAESTRO (1) Sorcerer (2) Apprentice (3) Master (4) Performer (5) None of these

4. ALERT (1) Clever (2) careful (3) Thoughtful (4) Watchful (5) None of these

5. INSOLENT (1) Nervous (2) Rude (3) Proud (4) Assertive (5) None of these

6. REBATE (1) Loss (2) Compensation (3) Refund (4) Discount (5) None of these

7. PREDICT (1) Explain (2) Foretell (3) Assert (4) Observe (5) None of these

8. STAMINA (1) Energy (2) Intensity (3) Endurance (4) Eagerness (5) None of these

9.VOCATION (1) Employment (2) Hobby (3) Occupation (4) Post (5) None of these

10. RECOLLECT (1) Remember (2) Revive (3) Recover (4) Memorise (5) None of these




Exercise-2

In each of the following questions, out of the given alternatives, choose the one which best express the meaning of the italicized word printed in bold in the sentence.

1. Will you please rectify the mistake? (1) correct (2) clarify (3) condone (4) regularize (5) None of these

2. All the characters in the novel are fictitious. (1) unbelievable (2) unreliable (3) infamous (4) imaginary (5) None of these

3. Nobody knew that he had a sinister design in marrying her. (1) evil (2) murderous (3) sinful (4) selfish (5) None of these

4. It was momentous event in the history of the nation. (1) a sudden (2) an important (3) an everlasting (4) an insignificant (5) None of these

5. Man has to encounter many hardships in life. (1) solve (2) face (3) bear (4) overcome (5) None of these

6. Seeds need sufficient water and air to germinate. (1) grow (2) reproduce (3) breed (4) sprout (5) None of these

7. He was sentenced to four years’ imprisonment. (1) punished (2) acquitted (3) assigned (4) convicted (5) None of these

8. He always gives lame excuses for his absence from the office. (1) illogical (2) unbelievable (3) flimsy (4) inconsistent (5) None of these

9. He displayed a distinct tendency to longwinded speeches when asked how he was. (1) boring (2) repetitive (3) hyperbolic (4) circumlocutory (5) None of these

10. Some people are extremely fastidious in their choice of dress. (1) careless (2) pompous (3) fussy (4) discriminating (5) None of these




Antonyms

An antonyms is a word that is opposite in meaning to a given word. The antonyms too may have slight differences in the meanings and so the antonyms suitable in one context may not be appropriate for a different context. The antonym which is most appropriate is chosen from the choices given. Sometimes a synonyms itself may be included as an answer choice.

Hints:

A student should be quite alert while choosing an antonym.

1. He should bear in mind that an antonym must be in the same part of speech in which the given words is.

2. He should note that the answer should be in the same tense form in which the key word is.

3. A candidate should pay proper attention to the fact that generally the examiners include a synonym in the alternative choices, given for the answer of the key-word.

4. Often the alternative answers are in active as well as in passive voice. The correct answer is that which is similar in voice to the key-word.

These questions are of two types 1. Word type 2. Sentence type

Word Type – Choose the word which is opposite in meaning to the word given in bold.Ignore (1) Degrade (2) Check (3) Admit (4) Look into (5) None of theseAns- 4

Sentence Type- Choose the best antonyms of the highlighted word in the sentence from the option given Mt brother is very sensitive about hurting animals.(1) Callous (2) Senseless (3) Indifferent (4) Unconcerned (5) None of theseCallous means unfeeling or insensitive

Acquit – Convict Assemble- DisperseAnalysis- Synthesis Barbarous- Civilized Base – Top/apexCallous-Kind/Compassionate Decry- praise/overrate Ghastly- pleasant/ Charming Hazardous- Safe/Sure Innocent- Guilty/SinfulZany- Ordinary/ConventionalWeeps – Laugh/ Rejoice Yield-Resist/ DefyDwarf-Giant

Accept – Refuse Persuade- Dissuade Prohibit- PermitPuzzle- solve Hurry- DelayFugitive-Permanent Intelligent-DullQuack-ExpertWeary- Energetic Youth- MaturityHypothesis-FactGenerous-SelfishParallel-DivergentSingle- Multiple




Exercise

Directions: In each of the following questions, out of the given alternatives, choose the one which is nearest opposite in meaning of the given word.

1. DIVINE (1) Informal (2) Celestial (3) Native (4) Mundane (5) None of these

2. RELIGIOUS (1) Atheistic (2) Immoral (3) Sinful (4) Secular (5) None of these

3. IDENTICAL (1) Indistinguishable (2) Unlike (3) Senile (4) Congruent (5) None of these

4. SLOPPY (1) Gullible (2) Robust (3) Inappropriate (4) Meticulous (5) None of these

5. CONFIDENT (1) Shy (2) Reserved (3) Diffident (4) Timid (5) None of these

6. GROSS (1) Original (2) Changing (3) Proper (4) Entire (5) None of these

7. DREADFUL (1) Supportive (2) Meaningful (3) Pleasant (4) Popular (5) None of these

8. PERTINENT (1) Indifferent (2) Detached (3) Determine (4) Irrelevant (5) None of these

9. FLEXIBLE (1) Rigid (2) Immobile (3) Hard (4) Doubtful (5) None of these

10. LIABILITY (1) Treasure (2) Debt (3) Asset (4) Property (5) None of these

ExerciseDirections: In each of the following questions, out of the given alternatives, choose the one which is most nearly the opposite in meaning of the word printed in the bold in the sentence.

1. India is a culturally diverse country. (1) secular (2) uniform (3) unanimous (4) singular (5) None of these

2. She had nothing but scorn for my ideas. (1) agreement (2) appreciation (3) encouragement (4) admiration (5) None of these

3. He received the news coldly. (1) bravely (2) gratefully (3) enthusiastically (4) angrily (5) None of these

4. The rainfall was plentiful in this part during the last season. (1) scanty (2) small (3) rare (4) occasional (5) None of these




5. His transfer order was revoked yesterday. (1) prepared (2) issued (3) proposed (4) approved (5) None of these 6. Both our education and examinations emphasis bookish knowledge. (1) commercial (2) scientific (3) technical (4) practical (5) None of these

7. Never adopt a callous attitude towards your duties. (1) cooperative (2) cautious (3) considerate (4) courteous (5) None of these

8. This tonic serves to vitalize your hairs? (1) clamor (2) repress (3) enfeeble . (4) shorten (5) None of these

9. I know you would have to prolong your tour; but still I advise you to complete this job also. (1) obstruct (2) curtail (3) hinder (4) restrain (5) None of these

10. The food served at the official dinner was very bland. (1) inedible (2) spicy (3) nutritious (4) tasty (5) None of these

Vocabulary-SpellingRACHNA ACADEMY OF CAREER EDUCATION Pvt. Ltd.

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The guide to good vocabulary is good spelling we can use two kind of knowledge to know relating to the sound (Phonemes) of the word and second is the morphological knowledge relating to the smallest meaningful units (Morphemes) that a word contains. Learning to spell right enriches vocabulary and increases your fluency.

Knowledge of correct spelling is required to avoid error in composition. Incorrect spelling spoil the composition howsoever intelligently it is expressed. A test spelling forms a major part of many exams of English Language. Besides, English spelling poses serious problem before the learners because English does not follow all the phonetic rules. Hence, the students are often confused.

A student should learn the spelling of difficult words again and again.If a word is often mis-spelt, a student should correct it at once. Correct pronunciation helps in spelling a word correctly. Hence a student should learn the correct pronunciation of words which will lead to correct spelling. As such there are fixed rules for spelling. Only regular practice helps in improving spelling. Right Wrong

Abbreviate AbreviateArchaeology Archealogy Aquarium Aquarrium Campaign Compiagn Cigarette CigaretteEssential Essensial Neighbour NieghbourPassport Pasport Repetition Repeatition Qualified Qualifeid Rebellion Rebelion Impact Impect Affidavit Affidabit Mammal Mamal Machinery Machinary Joyfully JoyfulyNinety NintyLadder Lader Occupation Occupaision Science SecinceSculpture Sculpchure Queue QueeReceive Receive Restaurant RestuarantReceipt Reciept Beginning Begining




Spelling Rules

Rule-1- One syllable words ending in single Vowel + Single consonant double the consonant be a suffix beginning with a Vowels. Ex. beg-begged, run-running, rob-robber, sad-saddest But- wish-wished (two consonant)

Fear- fearing (two vowels)

Rule-2- Word of two or three syllables ending in single vowel + single consonant if the last syllable is stressed Ex- Begin-Beginning, Permit- Permitted The consonant is not doubled if the last syllable is not stressed Ex- Worship-Worshipped, Kidnap- Kidnapped

Rule-3- In British English, L consonant is doubled, even if the stress does not fall on the last syllable. Ex- quarrel- quarrelled, signal-signalling, travel- traveller, distil-distiller Note the exception-parallel- paralleled

Rule-4- If the word to which the suffix ‘ful’ is added in‘ll’ the second ‘l’ is dropped Ex- Skill – Skilful, Will- wilful

Rule-5- Word ending in silent ‘e’ drop the ‘e’ before a suffix beginning with a vowel. Ex- live+ing = living, move+ed=moved, hope+ ing = hoping, drive+er = driver The remains before a suffix beginning with a consonant Ex- hope + ful = hopeful , engage + ment = engagement Note the exception- true+ly=truly, whole+ly= wholly, due+ly= duly nineth+ th= ninth, argue + ment= argument, awe+full= awfulIn the special case of words ending in ‘ce’ and ‘ge’ which keep the ‘e’ when adding ‘able’ or ‘ous’Ex- notice + able = noticeable, peace + able = peaceable, change+able =changeable , Courage + ous = courageous

In such words the ‘c’ and ‘g’ are pronounced soft before ‘e’. Somerimes the ‘e’ is retained to avaid confusion with the similar word.Singe + ing= Singeing (avoid confusion with singing)Swinge+ ing= Swingeing (avoid confusion with swinging)

Rule-6- Words ending in ‘ee’ do not drop an ‘e’ before a suffix. Ex- see+ing= seeing, agree+ ment= agreement

Rule-7- Words ending in ‘ie’ change the ‘ie’ to ‘y’ when ‘ing’ is added.Ex- die+ing= dying, lie +ing = lying

Rule-8- A final ‘y’ following a consonant changes to ‘i’ before a suffix except ‘ing’Ex- Carry + ed = Carried , Marry + age = Marriage, Happy + ly = Happily, Beauty + ful = BeautifulBut, Carry + ing= Carrying, Marry + MarryingBut ‘y’ following a vowel does not changeEx- pray + ed = prayed, play + er = playerNotice a few exceptions- ‘y’ change to ‘i’Ex- pay +ed = paid, say +ed = said, lay + ed = laid, day + ly = daily, gay +ly = gaily When ‘ie’ or ‘ei’ is pronounced like ‘ee’ in jeep ‘I’ comes before ‘e’ except after ‘c’




Believe, relieve, achieve, grieve, yeild, fieldReceive, receipt, deceive, deceit, conceive, conceitSome exceptionsSeize, protein, counterfeit, weird, surfeit, plebeian

Directions: From the following group of words, choose the misspelt word.

1. (1) Broccoli (2) Imperceptable (3) Communicable (4) Tantalise (5) None of these Imperceptible

2. (1) Inspiration (2) Attenation (3) Bruise (4) Clench (5) None of these Attention

3. (1) Stigma (2) Recovery (3) Anticipiate (4) Crockery (5) None of these Anticipate

4. (1) Personel (2) Personnel (3) Notional (4) National (5) None of these Personal 5. (1) Prefer (2) Defer (3) Difer (4) Refer (5) None of these Differ

6. (1) Admiration (2) Admision (3) Accommodation (4) Administration (5) None of these Admmission 7. (1) Leather (2) Geather (3) weather (4) Feather (5) None of these Gather

8. (1) Seize (2) Decieve (3) Believe (4) Reign (5) None of these Deceive

9. (1) Impetuous (2) Impertinant (3) Imperial (4) Implication (5) None of these Impertinent

10. (1) Crescent (2) Expres (3) Domineering (4) Ferrous (5) None of these Express

Directions: Given below are four set of words. Choose the one that is spelt right.1. (1) Valise (2) Vaccilate (3) Valarian (4) Vacillate (5) None of these

2. (1) Telbou (2) Tableau (3) Tablo (4) Teblo (5) None of these

3. (1) Gynecology (2) Gynaecology (3) Gynaeccology (4) Gyneccology (5) None of these

4. (1) Guerila (2) Guerilla (3) Gourilla (4) Guarilla (5) None of these

5. (1) Garison (2) Garrison (3) Garission (4) Garrisen (5) None of these

6. (1) Hamoglabin (2) Haemoglobin (3) Hamoglobin (4) Hemoglobin




(5) None of these7. (1) Fourboding (2) Frerbboding (3) Foreboding (4) Forebodding (5) None of these

8. (1) Jeopardise (2) Jeoppardise (3) Jeoparddiz (4) Jeopardize (5) None of these

9. (1) Quee (2) Quae (3) Queue (4) Qaue (5) None of these

10. (1) Itinarrary (2) Itinerrary (3) Iitinerary (4) Itinerary (5) None of these

Directions: In each of the following group pf words, one word may be mis-spelt. Find out the word that is wrongly spelt. If all the four words are correctly spelt, the answer is ‘5’.1. He appears (1) / to be unreasonably (2)/ anxious (3)/ about solving his nighbour’s (4)/problem./All correct(5)

2. The report envisages (1)/ crucial (2)/ guidlines (3)/ on extra- ordinary (4)/ research method. All correct / (5)

3. The advent (1)/ of the electricity has definitely (2)/ improved (3)/ the quality (4)/ of life in villages. / All correct (5)

4. To keep injuries (1)/ away from interferring (2)/ with the progress of the game the player was advised to take treatment (3)/ off (4)/ the field. / All correct (5)

5. A seperate (1)/ bill will be submitted (2)/ for discussion and sympathetic (3)/ reconsideration. (4)/ All correct (5)

6. The committee (1)/ underestimates (2)/the efforts involved (3)/ and hence falls short of suggesting majors (4) / to solve the problem. / All correct (5)

7. Eradication (1)/ of illiteracy (2)/ cannot be attained (3)/ fully unless people cooperate whole-heartedly. (4)/ All correct (5)

8. The exhistence (1)/ and attitudes (2)/ of the colonial (3)/ Army were decisive to the outbreak (4)/ of the civil war. / All correct (5)

9. Sharad consoled (1)/ Vijay and asured (2)/ him that his son would return (3)/ home by sunset. (4)/ All correct (5).

10. Quality (1) / is never an accident (2) / and is always the result of sincere (3)/ effort. (4)/ All correct (5).

Formation of Word




Words which are not derived or compounded or developed from other words are called primary words.They belong to the original stock of words in the language.

1. Compound words- Compound words formed by joining two or more simple words. Ex- Moonlight, undertake, nevertheless etc.

2. Primary derivatives- Primary derivatives, formed by making some change in the body of the simple word. Ex- bond from bind, breach from break, wrong from wring

3. Secondary derivatives- Secondary derivatives, formed by an addition to the beginning or the end. Ex- unhappy, goodness

An addition to the beginning of a word is a prefix and an addition to the end is a suffix.1. Compound words are for the most part, Nouns, adjectives and Verbs. Compound noun may be formed from Noun + Noun Ex- moonlight, armchair, postman, airman, railway, horsepower, shoemaker, teaspoon, etc. Adjective + Noun Ex- sweetheart, nobleman, shorthand, blackboard, stronghold, halfpenny, quicksilver etc.

Verb + Noun Ex- makeshift, breakfast, telltale, pickpocket, daredevil, scarecrow, hangman etc.

Gerund + NounEx- drawing-room, Writing-desk, Looking-glass, Walking-stick, Blotting- paper, Stepping-stone, spelling- book etc.

Adverb or Preposition + NounEx- outlaw, afterthought, forethought, foresight, overcoat, downfall, afternoon, bypass, inmate, off-shoot, inside etc.

Verb + Adverb Drawback, lock-up, go-between, die-hard, send-off etc.

Adverb + VerbOutset, upkeep, outcry, income, outcome

Compound Adjectives may be formed from:Noun + Adjective (or Participle)Ex- Blood-red, Sky-blue, Snow-white, Pitch-dark, Breast-high, Skin-deep, purse- proud, lifelong, worldwide, homesick, headstrong, stone-blind, seasick, ear-piercing, hand-made, timeserving, sea-girl, bed-ridden etc. Adjective + AdjectiveRed-hot, blue-black, white-hot, dull-grey, lukewarm

Adverb + ParticipleLong-suffering, everlasting, never-ending, through bred , well-deserved, outspoken, down-Hearted, for-seen, inborn




Compound Verbs may be formed from.Noun + VerbWaylay, backbite, typewrite, browbeat, car mark Adjective + Verb Overthrow, overtake, foretell, undertake, undergo, overhear, overdo, outbid, outdo, upset, ill-use

Note- In most compound words, it is the first word which modifies the meaning of the second. The accent is placed upon the modifying word when the amalgamation (merger) is complete. When the two elements of the compound are only partially blended (merge) a (-) hyphen is put between them and the Accent fall equally on both parts of the compound

Primary Derivatives

Formation of nouns from verbs and adjectives Verbs Nouns Advise AdviceBear BierBind Bond Choose Choice Chop Chip Deem Doom, DitchDig Dike Float Fleet Wake Watch Weave Web, WoofGape GapGird Girth Live Life Lose LossProve ProofSing Song Sit SeatSpeak Speech Strive Stroke

Adjectives NounsDull Dolt Hot Heat Proud Pride

Formation of Adjectives from verbs and nouns Verbs Adjectives Nouns Adjectives Float Fleet Milk MilchLie Low Wit Wise

Formation of Verbs from Nouns and AdjectivesNouns VerbsBath Bathe Belief Believe




Blood BleedBreath Breathe Cloth ClotheDrop Drip Grass Graze Half Halve Price Prize Sale Sell Tale TellThief Thieve

Adjectives Verbs Cool Chill Hale heal

Secondary DerivativesPrefixes Ex- aboard, asleep, beside, forecast, forgive, overflow, tday, Untrue, unfold, underground, Withdraw, etc.

