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Class Mammalia Subclass Prototheria ‡ Order Triconodonta Morganucodontidae Amphilestidae Triconodontidae ‡ Order Docodonta Order Monotremata ‡ Subclass Allotheria Order Haramiyoidea Order Multituberculata Subclass Theria ‡ Infraclass Trituberculata Order Symmetrodonta Kuehnoetheriidae Order Eupantotheria Dryolestidae Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria (After Carroll 1988)
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Class Mammalia Subclass Prototheria
‡ Order TriconodontaMorganucodontidaeAmphilestidae
Triconodontidae ‡ Order Docodonta Order Monotremata
‡ Subclass Allotheria Order Haramiyoidea
Order Multituberculata Subclass Theria
‡ Infraclass Trituberculata Order Symmetrodonta
Kuehnoetheriidae Order Eupantotheria
Dryolestidae Infraclass Metatheria Infraclass Eutheria
(After Carroll 1988)
‡“Class” Mammaliformes Order Morganucodontia
Morganucodontidae Order Docodonta Order Haramiyoidea
Class Mammalia Subclass Prototheria
Order Platypoda Order Tachyglossa
Subclass Theriiformes ‡ Infraclass Allotheria
Order Multituberculata ‡ Infraclass Triconodontia Infraclass Holotheria ‡ Order Symmetrodontia
‡ Order Eupantotheria Order Metatheria Order Eutheria
(After McKenna & Bell 1997)
PROTOTHERIA – Order TriconodontaMorganucodon (late Triassic)
PROTOTHERIA – Order TriconodontaMorganucodon (late Triassic)
PROTOTHERIA – Order TriconodontaTriconodon
Jurassic - Cretaceous
PROTOTHERIA – Order Docodontia
Haldanodon (mid-late Jurassic)
ALLOTHERIA – Order Multituberculata
Late Triassic-Oligocene (160 million yrs.)
ALLOTHERIA – Order HaramiyoideaLate Triassic – Jurassic, Europe, Greenland & Africa
ALLOTHERIA – Order MultituberculataFamily: Eucosmodontidae
Kryptobaatar late Cretaceous, Mongolia
ALLOTHERIA – Order Multituberculata
Ptilodus Paleocene N. America
Ornithorhynchus anatinus
PROTOTHERIA -- Order MonotremataFamily Ornithorhynchidae
ObdurodonMiocene, Australia
OrnithorhynchusRecent
Deciduous teeth
SteropodonCretaceous, Australia
KollikodonCretaceous, Australia
MonotrematumPaleocene, South America
PROTOTHERIA -- Order MonotremataFamily Ornithorhynchidae (fossil history)
TachyglossusShort-beaked echidna (Australia, Tasmania, New Guinea)
PROTOTHERIA -- Order MonotremataFamily Tachyglossidae (echidnas)
PROTOTHERIA -- Order MonotremataFamily Tachyglossidae (echidnas)
ZaglossusLong-beaked echidna (New Guinea)
ORDER SYMMETRODOTA earliest therians
Vincelestes early Cretaceus, Argentina
PROTOTHERIAN - THERIAN CONTRASTS
PROTOTHERIANS THERIANS (monotremes) (marsupials & placentals)
Teeth Deciduous teeth only Permanent dentition multi-cusped molars tribosphenic molars
Skeleton Therapsid features: skull with “extra” bones fusion of skull bones cervical ribs cervical ribs lost “reptilian” shoulder girdle “mammalian” shoulder sprawling limb posture upright limb posture Reproduction “reptilian” cloacal opening separate urogenital & anal openings oviparous viviparous mammary glands not well-developed teats forming teats
POSSIBLE SUB-ORDER RELATIONSHIPS
MAMMALPOLYPHYLY
MONOTREMES PLUSMULTITUBERCULATES
MONOTREMES PLUSMARSUPIALS
PROTOTHERIA PLUSTHERIA(prevailing view)