SuffixEx- darkness, freedom, goodness, friendship, likewise, otherwise, hopeful, anyway, forward, joyful etc.

Noun form

Suffix Word Noun Suffix Word Nounal Propose Proposal ment Treat Treatment

Arrive Arrival move MovementRefusal Refusal hood child Childhood

ance Attend Attendance neighbour NeighbourhoodGuide Guidance ship hard HardshipDisturb Disturbance relation Relationship

ation prepare Preparation ity national NationalityInform Information real Reality

ness Kind Kindness ion suggest Suggestionfearless Fearlessness promote PromotionSad Sadness ence depend Dependence

y honest Honesty differ differencejealous Jealousy dom free Freedom

age bond Bondage king Kingdomwise Wisdom

cy infant Infancy ssion Admit AdmissionPrivate Privacy Permit permission

Verb Form

Suffix Word Verb Prefix Word Verb




e Bath Bathe be fool BefoolBreath Breathe friend BefriendCloth Clothe em power Empower

ate Habit Habituate Body EmbodyFascination Fascinate ac Company Accompany

en Sharp Sharpen Knowledge AcknowledgeStrength Strengthen en Able Enable

ize/ise central centralize danger Endanger Minimum Minimize im Prison Imprison

ify Pure Purify Park Imparkidentity Identify as Sure Assure

sign Assign

Adjective Form

Suffix Word Adjective Suffix Word Adjectiveous Courage Courageous ent Appear Apparent

Danger Dangerous Differ Differently Like Likely some Trouble Troublesome

Love Lovely Tire Tiresomeen Gold Golden ate Fortune Fortunate

Wool Woolen Passion Passionate ive effect Effective able Accept Acceptable

inform Informative Enjoy Enjoyableish child Childish an America American

white Whitish India Indian y Thirst Thirsty ful Power Powerful

Taste Tasty Wonder Wonderfulworthy Praise Praiseworthy al Nature Natural

Trust Trustworthy Nation Nationalible Permission Permissible ant resist Resistant

Admit Admissible Distance Distanttive Prime Primitive ic Hero Heroic

Constructive Constructive Rythm Rythmicern South Southern less Care Careless

East Eastern Fear Fearlessed Desert Deserted ward fore Forward

Disappoint Disappointed Down Downward

ese China Chinese like Child ChildlikeJapan Japanese Life Lifelike

Directions: Select the combination of numbers so that letter arranged accordingly will form a meaningful word.1. T E R I V U 1 2 3 4 5 6




(1) 231456 (2) 543162 (3) 312456 (4) 523164 (5) None of these

2. H R E T A D 1 2 3 4 5 6 (1) 4123456 (2) 421356 (3) 135246 (4) 356124 (5) None of these

3. N I T W E R 1 2 3 4 5 6 (1) 321456 (2) 645123 (3) 421356 (4) 213546 (5) None of these

4. B U M L E R 1 2 3 4 5 6 (1) 453126 (2) 312564 (3) 543126 (4) 423156 (5) None of these

5. F E A T E D 1 2 3 4 5 6 (1) 621534 (2) 123465 (3) 345126 (4) 453126 (5) None of these

6. W R E N S A 1 2 3 4 5 6 (1) 513246 (2) 321456 (3) 645132 (4) 213546 (5) None of these

7. C I T R O V 1 2 3 4 5 6 (1) 621354 (2) 216345 (3) 345126 (4) 234156 (5) None of these

8. T I C V I M 1 2 3 4 5 6 (1) 531246 (2) 216345 (3) 345126 (4) 234156 (5) None of these

9. Q A U S E R 1 2 3 4 5 6 (1) 413265 (2) 432165 (3) 612345 (4) 234561 (5) None of these

10. M O D N A R 1 2 3 4 5 6 (1) 345126 (2) 561243 (3) 234561 (4) 654321 (5) None of these

Give Noun Forms Mad- Madness King- KingdomSatisfied- Satisfaction Hungry- Hunger Appear- Appearance Pray- PrayerGreedy- Greed Merciful- Mercy Careful- Care Touching- TouchThirsty- Thirst Vast- Vastness Give Adjective Forms Touch- Touching, Touchy Gold- GoldenTire – Tired, Tiresome Bless- Blessed Might- Mighty Care- CarefulGreed- Greedy Misery- MiserableSleep- Sleepy Dream- Dreamy




Hunger- Hungry Shock – Shocking

Give Verb Forms Satisfaction- Satisfy Company- AccompanyCareful- care Performance -performSpeech- Speak Celebration- CelebratePainfully – Pain Energetic- EnergizeCancelled- Cancel Continuous- Continue

Odd - Man Out

Questions based on odd man out aim to test the students’ reasoning ability, Vocabulary and general awareness. These questions generally consist of five terms that are related to each other in some way. The student needs to determine this relationship and then find out the term from among the five, which is not related to the other four in the same way.




Directions: Each question has four items. Select the item that does not belong to the group. If all the words are related, mark 5.

1. (1) Abnominable (2) Tempestuous (3) Abhorrent (4) Detestable (5) None of these Tempestuous – resembling to a violent storm. Other words are related to ‘hateful’.

2. (1) Accure (2) Exuberate (3) Numerous (4) Pullulate (5) None of these Accure- to grow as natural result (from), to be added by way of advantage. Other words are related to ‘abundance’(rich). 3. (1) Captivate (2) Enchant (3) Fascinate (4) Dazzle (5) None of these Dazzle – to overpower with strong light. Other words are related to charm.

4. (1) Defraud (2) Cheat (3) Swindle (4) Allure (5) None of these Allure- ability to fascinate; charm. Other are synonymous.

5. (1) Cleavage (2) Divulge (3) Fracture (4) Severance (5) None of these Divulge- to make public, to reveal. Other words are related to ‘break’

6. (1) Brim (2) Obscure (3) Brink (4) Rim (5) None of these Obscure- hidden , dark and unclear. Other words are related to ‘edge’.

7. (1) Disaster (2) Motley (3) Catastrophe (4) Calamity (5) None of these Motley- variegated; heterogeneous(multicolored, mixed).

8. (1) expedition (2) Campaign (3) Crusade (4) Cruise (5) None of these Cruise- a sea voyage for pleasure. Other words are related to journey on land or sea with an aim.

9. (1) Renovate (2) Flourish (3) Thrive (4) Blossom (5) None of these Renovate- remodel, modernize; to make new again. Other words synonyms

10. (1) Blink (2) Wink (3) Bat (4) Shove (5) None of theseShove- to thrust; to push. Other words are related to ‘movement of eyelid’.

11. (1) Bicker (2) Quarrel (3) Wrangle (4) Inveigle (5) None of these Inveigle- to ensnare (catch) by cajolery (convince). Other words are related to ‘disagreement; dispute’.

Select the odd man out from the given 1. (1) Shy (2) Convivial (3) Extroverted (4) Genial (5) Gregarious options 2,3, and 4 are synonyms of ‘gregarious, - a man who likes to be in the company of others, friendly, sociable, Where as ‘shy’ is an antonym of the same.2. (1) Eulogize (2) Extol (3) Praise (4) Commend (5) Denigrate options 1, 2 and 4 are synonyms to ‘praise’. ‘Denigrate’ which means ‘to degrade’ or to belittle somebody’, is the antonym of praise.

3. (1) Dog (2) Wolf (3) Fox (4) Jackal (5) Puma all the options are members of the ‘dog’ family, except ‘Puma’, which is a member of the ‘cat’ family




4. (1) Pragmatic (2) Practical (3) Hardnosed (4) Realistic (5) Idealistic Option 1, 2, 3, and 4 are synonyms whereas ‘Idealistic’ is an antonym of the other four option.

5. (1) Kite (2) Plane (3) Car (4) Helicopter (5) Glider Every option has the common relation of flight except option 3, car, which is not related to flight in any way. 6. (1) Drum (2) Tambourine (3) Bongo (4) Flute (5) Dholak Options 1, 2, 3 and 5 are ‘percussion’ instruments where the ‘Flute’ is a ‘wind’ instrument.

7. (1) Play (2) Movie (3) Opera (4) Concept (5) FM Radio Options 1, 2, 3, and 4 have visual as well as audio connotations whereas FM radio has only an audio connotation

8. (1) Jackfruit (2) Lemon (3) Cashew (4) Ladyfinger (5) Olive OPtions 1, 2, 3, and 5 are names of ‘fuirts’ where as ‘ladyfinger’ is a vegetable 9. (1) Elephant (2) Whale Sharks (3) Tiger (4) Bats (5) Sloths Except for the whale shark, every other species of animal is warm-blooded

10. (1) Clarification (2) Revelation (3) Confusion (4) Elucidation (5) Explanation Option 2 and 4 are synonyms to ‘clarification or explanation’. ‘Confusion’ antonyms relationship to the other option

11. (1) Grow (2) Harvest (3) Advance (4) Build (5) Deteriorate option 1, 2, 3, and 4 are synonyms and mean ‘to grow’. ‘Deteriorate’ means a ‘decline’ and is not related to the other options.

12. (1) T-shirt (2) Socks (3) Trousers (4) Hyperbole (5) Synecdoche Option2, 3, 4, and 5 exist in pairs. Option 1 does not occur in pair

Verbal Analogies

Analogies are an important part of the Verbal Review. An analogy is simply a comparison between items that are basically different but that also have some striking similarities. Because of these similarities, analogous terms may share a common bond or relationship that is the key to the analogy. Actually, an analogy is the verbal equivalent of s proportion in mathematics. In a verbal




comparison, a colon separates two words to be compared. These verbal comparisons or verbal relationships may be of different types:Type-1. Part to whole- One frequent pattern is a part of an item or concept to the whole idea or concept.Ex. Chapter: Book:: Cage: Zoo

Type-2. Cause to effect- Another relationship is of the cause to its effect or the result to cause.Ex. Bacteria: Disease:: Sun: Heat Food: Agriculture:: Laughter: joke

Type-3. A trait and an opposite Trait- A common form of analogies is of a trait and its opposite trait.Ex. Velour : Cowardice

Type-4. Object to material pattern-Ex. Cotton: Shirt : : Leather: Shoe Nylon: Socks :: Iron : Spade

Type-5. User to tool Ex. Dentist : Drill : : Writer:: Pen Type-6. Group to member Ex. Senate: Senator: : Students: School Fleet: Ship: : Bouquet: Flower

Type-7. Word to definition or antonyms and synonyms Ex. Nadir: Zenith:: Foot : Head Day: Night :: Wet: dry

Type-8. Symbol to institution Flag: Government:: Crown: Monarchy

There are four basic steps to answering any analogy question:Step-1: Identify the meaning of both words in the sample.

Step-2: Trace the pattern or relationship between them. Also identify the part of speech and the number (Singular or plural) of each word.

Step-3: Once you identify the pattern and form, ignore the meanings of the words in the sample and look over the options. Use the meaning of the words in each option only to identify its pattern. Eliminate any option that does not match the pattern in every way, including the order of presentation and grammatical form. The match you want is the option whose members resemble one another in the same way the words of the sample pair are related. For example, if the relationship between the same pair is part to whole, you will look for the option showing part to whole. If the link between the same pair is cause to effect, then the matching option must be cause to effect.

Step-4: If one option remains, it is the exact match. If two options remain, examine them to see what is different about them. Compare these differences with the sample. Eliminate the option that does not match the sample perfectly.

Directions: These questions consist of two words which have a certain relationship to each other, followed by four pairs of related words. Select that pair which has the similar relationship.1. Rehearsal: Performance (1) Satisfaction: Appetite (2) Applause: Audience (3) Engagement : marriage (4) Entrapment: Game (5) None of these




2. Room: House (1) Chair: Room (2) Cabin: Ship (3) Wheel: Car (4) Cockpit: Plane (5) None of these

3. Sorrow: Death (1) Laugh: Cry (2) Happiness: Birth (3) Fear: Hate (4) Confusion Anger (5) None of these

4. Island: Ocean (1) Hill: Stream (2) Forest: Valley (3) Tree: Field (4) Oasis: Desert (5) None of these

5. Drama: Director (1) Movie: Scenario (2) Hope: Optimist (3) Magazine: Editor (4) Anchor: Playwright (5) None of these

6. Family: Child (1) Pond: Fish (2) Bunch: Flower (3) Herd: calf (4) Set: Bird (5) None of these

7. Brain: Neurology (1) Body : Physiology (2) Entomology: Plants (3) Biology : Animals (4) Horology: Horoscopes (5) None of these

8. Duck: Quack (1) Dog: Bark (2) Snake: Creep (3) Camel: Desert (4) Fisherman: Net (5) None of these

9. Chef: Kitchen (1) Student: Class (2) Beer: Brewery (3) Admiral : Navy (4) Spider : Web (5) None of these

10. Grease: Slip (1) Butter: Fry (2) Ice: Slide (3) Sand: Scatter (4) Clouds: Rain (5) None of these

Directions: Three pairs express the relationship similar to that expressed in the capitalized pair. select the pair not related in this way.

1. EDITOR: NEWSPAPER (1) Lecturer: University (2) Teacher: School (3) Nurse: Hospital (4) Architect: Design (5) None of these

2. HORSE: STABLE (1) Hen: Coop (2) Monk: Hermit (3) Fish: Pond (4) Dog: Kennel (5) None of these

3. AEROPLANE: DRONE (1) Birds: Chirp (2) Paper: Crinkle (3) Silk: Rustle (4) Elephant: Tusk (5) None of these

4. OPENING: INAUGURATION (1) Memory: Commemoration (2) Display: Exhibition (3) Admission: Initiation (4) Solemn: Vestments (5) None of these

5. AMPLIFY: ARGUMENT (1) Redouble: Efforts (2) Exacerbate: Sales (3) Maximize: Profits (4) Enhance: Game (5) None of these




Directions: For each of the following questions there exists a certain relation between the first two words. The same relation also exists in the third and fourth words. Out of these four words one words missing. The place of the missing word is shown by question mark. Find out the missing word from the five words given below in each question.

1. Air: Atmosphere:: Water:? (1) Island (2) Earth (3) Ocean (4) Drop (5) Dew

2. Mother: Daughter:: Father: ? (1) Son (2) Brother (3) Boy (4) Sister (5) Grandfather

3. Factory: Production:: School: ? (1) Teacher (2) Students (3) Building (4) Discipline (5) Education

4. House: Wall:: Wall: ? (1) Cement (2) Sand (3) Roof (4) Brick (5) None of these 5. Bee: Honey:: Cow:? (1) Animal (2) Grass (3) Milk (4) Water (5) Leather

6. Frown: Anger: : Yawn: ? (1) Joke (2) Boredom (3) Jealousy (4) Fatigue (5) Joy

7. Animal: Cage:: ? : House (1) Giant (2) Dog (3) Man (4) Adult (5) Children

8. Hospital : Patients :: Market: ? (1) Labourers (2) Sellers (3) Buyers (4) Insects (5) Hawkers

9. Book: Pages : : Parliament: ? (1) Members (2) Countries (3) Seeds (4) State (5) Capital

10. Sister: Brother:: Uncle: ? (1) Grandfather (2) Father (3) Grandson (4) Aunt (5) Nephew

One Word Substitution

In English, there are certain words which may be used for a group of words. A test of one-word substitution forms a major part of the standard objective English syllabi. Mastery in the art of substitution will enable the students to learn the art of precise-writing and of sentence completion.

One words substitution involves substituting a long phrase by a single word conveying the meaning of the phrase.




1. One who goes to settle in another country- Emigrant2. That which cannot be calculated- Uncalculated 3. Speak in a very low tone- Whisper 4. Spreading by infection – Infectious 5. A small shop that sells fashionable clothes, cosmetics etc. - Boutique6. Send rays of light or heat- Radiate 7. One who attacks – Assaulter, Assailant 8. One who can neither read nor write- Illiterate 9. Greedy for money – Rapacious 10. A bed of a new born baby- cradle, crib 11. Call back to the mind – Recall 12. Fruit or sweet –dish usually eaten after the main meals- Dessert 13. One who walks on ropes – Acrobat 14. A place of shelter for ships – Harbor 15. A person who writes his life history- Autobiography16. A journey by sea- Voyage 17. Study of disease- pathology 18. Study of animals- Zoology19. Study of earthquakes- Seismology 20. Something no longer in use- Obsolete 21. Through which light cannot pass-Opaque 22. Something no longer in use - obsolete 23. Walking in sleep- Somnambulism 24. A person suffering nervous disorder. Neurotic25. One who is very easily made angry-Irritable 26. Place where clothes are kept- Wardrobe27. A person interested in reading books and nothing else- Bookworm28. A house for storing grains – Granary 29. A person who knows many languages – Linguist 30. A disease which ends in death- Fatal

Exercises

Directions: In each of the following questions, out of the four alternatives, choose the one which can be substituted for the given words/ sentence. Q.1. Large scale departure of the people (1) Migration (2) Emigration (3) Immigration (4) Exodus (5) None of these

Q.2. To examine one’s own thoughts and feelings (1) Meditation (2) Retrospection (3) Reflection (4) Introspection (5) None of these

Q.3. Stage between boyhood and youth (1) Puberty (2) Adolescence (3) Infancy (4) Maturity (5) None of these




Q.4. The place where bricks are baked (1) Kiln (2) Cemetery (3) Mint (4) Foundry (5) None of these

Q.5. Anything made by human work of art (1) Handicraft (2) Pottery (3) Artifact (4) Carpentry (5) None of these

Q.6. A thing liable to be easily broken (1) Breakable (2) Ductile (3) Brittle (4) Delicate (5) None of these

Q.7. One who sacrifices his life for a cause (1) Soldier (2) Patriot (3) Revolutionary (4) Martyr (5) None of these Q.8. That which cannot be read (1) Incorrigible (2) Ineligible (3) Illegible (4) Negligible (5) None of these Q.9. One who hates mankind (1) Pessimist (2) Cruel (3) Inhuman (4) Misanthrope (5) None of these

Q.10. Medicine which lessens pain (1) Balm (2) Panacea (3) Anodyne (4) Antibiotic (5) None of these

Q.11. A place adjoining kitchen, for washing dishes etc. (1) Cellar (2) Wardrobe (3) Scullery (4) Pantry (5) None of these

Q.12. A man with prejudiced views against religion (1) Orthodox (2) Bigot (3) Profane (4) Fanatic (5) None of these

Q.13. An unexpected stroke of good luck (1) Fortune (2) Windfall (3) Boon (4) Breakthrough (5) None of these Q.14. Word Written on a tomb (1) Epitaph (2) Soliloquy (3) Voracious (4) Avaricious (5) None of these

Q.15. Habit of secretly listening to private conversation (1) Murmuring (2) Eavesdropping (3) Spelling (4) Spying (5) None of these

PHRASES / IDIOMS Phrases and Idioms form an important part of English usage. It is almost impossible to guess the meaning of an idiom or phrase from the words it contains. An idiom is a form of expression or a phrase unusual to a language and approved by the usage of that language. The meaning of a phrase bears no relation to the meaning of either the verb or the practical which is used with it.

1. To turn over a new leaf –To change the old habits and adopt new ones.2. To get into hot water- To get into trouble 3. Spick and span- Neat and clean 4. A red letter day-An important day5. A snake in the grass- Unrecognizable danger




6. French leave – Absence without permission 7. To keep the ball rolling – To keep the conversation going 8. To cross swards- To fight 9. The pros and cons- For and against a thing 10. Oily tongue- Flattery 11. Hard and fast rule – Rule that cannot be broken or modified 12. To end of fiasco- Complete Failure 13. To lay down arms-To Surrender 14. To bear in mind- To remember 15. To plough a lonely furrow- To do without the help of others16. By hook or crook-By any means 17. To take the bull by the horns- To grapple courageously with a difficulty that lies in our way 18. A man of spirit- A courageous man 19. Null and void – Invalid 20. To be born with a silver spoon in the mouth- To be born in a wealthy family 21. To create bad blood- To create ill- feeling 22. To get hold of the wrong end of the stick- To misjudge a situation 23. At the eleventh hour- At the last minute 24. To eat a humble pie- To apologize humbly 25. The gift of the gab-A talent for speaking 26. To be a great hand at-To be expert at something27. To die in harness- To die while still working 28. To pull one’s leg- To befool someone 29. To hit the jackpot- To make money unexpectedly 30. To push somebody to the wall- To defeat him

Directions: In each of the following questions, an idiomatic expression/a proverb has been given, followed by some alternatives. Choose the one which best expresses the meaning of the given idiom/proverb.1. To play fast and loose (1) To be narrow minded (2) To play a good game (3) To act in an unreliable way (4) To defeat a person (5) To be inconsistent

2. A cock and bull story (1) A children’s fable (2) A quarrelsome dialogue (3) An unbelievable gossip (4) A competition between unequal (5) None of these3. To talk one’s head off (1) To talk loudly (2) To talk in whispers (3) to talk to oneself (4) To talk excessively (5) None of these

4. To keep one’s temper (1) To be in good mood (2) To become angry (3) To be aloof from (4) To preserve one’s energy (5) None of these

5. To smell a rat (1) Bad smell (2) Signs of plague epidemic (3) To be in bad mood (4) To suspect foul dealing (5) None of these

6. To take heart (1) To take interest (2) To take matter seriously (3) To love everyone (4) To become helpful (5) None of these




7. To see red (1) To be very angry (2) To victimize someone (3) To find fault with (4) To criticize others (5) None of these

8. A matter of life and death (1) Something disastrous (2) To get something or may face death (3) Something vitally important/urgent (4) Something more important than life (5) None of these

9. To stand to one’s guns (1) To keep the guns close to oneself even amid danger (2) To preserve when hardships press (3) To maintain dignified and unbending attitude (4) To maintain one’s position (5) None of these

10. To draw a line (1) To withdraw from activity (2) To prepare for a battle (3) To set a limits (4) To decide one’s occupation (5) None of these

Directions: In each of the following questions, five alternatives are given for the idiom bold in the sentence. Choose the alternative which best expresses the meaning of the idiom/phrases.

1. He works by fits and starts. (1) consistently (2) irregularly (3) in high spirits (4) Enthusiastically (5) None of these

2. He is a wolf in sheep’s clothing. (1) scoundrel (2) rogue (3) hypocrite (4) crook (5) None of these

3. While the ladies continued their small talk in the drawing room, I felt bored? (1) private conversation (2) whispering (3) gossip (4) backbiting (5) None of these

4. He was all at sea when he began his new job. (1) happy (2) sad (3) puzzled (4) triumphant (5) None of these

5. The boy turned a deaf ear to the pleadings of all his well-wishers. (1) listened carefully (2) was deadly opposed (3) posed indifference (4) did not pay any attention (5) None of these

6. The story does not hold water. (1) does not deserve appreciation (2) cannot be valued (3) does not fulfill the requirements (4) cannot be believed (5) None of these

7. He burnt the midnight oil to pass his examinations. (1) used a lot of fuel (2) worked very hard (3) studied hard inspite of difficult situation (4) worked late into the night (5) None of these

8. He has built a big business empire by his sharp practices. (1) sharp intelligence (2) dishonest dealings (3) keen business skills (4) extreme hard work (5) None of these




9. P.T Usha proved that she was a dark horse. (1) fast (2) hard-working (3) brave (4) hidden genius (5) None of these

10. There is a lot of bad blood between the former friends now. (1) competition (2) argument (3) jealousy (4) ill feeling (5) None of these




GRAMMAR

Articles (Upped)

A, An and The are called Articles. Generally they comes before nouns

A and An are Indefinite Articles, The indefinite articles is used before singular countable noun.Ex- A book, An orange, A girl

‘The’ is called definite Article, the definite article is used before singular, countable nouns, plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns.Ex- The book, The milk, The house, etc.




Use of Indefinite ‘a’ and ‘an’

The choice between the A ‘a’ and ‘an’ is determined by sound.

Before a word beginning with a vowel sound ‘an’ used.Ex. An ass, An ink-pot, An umbrella, An honest, An eagle etc.

It will be notice that the words hour, heir, honest begin with vowel sound, as the initial consonant ‘h’ is not pronounced.

Before a word beginning with a consonant sound ‘a’ is used.Ex. a boy, a horse, a yard, a woman etc.

Also, a university, a union, a unicorn, a European etc.Because these words (university, union, unicorn etc.) begin with a consonant sounds that of’ ‘yu’ Similarly, a one rupee, a one-hand woman etc. because ‘one’ begins with the consonant sound of ‘w’

Use of Definite Article ‘The’

1. When we talk about a particular person or thing or one already referred to that is when it is clear from the context which one we mean. Ex. The book you want is out of print. (Which book? the one you want.) The boy next door is my best friend. 2. When a singular noun represents a whole class. Ex. The mango is considered the king among fruits. The cow is a useful animal. The rose is the sweetest of all flowers.

3. With name of gulfs, rivers, oceans, islands and mountains. (Proper noun) Ex. the Persian Gulf, the Sutlaj River, the Arctic ocean, the Andaman Island, the Himalayas

Certain books Ex. the Vedas, the Bible, the Ramayan, the Ramacharit Manas etc.

Musical InstrumentsEx. the Violin, thee Flute, the Tabla etc.

The inventionsEx. The television is a gift of Science Part of body comes after preposition Ex. They shot him in the eye. I hit him on the hands.

Religious groupsEx. The Sikhs, The Hindus etc.

Political PartiesEx. The Congress, The Janta Party, The BJP etc.

Clubs and Foundation Ex. The Rotary Club, The Taj Memorial etc.




Aeroplanes, Ships, Trains etc. Ex. The Makahi Aeroplane, The Vikrant (Ship), The Rajdhani Express (Train)

4. Before names of an empire, dynasty or historical events Ex. The Harsha dynasty, The New Stone Age, the Second world War, The Ameircan Revolution

5. With names enforcing law Ex. the Army, the Navy, the Air Force etc.

6. Before Common Nouns denoting unique things Ex. the Sun, the Sky, the Earth, the Stars

7. With Superlatives Ex. The darkest cloud has a silver lining. Savita is the most intelligent girl in the group.

8.With Ordinals Ex. You can meet me on the third floor. He lives in the eighth block.

9. Before the comparative degree Ex. The more they get, the more they want. Anita is the smarter of the two girls.

10. Before an adjective when the noun is understood. Ex. The poor (people) would favour him. We must not shun the disabled (people).

Use of ‘an’

1. Before words beginning with vowels. a, e, i, o, u are vowels Ex. an apple, an umbrella, an elephant etc.

2. Before words beginning with silent ‘h’ Ex. an hour, an honest person, an honorable man etc.

3. F,H, L, M, N, R, S, X are letters that are not vowels but begin with vowel sound, e.g. ‘M’ has sound of ‘em’ So ‘an’ is used before abbreviation beginning with vowels or their letter. Ex. an M.L.A., an X-ray, an RAF, an F.I.R. an NCC cadet, an S.P. etc.

Use of ‘a’

1. In the sense of one Ex. He couldn’t speak a word.

2. With ‘one’ (‘o’ is a vowel but ‘one’ begin with sound of ‘w’) Ex. a one rupee note, a one eye man etc.

3. Before words beginning with consonants Ex. a girl, a cat, a woman, a boy etc.

4. With vowel letter beginning with consonant sound. Ex. a University, a Unique article, a European Language, a Unit etc.




5. With units and rate Ex. He earns rupees five hundred a month. Give me a meter length of cloth. Wheat sells seven rupee a kilo

6. In Exclamatory expressions before singular countable nouns. Ex. What a beautiful Scene! How a sunny day!

7. When two subjects or articles are thought of as a single unit. Ex. He was ready with a cup and saucer. A cigarette is made of a paper and tobacco.

8. With certain expressions of quantity Ex. a lot of, a dozen, a great deal of, a couple

9. With a special meal (to celebrate something or in someone’s honour) Ex. I invited my friends to a lunch to celebrate my success.

10. With a person’s name to indicate that the person is perhaps unknown to the person addressed. Ex. A Mr. Roy is at the door.

11. To make a common noun of a proper noun. Ex. This man is ‘a second Newton’. (This phrase means ‘a philosopher as a great as Newton’)




Omission of the Article1. Proper Noun as Names of town- Delhi, Madras, Agra, Surat etc. Names of countries- India, Pakistan, Nepal etc. Name of Person- Ashoka, Akbar, Ram, Ramesh etc. Names of mountain peaks- Mount Abu, Mount Everest etc. Names of streets- Victoria street, Mahatma Gandhi Road etc. Names of the days of the week- Sunday, Monday etc. Names of the months of the year- January, February , March etc. Note: When we use ‘the’ before proper nouns, they become common nouns, as Kashmir is the Switzerland of India. Kalidas is the Shakespeare of India.

2. Name of Material or Substance Ex. Neither gold nor silver is to be found here. Clothes are made of cotton, silk and wool. Sugar is bad for your teeth.

3. Abstract nouns used in a general sense. Ex. Wisdom is the gift of heaven. Honesty is the best policy. Health is better than wealth.

4. Before Plural nouns used in a general sense. Ex. Children like chocolates Computers are used in many offices.

5. Before meals Ex. What time do you have lunch? Dinner is ready. My breakfast time is 8.00 am

6. Before Languages Ex. We are studying English. We speak Gujarati at home

7. Before School, College, Church, Hospital, Market, Prison, Bed, Office when they are visited for their primary purpose. Ex. I go to school everyday. He goes to office regularly. He goes to church on Sunday. He stays in bed till nine every morning.

8. Before relations- Father, mother, aunt, uncle, cook etc. Ex. Father has returned. Mother wants you to do this work.

9. ‘The’ is not used after ‘both’ Ex- Incorrect- Both the men were good wrestlers. Correct-Both men were good wrestlers.




10. ‘The’ is not used between ‘all’ and a number Ex- Incorrect- All the seven dwarfs met Snow White in the garden. Correct- All seven dwarfs met Snow White in the garden.

11. ‘The’ is not used after ‘all’ in expressions like all day, all week, all month, all summer, and all winter. Ex. Incorrect- He had been away all the winter. Correct- He had been away all winter.

12. ‘A/an’ is not used after expressions like ‘kind of, ‘type of’, ‘sort of’ etc. Incorrect- What kind of a man is he? Correct- What kind of man is he?

13. ‘A/an is not used with exclamations containing uncountable nouns. Ex- Incorrect- What a nonsense! Correct- What nonsense!

Repetition of the ArticleI have a black and white dog (one dog of white and black color) I have a black and a white dog (There are two dogs of white and black color)

The secretary and treasurer is absent. (Both are one person)

The Secretary and the Treasurer are absent (Both past are different persons)

The third and the fourth chapter.The third and fourth chapter.

He is a better mechanic than clerk.He is better poet than novelist.

Fill in the blanks 1. While there is a life, there is a hope.

2. The Sun rises in the east.

3. The doctor says, it is a hopeless case.

4. When did you buy an umbrella?

5. Draw the map of India.

6. Tagore was a great poet.

7. How blue the sky looks!

8. What a beautiful scene this is!

9. My favourite flower is the rose.

10. Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon. RACHNA ACADEMY OF CAREER EDUCATION Pvt. Ltd.



Find the error in the following sentences.

1. (1)Earth / (2) moves / (3) round / (4) the sun / (5) No error The Earth

2. (1)His mother / (2) went to / (3) college to / (4) see principal / (5) No error The college

3. (1) We / (2) shall start / (3) after / (4) the breakfast/ (5) No error Remove ‘the’

4. (1) His friend / (2) speaks / (3) the French / (4) Fluently/ (5) No error Remove ‘the’

5. (1) His / (2) friend/ (3) is / (4)an BA / (5) No error Remove ‘an’

6. (1) Almighty / (2) will take / (3) care of / (4) us / (5) No error The almighty

7. (1) Mumbai / (2) is New York / (3) of / (4) India / (5) No error The New York

8. (1) He has / (2) read / (3) the Ved Vyas’s / (4) the Gita / (5) No error Remove the

9. (1) poor are / (2) worst / (3) hit by / (4) cyclone / (5) No error the poor

10. (1) Ran wants / (2) best / (3) of / (4) everything / (5) No error The best

Parts of Speech – NounRACHNA ACADEMY OF CAREER EDUCATION Pvt. Ltd.



Words are divided into parts of speech according to their function in a sentence. There are eight parts of speech.

1. Noun 2. Pronoun 3. Verb 4. Adjectives 5. Adverb 6. Prepositions 7. Conjunctions 8. Interjection

Noun (Sangya) - A noun is a word used as the name of person place or things. (A noun is a naming word.)

Classification –1. Proper Noun 2. Common Noun 3. Material Noun 4. Collective Noun 5. Abstract Noun6. Countable Noun 7. Uncountable Noun

1. Proper Noun (Vyaktivachak Sangya) - Proper Noun is the special name of a particular person or place. Person- Thomas, Sita, Hari etc. Thing- Black pen, phone, pencil etc. Place- Haridwar, India, Ahmedabad etc. Note- A Proper Noun always begins with a capital letter.

2. Common Noun (Jativachak Sangya) - A noun which does not point out any particular person. Place or thing, but it is common to all person, place or thing of the same class or kind is called a Common Noun. Ex – city, boy, girl, book, river, country, man, etc.

3. Material Noun (Dravyavachak Sangya) - A nouns which stands for the matter or substance of which things are made is called a Material Noun. OR Words which denote matter or substance of which things are made of or made from. Ex. iron, wood, gold, cotton, steel, silver etc.

4. Collective Noun- Words which denotes a group or collection of similar objects or persons. Ex- team, crowd, army, police, class, mob, club, herd, fleet, family, department, committee, jury, company, public etc.

5. Abstract Noun (Bhavvachak Sangya) - An Abstract Noun is the name of something which we can neither see, nor, touch, but which we can only think of, can be felt. Ex. hope, honesty, health, courage, pity, joy, pain, sleep. Death, bravery, sickness etc. Quality- cleverness, bravery etc. State- youth, poverty, sorrow, slavery etc. Action- Laughter, Fight, Revenge etc.

6. Countable Noun- It is the name of the thing that can be counted or divide in singular or plural. Ex. Student, book, table, pen. Photograph, man, woman, boy, girl, chair etc. 7. Uncountable Noun- An uncountable noun is the name of a thing that cannot be counted or divided in to singular or Plural. Ex. Milk, rice, coffee, ice, oil, justice, truth, beauty, democracy, wool, gold etc.




RULES –

1. Certain nouns like scenery, furniture, Information, language, poetry, abuse, damage, machinery, expenditure, advice, mischief, stationery, issue, repair, fuel, vacation, data are used as singular nouns instead of plural noun. (Some nouns do not have plural forms)

Ex. The sceneries in Switzerland are charming. (Incorrect) Or The scenes in Switzerland are charming. (Incorrect) The scenery in Switzerland is charming. (Correct)

Ram gave me many advices. (Incorrect) Ram gave me much advice. (Incorrect) Or Ram gave me many pieces of advice. (Correct)Note- Advices is not plural for advise. An advices means information and Advice is to give or receive suggestion.

2. Some nouns like vegetables, trousers, scissors, spectacles, thanks, circumstances, alms, remains, Goods, glasses, pyjamas, jeans. eatables, contents, are used only in plural. Ex. 1. This scissor is blunt. (Incorrect) This scissors are blunt. (Correct) 2. He does not like vegetable. (Incorrect) He does not like vegetables. (Correct) 3. What is the content of this letter? (Incorrect) What are the contents of this letter? (Correct) Note- Contents- Matter –contents is not plural of content. Content- Satisfied and happy 3. Some nouns like Mathematics, politics, Innings, odds, means, Physics, Athletics, news are as singular, though in appearance they seem to be plural, as the each of the above said noun ends at ‘s’ in spellings (Used in singular form) Ex. 1. Mathematics are difficult subjects. (Incorrect) Mathematics is a difficult subject. (Correct) 2. Politics are dirty games. (Incorrect) Politics is a dirty game. (Correct) 3. These news are sad. This news is sad.

4. Nouns indicating measure or number do not change into plural especially when used after numerals. Ex. Score, hundred, dozen, year, million, six-man, committee etc. 1. I bought five dozens mangoes. I bought five dozen mangoes. 2. Our five years plan will succeed. Our five year plan will succeed.

5. A few nouns like sheep, deer, duck, fish, cattle, public, people, hair seem to be singular in form but actually are plural in meaning. Ex. 1. The cattles are grazing. The cattle are grazing.




2. Sheeps are grazing. Sheep are grazing. 3. Deers are running. Deer are running.

6. When material nouns are used to denote a mass of matter, they are not used as plurals. Ex. Brick, bread, fruit, stone etc. 1. The house is built of bricks. The house is built of brick.

2. The Taj is built of white marbles. The Taj is built of white marble. 3. I am fond of fruits. I am fond of fruit.

Exercise-1. (1) I feel that/ (2) the circumstances/ (3) here is quite bad. / (4) No error 3- ‘are’ in place of ‘is’

2. (1) Vegetable / (2) are very much / (3) liked by me. (4) No error 1- Vegetables

3. (1) her hairs / (2) are glossy and (3) black. (4) No error 1- hair

4. (1) His / (2) house is / (3) built of stones. (4) No error 3- stone

5. (1) She says that / (2) she has given you / (3) a twenty rupees note. (4) No error 3- rupee

6. (1) The cattles and sheep / (2) are grazing / (3) in the meadow. (4) No error 1- cattle

7. (1) The poetries / (2) of Shakespeare / (3) are quite good. (4) No error 1- poetry or poems

8. (1) These / (2) news are hair / (3) raising . (4) No error 2- is

9. (1) His advices were / (2) quite / (3) effective. / (4) No error 1- was

10. (1) The first innings / (2) were lost by / (3) Indians. (4) No error 2-was

11. (1) This road / (2) is under / (3) repair. (4) No error 3- repairs

PRONOUNS (Sarvanam)

Pronoun- Words used instead of nouns are called Pronouns.

Kinds of PronounsRACHNA ACADEMY OF CAREER EDUCATION Pvt. Ltd.



1. Personal Pronouns (Purushvachak or Vyaktivachak Sarvanam) - A pronoun used for three persons is known as personal Pronouns.

I Person- A pronoun used for the person speaking is known as the first person. Ex. I, WeII Person- A pronoun used for the person spoken to is known as the second person. Ex. YouIII Person-A pronoun used for the person spoken of is known as the third person. Ex. He, She, It, They

Nominative Case Karta Vibhakti (Comes before verb)

Objective CaseKarm Vibhakti (Comes after verb)

Possessive case(Sambandhkarak)

First (Possessive Adjective)

Second (Possessive pronoun)

1st

Person I Me my MineWe Us our Ours

2nd

Person you You your Yours

3rd

personhe Him his Hisshe Her her Hersit It Its Itsthey Them their theirs

CaseFirst Person Second Person Third PersonSingular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural

Nominative I We You You He/She/ It TheyObjective Me Our Your Your Him/ Her/ It Them

PossessiveMy

Mine

Our

Ours

Your

Yours

Your

Yours

His/ Her/ It

His/ Hers/ Its

Their

Theirs

Note- Sometimes a word is subject or sometimes a word can be object in a given sentence. So CASE is a situation or rule by which we can find how we have to use pronouns in a given sentence.

If pronouns are used before the verbs then pronouns should always be in subjective forms.Ex- You and I/me are invited there.

If pronouns are to be used after the verbs then pronouns should be in objective forms.Ex. They have invited you and I/me.

Reflexive Pronoun- (Svavachak Sarvanam)- pronouns refer to the same persons as the subjects of the verbs. Such Pronouns are called Reflexive Pronouns.Ex. myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, themselves, itself etc.

Ex. I did it myself. The boys did it themselves. You can do it yourself.




Note- Reflexive pronouns are never used as Subject. Ex. Incorrect- Myself will go there. Correct- I will go there by myself. Emphatic Pronouns- (Bhardarshak Sarvanam)-These pronouns are used for the sake of emphasis only. They are placed immediately after the subject. Ex. He himself said it. It was told by the teacher himself.

Demonstrative Pronouns- (Darshak Sarvanam)- Pronouns which point out the person or thing we talk about is known as Demonstrative Pronouns.Ex. This, That, These, Those etc.Ex. This is a book. That is a house. These are pencils.Note- This, That etc. are adjective when they are used with nouns.Ex. This is my book. (Pronoun) This book is mine. (Adjective)

Reciprocal Pronouns- (Vyast Sarvanam) - These pronouns are used to show mutual relationship or mutual give and take. Ex. each other, one another Ex. The two friends love each other. (Mutual Relationship) The three sisters helped one another. (Mutual give and take)

Interrogative Pronouns- (Prashnavachak Sarvanam) - Pronouns used to ask questions Ex. Who are you? Whom do you want to see? What are you going to do? Whose handwriting is this?

Indefinite Pronouns- (Anishchit Sarvanam) – Pronouns used to refer persons or things in general.Ex. All, some, Everyone, Everybody, few, someone, another, nobody etc. Ex. Some of my friends are rich. Everyone of you is smart. Many persons are invited. One hardly knows what to do! Someone opened the door. Nobody helped me. All are equal in eye of law. Many of them passed in exam.

Distributive Pronouns- (Vibhagvachak Sarvanam) – These Pronouns refer to one person or thing at a time or words used to represent every person or thing in group about which we are talking at that time. Ex. Each, None, Either, Neither etc.

Possessive Pronouns- A pronoun that indicates the possession of a particular, thing or person is called a possessive pronoun

Noun Corresponding Pronoun (Related or Parallel)

Man, Boy, Everyone, Everybody, Every Person

He, Him, His, Himself

Woman, Girl, Everywoman, Every girl

She, Her, Hers, Herself




A Thing, An animal It, Its, ItselfMen, Women, People, Animals, Things

They, Them, Their, Theirs, Themselves

You You, Your, Yours, YourselfWe We, Us, our, Ours, Ourselves

Rules

1. When first, second and third person pronouns are used then the order of their use is second, third and first respectively in positive situations. But if the context is negative then the order is first, second, third.

Ex. I and you are friends. You and I are friends. I, he and you went to Delhi. You, he and I went to Delhi.

2. ‘Each other’ is used for two persons and ‘one another’ is used for more than two persons. Ex. The two sisters help one another. (Incorrect) The two sisters help each other. (Correct) The four friends love each other. (Incorrect) The four friends love one another. (Correct) 3. Each, everyone, everybody, anybody, nobody must be followed by verbs, pronouns and in singular. Ex. Everyone of them did their work. (Incorrect) Everyone of them did his work. (Correct) He advised everybody to perform their duty. He advised everybody to perform his duty.

4. If pronouns are used before the verbs then pronouns should always be in subjective forms. If pronouns are to be used after verbs then pronouns should be in objective forms. If any sentence starts with let or between, then following pronouns are always used in objective forms. Ex. These presents are for you and I. These presents are for you and me. Let you and I go there. Let you and me go there.

5. ‘Either and Neither’ are used for two objects or pronouns. ‘Any or None is used for more than two persons or objects. ‘Either and Any are used in positive sense, Neither and None are used in negative sense. Ex. Any of these two houses will serve our purpose. Either of these two houses will serve our purpose. He is poorer than either of his four friends. (Incorrect) He is poorer than any of his four friends. (Correct) None of these two pens are yours. (Incorrect) Neither of these two pens is yours. (Correct)

6. After one, one’s is used. If ‘one’ is in subjective case, then ‘one’s’ should be used in objective case. So, after one, one’s of or oneself is used. Ex. One should serve his country. One should serve one’s country.7. Generally ‘Who’ is used as subjective case and ‘whom’ is used as objective case. Ex. The person (who/whom) we thought (he) was an actor proved to be a soldier. The person (who/whom) we feared we had shot (him) proved to be unharmed. Note: Whenever in any sentence, If we are able to insert (he/she) then ‘who’ is used and if we are able to insert (him/her) then ‘whom’ is used. Ex. Who did you see yesterday? (Incorrect) Whom did you see yesterday? (Correct)




Whom do you think will be a leader? (Incorrect) Who do you think will be a leader? (Correct)

8. If two singular Nouns are joined by ‘or’, either-or, neither-nor then pronoun used must be in Singular. Ex. Ram or Shyam gave me their share. (Incorrect) Ram or Shyam gave me his share. (Correct) Either Sita or Geeta must do their work. (Incorrect) Either Sita or Geeta must do her work. (Correct) Neither Mohan nor Sohan did their work. (Incorrect) Neither Mohan nor Sohan did his work. (Correct)

9. When the sentence starts with Let, the pronoun must be in objective case. Ex. Let he do the question. (Incorrect) Let him do the question. (Correct) Let I go there. (Incorrect) Let me go there (Correct)

10. When comparison is made using ‘as’ or ‘than’, the pronoun used should be of same case. Ex. He is faster than me. (Incorrect) He is faster than I. (Correct) You are stronger than him. (Incorrect) You are stronger than he. (Correct) You are as small as me. (Incorrect) You are as small as I. (Correct)

11. Certain verbs like avail, enjoy, absent, resign, cover are followed by reflexive pronouns. Ex. He availed the opportunity. (Incorrect) He availed himself of the opportunity. (Correct) I covered me with a blanket. (Incorrect) I covered myself with a blanket. (Correct) He enjoyed during the show. (Incorrect) He enjoyed himself during the show. (Correct) 12. ‘That’ or ‘Those’ is used to avoid the repetition of a noun already used in the given sentence. Ex. The streets of Delhi are wider than those of Haridwar.

13. Indefinite pronouns like anyone/ anybody, someone/somebody, No one/ Nobody, Everyone/ Everybody are followed by singular form of verb.Ex. Nobody was in the room. Somebody is watching me. Everybody was in room.

EXERCISE

Direction- Spotting the Error.1 (1) Ram is /(2) more /(3) intelligent /(4) than me. (5) No error 4- I2. (1) Ajay and /(2) Kajol /(3) love /(4) one another. (5) No error 4- each other3. (1) Who do /(2) you /(3) went /(4) to see (5) No error 1- whom4. (1) Everybody / (2) should perform /(3) their duty /(4) sincerely. (5) No error 3- his5. (1) Both /(2) of them /(3) did /(4) not go. (5) No error 1- Neither 6. (1) She /(2) enjoyed /(3) during /(4) the show. (5) No error




2- herself7. (1) I am /(2) not so weak /(3) as /(4) him (5) No error 4- he8. (1) One must /(2) not be /(3) dishonest to his /(4) society. (5) No error 3- one’s9. (1) None of /(2) us have /(3) ever /(4) met her. (5) No error 2- has10. (1) My father took /(2) my mother and /(3) I for a joy ride /(4) in his new car. (5) No error 3-me Fill in the blank 1. All failed except _____. (he, him)

2. We scored as many goals as _________. (they, them)

3. Rama and ________ were present. (I, me)

4. There isn’t much difference between you and _________. (he, him)

5. The boys hid __________. (himself, themselves)

6. Either Sita or Amina forgot to take ________ parasol. (her, them)

7. There was no doubt as to ______ the speaker meant. (who, whom)

8. It is Sohrab _________ I think is the better of the two at swimming. (Whom, who)

9. I ________ was there. (myself, himself)

10. This is the boy _________ nature is good. (Who, Whose)

Fill in the blanks with the correct Pronouns:1.The teacher said to Raman, “ Why are you late again? Didn’t I tell you to come to school in time?” Rama Said, “I am sorry I am late, sir. Please excuse me this time.”

2. The king said to the queen, “Please take these jewels and put it carefully in a box. Then come back to me and I will tell you why you must keep it carefully.”

3. My father keeps his savings in a bank. Yesterday I went to the State Bank of India with my father. This was my first visit to a bank.

4. The policeman saw us and asked us to stop. He asked us what we were doing. We said that we were looking for our lost dog.

5. The principal asked the students what they were doing in the class. The students told him that they were doing their work themselves; the principal said that he was happy to know that.

VERBSVerbs-A verb is a word which says something about a subject. A verb tells us- 1. What a person or thing does? Ex. Hari laughs, the clock strikes, The Sun rises.




2. What is done to a person or thing? Ex. Hari is scolded. , he is punished. , The window is broken.3. What a person or is? Ex. The cat dead, She is a teacher.

Two kinds of verb.1. Transitive verb (Skarmak Kriyapad) 2. Intransitive Verb (Akarmak Kriyapad)

1. Transitive Verb- It is a verb that denotes an action, which passes over from the doer or subject to an object.Ex. The boy picked the stone. The student wrote a letter. Alice made a doll.

2. Intransitive verb- It is a verb that denotes an action, which does not pass over to an object. It expresses the state or being.Ex. The baby laugh loudly. He slept very well. The sun shine. The man died.

Rules

1. In any sentence when there are words which indicate past time like yesterday, ago etc., we have to use past indefinite tense. Ex. Ram have seen him last yesterday. (Incorrect) Ram saw him yesterday. (Correct) I have met him last year. (Incorrect) I met him last year. (Correct)

2. When two nouns are connected by together with, as well as, beside, in addition to are followed by verbs in singular. If former of two nouns is singular and later of two nouns is plural. Ex. The father together with his sons were there. (Incorrect) The father together with his sons was there. (Correct) He as well as his friends were winner. (Incorrect) He as well as his friends was winner. (Correct)

3. If different person or things are meant, ‘the’ article is repeated and followed by the verb in plural. Ex. The teacher and the leader is dead. (Incorrect) The teacher and the leader are dead. (Correct) If one person or thing is meant, ‘the’ articles is not repeated and followed by the verb in singular. Ex. The teacher and novelist are dead. (Incorrect) The teacher and novelist is dead. (Correct)4. Each, Either, Neither, Every, Nobody, any one, everyone is followed by verb in singular.Ex. Neither of these reports are true. (Incorrect) Neither of these reports is true. (Correct) Each boy and each girl were given sweets. (Incorrect) Each boy and each girl was given sweets. (Correct) Every one of them have attended college. (Incorrect) Every one of them has attended college. (Correct)5. When two singular nouns are joined by ‘either….or’, neither …. Nor, the verb is singular. Ex. Either he or his friend have the solution. Either he or his friend has the solution

6. When the subjects of different persons are joined by either…or, neither…nor, the verb is placed according to nearest person. Ex. Neither you nor I are artist. Neither you nor I am artist.




7. When two different nouns combine to form one idea, the verb is singular. Ex. Bread and butter are his favourite snack. Bread and butter is his favourite snack. Slow and steady win the race. Slow and steady wins the race.

8. The verb used will always be according to subject. If subject is singular then verb is singular. If subject is plural then verb is plural. Ex. Our only hope are promises made by leaders. Our only hope is promises made by leaders The promises made is our only hope. The promises made are our only hope.

9. When ‘many a’ is followed by one noun, verb is singular. But when ‘many a’ followed by two different nouns, the verb is plural. Ex. Many a students were there. (Incorrect) Many a students was there. (Correct) Many a boy and girl was dancing. (Incorrect) Many a boy and girl were dancing. (Correct)

10. In any sentence if main clause is in past tense, than dependent clause or part must be in past tense, But if in dependent clauses any universal fact is quoted, then it must be in present indefinite tense. Ex. I recognised from his face that I know him. (Incorrect) I recognised from his face that I knew him. (Correct) Ram told me that the earth moved round the sun. (Incorrect) Ram told me that the earth moves around the sun. (Correct)

11. Perfect tense are used when we are talking about two events and one of the event is complete before the start of another. Ex. The train left the station before Ram reached there. (Incorrect) sensuous The train had left the station before Ram reached there. (Correct)12. After ‘one of’ when noun is in plural number the verb should also be plural. Ex. This is one of the best cars that has ever been built. This is one of the best cars that have ever been built.

13. Two future tenses are not used in same sentence one of them is in present indefinite tense with ‘if’ and the other is in future tense. I shall do work if machine will be in good condition. (Incorrect) I shall do work if machine is in good condition. (Correct)

14. ‘That’ is not used before when, where, how, what, which, who, why. In interrogative sentence verb is placed before the subject. Ex. I do not know that how to find him. I do not know how to find him. triumph15. When the sentence starts with never, near, seldom, rarely, neither, not only, no sooner, verb is placed before the subject. Ex. Never I have visited such a place. (Incorrect) Never have I visited such a place. (Correct)

16. When helping verbs like ‘have’ and ‘will’ are used; we must complete the sense of sentence. Ex. I have never and will never see you. (Incorrect)




I have never seen and will never see you. (Correct)

17. When ‘worth’ is sued as an adjective it is generally placed before the verb. Ex. Gitanjali is worth reading book. (Incorrect) Gitanjali is a book worth reading. (Correct)

18. After certain verbs/ words like avoid, dislike, enjoy, help, stop, remember, succeed; we use (verb + ing) gerund. Ex. He dislikes to do this. (Incorrect) He dislike to doing this. (Correct) 19. After had better, had rather, as soon as; ‘to’ is not used. Ex. You had better not to read this. (Incorrect) You had better not read this. (Correct)

20. Some nouns like number, plenty, army, brave, variety, enemy, pair, dozen are actually plural in meaning though they look like singular noun. That is why the verb used after then is always plural. Ex. The brave always deserved the victory. (Incorrect) The brave always deserve the victory. (Correct) Our army has all the qualities. (Incorrect) Our army have all the qualities. (Incorrect) 21. When two nouns or pronouns are joined by Not only…. but also the verb is used as per second noun or pronoun. Ex. Not only the principal but also the students was playing. (Incorrect) Not only the principal but also the students were playing. (Correct)

22. Generally ‘for’ is used to show purpose and ‘to’ is used to show the direction but in any sentence if direction is already shown by any other word (not by to) then ‘to’ is used to show purpose.Ex. He came here for buying this house. (Incorrect) He came here to buy this house. (Correct)

23. When ‘since, is used as conjunction, the verb after ‘Since’ should be in past indefinite. Ex. More than a year has passed since I have gone there. (Incorrect) More than a year has passed since I went there. (Correct)

24. When a plural noun is considered collectively, the verb is always singular. Ex. Fifty kilometers are a long distance. (Incorrect) Fifty kilometers is a long distance. (Correct) Ten thousand are a big amount. (Incorrect) Ten thousand is a big amount. (Correct)

ExercisesLocate the error:

1. (1) The king as /(2) well as the soldiers /(3) are /(4) dancing . (5) No error 3 – Replace ‘are’ to ‘is’

2. (1) The aeroplane / (2) left / (3) before we reached / (4) the airport. (5) No error 1- had




3. (1) A week has / (2) passed since / (3) I am going / (4) there. (5) No error 3- I went

4. (1) Ram asked / (2) me / (3) where did I live. (4) No error 3- Where I lived

5. (1) She was / (2) hung / (3) for / (4) murder. (5) No error 2- hanged 6. (1) Shyam asked / (2) him / (3) what is his address. (4) No error 3- What his address was

7. (1) A variety of / (2) wines were / (3) saved. / (4) No error 2 – Replace ‘were’ to ‘was’

8. (1) He need / (2) not worry / (3) for you / (4) No error 4

9. (1) I never / (2) met him / (3) today. / (4) No error 1- I did not

10. (1) Either Ram / (2) or Shyam have / (3) stolen / (4) my book. (5) No error 2- has

11. (1) He / (2) did / (3) no fault / (4) No error 2-Commited

Fill in the blank with proper verb form.1. I had written the letter before he arrived. (to write) 2. Look, the sun is rising over the hills. (to rise)3. When you reach Bombay, I shall meet you. (meet)4. You can go if your work is finished. (finish)4. Water boils at 100 degree Celsius. (boil)5. You are advised not to waste your time. The examination is coming near. (advise)6. Yesterday evening I went to Arvind’s house. He was reading a story book at that time. (read)7. Tomorrow the pupils will be taken round the factory by the manager. (take)8. The result of TY B.Sc. will be published in the local newspaper. (Publish)9. Canals are built to supply enough water to our farmers. (build)10. The Patient was examined by the doctor last night is better now. 11. You must be careful while you are cutting vegetables (cut)12. Man is known by the company he keeps (know) 13. All must avoid smoking. (smoke)14. Eating is necessary to maintain good health. (Eat)15.The police-inspector found out the hidden rupees. (hide)

ADVERBS (Kriya Visheshan)

Adverbs- Adverbs are words that add information about the verb and tell us how a thing is done, when it is done or where it is done.

How thing is done- Mary sings sweetly.When it is done- Ashok came yesterday.Where it is done- We must rest here.




We have three kinds of Adverbs- 1. Simple Adverbs 2. Interrogative Adverbs 3. Relative Adverbs

1. Simple Adverbs- Simple adverbs tells the time, place, number, degree of quantity, manner, affirmation.

1. Adverb of time- (Smaysuchak/ kaadvachak kriyavisheshan) When an action is done, such adverb is called Adverb of time. Ex. tomorrow, daily, today, yesterday etc. She left early. He will come presently. The school will open tomorrow.Adverbs of time answer the question- ‘when’ Kyare

2. Adverb of place- (Sthanvachak kriyavisheshan) The adverb show where an action is done such adverbs are called Adverb of place. Ex. outside, everywhere, here, there, out, forward, in, up, down, away The boys are waiting outside. He lives here. The train stops there. The boys ran forward. Adverbs of place answer the question ‘where’ Kya

3. Adverbs of number- (Avrutivachak kriyavisheshan) The adverb show how often an action is done such adverb are called Adverb of number. Ex. After, never, twice, thrice, even, seldom, always, occasionally, once etc. Ex. Twice the boy struck him. You are always late. He seldom comes here. I visited him once. Adverbs of number answer the question ‘How often’ ketli var

4. Adverbs of Manner- (Ritivachak kriyavisheshan) The adverb show how or the manner in which an action is done such adverb are called Adverb of Manner. Ex. slowly, fastly, quickly, slowly, well, happily, bravely, carelessly, badly etc. She spent all her wealth foolishly. The old man walked slowly. The soldier fought bravely. She ran fast.




Note: In Adverb of manner ‘ly’ come in end of the adjective.Adverb of manner answer the question ‘How’ kevi rite

5. Adverb of Degree or Quantity - (Parimanvachak kriyavisheshan) The adverb which show how much or to what extent a thing is done, are called Adverb of Degree. Ex. quite, hardly, too, very, enough, entirely, almost, partly, much, some, little, wholly etc. He was partly pleased. He was nearly exhausted. He was very tired. He is entirely deaf. Adverb of degree answer the question ‘How much’ Ketli

6. Adverb of Affirmation- (Svikarvachak kriyavisheshan ) Ex. Certainly, surely etc Surely you are mistaken. He certainly went.

7. Adverb of Negation – (Nishedhvachak kriyavisheshan) Words which show the denial (Rejection) Ex. He does not know. I am not coming.

2. Interrogative Adverb- (PrashnaVachak kriyavisheshan) Adverbs which used for asking questions. Ex. what, where, when, how, which etc. Where are you going? When did you get up? Why are you late?

3. Relative Adverbs- (Sambhandhvachak kriyavisheshan) Join two sentences and refer to the noun used. Relative adverbs are the same in the form as interrogative adverbs but instead of asking question they join two sentences together. Ex. This is the place where we work. Let us know the time when you will leave. I know from where he is coming.

Rules

1. ‘Too’ can’t be used in place of ‘very’ or ‘much’. ‘Very’ means truly. ‘Too’ means more than enough. ‘Too’ is not use instead of ‘very’ or ‘much’ Ex. It is too cold today. (Incorrect) It is very cold today. (Correct) This movie is too interesting. (Incorrect) This movie is very interesting. (Correct) Sugar is too sweet. (Incorrect) Sugar is very sweet. (Correct) This wall is too strong. (Incorrect) This wall is very strong. (Correct)




He is very weak to walk. (Incorrect) He is too weak to walk. (Correct)

2. Certain adverbs like ever, seldom, never, before, always, sometimes, often are generally used before the main verbs. Ex. He sees me often. (Incorrect) He often sees me. (Correct) I take tea seldom. (Incorrect) I seldom take tea. (Correct) I go there always. (Incorrect) I always go there. (Correct)

3. Adverb ‘enough’ is mostly used after the verb it modifies. Ex. He is enough intelligent to solve this question. (Incorrect) He is intelligent enough to solve this question. (Correct) She was enough foolish to marry him. She was foolish enough to marry him.

4. ‘Else’ is followed by an adverb ‘but’, not by ‘than’. It is nothing else than money. (Incorrect) It is nothing else but money. (Correct)

5. Adverbs like carefully, calmly, quickly, slowly, hurriedly, badly, well, gently, surely are placed after the verbs. Ex. He hurriedly caught the train. (Incorrect) He caught the train hurriedly. (Correct) Please carefully do it. (Incorrect) Please do it carefully. (Correct)

6. ‘Quite’ can’t be used in a sense of ‘very’. Ex. I am quite pleased to see you. (Incorrect) I am very pleased to see you.(Correct)

7. In any sentence. If there is an adverb of time and an adverb of place are used, then adverb of place comes first they are placed at end of sentence. Ex. He last night went to Delhi. (Incorrect) He went to Delhi last night. (Correct) I will go tomorrow there. (Incorrect) I will go there tomorrow. (Correct) 8. ‘Too’ is used in negative sense and ‘very’ is used in positive sense. ‘Too’ shows some kind of excess of anything and ‘very’ shows the quality or person is truly great. Ex. It is very hot to go out. (Incorrect) It is too hot to go out. (Correct) He is very bad. (Incorrect) He is too bad. (Correct) He is too good. (Incorrect) He is very good. (Correct)

9. ‘Ago’ is used if we move from present time to past and ‘before’ is used from past to further past RACHNA ACADEMY OF CAREER EDUCATION Pvt. Ltd.



time. I saw this picture before three weeks. (Incorrect) I saw this picture three week ago. (Correct) Maya left this place in 2000; she won it ago 10 years. (Incorrect) Maya left this place in 2000; she won it 10 years before. (Correct)

10. ‘So’ can’t be used in sense of ‘very’. Ex. He is so kind to me. (Incorrect) He is very kind to me. (Correct)

11. ‘very’ qualifies adverb or adjective in positive degree and ‘much’ is used in comparative degree. Ex. Ritu is very slower than Deepu (Incorrect) Ritu is much slower than Deepu. (Correct)

12. The adverb ‘briefly’ is always used before the verb it qualifies. Ex. He explained briefly his views. (Incorrect) He briefly explained his views. (Correct)

13. Certain adverbs like fortunately, unfortunately, at length, are meant to qualify the whole sentence or to make the sense of that situation. So these adverbs are placed at the start of sentence. Ex. I saw that match fortunately. (Incorrect) Fortunately I saw that match. (Correct) He completed this task at length. At length he completed this task.

14. We can’t use ‘quite’ or ‘too’ in place of ‘very’ or in the sense of ‘very’. Ex. He is quite happy for his new job. (incorrect) He is very happy for his new job. (Correct) 15. We can’t say firstly, secondly, thirdly etc. while describing more than one incident at a time. Ex. Firstly we went to movie and secondly we went to picnic. (Incorrect) First we went to movie and secondly we went to picnic.(Correct)

16. For the event of near future we use ‘presently’ and for the near past or near present we use ‘just now’ Ex. Salman will arrive just now. (Incorrect) Salman will arrive presently. (Correct) We have reached presently. (Incorrect) We have reached just now. (Correct)

17. If verb in the given sentence is intransitive, then adverb comes after verb. Ex. The sun brightly shines. (Incorrect) The sun shines brightly. (Correct) The sheep deep sank. (Incorrect) The ship sank deep. (Correct)

18. If verb in the given sentence is transitive, then the place of adverb is after the object. Ex. Rama immediately opened the window. (Incorrect) Rama opened the window immediately. (Correct) The boy quickly picked the stone. (Incorrect) The boy picked the stone quickly. (Correct)19. If main verb and helping verb in the given sentence then the place adverb is between the main



ANSWER


verb and helping verb. Ex. Gandhiji was praised greatly for his service to the nation. (Incorrect) Gandhiji was greatly praised for his service to the nation. (Correct)

Exercise

Locate the error

1. (1) The soldier / (2) bravely fought / (3) and defeated / (4) the enemy. (5) No error 2- fought bravely

2. (1) The driver / (2) was / (3) much / (4) drunk. (5) No error 3- very

3. (1) There was / (2) very noise / (3) in the classroom. / (4) (5) No error 2-much noise

4. (1) I only / (2) saw / (3) him once. (4) No error 1- I saw him only once. 5. (1) He just / (2) arrived / (3) in time. (4) No error 1- He arrived just in time.

6. (1) I am / (2) enough rich / (3) to support / (4) you (5) No error 2- rich enough 7. (1) I am / (2) too glad / (3) to see / (4) you. (5) No error 2- very

8. (1) His success / (2) is much / (3) surprising . (4) No error 2- very

9. (1) You are / (2) very / (3) stronger / (4) than I.(5) No error 2- much

10. (1) They studied / (2) real / (3) hard / (4) for the test. (5) No error 2- really

Adjective (Visheshan)RACHNA ACADEMY OF CAREER EDUCATION Pvt. Ltd.



Adjective- Adjectives are the words used to qualify nouns or pronouns.

Adjectives are the words which tell us any thing about nouns or pronouns.

Ex. Clever, intelligent, lazy, brave, honest, big, small, sweet etc.

Ex. Sita is a clever girl. (What kind?) I don’t like that boy. (Which boy?) He gave me five mangoes. (How many?) There is little time for preparation. (How much?)

Kinds of Adjectives yeat

1. Adjectives of Quality (Gunvachak Visheshan)2. Adjectives of Quantity (Maapvachak Visheshan)3. Adjectives of Number (Sankhyavachak Visheshan) Cordinal Numeral (Ank Suchak) Ordinal Numeral (Anukram Suchak)4. Demonstrative Adjectives (Darshak Visheshan)5. Distributive Adjectives (Viyojak Visheshan)6. Interrogative Adjectives (Prashna Vachak Visheshan)7. Possessive Adjectives 1. Adjective of quality- An adjective used to talk about a person or thing is known as an Adjective of quality. Adjective of quality answer the questions ‘of what kind?’ Ex. good, bad, nice, foolish, regional, primary etc. Mala has a black cat. They sing nice song. The foolish man does not follow wise advice.

2. Adjective of quantity- An adjective used to talk about the quantity of things is known as adjective of quantity. Adjective of Quantity answer the question s of ‘How much?’ Ex. all, a little, much, more, enough, no, any, whole etc. My father earned enough money. That miser has much gold. Salma has some money.

3. Adjectives of numbers- An adjective used to talk about the number of things or persons is known as adjective of number. Adjective of numbers answer the questions ‘How many?’ Ex. five, two, a few, many, most, etc. Coordinal- one, two. Three, ten, hundred, thousand, etc. Ordinal- First, second, fourth, hundredth etc.

4. Demonstrative Adjectives – An adjective used to point out which person or thing we speak about is know as demonstrative adjective.

Demonstrative adjectives answer the question ‘which’

Ex. this, that, these, those, such etc. That girl is very beautiful.




These boys are reading. This book is very interesting.

5. Distributive Adjectives- An adjective used to refer each and every person or thing separately is known as distributive adjective. The adjectives show that the persons or tings are taken one at a time are called distributive adjectives. Ex. Each, every, either, neither, any, none, both etc. Every boy in this class is clever. Neither party has got majority in the election. Each boy has a watch.

6. Interrogative Adjectives- An adjective used to ask question is know as Interrogative adjective. Ex. What, which, whose, why, etc. What time is it? Which poet does you like the most? Whose father works in that office?

Comparison of AdjectivesDegrees of Comparison (Guntulana) 1. Positive Degree 2.Comparative Degree 3. Superlative Degree

Positive Degree- (Samantavachak Tulana) - An adjective used to talk about the quality of a person place or thing is known as positive degree. Ex. Fat, good, heavy, beautiful, healthy etc.

Mary is a clever girl.Rakesh is as clever as Hiren.Mohini is not as beautiful as Sohini.Mohini is not so beautiful as Sohini.

Comparative Degree- (Adhiktavachak Tulna) - An adjective used to compare two persons or things or the qualities is known as comparative degree.Ex. Fatter than, better than, heavier than, more beautiful than, healthier than etc.

Rakesh is clever than Hiren.Sohini is more beautiful than Mohini.

NOTE- Comparative degree is generally followed by the Conjunction ‘than’

Superlative Degree- (ShreshthataVachak Tulana) - An adjective used to talk about comparing more than two persons or things or their qualities is known as superlative degree. Ex. The Fattest, the best, the heaviest, the cleverest, most beautiful, the healthiest etc. Raman is the best boy in the class. Raman is the ablest of all boys. NOTE- The superlative degree is proceed by ‘the’ and followed by ‘of/in’.

The adverb Clause of Comparison

1. The Positive Degree- Affirmative- as + adj/adv + as RACHNA ACADEMY OF CAREER EDUCATION Pvt. Ltd.



Negative – so + adj/ adv + as

2. The Comparative Degree- 1. adj/adv –r/er + than 2. more + adj/adv + than

3. The Superlative Degree – (A) 1. the + adj/adv-st/est + ….+ of/in 2. the + most adj/adv + ….. + of/in (B) 1. one of the + adj/adv- st/est + …. + of/in 2. one of the + most + adj/adv +….. + of/in

Positive – Comparative – Positive 1. Mahesh is as clever as Naresh. Naresh is not cleverer than Mahesh.2. Vadodara is not so clean as Surat. Surat is cleaner than Vadodara.3. Meera is more beautiful than Radha. Radha is not so beautiful as Meera.4. A type writer is not more important than a computer. A computer is as important as a type writer.

Superlative- Mahesh is the tallest boy in the class.Comparative- Mahesh is a taller than any other boy in the class.Positive- No other boy in the class is so tall as Mahesh.

Positive- No other king was so powerful as Shivaji.Comparative- Shivaji was more powerful than any other king.Superlative- Shivaji was the most powerful king.

Superlative – Ashok was one of the greatest kings.Comparative – Ashok was greater than most other kings.Positive – Very few kings were as great as Ashok.

Comparative – The Tapi is holier than most other rivers of India.Superlative – The Tapi is one of the holiest rivers of India.Positive – Very few rivers of India are as holy as the Tapi.

Positive – Very few Indian girls are fast as P T Usha.Comparative – P.T. Usha is faster than most other Indian girls.Superlative – P.T. Usha is one of the fastest Indian girls.

Rules1. With word ‘Comparatively’ no comparative degree is used. Ex. Ram is comparatively weaker in Maths. (Incorrect) Ram is comparatively weak in Maths. (Correct)




2. After the words prefer, preferable, senior, junior, superior, inferior, prior, ‘to’ is used instead of ‘than’ in comparative degree. Ex. I prefer tea than coffee. (Incorrect) I prefer tea to coffee. (Correct) Ram prefers health than wealth. (Incorrect) Ram prefers health to wealth. (Correct)

He is junior than me. (Incorrect) He is junior to me. (Correct)

3. Some adjectives like ideal, unique, complete, perfect, full, cheap, entire, impossible, preferable, extreme are used as such. We can’t change them into comparatives or superlatives. Ex. Sachin is the most ideal batsman. (Incorrect) Sachin is an ideal batsman. (Correct) This pen is the most unique. (Incorrect) This pen is unique. (Correct)

4. ‘Little’ is used for quantity (uncountable noun) and ‘few’ is used to count numbers, persons or objects (Countable nouns) ‘few’ and little mean nobody, nothing respectively. ‘A few’ and ‘a little’ mean somebody, something respectively. Ex. Few boys were present in the class. (Incorrect) A few boys were present in the class. (Correct) Little happiness is better than none. (Incorrect) A little happiness is better than none. (Correct) He wants little salt for soup. (Incorrect) He wants a little salt for soup. (Correct)

5. ‘Many a’ is always followed by noun and verb in the singular. Ex. Many a girls were absent. (Incorrect) Many girls were absent. (Correct) Many a girl was absent. (Correct) Many a battle has been fought on the soil of India. (Correct)

6. ‘Other’ is always followed by ‘than’ not by ‘but’ Ex. I know no other person here but Ram. (Incorrect) I know no other person here than Ram. (Correct)

7. Later and Latest refer to time, while Latter and Last refer to position. Later expresses time Latter means second in position or order Latest express time Last means final in position or order.

Ex. He came latter than I. (Incorrect) He came later than I. (Correct) Ram sat in latest row. (Incorrect) Ram sat in last row. (Correct) Of the three heroes Shahrukh, Salman, Amir the late is my favourite. Of the three heroes Shahrukh, Salman, Amir the last is my favourite.8. ‘Any’ is used in negative sense and ‘Some’ is used in positive sense. Ram will not buy some cloths. (Incorrect) Ram will not buy any cloths. (Correct) Shyam gave me any books. (Incorrect) Shyam gave me some books. (Correct)




9. When we are comparing the qualities of same person, we should not use comparative degree. Ex. Ram is richer than wise. (Incorrect) Ram is more rich than wise. (Correct) (Instead of this ‘more’ is used)

10. When ‘whole’ is used as an adjective it is preceded by ‘the’ and followed by ‘of’ Ex. Whole India was shocked at loss of this leader. (Incorrect) The whole of India was shocked at loss of this leader. (Correct)

‘Very’ is used when we can’t measure the quality mentioned and ‘much’ is used when we can see or measure the quality mentioned.

Exercise

Locate the error

1. (1) They have / (2) lesser books / (3) than / (4) I have. (5) No error 2- fewer

2. (1) There is / (2) a little / (3) hope/ (4) of his recovery. (5) No error 2-little

3. (1) Of / (2) all the poets / (3) Yeat / (4) is best. (5) No error 4- the

4. (1) My all / (2) Friends/ (3) helped / (4) me. (5) No error 1- All my

5. (1) Your/ (2) lovely / (3) friend / (4) Raj. (5) No error 2. loving

6. (1) She / (2) is/ (3) junior / (4) than me. (5) No error 4- to

7. (1) He shall / (2) leave by / (3) latest / (4) plane. (5) No error 3-last

8. (1) It was / (2) much / (3) fine / (4) yesterday. (5) No error 2-very

9. (1) These flowers/ (2) smell/ (3) sweetly. (4) No error 3- sweet

10. (1) Ram is in / (2) most / (3) extreme / (4) difficultly. (5) No error 2- remove ‘most’Fill up the blank with the proper form of the Adjectives.1. Which is the highest mountain in the world? (high) 2. He is the older than his sister. (old)

3. He is the laziest boy in the class. (lazy)RACHNA ACADEMY OF CAREER EDUCATION Pvt. Ltd.



4. Tom’s essay is bad, Harry’s is worse , but Peter’s is the worst. (bad)

5. Bali’s work is good, Anil’s is better, but Ashok’s is the best. (good)

6. What is the latest news from Germany? (late)

7. It was the proudest moment of my life. (proud)

8. Lead is heavier than any other metal. (heavy)

9. Who is the oldest man in your village? (old)

10. Africa is the hottest of the five continents. (hot)

11. Iron is more useful than any other metal. (useful)

PREPOSITION (Namyogi pad or Sambhandh bodhak)

Preposition- It is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show its relation to some other words in the sentence.

Ex. in, by, for, like, near, between, into, till, with, since, after etc. There is a cow in the field.




He is fond of tea. The cat jumped of f the table.Where to use prepositionPlace- in, on, over, under, above, up, upon, by, between, across etc. Ex. The fan is over my head.

Time- in, on, at, after, behind, before, through, out, for, during, till, since etc. Ex. We shall go to a movie on Sunday. I have eaten nothing since yesterday.

Agent and Instrumental- by, with, through etc. Ex. She was stabbed with a knife. We heard the news through them. The programme was presented by dumb student.Direction- to, towards, into etc. Ex. The thief went towards the temple.

Measure- by, of They purchase their grains by the kilos. Will you please buy a liter of milk.

Purpose- for, to He went to the shop for fruit.

Similarity- like detach Sima looks like her mother. Post or Designation- as Raju work as a captain of the team this summer. Note- One preposition is used differently according to its use. Note- Generally, the use of preposition is made before the noun or the pronoun but sometimes it is used after the noun or the pronoun.Ex. What are you looking for? Rules

1. Never use any preposition after verbs like recommend, attack, reach, accompany, order, lack, obey, combat, afford, join, resemble; when these verbs are used in active voice. Ex. Joy resemble with his mother. (Incorrect) Joy resembles his mother. (Correct) He has joined in the school. (Incorrect) He has joined the school. (Correct) He attacked upon me. (Incorrect) He attacked me. (Correct)2. ‘For’ is used if actual sum is not mentioned and ‘at’ is used if the actual sum is not given. Ex. I bought this book at 50 rupees. (Incorrect) I bought this book for 50 rupees. (Correct) I can’t buy this shirt for such a price. (Incorrect) I can’t buy this shirt at such a price. (Correct)

3. ‘On’ is used with the days of the week or month. ‘At’ is used with the exact time. Ex. The train will arrive at Monday. (Incorrect)




The train will arrive on Monday. (Correct) He will arrive on 9:30pm. (Incorrect) He will arrive at 9:30pm. (Correct)

4. ‘In’ denotes position of rest inside something; while ‘into’ denotes motion or direction towards inside of something. Ex. He spent all the day into his room. (Incorrect) He spent all the day in his room. (Correct) He came in the room and sat down. (Incorrect) He came into the room and sat down. (Correct)

5. When we are speaking of a period of time in future, we must use ‘in’; not ‘after’. Ex. I may be able to go after a month. (Incorrect) I may be able to go in a month. (Correct)

6. ‘With’ is related to the instrument used for doing anything; while ‘by’ is used for the doer. Ex. Snehal was killed by Sneha with a knife.

7. ‘Between’ is used for two persons while ‘among’ is used for more than two persons. Ex. Distribute these sweet among the poor students of the class. Distribute these books between Ram and Shyam. Exercise

Locate the error1. (1) She did not / (2) pity with / (3) the labourers / (4) No error 4

2. (1) Do you / (2) fear from / (3) your teacher. (4) No error 2- remove ‘from’

3. (1) I have told / (2) to you about / (3) this affair. (4) No error 2- remove ‘to’

4. (1) She was / (2) waiting for / (3) the car. (4) No error 4

5. (1) What is / (2) she / (3) talking of? (4) No error 3- replace ‘about’ to ‘of’

6. (1) She is / (2) angry / (3) on you. (4) No error 3-‘ with’ in place of ‘on’7. (1) He asked / (2) a / (3) holiday. (4) No error 2- should be ‘for a’

8. (1) He tore / (2) a sheet of / (3) paper / (4) in pieces. (5) No error 5

9. (1) He is / (2) junior than me / (3) in service. (4) No error 2- ‘to’ in place of ‘than’




10. (1) This is / (2) inferior / (3) than that. (4) No error 3- ‘to’ in place of ‘than’

11. (1) Diwali / (2) Corresponds / (3) with Christmas. (4) No error 3- ‘to’ in place of ‘with’

12. (1) He went / (2) near / (3) station. / (4) No error 2- near to

13. (1) There is / (2) no harm / (3) in doing this. (4) No error 4

14. (1) He / (2) rides / (3) in a bicycle. (4) No error 3- ‘on’ in place of ‘in’

Fill in the blanks1. My uncle lives _________ a large house ________ farm. (1) in, on (2) in, in (3) on, on (4) None

2. When we were ________ London, we stayed ________ Oberoi Hotel. (1) by, at (2) at, at (3) in, at (4) None

3. He started going ________ school ________ the age of seven. (1) to, at (2) to, by (3) with, in (4) to, at

4. I am returning ______ India _______ the end of this month. (1) by, to (2) at, by (3) to, by (4) None

5. One day Friday came running ________ the beach and told Robinson that there was big ship ________ the sea. (1) on, from (2) at, in (3) by, with (4) from, on

6. The driver get ______ and put it _____ side of the road. (1) in, out (2) out, to (3) from, to (4) None

CONJUNCTION (Sanyojak or Samuchhayabodhak )

Conjunction- A word which joins together sentences or words is known as conjunction.

Ex. and, also, if, since, but, because, for, after, before, therefore. otherwise etc.

Kind of Conjunction

1. Co-ordinating Conjunction 2. Sub- ordinating Conjunction




1. Co-ordinating Conjunction- The words used to join sentences which are independent in nature are called Co-ordinating Conjunction. Ex. and, but, for, also, either-or, neither-nor etc. Ex. Birds fly and fish swim. She spoke impressively at the meeting and won the appreciation of all. I offered to help her but she refuses my help. He neither helped his father nor loved him.

2. Sub- ordinating Conjunction – The words which join dependent and independent sentences are called Sub-ordinating Conjunction. Ex. after, because, if, that, though, before, unless, as, when, where, while, than, since, until Ex. I like him because he is honest. I know when he will come. I will do this if I am allowed. I know where you were born.

Some Conjunction that are used in pairs.Either – or- Either take it or leave it.Neither – nor- He is neither rich nor poor.Both – and- We both loved and honoured him. Though – yet- Though he is poor, yet he is happy.Not only – but also- He not only passed but also won a scholarship.So- that- He is so tired that he could hardly walk.Hardly – when- He had hardly reached the station when it began to rain.No sooner – than- No sooner did the bell ring than the boys ran out of their classes.

Such Conjunctions as are used in pairs are called correlative conjunctions

Rules

1. Though/Although is not followed by ‘but’. Some time you can use though/although …. Yet. Ex. Though he is intelligent but he is not proud. (Incorrect) Though he is intelligent, he is not proud. (Correct)

2. If ‘such’ is used as an adjective then the conjunction used after ‘such’ is ‘as’. Ex. This is such a place that no one likes. (Incorrect) This is such a place as no one likes. (Correct) I like such songs which are melodious. (Incorrect) I like such songs as are melodious. (Correct)

3.When ‘not only’ is used, it is followed by ‘but also’. Ex. He is not only good in sports but in studies. (Incorrect) He is not only good in sports but also in studies. (Correct)

4. ‘Other’ is always followed by ‘than’, if it is used as an adjective. Ex. I had no other plans but to visit here. (Incorrect) I had no other plans than to visit here. (Correct)

5. ‘As’ is not followed by ‘so’, except in a few idioms. Ex. As he was tired so he could not go to picnic. (Incorrect) As he was tired, he could not go to picnic. (Correct)




6. ‘And’ is used when both the things in a sentence are to be taken ‘or’ is used to show the choice between the given alternatives. Ex. He will visit Agra or Bhopal. (Incorrect) He will visit Agra and Bhopal. (Correct) Please do this work and leave the office. (Incorrect) Please do this work or leave the office. (Correct)

7. ‘Without’ should not be used in place or in sense of ‘unless’. Ex. He will not go without being invited. (Incorrect) He will not go unless invited. (Correct)

8. ‘Both’ and ‘as well as’ are not used together. But both is used in positive sense and in negative sense, neither…. nor is used in place of ‘both’. Ex. Both Sita as well as Gita are intelligent students. (Incorrect) Both Sita and Gita are intelligent students. (Correct) Both Sita and Gita are not interested (Incorrect) Neither Sita nor Gita is interested. (Correct) 9. ‘But’ is used to join the sentences of opposite nature ‘And’ is used to join the sentences of similar nature. City life is fast and rural life is slow. (Incorrect) City life is fast but rural life is slow. (Correct) He is intelligent but smart. (Incorrect) He is intelligent but smart. (Incorrect) He is intelligent and smart. (Correct)

10. ‘Neither’ is always followed by ‘nor’ and by same form of helping verbs. Ex. Neither did I eat nor he ate. (Incorrect) Neither did I eat nor did he eat. (Correct) Neither did I speak nor I acted. (Incorrect) Neither did I speak nor I act. (Correct)

11. ‘As’ is used in positive degree to denote some kind of equality. Also ‘equally’ is not true conjunction. Ex. This book is as good if not better than it. (Incorrect) This book is as good as if not better than it. (Correct) His shirt is equally beautiful as that of mine. (Incorrect) His Shirt is as beautiful as that of mine. (Correct) 12. ‘Because’ and ‘therefore’ are not used together. Ex. Because he is late, therefore he is dismissed. (Incorrect) Because he is late, he is dismissed. (Correct) He is late therefore h e is dismissed. (Correct) 13. Conjunction like ‘neither….nor’, ‘not only….but also’ should be placed before the words of same sense speed. Ex. He neither writes English nor Hindi. (Incorrect) He writes neither English nor Hindi. (Correct) 14. ‘That’ is not used before which, when, why, how, where, what etc. Ex. He asked me that why I was crying. (Incorrect) He asked me why I was crying. (Correct)




15. We can’t use double negative. Ex. I can’t see train nowhere. (Incorrect) I can’t see train anywhere. (Correct) He has no any friend. (Incorrect) He has no friend. (Correct)

16. Unless, until, lest, deny, forbid are already negative. They should not be followed by only negative like not, no etc. ‘Lest’ is always followed by ‘Should’ and not by ‘may’ or ‘might’.

Exercise Fill in the blank1. Three and three make six.

2. There is no doubt that the earth is round.

3. Is this my book or yours?

4. I shall not go out now because it is raining very heavily.

5. They left when we returned

6. Wait till I come.

7. He is taller than I.

8. My brother is well but my sister is ill.

9. HE Must have passed this way because as there is no other road.

10. I know you are better than he.

Locate the error

1. (1) Ram not only / (2) wrote / (3) the poems but / (4) also plays. (5) No error 1- Ram wrote not only the poems but also plays. 2. (1) Hari asked / (2) him / (3) that / (4) who he is. (5) No error 3- remove ‘that’

3. (1) He has / (2) no other /(3) jacket except / (4) this. (5) No error 3- ‘than in place of ‘except’

4. (1) He is equally / (2) smart / (3) as his / (4) brother. (5) No error 1- ‘as’ in place of ‘equally

5. (1) I doubt / (2) that /(3) you will /(4) succeed. (5) No error 2- use ‘if’ or ‘whether’

6. (1) Both Ram and / (2) Shyam did /(3) not /(4) go there. (5) No error 1- ‘Neither …nor’ in place of ‘both…and’




7. (1) As he is my / (2) friend, therefore/(3) I will /(4) help him. (5) No error 2- remove ‘therefore’

8. (1) Guide him/ (2) until/(3) he is with /(4) you. (5) No error 2- as long as

9. (1) Either the / (2) choice /(3) is right /(4) or wrong. (5) No error 1- The choice is either right or wrong.

10. (1) Supposing if / (2) she /(3) fails what will /(4) she do? (5) No error 1- ‘supposing’ or ‘if’

11. (1) No sooner he / (2) arrive the station /(3) than the train /(4) started.(5) No error 1- No sooner did he 12. (1) I asked him/ (2) as I would help /(3) him /(4) in. (5) No error 2- ‘if’ in place of ‘as’ 13. (1) Scarcely had I entered / (2) the office /(3) when the /(4) telephone rang. (5) No error 5- No error

14. (1) When he reached / (2) Delhi then it /(3) was /(4) raining.(5) No error 2- remove ‘then’

15. (1) Neither you or / (2) I could /(3) do it. /(4) No error 1- ‘nor’ in place of ‘or’

16. (1) As soon as / (2) the chief guest arrived/ (3) then / (4) the function started. (5) No error 3- remove ‘then’

17. (1) The old timetable / (2) will continue / (3) to March 31. /(4) (5) No error 3- till/until 18. (1) You are upset/ (2) like/(3) you are /(4) insulted. (5) No error 2- ‘as if’ in place of ‘like’

19. (1) Drive carefully / (2) lest you may / (3) meet with an/(4) accident. (5) No error 2- should

Sentence, Kind of Sentence

SENTENCE

When we speak or write we use words. We generally use these words in groups. A group of words which makes complete sense is called a Sentence.

A sentence always begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop (.).

Ex. Little Jack Horner sat in a corner. She writes very well.



ANSWER


Every sentence has two parts1. Subject 2. Predicate or Object

1. Subject- The name of the person or thing we speak about is called the Subject. Ex. Miss Kitty was rude at the table one day. Ashok is an intelligent boy.

Subject of a sentence usually comes first, but occasionally it is put after the predicate. Ex. Here comes the bus.

2. Predicate- The part which tells something about the subject. This is called the Predicate of the sentence. Ex. The dewdrop glitter in the sunshine. The elephant is the largest land animal.

Kinds of Sentences

1. Assertive or Declarative sentence- A sentence that makes a statement or declares something is called a Assertive or Declarative sentence. Ex. She is here. The boys made a noise.

2. Interrogative sentence- A sentence that asks a question is called an Interrogative sentence. Ex. Where do you live? Have you done your lesson?

3. Imperative Sentence- A sentence that expresses a command, a request, or a desire is called Imperative sentence. Ex. Bali, Shut the door. Please do this just now. In Imperative sentences the subject is left out. Ex. Sit down. (Here the subject you is understand)

4. Exclamatory Sentence- A sentence that expresses some strong or sudden feeling is called an exclamatory sentence. Ex. How beautiful this rose is! What a pleasant weather!

Sentences- 1. Simple 2. Compound 3. Complex

Simple Sentence- A simple sentence is one which has only one subject and one predicate. Or a simple sentence is one which has only one finite verb.Ex. His courage won him honour. Subject predicate Explanation- Sentence has one subject and one predicate. Compound Sentence- A compound sentence is one that is made up of two or more Co-ordinate Clauses.Ex. The moon was bright and we could see our way. 1. The moon was bright. 2. We could see our way. Explanation- These two parts are joined by the Co-ordinating Conjunction ‘and’. Each part contains a Subject and a predicate of its own. Each part is what we call a clause. Each clause makes good sense by itself Each clause is independent of the other. or of the same order or rank, and is called a Principal or Main Clause.Ex. Night came on and rain fell heavily and we all got very wet.




1. Night came on. 2. Rain fell heavily. 3. We all got very wet.

Explanation- This sentence consist of three clauses of the same order or rank. In other words, sentence consists of three Principal or Main clauses.

Ex. Anil called at 5.30 and I told him that you had gone out. This sentence is compound sentence. In addition to two or three clauses, a compound sentence sometimes includes one or more Subordinate clauses.

1. Anil called at 5.30.(Main Clause)2. I told him. (Main Clause) 3. You had gone out. (Subordinate noun Clause)

Note- The term Double is now used for a sentence which consists of two Principal or main clauses, and the term Multiple for a sentence of more than two principal or main clauses.

Complex Sentence- A Complex sentence consist of one main clause and one or more Subordinate clauses.Ex. They rested when evening came. 1. They rested 2. When evening came.

Explanation- Each part contains a Subject and a Predicate of its own. ‘They rested’ makes good sense by itself. The Clause ‘When evening came’ cannot stand by itself and make good sense. It is dependent on the clause ‘They rested’ it is therefore called a Dependent or Subordinate clause.

Ex. As the boxers advanced into the ring, the people said they would not allow them to fight.

Explanation- Sentence consist of three clauses 1. The people said. (Main clause) 2. As the boxers advanced into the ring. (Subordinate adverb clause) 3. They would not allow them to fight. (Subordinate noun clause)




Exercise

1. What is the negative of: She is too fat to walk. (1) She is not too fat to walk. (2) She is not so fat that she can walk. (3) She is so fat that she cannot walk. (4) She is not so fat that she cannot walk. (5) None of these

2. Make negative: Sanskrit is the most difficult language. (1) Sanskrit is not one of the easiest language. (2) Sanskrit is not the easiest language. (3) Sanskrit is not an easy language. (4) No other language is so difficult as Sanskrit (5) None of these

3. The negative of “He is too dull to understand it” (1) He is not too dull to understand it. (2) He is so dull that he understand it. (3) He is so dull that he cannot understand it. (4) He is not too dull that he cannot understand it. (5) None of these

4. Make Assertive: A fireman and afraid of spark! (1) It is strange that a fireman should be afraid of fire. (2) It is sad that a fireman is afraid of sparks. (3) A fireman is afraid of sparks. (4) The fact that the fireman should afraid of sparks is strange. (5) None of these

5. Make Interrogative: Everyone wants to get respect. (1) Does every one want to get respects? (2) Isn’t anyone want to get respects? (3) Doesn’t everyone want to get respects? (4) Do all want to get respects? (5) None of these

6. Select a simple sentence (1) He is too old to walk without a stick. (2) He is so old that he cannot walk without a stick. (3) He is old therefore; he cannot walk without a stick. (4) He cannot walk without a stick because he is old. (5) None of these

7. Select the complex sentence (1) In spite of his hard work, he failed. (2) He worked hard but he failed. (3) Though he worked hard, he failed. (4) Despite his hard work, he failed. (5) None of these

8. Find out the simple sentence (1) On seeing the snake, she trembled. (2) As soon as she saw the snake she trembled. (3) When she saw the snake, she trembled. (4) No sooner did she see the snake than she trembled. (5) None of these

9. Turn into a simple sentence: Though he worked, he failed. (1) He worked hard but he failed. (2) In spite of he worked hard, he failed. (3) He failed even thought he worked hard. (4) Despite his hard work, he failed. (5) None of these10. Turn into a complex sentence Work hard to succeed. (1) Work hard and you will succeed. (2) If you work hard, you will succeed. (3) Work hard or you will not succeed. (4) Hard work brings success. (5) None of these

11. Turn into a compound sentence: Seeing the police, he ran away. (1) He saw the police and ran away. (2) When he saw the police, he ran away. (3) Owing to the police he ran away. (4) His running away was due to the arrival of the police. (5) None of these

12. Which of the following sentences are correct? (1) This cloth is more preferable to that. (2) This cloth ie preferable than that. (3) This cloth is more preferable than that. (4) This cloth is preferable to that. (5) None of these

13. Which of the following sentences are correct?




(1) He asked her where she was working. (2) He told her where she was working. (3) He asked her that where she was working. (4) He asked her if where she was working. (5) None of these

14. Which of the following sentences are correct? (1) It is strange that you do not know swimming. (2) It is strange that you do not know how to swim. (3) It is strange that you do not know to swimming. (4) It is strange that you do not know to swim. (5) None of these

TENSE-(Kaad)RACHNA ACADEMY OF CAREER EDUCATION Pvt. Ltd.



Tense- Tense is a term used in Grammar to indicate the time of action or event.

In any language tense is divided into three classes -Present Tense – When a verb is used to show that an action takes place at present, it is known as the present tense. Ex.Tom works hard.Past Tense – When a verb is used to show that an action was completed , it is known as the Past Tense. Ex. Tom worked hard.Future Tense- When a verb is used to show that an action will take place in future, it is known as the future tense.Ex. Tom will work hard.

FORMATION OF TENSE – This tense is formed with the base form of the verb

Each of the above tenses is again divided into four classes.Simple Tense (Sado Kaad)Continuous Tense (Chalu Kaad)Perfect Tense (Purna Kaad)Perfect Continuous Tense (Purna Chalu kaad)

Simple Present Tense- (Sado vartman Kaad) When a tense is used to show the present time it is known as the Simple present tense.Ex. I love, I write

Aff- S + V1 + O/C. I eat simple food daily.Neg- S + do/does + not + V1 + O/C. I do not eat simple food daily.Int.- Do/Does + S + V1 + O/C? Do I eat simple food daily?Neg-Int- Don’t/Doesn’t + S + V1 + O/C Don’t I eat simple food daily?

In simple present tense to make negative, interrogative and Negative- interrogative sentences Helping verb Do or Does is use.

I, we, you, they- do and he, she, it - does

Simple Past Tense- (Sado Bhut Kaad) When a tense shows that an action was completed in the past it is known as simple past tense.Ex- I wrote, I loved Aff- S + V2 + O/C I saw a poisonous snake.Neg- S + did + not + V1 + O/C. I did not see a poisonous snake. Int- Did + S + V1 + O/C? Did I see a poisonous snake?Neg- Int- Didn’t + S + V1 + O/C?Didn’t I see a poisonous snake?




In simple past tense to make negative, interrogative and Negative- interrogative sentences Helping verb did is use.‘Did’ is V2 so don’t use V2 form of verb, use only V1 form of verb.

Simple Future Tense- (Sado Bhavishya kaad) When a tense is used to show that some action will take place in future, it is known as the simple future tense.Ex, I shall write, I shall love In future tense shall or will used. I, we- Shall and you, he, she, it, they – will

Aff- S + shall/will + V1 + O/C. We shall purchase juicy fruits.Neg – S + shall/will + not + V1 + O/C. We shall not purchase juicy fruits. Int. – Shall/Will + S + V1 + O/C? Shall we purchase juicy fruits?Neg- Int- Shan’t/ won’t + S + V1 + O/C? Shan’t we purchase juicy fruits?

Present Continuous Tense- (Chalu Vartman Kaad) When a tense is used to show what is really happening now, it is known as the present continuous tense. Aff- S + is/am/are + V1 ‘ing’ + O/C. The leaves are falling to the ground. Neg- S + is/am/are + not + V1 ‘ing’ + O/C. The leaves are not falling to the ground.Int- Is/Am/Are + S + V1 ‘ing’ + O/C? Are leaves falling to the ground?Neg- Int- Isn’t/Aren’t + S + V1 ‘ing’ + O/C? Aren’t leaves falling t o the ground?

Past Continuous Tense – (Chalu Bhut Kaad) When the tense is used to show that an action was in progress or incomplete in the pat, it is known as the past continuous tense.

Aff- S + was/were + V1 ‘ing’ + O/C. We were playing when you came.Neg- S + was/were + not + V1 ‘ing’ + O/C. We were not playing when you came.Int- Was/Were + S + V1 ‘ing’ + O/C? Were we playing when you came?Neg- Int- Wasn’t/ Weren’t + S + V1 ‘ing’ + O/C? Weren’t we playing when you came? Future Continuous Tense – (Chalu Bhavishya kaad) When a tense is used to show that some action will be progress in future, it is known as the future continuous tense.

Aff- S + shall/will + be + V1 ‘ing’ + O/C. I shall be advocating my principles.Neg- S + shall/will + not + be + V1 ‘ing’ + O/C. I shall not be advocating my principles.




Int- Shall/Will + S + be + V1 ‘ing’ + O/C? Shall I be advocating my principles?Neg- Int – Shan’t /Won’t + S + be + V1 ‘ing’ + O/C? Shan’t I be advocating my principles?

Present Perfect Tense- (Purna Vartman Kaad) When a tense is used to show that an action has just been completed or an action has finished at the moment of speaking, it is known as the present perfect tense.

I, we, you, they – have and He, she, it – has In this tense to denote the time ‘since’ and ‘for’ is used.

Aff - S + has/have + V3 + O/C. I have written a suspense story.Neg- S + has/have + not + V3 + O/C. I have not written a suspense story.Int. Has/Have + S + V3 + O/C? Have I written a suspense story?Neg-Int- Hasn’t/ Haven’t + S + V3 + O/C? Haven’t I written a suspense story?

Past Perfect Tense- When a tense is used to show that an action had completed earlier before another action began, it is known as past perfect tense.

Aff- S + had + V3 + O/C. They had shown some wonderful tricks.Neg – S + had + not + V3 + O/C. He had not won the prize.Int – Had + S + V3 + O/C? Had I brought this useless thing?Neg-Int- Hadn’t + S + V3 +O/C? Hadn’t he Spoken Correctly?

Future Perfect Tense- When a tense is used to show that some action will be finished in future, it is known as future perfect tense.

Aff- S + shall/will + have + V3 + O/C. I shall have done this work by tomorrow. He will have given money by evening. Neg – S + shall/will + not + have + V3 + O/C. I shall not have spoiled my career. It will not have sunk in water.Int- Shall/Will + S + have + V3 + O/C? Shall I have gained? Will they have lost their lost their wealth?

Neg – Int- Shan’t/won’t + S + have + V3 + O/C? Shan’t I have planned for next year? Won’t they have sold their all stock?




Present Perfect Continuous Tense –When the tense is used to show that an action has been taking place since a point of time in the past and in progress up to now, it is known as present perfect continuous tense. Aff- S + have/has + been + V1 ‘ing’ + O/C. They have been enjoying the party for the last 3 hours. Amitabh has been acting in the film since 1968.Neg- S + have/has + not + been + V1 ‘ing’ + O/C. Amitabh has not been acting in the film since 1968.Int- Have/Has + S + been + V1 ‘ing’ + O/C? Has Amitabh been acting in the film since 1968?Neg – Int- Haven’t/ Hasn’t + S + been + V1 ‘ing’ + O/C? Hasn’t Amitabh been acting in the film since 1968?

Past Perfect Continuous Tense – When a tense is used to show that an action had been in progress up to another action began.

Aff- S + had + been + V1 ‘ing’ + O/C. I had been reading this book for 3 days. She had been crying in her room since 2 p.m.Neg- S + had + not + been + V1 ‘ing’ + O/C. He had not been practicing since morning. They had been constructing the buildings for 6 months.Int- Had + S + been + V1 ‘ing’ + O/C? Had you been watching movies since your childhood/ Had he been discussing with his boss since 11.00 am?Neg-Int- Hadn’t + S + been + V1 ‘ing’ + O/C? Hadn’t you been learning ‘Spoken English’ for the last 6 months? Hadn’t she been investing money in the stock market since January? Future Perfect Continuous Tense – When a tense is used to show that some action will have been in progress in future, it is known future perfect continuous tense.

Exercise

Fill in the blank choosing the proper forms of the verbs given in the bracket.

1. Usually we enjoy Indian music. (enjoy, are enjoying)

2. Is Mala opening the windows? (Is, Does)

3. We do not read Hindi books. (do, does)

4. She takes tea in the morning. (take, takes)

5. He has been reading since 8 O’clock. (is reading, has been reading)

6. The president spoke last on the occasion of the school Annual Day celebrations. (spoke, speaks)

7. Raju had finished all the coffee from my cup before I saw her. (finished, had finished)8. I was writing when the clock struck ten. (Wrote, was writing)



ANSWER


9. Didn’t ask you a question. (asked, ask)

10. I went to see Raju but he had gone out. (Went, had gone)

11. He will leave for London tomorrow. (left, will leave)

12. By three O’clock, this afternoon, the procession will have started. (started, will have started)

13. He will have gone home before the night falls. (will, will have)

14. She will announce her decision at the meeting. (will announce, announce)

15. In two hours’ time the ship will be sailing for the Bombay. (shall be sailing, will be sailing)

MODAL AUILLARY (Sahayak karak Kriyapad)




The modal auxiliaries do not change with the number or person of the subject. They cannot be used in continuous sentences. WE use modals to express our moods, manners and attitudes.

The Modal Auxiliaries Shall, Should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, ought to, need, dare, used.

Uses of ‘Should’‘Should is the past5 tense of ‘shall’1. To express duty or obligation in all persons Ex. We should help the poor. We should keep our promises. He should not quarrel with his brother. Note- Duty in the past is expressed by ‘should have’ Ex. You should have paid the money long ago. You should have attended the meeting.

2. When giving or seeking advice You shouldn’t make fun of the disabled. How much should I pay her for her work?

3. To express Disapproval You shouldn’t have behaved in this manner.

4. After ‘lest’ to express a negative purpose. Ex. Sake heed lest you should fall. He ran fast lest he should miss the train.

5. Desirability (formally request) Ex. It is 9.00pm now; I should return my home now. We should start our work now.

6. Necessity Ex. They should be here by 9.00am.

Uses of ‘Would’‘Would’ is the past tense of ‘will’

1. To express a wish and choice Ex. Where would you like to go? Would like to see that book. Would you like to take tea? Would you prefer biscuits?

2. Request (Polite speech) Ex. Would you bring me a glass of water? Would you help me? Yes, I would. Would you mind on my taking your pen? Would you please lend me your book? Would you mind not smoking here?

3. To express past Habit




Ex. She would sit for hours on this chair. After lunch he would generally take a nap(rest/sleep). Gandhiji would get up early. He would go for morning walk.

4. Improbable Conditions (Doubtful) Ex. If I won a lottery, I would be a rich man. If you helped me in time, I would buy this flat.

Uses of ‘May’1. Permission Ex. May I come in sir? Yes, you may come in. May I help you? Yes, you may. May I go now? Yes, you may. No, you may not. May I borrow your pen? Yes, you may. No, you may not.

2. Something possible in present or future. Ex. It may rain tonight. He may come today. She may not attend the class.

3. Wish, blessing, curse Ex. May god bless you! May you have a long life! May you get prosperity!

4. Purpose Ex. Walk fast so that you may not miss the bus. Mr. Shah works hard so that he may get promotion. He works hard so that he may become rich.

Uses of ‘Might’

‘Might’ is the past tense of ‘May’. ‘Might’ is used more in negative sentences.

1. Possibility of Present Ex. She might pass. He might come.

2. Possibility of Past Ex. There were dark clouds in the sky. It might rain heavily.

Uses of ‘Can’ It shows ability of work.

1. Ability of Present Ex. I can speak English fluently. Rakesh can play the Guitar. She can dance and sing.2. Permission Ex. Can I sit here, Sir? Can I take your pen?




Can I park my scooter here?

3. Possibility Ex. Anyone can make mistake. It can be risky for you.

Uses of ‘Could’‘Could is the past tense of ‘Can’

1. Ability of Past Ex. I could play good cricket when I was in College. When he was young, he could walk for miles in the forest. My father could walk five kilometers in his young age,

2. Polite Request Ex.Could you wait for some time?

3. Possibility in past Ex. If you ran fast, you could catch the train. The sum was very hard but I could do it. The soldiers could safeguard the innocent girls. 4. Special use of ‘could’ in Present tense at the time of speaking for request and permission. Ex. Could you help? Could you lend me your car?

Uses of ‘Must’

1. We use ‘Must’ to say something is necessary. Necessity (need requirement) Ex. You must improve your English. You will be leaving college soon, you must think of your future. We must exercise every day to keep fit.

2. Determination Ex. I must win this match. I must make him do I as want. 3. Certainty (assurance) Ex. He must have reached his home by now. Your father must have been very strong.

4. Compulsion Ex. You must pay the bill today only. Candidates must be in the hall by 10.30 am. You must control your diet and weight.

5. Prohibition or Negative Compulsion Ex. You must not violate traffic rules. You must not drive fast, there’s a sped limit here. You must not park your car here.

6. Duty A soldier must fight for his country. Everyone must do his duty.




Uses of ‘Ought to’‘Ought to’ is used to express moral obligation, duties, and desirability, ‘Ought to’ can indicate present or future time. It is always followed by an infinitive ‘to’Ex. We ought to work hard. Why are you doing nothing? You ought to be working. I ought to write him a letter of thanks. You ought to have helped her. The boy ought to have worked hard. She said I ought to write to my mother. India ought to fight against terrorism. Uses of ‘Need’As a modal ‘need’ is mostly used in negative and interrogative. In the affirmative it stands as ‘require or in need of’.Ex. I need to work harder. Do you need to work so hard? It needs to be done with great care. You need not copy the whole book. They didn’t need to hurry. You needn’t go now, the work has been completed.

Uses of ‘Used’‘Used’ is the past tense of a defective verb which has no present tense.Ex. I used to smoke cigarettes, now I don’t. Annu used to stand at the window for hours, looking at the busy road.

‘Used to’ can also be an adjective meaning accustomed.Ex. I’m used to working in a noisy room. You will soon get used to the noise in the room.

Uses of ‘Dare’The verb ‘dare’ is used in the following ways1. Present Tense Ex. He cannot dare to defy (challenge) you. Will she dare to jump out of the window? She doesn’t dare to say anything against her friend.

2. Past Tense Ex.They dared not say such things again.

They dared not go very fast as they were afraid of an accident. Did he dare to criticize his boos.

3. Interrogative Sentence Ex. How dare you hit my brother? How dare you speak so loudly in class? How dare you open my letters?

ACTIVE-PASSIVE VOICE (Kartari ane Karmani Prayog)

Active voice- A verb is in the active voice when the person or thing denoted by the subject is the doer of the action. (that is when the subject acts or is active)




Passive Voice- A verb is in the passive voice when the person or thing denoted by the subject is the receiver of the action. (that is, when the subject is passive or is acted upon)

Ex. Active voice- Rama helps Hari. Passive Voice- Hari is helped by Rama. Active voice- The peon opened the gate. Passive voice – The gate was opened by the peon.

Subjective case- I, we, you, he, she, it, theyObjective case- by me, by us, by you, by him, by her, by it, by them

Tense + Modal Active Voice Passive VoiceSimple Present Tense take/takes am /is/are takenPresent Continuous Tense

am/is/are taking Am/is/are being taken

Present Perfect Has/have taken Has/have been takenSimple past took Was/were takenPast Continuous Was/were taking Was/were being takenPast Perfect Tense Had taken Had been takenSimple Future Will/shall take Will/shall be takenFuture Perfect Will/shall have taken Will/shall have been takenCan/may/must/should etc

Can/may/must/should take can/may/must/should be taken

Future continuous tense does not change in passive voice Simple Present TenseAff- AV- S + V + O/C. PV- O + am/is/are + V3 + by + S +C AV- She drinks tea everyday. PV – Tea is drunk by her everyday. AV- Mr. Verma teaches us English. PV- We are taught English by Mr. Verma.

Neg- AV- S + do/does + not + main verb + O/C. PV- O + am/is/are + not + V3 + by + S + C. AV- I do not eat bananas. PV- Bananas are not eaten by me. AV- He does not call me. PV- I am not called by him.

Simple Past TenseAff- AV- S + V2 + O/C. PV- O + was/were + V3 + by + S + C AV- I saw an elephant yesterday. PV- An elephant was seen by me yesterday. AV- Nikhil told as a joke last night. PV- We were told joke by Nikhil last night.

Neg- AV- S + did + not +V1 + O/C.RACHNA ACADEMY OF CAREER EDUCATION Pvt. Ltd.



PV- O + was/were + not + V3 + by + S +C. AV- you did not buy a book yesterday. PV- A book was not bought by you yesterday. AV- My father did not buy any toys that day. PV- Any toys were mot bought by my father that day.

Simple Future Tense

Aff- AV- S + shall/will + V1 + O/C. PV- O + shall/will + be + V3 + by + O + C. AV- He will draw a picture tomorrow. PV- A picture will be drawn by him tomorrow. AV- I shall meet you next evening. PV- You will be meet by me next evening.

Neg- AV- S + shall/will + not + V1 + O/C. PV- O + shall/will + not + be + V3 + by + S + C. AV- we shall not visit the Red Fort tomorrow. PV- The Red Fort will not be visited by us tomorrow. AV- The teacher will not teach me voice. PV- I Shall not be taught voice by the teacher.

Perfect Present Tense

Aff- AV- S + have/has + V3 + + O/C. PV- O + have/has + been + V3 + by + S + C. AV- I have driven a car. PV- A car has been driven by me. AV- Mr. Anurag has checked some papers. PV- Some papers have been checked by Mr. Anurag.

Neg- AV- S + have/has + not + V3 + O/C. PV- O + have/has + not + been + V3 + by + S + C.

AV- We have not cooked the food yet. PV- The food has not been cooked by us. AV- Tulsi hasn’t returned my dictionary today. PV- My dictionary hasn’t returned by Tulsi today.

Perfect Past Tense

Aff- AV- S + had + V3 + O/C. PV- O + had + been + V3 + by +S.

AV- We had completed our syllabus before March. PV- Our syllabus had been completed by us before March. AV- India had won the world cup in April 2011.




PV- Th world had been won by India in April 2012.

Neg- AV- S + had + not + V3 + O/C. PV- O + had + not + been + V3 + by +S. AV- The manager had not sanctioned the loan. PV- The loan had not been sanctioned by the manager. AV- You had not taken keen interest in that vital proposal. PV- That vital proposal had not been taken keen interest by you.

Perfect Future Tense Aff- AV- S + shall/will + have + V3 + O/C. PV- O + shall/will + have + been + V3 + by +S AV- The builder will have constructed this building before March. PV- The building will have been constructed by the builder before March. AV- The peon will have opened the office in the morning. PV- The office will have been opened by the peon in the morning.

Neg – AV- S + shall/will + not + have + V3 + O/C. PV- O + shall/will + not + have + been + V3 + by +S AV- The party will not have given the payment in time. PV- The payment will not have been given by the party in time. Continuous Present TenseAff- AV- S + is/am/are + V1 ‘ing’ + O/C. PV- O + am/is/are + being + V3 + by + S. AV- I am watching the film. PV- The film is being watched by me. AV- Our maid –servant is sweeping the office. PV- The office is swept by our maid-servant.

Neg- AV- S + is/am/are + not + V1 ‘ing’ + O/C. PV- O + am/is/are + not + being + V3 + by + S. AV- You are not parking the vehicle properly. PV- The vehicle is not being park by you. AV- The students are not using the books. PV- The books are not being used by the students.

Continuous Past Tense Aff- AV- S + was/were + V1 ‘ing’ + O/C. PV- O + was/were + being + V3 + by + S. AV- I was fostering an orphan child. PV- An orphan child was being fostered by me. AV- We were reciting the poems. PV- The poems were reciting by us. Neg-AV- S + was/were + not + V1 ‘ing’ + O/C. PV- O + was/were + not + being + V3 + by + S. AV- Our friends were not supporting us. PV- We were not being supported by our friends. The Modal Auxiliary (Simple construction) AV- S + M.A. + V1 + O/C.




PV- O + M.A. + be + V3 + by + S.

AV- We should pay our fees regularly.PV- Our fees should be paid by us regularly. AV- Anyone can solve this problem.PV- This problem can be solved by anyone.

The Modal Auxiliary (Perfect construction)AV- S + M.A. + have + V3 + O/C.PV- O + M.A. + have + been + V3 + S.

AV- She should have taken my permission.PV- My permission should have been taken by her.AV- He may not have kept his promise this time. PV- His promise may not have been kept by him this time.

Interrogative Sentence AV- Who will bell the cat?PV- By whom will the cat be belled?AV- Why do we pray to god?PV- Why is (does) god by us?AV- What can I do for you?PV- what can be done for you by me?AV- Where did you forget your camera?PV- where was your camera forgotten by you?AV- How do you solve your problems?PV- How are your problems solved by you?

Imperative Sentence AV- V1+ O/C.PV- O + should + be + V3 PV- Let + O + be + V3You are asked/ ordered/ requested/ instructed to + V1 + O/CAV- Opens the gate.PV- The gate should be opened.PV- Let the gate be opened.PV- you are instructed to open the gate.

AV- Shut the window.PV- you are requested to shut the window.AV- Keep quite.PV- You are ordered to keep quite.AV- Get out.PV- You are ordered to get out. AV- Help the poor.PV- Let the poor be helped.

DIRECT – INDIRECT SPEECH (Pratyaksh – Paroksh Kathan)Direct Speech- Direct speech gives the exact words used by the speaker.Ex- Ram said, “Harry is an idle boy. “said” is called the reporting verb “Harry is an idle boy” is called the reported speech.



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Indirect Speech- Indirect Speech do not gives the exact words of the speaker. But give only the substance of what he said. Ex- Ram said that Harry was an idle boy.

Direct Speech- Speaker Subject + Reporting verb, + Listener Subject + “Reported Speech Sentence”Indirect Speech- Speaker Subject + Reporting verb + Listener Subject + (helping verb) that + Subject place + Verb + other words

Reporting verb changes Tense and verb changes

Direct Indirect Direct Indirect Say Say am/is/are was/wereSays Says was/were had been Say to Tell do/does didSays to Tells did had + past participleSaid Said have/has hadSaid to told can could may might shall/will would

Certain verb not changeDirect Indirect Direct Indirect Could could would would Might might must mustShould should had had

In past tense place and time changesDirect Indirect This that These those Here there Today that dayTo night that nightNow/ just now thenAgo beforeThus so Yesterday the previous day/the day beforeLast week/month/year the previous week/month/yearTomorrow the next day/the day after the following dayNext week/month/year the following week/month/yearCome go

Direct Speech

1. The exact words of the speaker (Reported speech) are put with in inverted commas.

2. The first word of the reporting speech begins with a capital letter.




3. A comma is placed after the reporting verb to separate it from the second part of the sentence.

Indirect Speech 1. The reported words are not placed with in inverted commas.

2. No comma is placed after ‘said’ or reported verb.

3. The verb is change

Rules- 1. If the reporting verb is in the present or future tense, the verb in the reported speech is not changed at all.

Ex. Direct- Tom says, “There is no ink in the ink-pot.” Indirect- Tom says that there is no ink in the ink-pot. Direct- The teacher says, “The boy was lazy.” Indirect- The teacher says that the boy was lazy. Direct- Ashok will say, “Dinner is ready.” Indirect- Ashok will say that dinner is ready.

2. If the Reporting verb is in the past tense the verb in the reported speech is also changed to the past tense. a. The simple present becomes the simple past. Ex. Direct- Pinky said, “Kamala works very hard.” Indirect- Pinky said that Kamala worked very hard. b. The present continuous becomes the past continuous. Ex. Direct- He said, “Anand is working hard.” Indirect- He said that Anand was working hard. c. The present perfect becomes the past perfect. Ex. Direct- Peter said, “Bali has done his work.” Indirect- Peter said that Bali had done his work. Direct- She said, “Kamala has written the letter.” Indirect- She said that kamala had written the letter. d. ‘May’ is changed into ‘might’; ‘can’ is changed into ‘could’ Ex. Direct- He said, “The boy may pass.” Indirect- He said that the boy might pass. Direct- I said, “I can do the sum.” Indirect- I said that I could do the sum. e. The simple past becomes the past perfect. Ex. Direct- Bali said, “Raman returned at noon. Indirect- Bali said that Raman had returned at noon.

f. The past Continuous becomes the past perfect continuous. Ex. Direct- He said, “All were laughing at the beggar.” Indirect – He said that all had been laughing at the beggar. g. ‘Shall’ is changed into ‘should’; ‘will’ is changed into ‘would’ Ex. Direct- The teacher said, “Ashok will not pass.”




Indirect- The teacher said that Ashok would not pass. Direct- I said, “I shall try to help her.” Indirect- I said that I should try to help her.

3. If the reported speech contains some universal or habitual fact, then the simple present in the reported speech is not changed into the corresponding simple past, but remains unchanged. (Exception to rule-2) Ex. Direct- The teacher said, “Honesty is the best policy.” Indirect- The teacher said that honesty is the best policy.

4. Pronoun of the first person in direct speech are changed in indirect speech to the same person as the subject of the introductory verb. Ex. Direct- Jhon said, “I am busy.” Indirect- Jhon said that he was busy. Direct- He said, “I shall do my best.” Indirect- He said that he would do his best. Direct- I said, “I will not go there.” Indirect- I said that I would not go there.

5. Pronoun of the second person in direct speech are changed in indirect speech to the same person as the noun or pronoun which comes after the introductory verb. Ex. Direct- Harish said to me, “You are wrong.” Indirect- Harish told me that I was wrong. Direct- Meera said to Kamala, “You are a good girl.” Indirect- Meera told Kamala that she was a good girl. Direct- John said to him, “You have not done your work.” Indirect- John told him that he had not done his work.

6. Pronouns of the third person in direct speech remain the same in indirect speech. Ex. Direct- He said to me, “She is not to blame.” Indirect- He told me that she was not to blame. Direct- Harish said to me, “He is ill.” Indirect- Harish told me that he was ill.

7. When turning a sentence from direct into indirect speech, word showing nearness are changed into words showing distance. Ex. Direct- Jhon said, “I am busy now.” Indirect- Jhon said that he was busy then. Direct- He said to me, “I finished the work long ago.” Indirect- He told me that he had finished the work long before. Direct- Harry said, “The boy is here.” Indirect- Harry said that5 the boy was there.

Interrogative

1. The introductory verb is changed to ask, inquire, demand or some other word having a similar meaning2. ‘Whether’ or ‘if’ is used after such an Introductory verb when the direct question has ‘yes’ or ‘no’ for an answer. 3. The interrogative form is changed into the declarative form.4. The same word is used to introduce the reported speech if the question begins with an interrogative pronoun or adverb, such as what, who, which, whom, when, where, how and why.

Ex. Direct- The teacher said to me, “What is your name?” Indirect- The teacher asked me what my name was. Direct- He said to her, “Where do you live?” Indirect- He asked her where she lived. Direct- The tourist said, “Where is the Taj Mahal?”




Indirect- The tourist inquired where the Taj Mahal was.

Commands and Requests1. The introductory verb is changed to request, order, command, advise, or some other word suiting the sense.2. The verb in the reported speech is put in the Infinitive ‘to’.

Ex. Direct- I said to Krishna, “Please give me your book.” Indirect- I requested to Krishna to give me his book. Direct- “Leave this place,” said the teacher to the boys. Indirect- The teacher ordered the boys to leave that place. Direct- The commander said to his soldiers, “Stand at ease.” Indirect- The commander commanded his soldiers to stand to ease.

Exclamations and Wishes

1. The introductory verb is changed into wish, exclaim, pray, cry, bless, or some other similar verb.

2. The words showing exclamation such as alas, hurrah, oh. Etc. is omitted.

3. The sign of exclamation is omitted.

Ex- Direct- He said, “May you live long!” (Incorrect) Indirect- He wished that he might live long. (Correct) Direct-They said, “Hurrah! We have won the match.” Indirect- They exclaimed with joy that they had won the match. Direct- He said, “Bravo! You have played well.” Indirect- He applauded him saying that he had played well.



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